Using the Structured Cabling System for Security Applications

Leveraging the Structured Cabling System for Security Applications Mark Dearing, RCDD Leviton Network Solutions

Trends - Cable Category Mix

Source: Leviton projections based on market growth rates

Over 201 Million ft. of 6A cable was shipped in 2008 (3.2%) Up 53% from 2007

Ethernet Switches and Application Delivery Controllers

High Performance Cabling Market Drivers •Core Switch

• Aggregation of 1G networks • Converging IP Networks – VoIP, PoE, IPTV, Building Automation, Security

• Data Center and Horizontal Applications

•ER/Data Center •Backbone •Cable •Edge •Switch

•TR

•1995 •10 Mbps

•2000 •100 Mbps

•2005+ •1 Gbps

• 10G Ethernet Switch Market Up 33% from Last Year

Security System Types • BICSI’s Electronic Security & Safety (ESS) Design Manual (2nd edition) lists 5 primary system types: – – – – –

Access Control Intrusion Detection Video Surveillance Fire Detection and Alarm Notification, Communication, & Display

• Traditionally, these systems required a proprietary cabling infrastructure that could be difficult to design, install, and test/troubleshoot. • IP-enabled devices are gaining acceptance, and in many cases are quite common (e.g. cameras)

IP-based Security Devices • Advantages – – – – –

Standardization Scalability System Integration & Interfacing Resource Sharing Centralized Power via PoE

IP-Convergence Challenges • Challenges to IP-migration IP-Based Systems

Traditional Systems

Power transport limited by PoE

Power transport virtually any size

Star cabling topology

Daisy-chaining/ring cabling topology

Shorter cabling distances

Longer cabling distances

Larger cabling quantities

Smaller cabling quantities

Newer technology not readily used

Incumbent technology already used

VPN perceived as insecure

Separate network perceived as secure

Test for NRTL Listing difficult to define

Test for NRTL Listing easily defined

Source: BICSI ESS Design Manual

• Intrusion Detection, Fire Alarm, and Nurse Call systems in particular will often experience one or more of these challenges

CODES AND STANDARDS Comparing Codes & Standards – National, Provincial, State and Local Codes are enforced by law and regulatory powers. Codes address electrical safety, shock, fire hazards and the quality of construction. Codes are enforced by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). – The purpose of a Standard is to ensure a minimum level of system performance. Standards are recommendations and are not enforceable as law.

Standards Organizations

Codes Organizations

Telecommunications Standards TIA 568-C Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard – The TIA-568-C is the overall standard for Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling. The 568-C standard is broken down into four documents:  C.0 Generic Telecommunications Cabling  Architecture, applications, distances, etc.

 C.1 General Requirements  Backbone, horizontal, work areas, installation & testing

 C.2 Copper Cabling Components  Specific information for copper cabling

 C.3 Optical Cabling Components  Specific information for optical fiber cabling

Telecommunications Standards Backbone Topology •

Star topology is required by the TIA standards.

•

Star Topology requirements – Must be a hierarchical star – Maximum of two (2) levels – No bridge taps

Telecommunications Standards Backbone Distance A

B

C

MC to HC

MC to IC

IC to HC

Maximum

Maximum

Maximum

100 ohm Twisted Pair

2,624 ft

1,640 ft

984 ft

Telecommunic ations

(800m)

(500m)

(300m)

100 ohm Twisted Pair Data

295 ft (90m)

62.5/125 MM Fiber 10/100 Mbps

6,560 ft

5,575 ft

984 ft

(2000m)

(1,700m)

(300m)

50/125

6,560 ft

5,575 ft

984 ft

MM Fiber 10/100 Mbps

(2000m)

(1,700m)

(300m)

Media Type

8.3/125 SM Fiber 10/100 Mbps

HC

HC C A

IC

9,840 ft

8,855 ft

984 ft

(3000m)

(2,700m)

(300m)

HC = Horizontal Cross Connect IC = Intermediate Cross Connect

B

EF

B

MC = Main Cross Connect EF = Entrance Facility

MC

Telecommunications Standards Horizontal Distance

HC

CP

WA

295 ft (90m) Maximum

HC = Horizontal Cross Connect

CP = Consolidation Point

WA = Work Area

Structured Cabling System Advantages A properly designed and installed structured cabling system provides a cabling infrastructure that delivers predictable performance as well as flexibility to accommodate growth and change over an extended period of time.

Advantages: – Consistency – The same cabling system is used everywhere in the building – Simplifies moves, add-ons and changes (MAC) – Simplifies troubleshooting and ease of network management – Support of future applications – cabling outlives hardware

Access Control • Panel-based systems require legacy wiring to devices at the door • Ethernet-based panels can patch into a nearby WA outlet, often in the same enclosure • Be aware of plenum requirements if panels are placed in ceiling

•WA TIA Channel Ends Here

Access Control • “Edge” devices combine the panel and reader into a single device

•WA

• Most devices have RJ45 jacks built-in • These devices should still be patched into a WA outlet • Don’t crimp plugs onto horizontal cabling • Be aware of plenum requirements if WA outlets are placed in ceiling

TIA Channel Ends Here

Access Control • Some door hardware manufacturers are moving towards self-contained PoEpowered Ethernet devices

•WA

• These devices require a channel through the door for the cabling • Some type of non-RJ45 style connector is likely for the transfer hinge • For this to fall under the TIA guidelines, the lock, door cabling, and hinge must be considered a single piece of active equipment

TIA Channel Ends Here

Intrusion Detection • Limited ability to integrate into building’s structured cabling system. • Sensors require 2-wire cable that is either home-run back to the control panel, or possibly daisy-chained into zones. • Some control panels have Ethernet capabilities for alarm reporting.

Fire Detection & Alarm • Limited ability to integrate into building’s structured cabling system. • Large systems utilize “addressable” sensors that can be installed on a 2-wire cable “loop”, connected to the control panel • Device address indicates location within building • Control panels can have Ethernet capabilities for alarm reporting.

Video Surveillance • Growing Market – IP Cameras growing at 50% – Total CCTV Market (IP & analog) growing at 23% annually

• Both IP and analog cameras will coexist for a substantial period of time • What if you could use a single cabling infrastructure to support either analog or IP devices?

Video Surveillance – Cable Trends CCTV Cable Type Usage Forecast 2007-2011 200 180

Millions of Meters

160 140 120

UTP for IP

100

UTP for Analog Fiber

80

Coaxial

60 40 20 0 2007

2008

2009

2010

Source: US Building Electronic Security, BSRIA, May 2008

2011

Video Surveillance – IP Cameras • “Just another Data Drop” • Centralized power via PoE • Standards, test methodology, and installation practices well defined by TIA & BICSI • Use of standard “voice & data” products:

Power Over Ethernet • PoE – IEEE 802.3af – Existing standard – 15.4W of power

• PoE powered security device power needs Ethernet Device Request to Exit

• PoE Plus – IEE 802.3at – 25W of power – Ratified September 2009

Door Interface Module

Power 1W 2.4 W

Card Reader

3W

Locking

6W

Fixed Camera

3-13 W

PTZ Camera

15-30 W

Video Surveillance – Analog Cameras • Cost Savings – Material savings by switching from coax – Operational savings though use of Structured Cabling System • Simplified Installations – Fewer and smaller cables reduce congestion and cable management requirements • Streamlined Operations – Centralized power design locates all equipment in TR for convenient maintenance by IT staff • Superior Lifespan – A standards-based cabling system will support today’s analog cameras as well as tomorrow’s IP cameras

Baluns • Analog cameras and recorders are designed around the 75 ohm unbalanced signal used by coaxial cable. • UTP cabling requires a 100 ohm balanced signal. • The video signal conversion is accomplished by use of a balun (short for balanced/unbalanced).

Video Balun

UTP Video Security Infrastructure Solutions • Manufactures offer suites of products for UTP Video applications that offer advantages beyond simple balun technology.

Point-to-Point Analog Video • Very long runs are possible • Cost effective for simple coax-to-UTP conversion • Not TIA compliant in most instances • No migration path to IP

Video Only Transmission • Passive Transceiver Baluns – Transmit video signal up to 750 feet using just 1 of the 4 pairs in the UTP Cable – Passive device does not require power to operate • Active Video Transmitter & Receivers – Transmit video signal up to 2000 feet, 4000 feet, or longer – Requires power for the on-board electronics – Many models include Automatic Gain Control (AGC) instead of manual adjustments

Analog Video over Copper Backbone • Utilize existing telecommunication infrastructure • Distance from TR  Camera determines TIA compliance (upgrade path) • Always transition from horizontal cable with a housing

Video, Power & Data Transceiver Baluns • Transmit all 3 signals over a single 4-pair UTP cable • Cameras receive power from central source in TR • Some models have power supply build in, supporting as much as 16 cameras with only 1RU • Even though video can go 750 feet, power characteristics of camera will be the limiting factor

Power Distance Calculations Power Distance Chart Power Supply Voltage 12 VDC 24 VAC 28 VAC 10.8 VDC 21.6 VAC 21.6 VAC Voltage at the Camera 2-pair 24 AWG (Cat 5e) 467 ft 934 ft 2493 ft 100 mA 2-pair 23 AWG (Cat 6) 589 ft 1178 ft 3143 ft Camera 2-pair 22 AWG (Cat 6A) 743 ft 1486 ft 3965 ft 2-pair 24 AWG (Cat 5e) 233 ft 467 ft 1246 ft 200 mA 2-pair 23 AWG (Cat 6) 294 ft 589 ft 1571 ft Camera 2-pair 22 AWG (Cat 6A) 371 ft 743 ft 1982 ft 2-pair 24 AWG (Cat 5e) 155 ft 311 ft 831 ft 300 mA 2-pair 23 AWG (Cat 6) 196 ft 392 ft 1047 ft Camera 2-pair 22 AWG (Cat 6A) 247 ft 495 ft 1321 ft 2-pair 24 AWG (Cat 5e) 116 ft 233 ft 623 ft 400 mA 2-pair 23 AWG (Cat 6) 147 ft 294 ft 785 ft Camera 2-pair 22 AWG (Cat 6A) 185 ft 371 ft 991 ft 2-pair 24 AWG (Cat 5e) 46 ft 93 ft 249 ft 1A 2-pair 23 AWG (Cat 6) 58 ft 117 ft 314 ft Camera 2-pair 22 AWG (Cat 6A) 74 ft 148 ft 396 ft Parameters

Conductor Conductor Resistance Resistance Max. Current AWG Diameter (in.) Diameter (mm) Ohms/1000ft Ohms/km Amps 16 0.0508 1.29032 4.016 13.17248 3.7 17 0.0453 1.15062 5.064 16.60992 2.9 18 0.0403 1.02362 6.385 20.9428 2.3 19 0.0359 0.91186 8.051 26.40728 1.8 20 0.032 0.8128 10.15 33.292 1.5 21 0.0285 0.7239 12.8 41.984 1.2 22 0.0254 0.64516 16.14 52.9392 0.92 23 0.0226 0.57404 20.36 66.7808 0.729 24 0.0201 0.51054 25.67 84.1976 0.577 25 0.0179 0.45466 32.37 106.1736 0.457

Calculations

V Source

Power Supply Voltage (V)

R = Rw * 2 * D / (1000 * N)

V Camera

Voltage at Camera (V)

V source = I * R + V camera

R wire

Resistance/1000 ft (W)

V camera = V source - I * R

D

Cable Length (ft)

D = 1000 * N * (V source- V camera )/ (Rw * 2 * I)

N

No. of pairs

I = 1000 * N * (V source - V camera))/ (Rw * 2 * D)

I

Camera current (A)

TIA Standard Permanent Link • VPD products provide the easiest and most logical upgrade path for future IP usage. • TIA compliant horizontal link (jack-to-jack) • Upgrade from analog to IP with simple patching change in TR (no change to horizontal link)

Permanent Link Advantages • Ease of Design – If the designer is not familiar with cameras, all they need to do is put a data port at the camera location – Camera selection can occur after cabling design

• The cabling can be tested – This allows the installer to show documentation that the cabling is correct before leaving the job site – This can avoid finger-pointing if one contractor installs the cable and another installs the cameras

• Upgrade Path – The upgrade path from analog to IP becomes a patching change in the TR

Video, Power & Data Signal Integrator Hubs • Signal Integrator Hubs are the closest equivalent to a PoE Midspan • Their purpose is to inject power at some point between the camera and recording device • The Signal Integrator products allow you to maintain the TIA Permanent Link topology, even when the video signal must continue on the Copper Backbone to the recording device.

Extended Distance Video, Power, & Data •

TIA compliant horizontal link from TR to Camera

•

Video & Data travel upstream on Copper Backbone

•

Signal integrator injects power to camera from TR

•

Upgrade from analog to IP with simple patching change in TR (no change to horizontal link)

Dealing with the Fiber Backbone • Place DVR in TR – Use Ethernet port on DVR to remotely manage/archive data – Distributed storage can reduce bandwidth over backbone – Less secure than centrally locating all storage together

Dealing with the Fiber Backbone • Fiber transceivers – Transmit analog video over fiber – Requires transmitter/receiver at each end – Transceivers must match type of fiber used

Dealing with the Fiber Backbone • IP Encoder / Web Servers – Converts analog video signal to digital signal – Requires IP address for each device – Once video signal is in digital form, NVR can be used at the head end

Compatibility with Data Network – Bandwidth • Compared to Category-rated data signals, baseband video signals of CCTV use almost no bandwidth. 600

Frequency (MHz)

500

500

400 300

250

200 100 0

100 5

Compatibility with Data Network – EMI • Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) occurs when systems share a common electromagnetic environment, and their frequencies of operation overlap. • If the systems operate over a different range of frequencies, they do not interfere with each other. • Alien Crosstalk is a significant issue for Cat 6A data networks because of the 500 MHz frequency used. • Alien Crosstalk is not a concern when running baseband video next to a data cable because the two systems operate at much different frequencies. Alien Crosstalk

Compatibility with Data Network - Power • DC Voltage (12V DC) will not cause interference because the signal does not alternate (i.e. no frequency) • AC Voltage (24V or 28V) will not cause interference because it operates at 60Hz (or 50Hz in other countries), which is well below the frequencies used by data signals. • When the positive and negative signals are placed on the same pair, the wire twists provide inherent signal cancellation.

Compatibility with Data Network - Thermal • UTP cable performance specifications assume a temperature of 20° C. • Temperatures higher than 20° C result in: – Signal degradation/attenuation – Risk of premature aging of jacketing materials

• Elevated temperatures DO NOT result in: – Cables melting – Safety risks

• Plenum rated cables perform better at higher temperatures than riser.

TSB-184 Draft Standard • Proposed TIA TSB-184, "Guidelines for Supporting Power Delivery over Balance Twisted-Pair Cabling” – Transmission parameters – Installation conditions – Applications considerations – Field testing for specific implementations such as mid-span – Safety issues are NOT addressed

• TSB will focus on PoE Plus parameters, but should provide some guidance for running 12V DC or 24/28V AC through solid conductor UTP cable.

Summary • Security applications are quickly migrating towards Ethernet platforms • With the right planning, a single cabling infrastructure could support existing and future technology • Video Surveillance offers the greatest opportunity, followed by Access Control • Alarm and Intrusion Detection offer limited opportunities to leverage data cabling system

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