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User Manual Version 1.0 June 2000
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INSPEC User Manual - Version 1.0
Table of Contents What is INSPEC?.............................................................................................................2 INSPEC Subject Coverage.........................................................................................................2 Source Materials .........................................................................................................................2 Data Field Descriptions ..............................................................................................................3 Treatment Codes.........................................................................................................................5 Classification (Section) Codes....................................................................................................5
Searching INSPEC in ScienceDirect ..............................................................................7 Basic Searching ...........................................................................................................................8 Enhanced Searching .................................................................................................................10 Special Features of INSPEC on ScienceDirect.......................................................................12 Search Tips ................................................................................................................................13 Choose specific terms. ........................................................................................................................... 13 Use the singular form of the word. ........................................................................................................ 13 The System is Not Case-Sensitive. ........................................................................................................ 13 The System Does Not Search for Stop Words....................................................................................... 14 Use the connectors with other terms. ..................................................................................................... 14 Prioritize your search terms. .................................................................................................................. 15 Use our wildcard characters in your search request............................................................................... 16 Limit your search to a particular field of the article. ............................................................................. 17 Special Characters and Formula Searching. .......................................................................................... 17 Searching on Numeric Values................................................................................................................ 17 Be aware of searching restrictions. ........................................................................................................ 18
Reviewing Search Results ........................................................................................................19 Document Links Available .......................................................................................................21 Document Delivery ................................................................................................................................ 23
Technical Assistance .................................................................................................................24 June 2000
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What is INSPEC? Produced by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, INSPEC is the leading English-language bibliographic information service providing access to the world's scientific and technical literature in physics, electrical engineering, electronics, communications, control engineering, computers and computing, and information technology.
Today, over 330,000 records are added each year bringing the total number to over 6 million. The source of material for these records is the scientific and technical journals, conferences and other publications published throughout the world in a wide range of languages. The content of over 4,000 journals and other serials and some 2,000 published conference proceedings, as well as numerous books, reports and dissertations are regularly scanned each year by INSPEC staff for relevant articles to abstract and index.
Each record in the INSPEC database contains an English-language title and descriptive abstract, together with full bibliographic details which include the journals or other publications title, the author's name and affiliation, and the language of the original document.
INSPEC Subject Coverage INSPEC provides a comprehensive index to literature in physics, electrical and electronic engineering, computer science and information technology. It also has significant coverage in interdisciplinary areas such as materials science, oceanography, nuclear engineering, geophysics, biomedical engineering and biophysics. (See the Classification (Section) Codes list for complete listing of the subject matters covered.)
Source Materials The types of bibliographic records which make up the INSPEC database include: •
Journal Articles
•
Conference Papers
•
Conference Proceedings
•
Books
•
Book Chapters
•
Patents
•
Dissertation
•
Reports
•
Reports Sections
You can restrict the documents you search by specifying a particular record type. (See Searching INSPEC in ScienceDirect in this user manual for instructions.)
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Data Field Descriptions The INSPEC records are broken down into logical fields based on the individual pieces of information that make up the records. The fields, along with the brief descriptions of their contents, are as follows: Abstract Contains the full text of an article's abstract, plus the publishing information relating to the original article (e.g., the number of references, the language of the publication, correction information, etc.). Authors Contains the names of the authors of the article, including collaborations. Book-Info Contains the book title, the editor, the publisher, the International Standard Book Number (or ISBN), and the place (city and country) where the document was published. Classification Contains the section code for the main subject matter of the document. Multiple assignations of classification codes are possible for each INSPEC record. (See Classification (Section) Codes for the listing of the specific codes used in INSPEC.) Conference-Info Contains the conference title, the sponsoring organization, date and the meeting location at which the paper was presented. Index-Terms Contains various types of indexing data: • Controlled index terms assigned to the record from the INSPEC Thesaurus. • Free-language words or phrases which have been assigned by INSPEC indexers . • Structured numeric data which appears in the title or abstract. • Controlled data on the significant substances and material systems discussed in the record. (Organic substances are not covered in this controlled way.) Astronomical Contains the controlled designations for astronomical objects discussed in the bibliographic item to which the record refers. Designations are of the following types: • Name-based acronyms. • Catalogue-based, containing an acronym for the catalogue followed by the catalogue entry number. • Positional information. Chemical Contains the controlled data on the significant substances and material systems discussed in the record. (Organic substances are not covered in this controlled way.) Controlled Contains the controlled index terms assigned to the record from the INSPEC Thesaurus. Numerical-Data Contains structured numeric data which appears in the title or abstract. Mantissa Contains numeric data representing the decimal part of a logarithm. (See the Searching on numeric values search tips for related information.) June 2000
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Exponent Contains the numeric data representing the number of times that a quantity is to be multiplied by a factor of ten. (See the Searching on numeric values search tips for related information.)
Uncontrolled Contains free-language words or phrases which are assigned by INSPEC indexers, giving a more exhaustive description of the content of the record than that which is provided by the original title or by the abstract. (Organic compound names are included in this field.)
ISBN Contains the ISBN (International Standard Book Number) in the record for books, conference proceedings, or dissertations.
Journal-Name Contains the following information: •
Journal title, report name, conference title, or patent number.
•
International Standard Serial Number (or ISSN).
•
Place (city or town) of the publication.
Patent-Info Contains the following patent information (small selection of patents mainly from US & UK, and for 1969-1976 only). •
Patent number.
•
Application number assigned to the patent when originally filed.
•
Country where the patent was issued.
•
Country where the patent was originally filed.
•
Name of the assignee of a patent.
Report-Info Contains the following information: •
Report number.
•
U.S. Government Clearing House number.
•
Contract number.
•
Country where the work was published.
•
Name of the organization which issued the dissertation or report.
Title Contains the English or non-English article title. June 2000
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Treatment Codes Many of the records in the INSPEC database have been assigned treatment codes. The treatment codes, if present, indicate the type of treatment given by the record. A record can contain one or more of nine code letters. (Note: Records prior to 1971 do not contain treatment codes.) Treatment codes used are: A
Application
B
Bibliography
E
Economic
G
General or Review
N
New Development
P
Practical
R
Product Review (1985- )
T
Theoretical or Mathematical
X
Experimental
You can restrict the records you search by specifying a particular treatment code. (See Searching INSPEC in ScienceDirect in this user manual for instructions.)
Classification (Section) Codes All bibliographic records contain classification codes. The classification codes are assigned according to the main subject matter of the document. Multiple assignations of classification codes are possible for each INSPEC record.
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Classification codes include: A = Physics A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9
General The physics of elementary particles and fields Nuclear physics Atomic and molecular physics Fundamental areas of phenomenology Fluids, plasmas and electric discharges Condensed matter: structure, thermal and mechanical properties Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties Cross-disciplinary physics and related areas of science and technology Geophysics, astronomy and astrophysics
B = Electronic Engineering B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
General topics, engineering mathematics and materials science Circuit theory and circuits Components, electron devices, and materials Magnetic and superconducting materials and devices Optical materials and applications, electro-optics and optoelectronics Electromagnetic fields Communications Instrumentation and special applications Power systems and applications
C = Computers and Control C0 C1 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
General and management topics Systems and control theory Control technology Numerical analysis and theoretical computer topics Computer hardware Computer software Computer applications
D = Information Technology D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
General and management aspects Applications General systems and equipment Office automation - communications Office automation - computing
You can pinpoint the subject areas of articles you retrieve by specifying a particular classification code. (See Searching INSPEC in ScienceDirect in this user manual for instructions.)
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Searching INSPEC in ScienceDirect The Search pages let you perform a number of tasks: •
Novice searchers can easily do menu-driven searches in the Basic mode with forms and pull-down menus, without having to know complex searching syntax.
•
More experienced users can use the Enhanced search function to conduct more sophisticated searches using Boolean operators, proximity connectors, truncation, field qualifiers, and more.
You can also: •
Edit a search (or query) for more precise and limited results.
•
Save a search.
•
Recall (re-run) saved searches to retrieve updated information on your subject.
•
Schedule a saved search to run periodically for updated information and receive e-mail alerts of the findings.
•
Modify or delete a saved search.
•
Select and retrieve items from a search hit list.
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Arrange search hit list (record list) according to relevance ranking or record date.
•
Retrieve summaries and/or full text in HTML or PDF format.
Note: Detailed help with search examples is available via Help or Search tips.
Software and compilation © 2000 ScienceDirect. All rights reserved. ScienceDirect® is an Elsevier Science B.V. registered trademark. June 2000
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Basic Searching To access the Basic search form, click the Search navigation button at the top of the page and, then click the additional database search link which appears at the top of the ScienceDirect search form. At the additional database search form, click the Basic tab and select the INSPEC database.
To perform a basic search: 1.
At the first Term(s) field, enter the search terms which must appear in an article.
2.
From the within drop-down menu, select the fields in which the search terms must appear.
3.
If you want to search additional fields and additional terms: • Select a connector from the And drop-down menu.
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4.
•
In the second Term(s) field, enter the additional search terms which must appear in the article.
•
From the second within drop-down menu, select the fields in which the search terms must appear.
Optional: You may restrict your search by selecting a specific record category from one or more of the appropriate drop-down lists. (Consult the Search Tips for more descriptive information on these categories (or document fields)). •
Treatment Code - the type of treatment (or record style type) INSPEC has assigned to the record. (Note: Records prior to 1971 do not contain treatment codes.)
•
INSPEC Section - the classification code assigned to the record according to the main subject matter of the document. (Note: If you are performing a field-restrictive search for a specific classification code, do not select the INSPEC Section as well.)
•
Record Type - the type of bibliographic record represented by the document.
5.
Select Dates and select a date range from the drop-down menu. OR Select Year only and select a year from the drop-down menu. (This choice searches all occurrences of articles within the selected year.)
6.
To initiate the search, click the search button.
Notes: •
Your last query appears on the last search form used.
•
To erase all the text boxes, click the clear button.
•
To look at a listing of previously saved searches, click the recall search button.
•
To perform your search using the enhanced search form, click the Enhanced tab at the top of the form.
•
To review the Search Tips, click the search tips link which appears above the search form.
•
To perform a search in a different database, at Database, click on the database name.
•
To review general information about the database, click the About INSPEC link at the top of the page.
•
To review the Search Tips, click the search tips link at the top of the page.
•
To return to the enhanced ScienceDirect form, click the return to ScienceDirect search link which appears above the search form. June 2000
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Enhanced Searching To access the Enhanced search form, click the Search navigation button at the top of the page and, then click the additional database search link which appears at the top of the ScienceDirect search form. At the additional database search form, click the Enhanced tab and select the INSPEC database.
To perform an enhanced search: 1.
In the Query box, enter your search terms using Boolean search logic. (See the Search Tips.)
2.
Optional: You may restrict your search by selecting a specific record category from one or more of the appropriate drop-down lists. (Consult the Search Tips for more descriptive information on these categories (and document fields).
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3.
•
Treatment Code - the type of treatment (or record style type) INSPEC has assigned to the record. (Note: Records prior to 1971 do not contain treatment codes.)
•
INSPEC Section - the classification code assigned to the record according to the main subject matter of the document. (Note: If you are performing a field-restrictive search for a specific classification code, do not select the INSPEC Section as well.)
•
Record Type - the type of full-text document represented.
Select Dates and select a date range from the drop-down menu. OR Select Year only and select a year from the drop-down menu. (This choice searches all occurrences of articles from the year selected.)
4.
To initiate the search, click the search button.
Notes: •
Your last query appears on the last search form used.
•
To erase all the text boxes, click the clear button.
•
To look at a listing of previously saved searches, click the recall search button.
•
To use the Basic search form, click on the Basic tab at the top of the form.
•
To perform a search in a different database, at Database, click on the database name.
•
To review general information about the database, click the About INSPEC link at the top of the page.
•
To review the Search Tips, click the search tips link at the top of the page.
•
To return to the enhanced ScienceDirect form, click the return to ScienceDirect search link, which appears above the search form. June 2000
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Special Features of INSPEC on ScienceDirect The relative proximity operator indexing feature of the INSPEC data, numeric searching, and search term truncation are supported in the INSPEC searching process on ScienceDirect. •
You can search the various subfields of an indexing field (e.g., Index-Terms, Controlled, and Uncontrolled) separately by using the W/P (within paragraph) proximity connector. For example: uncontrolled (scanning w/p microscopy)
•
You can search for the numeric data in Mantissa field or Exponent field by using numeric operators. For example: mantissa = 5.60 pre/2 exponent =-8
•
You can search INSPEC classification codes by using the actual code. Automatic truncation occurs to the first three levels (i.e. B, B2, B25 in the below example) when searching the codes so you receive the fullest search results. For example: If you enter the search, classification (B25), you will retrieve records with the classification code, B2520E, B2560H, B2550A, etc.
Consult the Search Tips for more details and examples of these search features.
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Search Tips Choose specific terms. •
Choose search terms which are specific or closely related to the topic you want to retrieve. For example: ultraviolet OR infrared
•
Use terms you might use when discussing the topic with a colleague, including current jargon or buzzwords.
•
The words should reflect ideas essential to your research topic, such as treatments, cures, or side-effects.
•
Include alternative words and abbreviations. For example: mri OR magnetic resonance imaging
•
Avoid words that are too general, such as "cell" or "behaviour".
Use the singular form of the word. •
Using the singular word form will retrieve the singular, plural, and possessive forms of most words. For example: city would find city, cities, city's, and cities'
•
The system will not automatically find the plural form of words that end in "us" or "is", or other irregular plural forms. For example: bonus would not find bonuses For example: child would not find children Note: Use the OR connector in these instances.
The System is Not Case-Sensitive. Upper and lower case characters are interpreted as equivalents. (Upper case is used below for easy reading only.)
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The System Does Not Search for Stop Words. Stop words are common, frequently used words. While they may add clarity within the text, they do not add significant distinction to a search request. These words are not searchable and can be omitted from your search string. Stop words include: • • • •
Most articles (the, an, etc.) Personal pronouns (he, she, we, they, etc.) Most forms of the verb, "to be" (be, is, was, etc.) Some conjunctions (as, because, if, when, etc.)
Notes: •
The words, and or, are not considered stop words because they are connectors. They are considered reserved words. Avoid using reserved words in your search string by replacing the word with a space. (For example, when searching the phrase, "profit and loss", enter your search string as profit loss.)
•
The word, not, is not a stop word, but is a reserved word. It can be searched by enclosing the word in quotation marks as "not". (For example, when searching for the phrase, "not contested", enter your search string as "not" contested.)
•
The words, in and a, are common words but they are not stop words. To search for a phrase containing these words, enter the entire phrase as your search request. (For example, when searching for the phrase, "one in a million", enter your search string as one in a million.)
•
If you are not sure whether a word is a stop word, omit the word from your search string and use the W/nn proximity connector to account for the word's presence within the search request.
Use the connectors with other terms. •
A group of words that does not contain a connector is recognized as a phrase. For example: high resolution.
•
Use AND when all the terms must appear and may be far apart from each other. For example: density AND conductivity Note: If you are searching for a phrase which contains the word and, omit the word and from your search. For example: profit loss would find the phrase profit and loss
•
Use OR when at least one of the terms must appear (such as synonyms, alternate spellings, and abbreviations). For example: radiant energy OR radiation
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•
Use AND NOT to exclude specific terms. (Note: This connector must be used at the end of a search string.) For example: plasma AND NOT fusion
•
Use W/nn to specify the proximity between the terms. The W/nn does not specify the word order--either word may appear first. (Note: W represents within and nn represents the number of words from 1 to 255.) For example: diagnostics W/15 devices
•
In determining the value of the nn, consider the following as a rule of thumb: To find terms in the same phrase, use W/3, W/4, or W/5. To find terms in the same sentence, use W/15. To find terms in the same paragraph, use W/50.
•
Use NOT W/nn to find articles in which the first word appears. The second word may also appear, but not within the specified number of words.
•
Use PRE/nn to find two words when the first word must precede the second word by a specified number of words. (Note: PRE represents precedes and nn represents the number of words from 1 to 255.) For example: behavioural PRE/3 disturbances would find articles in which behavioural precedes disturbances by three or less words
•
Use W/SEG to find two search words that appear in the same field of the article. (A field is a predetermined section of the article, such as Title, Authors, References, etc. (See Data Field Descriptions for a list of field names and definitions.) For example: laser W/SEG reflector would find articles in which laser and reflector appeared in the same field.
•
Use W/S when all terms must appear within the same sentence or subfield, such as index terms. For example: mantissa = 5.69 W/S exponent =1.2
•
Use W/P when all terms must appear within the same paragraph or subfield, such as index terms. For example: velocity magnitude W/P flame base
Prioritize your search terms. When you use more than one connector in a search request, the connectors operate in the following order: 1. OR 2. W/nn 3. PRE/nn 4. NOT W/nn 5. W/SEG 6. NOT W/SEG 7. AND 8. AND NOT June 2000
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Notes: •
If you use two or more of the same connector, they operate from left to right.
•
If you use "number" connectors with different numbers, the smaller number operates first. (If the numbers are the same, they operate left to right.) For example: PCMCIA W/15 modem AND laptop OR notebook OR portable W/5 computer 1. 2. 3.
•
OR -- First, the system looks for articles containing laptop, notebook, or portable. W/5 -- Next, it looks for those words within 5 words of computer. W/15, AND -- Finally, an article is retrieved if it also contains PCMCIA within 15 words of modem. (AND operates last.)
Use parentheses to change the connector priority. Connectors inside parentheses have priority over, or operate before, connectors used outside parentheses. For example: genes OR chromosomes W/5 splicing OR cloning Prioritize as: (genes OR chromosomes W/5 splicing) OR cloning 1. First, the system looks for articles containing genes or chromosomes within 5 words of splicing. 2. Next, the system looks for articles containing cloning.
Use our wildcard characters in your search request. Using our wildcard characters and truncation lets you easily combine or eliminate search words, making our search simpler. •
Use ! to find a root word plus all the words made by adding letters to the end of it. For example: behav! would find behave, behaviour, behavioural
•
Use an asterisk (*) to replace characters anywhere in a word, except the first character.
•
Use one asterisk for each character you want to replace. For example: wom*n would find woman, women
•
Use the asterisk to hold a space for variations in spelling at any point in a word. For example: bernst**n would find both the ei and the ie spelling of the name
•
If you use asterisks at the end of a word, they do not all have to be filled, but may find up to the specified number of characters. For example: transplant** would find transplant, transplanted, transplanter. Note: rotat** does not find rotation or rotating because only two wildcard characters are used. To find all the variations of transplant, use the ! wildcard character.
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Limit your search to a particular field of the article. Unless you specify a field-restricted search, you are searching the full record. (For a list and descriptions of the fields available for searching, see the Data Fields Descriptions section of this document.) •
To field search, type the field name, a space, and the search term enclosed in parentheses. For example: title (galaxy) would find all the articles which contained galaxy in their title.
•
Field names may be entered in upper or lower case.
•
Field names must be spelled correctly, including hyphens, as shown in the record fields list above.
•
To search across all fields, do not specify a field name. For example: galaxy would find all articles where galaxy was mentioned (in a title, as an index term, in an abstract, etc.)
•
Consider all other search tips when constructing a field search.
Special Characters and Formula Searching. When constructing a search request for words, equations, or formulae containing special characters, replace any special characters with the standard alpha-numeric characters. The general rules are: •
Search the Greek alphabet by replacing the characters with the English spelling for the character. For example: To search for the Greek letter, K, enter: Kappa
•
Subscripted and superscripted characters should be entered on the same line with the other characters. For example: To search for the chemical notation, H2O, enter: H2O
•
Accented characters should be entered as the same characters without the accent mark (even though the accent mark may appear on your keyboard). For example: To search for the name, Fürst, enter: Furst
•
Certain non-alpha/numeric special characters (e.g., hyphens, brackets, asterisks, bullets, arrows, daggers, plus signs, minus signs, etc.) are treated as spaces and are not searchable. For example: To search for the term, high-risk, enter: high risk
Searching on Numeric Values. The INSPEC fields which are numerically searchable are Mantissa and Exponent. The following tips can be applied when searching numeric data in these fields: •
Only two decimal digits are searchable and leading zeros are ignored. June 2000
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For example: "1.046 E+03" creates the Mantissa field data of 1.04, with the Exponent field data of 3. •
•
•
To distinguish a search as a numeric search, you must use one (or more) of the following numeric values symbols in your search request: = Equal > Greater than < Less than For example: To search the numeric data value, 5.69E-08, enter: mantissa = 5.60 pre/2 exponent = -8 Numeric search requests can include "+" and "-" as positive and negative values. (In text fields, "+" and "-" treated as spaces and are not searchable.) Use proximity connectors and ranges to retrieve numeric data values. For example: To search the numeric data value, wavelength 1.3E+06 m, enter: numerical-data (wavelength) pre/1 mantissa = 1.3 pre/2 exponent = +06
Be aware of searching restrictions. Numeric searching can be performed only on the numerical-data fields (Mantissa and Exponent). In all other fields, numeric data are searchable only as text.
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Reviewing Search Results After entering your search request, click the search button to initiate the search.
•
To access general information about INSPEC, click the About INSPEC link.
•
To access the INSPEC search tips online, click the search tips link.
•
Online help is available to walk you through the search form. (Help information and search tips will display in a secondary window, so you won't lose your place in the application.)
•
To erase your search request, click the clear button.
•
To access saved search requests, click the recall search button.
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Once a successful search has been completed, the search results appear.
Your search request (in Boolean syntax) appears below the "Articles Found" count, along with links for Edit Query, Save Query, and Save as an E-mail Alert. The tabs, sort by date and sort by relevance, can be used to change the display order of the document list. You can reduce the size of the document list. 1. Click the check-box to the left of the document title to select the documents you want to review. 2.
Click the select items button which appears on the right above the document list to generate the reduced list.
Scroll through the document list. Navigate to the next page of the document list, if available, by clicking the next page button, if present. To open a document, click on the document link, Abstract, which appears below each document title. June 2000
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Document Links Available INSPEC records are delivered in the form of abstracts. There may, however, be reference links within the record to other full-text documents. These reference links may be found embedded in the abstract text and/or as available alternative document links (e.g., Article, Journal Format-PDF, etc.) at the top of the abstract record.
If you want to see the article exactly as it appears in the journal, choose Journal Format-PDF, if available. You can view or print a copy of the article by downloading the PDF file. (In this format, the images, tables and figures appear within the context of the article.) This format requires you to have the Adobe® Acrobat Reader®, which you may download free of charge from Adobe's Web site. Click on the Get Acrobat button, on the Help page for downloading instructions. Note: For best results, we recommend using Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 or above. June 2000
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If the full-text document corresponding to the INSPEC record is not available on ScienceDirect, an $Order Document link may be provided. This will enable you to obtain a copy of the full-text document from a document delivery provider.
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Document Delivery If the full text of an article is not part of the ScienceDirect database and you want to order it, choose the $Order Document link. This will take you to the Document Order Form page where you can verify the information for the document delivery and submit the order to your institution's chosen document delivery supplier.
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Technical Assistance For technical help and troubleshooting, contact the Help Desk at the nearest Customer Support Department. For Customers In North America: ScienceDirect Regional Sales Office Customer Support Department P.O. Box 945 New York, NY 10159-0945 U.S.A. telephone: +1 (888) 615-4500 (toll free in U.S.A. and Canada) +1 (212) 462-1978 Fax: +1 (212) 633-3860 e-mail:
[email protected] For Customers In Europe, The Middle East And Africa: ScienceDirect Regional Sales Office Customer Support Department P.O. Box 211 1000 AE Amsterdam The Netherlands telephone: +31 20 485 3767 Fax: +31 20 485 3432 e-mail:
[email protected]
For Customers In Japan: e-mail:
[email protected]
For Customers In Central And South America: e-mail:
[email protected]
For Customers In Asia/Pacific, Including Australia (Except Japan): e-mail:
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[email protected]
For sales and subscription information, please contact:
ScienceDirect 650 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10011 U.S.A. telephone: +1 (212) 462-1980 fax: +1 (212) 462-1985 e-mail:
[email protected] For technical assistance, contact your local ScienceDirect Help Desk.
©2000 ScienceDirect®. All rights reserved. ScienceDirect® is an Elsevier Science B.V. registered trademark. INSPEC® database and INSPEC® data are the copyright material of the Institution of Electrical Engineers Adobe®, Acrobat®, and Acrobat Reader® are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
www.sciencedirect.com
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