Jan 31, 2016 - Oil as Dietary Supplements on Village Chicken Layer ... Keywords: Plant fibre, vegetable oil, free range system, layer breeder, village chicken ...
Journal of Animal Production Advances
Utilization of Grass and Legume Fibre and Vegetable Oil as Dietary Supplements on Village Chicken Layer Production Under Free Range Production System Varastegani A., Ismail D. B., Chwen L. T. and Idris L. H.
J Anim Pro Adv 2016, 6(1): 876-879 DOI: 10.5455/japa.20160201120532
Online version is available on: www.grjournals.com
VARASTEGANI ET AL.
ISSN: 2251-7677
Original Article
Utilization of Grass and Legume Fibre and Vegetable Oil as Dietary Supplements on Village Chicken Layer Production Under Free Range Production System *
Varastegani A., Ismail D. B., Chwen L. T. and Idris L. H.
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
Abstract This study was carried out to determine the effects of fibre (Leucaena – Leucaena leucocephala and Napier grass – Pennisetum purpureum) and vegetable oil sources (linseed oil and palm oil) on the egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), percentage of hen daily average egg production (%HDA), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Hens were divided into five groups. One basal diet (BD) was used in the experiment as control group. There were 4 experimental groups which were supplemented with various sources of fibre and oil as follows: Group1: BD + 5% linseed oil, Group 2: BD + 5% palm oil, Group 3: BD + 5% palm oil plus 2. 5% Napier grass and Group 4: BD + 5% linseed oil plus 2.5% Leucaena leaf, respectively. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. It was observed that there was significant difference (P0.05) was observed on feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake in free range production systems. The lowest feed intake among treatments was belonged to treatment which was included with linseed oil plus Leucaena while the highest feed consumption is from group which was contained palm oil. The highest egg weight among treatments was from treatment which used palm oil plus Napier grass in free range farming system. The highest number of egg production was from treatment contained palm oil plus Napier grass while the lowest egg production was belonged to control group . Keywords: Plant fibre, vegetable oil, free range system, layer breeder, village chicken performance .
Corresponding author: Department Received on: 03 Jul 2015 Revised on: 13 Jul 2015 Accepted on: 23 Jan 2016 Online Published on: 31 Jan 2016
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of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2016, 6(1): 876-879
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Introduction In recent years, consumer interest in specialty poultry products derived from free-range or organic production systems has been steadily increasing in the United States and Europe (Fanatico et al., 2006). Consumer preference for poultry specialty products is related to a perceived greater quality and security of meat derived from such systems coupled with high standards of animal welfare, although in most cases there is little scientific evidence supporting these perceptions. Under free-range or organic systems, birds have access to an outside area promoting foraging, feed selection, and activity and thus theoretically improving the welfare of the birds. Although outdoor access is intrinsic to the free range system, there are large variations concerning the amount and type of outdoor access provided in most of the free-range and organic systems that are presently in practice in Europe and the United States. Therefore, although outside access is associated with pasture and invertebrate consumption, the nutritional value derived from the intake of such products is unknown and will vary dramatically with the system in use (Walker and Gordon, 2003). One viable approach in the animal production sector is to have a production system which utilizes existing feed resources at minimal cost. The livestock industry is constantly in search of available and cheap feedstuff. The meat and eggs from poultry are estimated to contribute between 20 and 30% of the total animal protein supply in many developing countries (FAO, 2004), thus, filling the gap for animal protein needs of people. However, feed cost remains a major challenge for efficient poultry production in developing countries. It accounts for about 80% of the total cost of production (El Boushy and Van Der Poel, 2000). Ani et al., (2009) advocated that any attempt to increase poultry production needs to focus on the utilization of cheap and locally available ingredients. Materials and Methods The research was conducted at Farm 2, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). A 877
hundred and five-layer village chickens were randomly allocated to five different treatments. An individual feeding strategy treatment (each treatment 21 birds) were reared for twelve weeks. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 7 birds per replicate (6 females and 1 male) under freerange integrated farming system (FRIFS). In the first objective, twelve weeks feeding experiment was conducted. The effects of fibre and oil sources were studied with inclusion of 5% oil (linseed oil and palm oil) and 2.5% fibre (Leucaena – Leucaena leucocephala and Napier grass – Pennisetum purpureum) in the diets of laying hens on feed intake (g), egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and egg weight (g/egg). Hens’ daily average egg production (%HDA) were measured on weekly basis. Feed consumption and egg production were recorded weekly from each dietary treatments for analysis of feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The diets are based on corn (63.8%) as a source of energy and soybean (22.0%) as a source of protein were formulated in order to meet the requirement of layers (NRC1994) with inclusion of fibre (Napier grass and Leucaena leaf) and oil sources (palm oil and linseed oil). Feed and water are available ad-libitum throughout the experiments. The birds were fed on Iso-caloric (2904 kcal/kg ME) and Iso-nitrogenous (16.6% CP) basal diet. Results It was observed that there was significant difference (P0.05) was observed on feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The lowest feed intake among treatments was belonged to treatment which was included with linseed oil plus Leucaena leaf. The highest feed consumption was from palm oil supplemented group. The highest egg weight among treatments was from treatment which used palm oil plus Napier grass in free range farming system. The highest number of egg production was from treatment use palm oil plus Napier grass as supplementation, while the lowest egg production was from control group. J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2016, 6(1): 876-879
VARASTEGANI ET AL.
Table1: The effects of plant fibre and vegetable oil on village chicken layer breeder performance. Treatment Egg production Egg weight Feed intake HDA (%) Egg mass FCR (g/egg) (g/hen/day) (g/hen/day) (g feed/g egg) T1 69a±6.96 44.98b±0.47 77a±7.73 109a±2.01 34.58a±3.13 3.23a±0.31 T2 78a±12.41 43.75bc±0.54 87a±13.79 111a±0.78 37.93a±5.51 3.06a±0.40 a a a b a T3 84 ±18.08 48.66 ±0.30 93 ±20.09 99 ±0.72 45.52 ±9.95 2.47a±0.67 a b a d a T4 73 ±6.96 45.75 ±1.53 81 ±7.73 84 ±1.49 37.62 ±4.45 2.31a±0.26 a c a c a T5 57 ±3.84 41.72 ±0.58 64 ±4.27 92 ±3.08 26.71 ±1.72 3.48a±0.32 Mean±SEM, abcThe same letter(s) are not significantly differences (p>0.05). T1: Basal diet + 5% linseed oil, T2: BD + 5% palm oil, T3: BD + 5% palm oil plus 2.5% Napier grass, T4: BD + 5% linseed oil plus 2.5% Leucaena, T5: control group (basal diet).
Discussion The lowest %HDA is belonged to T4 which used Leucaena leaf as a dietary supplement. The result is in agreement with Ahmed & Abdelati, (2009) and D’Mello et al., (1997), who noticed an adverse effect of Leucaena leaf on the egg production. Reduction in %HDA in T4 free range farming system showed negative correlation (p0.05) by dietary treatments. The highest egg weight and feed intake was belonged to T3 which was used palm oil plus Napier grass. Palm oil inclusion reduced the effect of heat stress lead to increased egg production, egg weight and feed intake. This result is in agreement with Njoku and Nwazota (1989). Even there is no significant effect (p>0.05) on feed intake among treatments, but all feed intake is below 100 g/hen/day in all of treatments and it is lower than average of feed consumption (g/hen/day) if compare with indoor farming system. Therefore, it is associated with fibre utilization by laying hen in 878
J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2016, 6(1): 876-879
free range farming system and this is related to effect of fibre on the rate of passage in digestive system of poultry. The results by Ponte et al., (2008) suggested that pasture intake promotes bird performance while contributing to the production of broiler meat with preferred sensory attributes. In conventional farming system, when fast growing chicks are generally used, they are not suitable for this organic production system, since they may develop health and welfare problems. The most recurrent and common problems are leg disorders and lameness. Conversely, use of slow growing strains of poultry in organic production such as village chicken has positive repercussions on both animal welfare and product qualitative characteristics (eating quality and appearance) perceived by consumers (Castellini et al., 2008). Conclusion From our study, we can conclude that palm oil plus Napier grass can improve egg weight and egg production in free range farming system. Since palm oil and Napier grass are from local sources they are suitable as dietary supplement of village chicken layer diet under free range farming systems. As the price of palm oil is cheaper than linseed oil, and Napier grass is locally available, this study shows important finding on utilization of cheap and locally available feed stuff for improvement of layer breeder production under free range farming systems. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the fundamental research grant scheme (FRGS) of Ministry of Education Malaysia for the financial
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support of this research. Mr. Hairul Nizam and all technicians from Farm 2, Poultry Unit, Universiti Putra Malaysia for their technical assistance are greatly acknowledge.
by poultry. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 62: 253-256.
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