Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about
literature, showing how his or her work relates to others'. (Murray, R. (2002) ...
Citing sources and listing references Patricia Flor senior librarian
Using and referring to sources • • • •
How to avoid plagiarism How and when to cite sources Reference styles How to write a reference list (literature list)
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Using sources • Necessary to use the work of others in your thesis: – – – –
State of the art To show the need for further research To compare findings To synthesize the findings of others
• Must always give credit to the original authors
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Why should you name your sources? • Give credit to the original author • Allow others to read what you have read – Follow up – the reader can get more information – Quality control – have you used the information correctly?
• Place your work in a wider context
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Plagiarism • Publishing other people’s work as your own
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Plagiarism • • • •
Unethical Illegal Cheating – punishes with sanctions or even expulsion You don’t learn anything!
•
Plagiarism: where do you draw the line?
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How to avoid plagiarism • • • • •
Keep a record of where you found the information Name your source Use quotations, or Paraphrase (write in your own words) Take care in copying and pasteing from electronic sources
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How to cite sources • Refer to them in the text • Reference list (literature list)
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Citing sources in the text • Your should cite your sources when you: – – – –
Refer to a source Use quotations Paraphrase (indirect quotes) Summarize
• N.B. You do not need to cite information that is common knowledge, eg. Well-known dates and events
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Refer to Original text: Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. (Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)
• According to Murray (2002) … – Either quote – Or paraphrase
• All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature ….. (Murray, 2002) Telemark University College, The Library
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Refer to • Other studies have found similar results (Smith and Jones, 2000, Lie et al., 2003)
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Quotations • Short quotes (up to 3 lines): use quotation marks ” ” • Longer quotes (more than 3 lines): new paragraph, indented According to Murray (2002) Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. Even if you would rather write about the literature in several chapters – rather than just one – so that it is integrated in your argument, it might be helpful, for the moment, to think of it as a separate unit in your argument. (Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101) Telemark University College, The Library
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Paraphrasing • Rewriting another author’s text in your own words Original text: Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. (Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)
• Paraphrase All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature in relation to the topic of the thesis, but this does not necessarily have to be in the form of a literature review. (Murray (2002)
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Summarizing • Putting the main idea(s) into your own words • Including only the main point(s) • Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material • Must cite your source.
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Is this a paraphrase? Original text: Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’. (Murray, R. (2002) How to Write a Thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)
•
According to Murray (2002) not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’.
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No! This is also plagiarism! •
According to Murray (2002) not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others’.
• Even though the source is given, this is word for word as the author wrote it. • How should it be written? All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature in relation to the topic of the thesis, but this does not necessarily have to be in the form of a literature review. (Murray (2002) Telemark University College, The Library
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Exercise •
Use the extract from Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics –
Paraphrase a short part of the text and quote your source.
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How to refer • Keep records of the publications you read • Choose a reference style – Harvard – APA (version of Harvard) – Vancouver
• Refer to publications in the text • Make a reference list at the end of the thesis
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TUC • No standard referencing style • Choose a style and stick to it!
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Harvard and APA reference styles • Author and year of publication in the text – Example: According to Murray (2002)
• Alphabetical reference list – Alphabetical by author (or by title if no author) – Example: • Murray, R. (2002) How to Write a Thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press. – Harvard: http://essential.tbs.uce.ac.uk/harvard.html – APA: http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/apa.pdf Telemark University College, The Library
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Vancouver style • References numbered in the text – Example: Not every thesis has a literature review (1)
• Numerical reference list in the same order as in the text – Example: 1. Murray R. How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2002; p. 101. – Vancouver http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/vancouver.pdf
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Electronic reference managers • Scientific Workplace – Latex
• EndNote
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Personal communications, lecture notes • Do not normally place them in the reference list • Quote them in the text: – According to Bernt Lie … (Personal communication, 12.01.2006)
• Use foot notes if necessary: – (1) Lie, Bernt. Lecture on …. at TUC, 25.10.2005
• Check with the person that you have quoted him/her correctly
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Books • Housecroft, C.E. & Sharpe, A.G. (2005). Inorganic Chemistry. (2nd ed.) Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
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Chapter in book • Hansen, P.D. (2003). Adaptive tuning methods of the Foxboro I/A system. In: V.J. VanDoren (ed.), Techniques for Adaptive Control, pp. 23-54. Amsterdam: ButterworthHeinemann.
APA style
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Journal article
Hauge, T.A., Slora, R. & Lie, B. (2005) Application and roll-out of infinite horizon MPC employing a nonlinear mechanistic model to paper machines. Journal of Process Control. 15, pp. 201-213. Telemark University College, The Library
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Diez, M.D., Fjeld, M., Andersen, E. & Lie, B. (2006). Validation of a compartmental population balance model of an industrial leaching process: The Silgrain process. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(1) pp. 229-245. Available from: ScienceDirect at http://www.sciencedirect.com/ [accessed: Telemark University College, The 28 31.08.2007] Library
Conference report • Crawford, G.I. (1965). Oxygen in metals. In: Lenihan, J.M.A & Thompson, S.J. (eds.), Activiation Analysis: Proceedings of a AFT Advanced Study Institute, Glasgow, August 1964. London: Academic Press, pp. 113-118.
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Web document
• Energy and Environmental Technology (2007). [Online]. Available from: http://www.hit.no/nxceng/content/view/full/6448 [Accessed 31.08.2007 ]
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Secondary source • Refer to the document you have actually read • In text: – Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p. 45)
• In reference list: – Thibodeau, G . A. & Patton, K. T. (Ed.). (2002).The Human Body in Health and Disease. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
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Exercise • Write a reference in Harvard style for a – – – –
Book Journal article (pdf version) Journal article (html version) Conference paper
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