Utilization of waste for large capacity productions of ... - Springer Link

Clean Techn Environ Policy (2010) 12:601–611 DOI 10.1007/s10098-010-0315-3

ORIGINAL PAPER

Utilization of waste for large capacity productions of phosphorus-containing products based on the system analysis methods Arkadiy Bessarabov • Igor Bulatov • Aleksey Kvasyuk • Aleksey Kochetygov

Received: 22 April 2010 / Accepted: 10 July 2010 / Published online: 7 August 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010

Abstract Waste from the phosphorus industry are one of the key environmental problems for manufacturers all over the world. An innovative strategy for phosphorus industry waste utilization was developed by the authors in collaboration with their colleagues within EC INCO-Copernicus ECOPHOS project. The first stage involves the analysis of main indicators of innovative development of leading phosphorus sector companies taking into account the influence of innovations on reduction of environmental pollution. At the second stage, a strategy was developed for phosphorus industry waste utilization, which was underpinned by development of an information CALS-system of marketing analysis. The analysis was done according to the following three top level criteria: the raw material and processing market analysis; analysis of processing technologies; and analysis of utilization products markets. At the third stage, analysis of the technologies of phosphorus industry waste processing was carried out on the basis flexible technology of phosphoric sludge utilization case study. The study was carried out within the advanced system of computer support—CALS-technologies (Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle Support).

A. Bessarabov A. Kvasyuk A. Kochetygov Research Center ‘System Quality Management and CALStechnology in Chemistry’, State Research Institute of Chemical Reagents and High Purity Chemical Substances (IREA), Bogorodsky Val, 3, Moscow, Russian Federation 107076 e-mail: [email protected] I. Bulatov (&) Centre for Process Integration CEAS, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords Phosphorus waste utilisation CALS System analysis Flexible process flowsheet Sodium phosphite Sodium hypophosphite

Introduction Processing of waste utilization products to reduce pollution is becoming ever pressing necessity. Storage and stacking of waste containing phosphorus is posing danger for the environment. Therefore, there is a necessity for processing the accumulated waste and development of zero or nearzero waste productions (Linke and Kokossis 2003; Klemesˇ et al. 2006; De Benedetto and Klemesˇ 2009). The main aim of our study is the development of a unified hierarchical structure of the system analysis for utilization of waste of large capacity productions of phosphorus-containing products. Such a unified hierarchical structure is necessary for further development of a system for marketing researches of waste utilization. This system is meant to be able to carry out: (i) analysis of raw material market based on the data of 15 companies of phosphorus industry in Russian Federation; (ii) development of flexible technology for waste processing on example of phosphorus sludge utilization. Up till now, there have practically been no researches dealing with the system analysis and development of the common strategy for the phosphoric industry waste utilization. In our research, attention was focused on the main production waste of phosphorus-containing products— phosphoric sludge, phosphoric plaster, and phosphoric slag (Strugatskaya et al. 1994). Environmental aspects of phosphates production are considerable and damaging in the regions of production plants. The technology of waste minimization and utilization

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in present phosphorus chemical industries is largely outdated and unable to face the environmental problems. However, technologies are being developed for effective and environmentally friendly phosphates processing which eliminate the restrictions caused by content of some admixtures that influence the processes or change products quality (Seferlis et al. 2006). This study attempts to combine the best expertise in the area of phosphorus chemistry with the latest advances in computer-aided tools for synthesis, design and optimization to lead to new technologies in manufacturing new useful products from waste generated by the production of phosphorus-containing products. The wide class of new sustainable production technologies will bring tremendous changes in the environmental impact of industries in question and furthermore increase their competitiveness. The problems of processing of phosphorus industry wastes are complicated by the requirement that final products of utilization should be in demand in the market. This research considers key market parameters: volumes, prices, forecasts as well as detailed aspects of applied technologies of existing waste processing. The main components of activity and development of the market in Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Greece have been analyzed. The choice of those countries is due to the fact that they are facing serious environmental problems caused by their phosphorus sectors and that industrial and academic partners from those countries took part in an EC INCO-Copernicus ECOPHOS project. Marketing research is an important factor when developing a competitive production. With the appearance and strengthening of marketing as the basis of market activity, market studies are included in its framework and become its integral part. Without marketing it is impossible to determine the costs for development of technology, experimental researches, manufacturing of the equipment, etc. However, in a number of publications about marketing research of different products, e.g., Timorenko (2001), the operations dealing with marketing in waste utilization technologies are not covered at all (Bessarabov et al. 2009b). In this study, development of information system covering marketing aspects of phosphorus industry and information on processes for phosphoric sludge recovery was carried out within the framework of the state-of-the-art computer support system, CALS-technologies (Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle Support—continuous information support of life cycle of a product) (Molina et al. 1998). The CALS concept is based on the complex of uniform information models, standardization of ways of access to the information and its correct interpretation in accordance with international standards. Thus, uniform ways of process control and interaction of all participants of development are provided. The key idea of CALS concept is

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increasing the product life cycle due to the increase of efficiency of control of the information about a product. CALS task is transformation of a product life cycle into highly automated process through re-structuring of its component business-processes (Bessarabov et al. 2008).

Implementation of marketing research modules in CALS-based information system Marketing research of phosphorus-containing waste utilization Prediction of phosphorus-containing waste utilization competitiveness at the initial stage of research is the extremely complex and expensive task. One of the most important factors when developing competitive production is marketing research. With the appearance and strengthening of marketing as the basis of market activity, market studies are included in its framework and they become its integral part. Without marketing it is impossible to determine the value of expenses for development of technology, experimental researches, production of the equipment, etc. The authors carried out a marketing research structured in following categories: analysis of the raw material and processing market; analysis of waste processing technologies; analysis of the markets of waste utilization products (Fig. 1). In the first section, ‘‘Analysis of the raw materials and processing market’’ (Fig. 2) for each of the countries considered (Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Greece) the following four main subcategories are considered: (i) producers of substances containing phosphorus (e.g., in Russia); (ii) total waste accumulated within a particular country; (iii) existing government support for companies manufacturing phosphorus-containing products; (iv) cooperation with other countries. In a subcategory of «enterprises» leading companies of the phosphorus sector of Russian Federation are included: OJSC ‘‘Ammophos’’ (Cherepovets), ‘‘PG Phosphorit Ltd’’ (Kingisepp), etc. For each company, the following information components are considered: types of product manufactured; generation of waste (sorts of the waste, accumulated waste, waste of existing productions, and prospects of the new waste generation); environmental programs of the company; licenses and certificates available at that particular company. In the same section, ‘‘Analysis of the raw material and processing market’’, the information on the government support for accumulated waste utilization by phosphorus sector companies is provided, including the information on general estimation of the accumulated waste on the territories of the above mentioned countries (in early 2008).

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Fig. 1 Structure of marketing research of a phosphorus-containing products waste utilization of large-capacity productions

The last item of the section accumulates the following information: international cooperation between the countries, teamwork and projects in the field of improvement of the phosphorus-containing products manufacturing technologies, existing methods of waste utilization and setting up of joint ventures in the phosphorus industry sector. Marketing research of phosphorus-containing waste processing technologies For the Section ‘‘Analysis of waste processing technologies’’ the data on technologies applied for phosphoric sludge, phosphoric plaster and phosphoric slag processing are included. Subcategory ‘‘Phosphoric sludge processing’’ contains four types of utilization: (i) landfill, (ii) combustion, (iii) secondary processing, and (iv) outsourcing which includes a list of service companies in the area of utilization. For each technology of utilization the information contains: characteristics of technology; advantages and disadvantages; cost and environmental aspects (Fig. 3). As the utilization of the phosphoric sludge is one of the most acute environmental problems on the territories of Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan (phosphoric sludge is the most aggressive kind of waste of phosphorus industry), the authors paid much of their attention to utilization.

Within the limits of the second section of marketing researches, an analysis of utilization technologies applied was carried out and the conclusion was made that the most promising and environmentally friendly type is secondary processing (recycling). Marketing research of phosphorus-containing waste processing products Information about the products of utilization is brought to the third category of marketing research «Analysis of markets of waste utilization products» (Fig. 4). Waste utilization products (phosphoric sludge, phosphoric plaster, and phosphoric slag) along with possible applications of utilization products were included into it. For example, when recycling the phosphoric sludge, the following products can be obtained: (i) sodium hypophosphite, used as a component for an anticorrosive and decorative coating which makes it a target commodity product highly demanded in the market; (ii) sodium phosphite, reducer in inorganic synthesis, and the reagent for synthesis of the dibasic lead phosphate in galvanic processes; (iii) the initial reagent for phosphorous acid obtaining; (iv) dibasic lead phosphate—an excellent thermostabilizer, performing at high temperatures; (v) phosphorous

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Fig. 2 The first category of marketing research: ‘‘Analysis of the raw material and processing market’’

Fig. 3 The second category of marketing research: ‘‘Analysis of waste utilization technologies’’

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Fig. 4 An element of the CALS-project. The third category of a top level: ‘‘Analysis of the markets of waste utilization products’’

acid, the dibasic acid of medium strength applied as the reducer in chemical reactions. Marketing research of innovations implementation in the phosphorus sector in Russian Federation For the Russian phosphorus sector companies, a systematic analysis of the main indicators of implementation of innovations (Fig. 5) was carried out (Bessarabov et al. 2009a, c). Sources of the statistical information were sieved through to obtain the data on the innovative activities in the phosphorus industry sector for the Ministry of Industry of Russian Federation according to a form of the statistical reporting ‘‘4-innovation’’. During the analysis, innovative activities of 15 companies in the Russian phosphorus sector were inspected, among them: ‘‘Industrial group Phosphorite’’ (Kingisepp), ‘‘Balakovskie mineral fertilizers’’ (Balakovo), ‘‘Belorechenskie minudobreniya’’ (Belorechensk), ‘‘Ammophos’’ (Cherepovets), ‘‘Voskresenskie mineral fer tilizers’’ (Voskresensk), ‘‘Meleuzovskie mineral fertilizers’’

(Meleuz), ‘‘Minudobreniya’’ (Rossosh), ‘‘Cherepovetskiy Azot’’ (Cherepovets), ‘‘Mineral fertilizers’’ (Perm), etc. Analysis of qualitative indicators of innovative development for 2000–2007 (Fig. 6a, b) was carried out including two groups of estimations: the factors, preventing the innovations, and influence of the main results of innovative activities on company development. They were represented as 4—point scale: 3—the highest degree of indicator influence, 2—average, 1—inessential or less essential, 0—no influence. The averaging of the figures allows to consider the value of particular indicator for comparative analysis. As a result of processing of point estimations, importance of the main factors deterring the innovations in phosphorus sector was calculated (Fig. 6a). Among these factors the most important are: shortage of own cash assets (rating of *2.7) and low demand for the new products (2.5). Meanwhile, shortage of qualified human resources and information about new technologies did not get the high rating of the influence, the rating for them being 1.3 and 1.4, respectively.

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Fig. 5 The structural analysis of the phosphorus industry

Fig. 6 a Evaluation of the main factors, deterring the innovation development. b Evaluation of the main results of innovation activity

The authors carried out an analysis of the main results of innovative activity for 2000–2007 (Fig. 6b). Introducing innovations made the most significant impact on the output quality improvement and assortment expansion (rating is 2.5 points and more). Compliance with standards and improvement of labour conditions influenced the development of phosphorus plants in a lesser degree (from 1.5 to 2.2 points). However, influence of innovations on reduction of environmental pollution was estimated by the companies CEOs as inessential (0.5–1.0 points). This neglect of the environmental problems accounts for large volumes of accumulated waste of the phosphorus industry.

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Implementation of CALS-based modules on phosphoric sludge utilization flexible processes data Within the limits of CALS concept two basic circuits of phosphorus sludge processing have been considered: with sodium phosphite (Bessarabov et al. 2009c) and sodium hypophosphite as final products. These circuits were implemented in the CALS-based case study (CALS-project). The CALS-project uses a typical computer structure of initial data for design which includes the following subcategories: the general data on technology (01); characteristics of the research carried out and experimental work (02); Feasibility study of a recommended production


method (03); a patent card (04); characteristics of feedstock, auxiliary materials (05); physical and chemical constants and properties of initial, intermediate and final products (06); chemical, physicochemical bases and basic production flow sheet (07); operating technological parameters of production process (08); the mass balance of production process (09); characteristics of by-products and solid waste (10); the mathematical description of technological processes and devices (11); data for calculation, design, the choice of the basic production equipment (12); recommendations for process automation (13); the analytical control of production process (14); methods and technological parameters of purification from chemical and industrial pollutants (15); safety data sheet including fire and explosion hazard data, fire fighting procedures, health hazard data, regulatory information (16); the list of reports and recommended literature on considered technology (17). Sodium phosphite production On the basis of the suggested typical structure of initial data for design, the CALS-project for sodium phosphite production technology has been developed. Shown in Fig. 7 flow chart includes a preparatory stage and 4 basic production stages: phosphorus sludge decomposition in the reactor, filtering of a mineral part, correction of solution density, neutralization of excess of alkali in solution: 1.

2.

Preparatory stage. The phosphorus sludge is classified in a grinder to particle size optimal for interaction with sodium alkali (NaOH) and then a solution is prepared. In parallel, alkali solution is prepared through diluting alkali liquor to concentration NaOH = 31% using water as solvent. All stages of the corresponding process with characteristics of the equipment as well as additional information are input in the CALS-project and are used by both developers of technology, and engineering personnel (analysts, etc.). Decomposition of phosphorus sludge in a reactor. In reactor (1), NaOH solution is fed and simultaneously phosphorus sludge is loaded. The reaction is conducted

Fig. 7 Flow diagram of sodium phosphite production

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at a temperature of 100°C. Upon interaction of phosphorus sludge with sodium alkali from the reactor the phosphine–hydrogen mix leaves. The product solution is directed to the next stage (2). The corresponding process is included in the CALS-project with all necessary characteristics of the equipment used. Filtering of a mineral part. The solution fed from reactor (1) to vessel (2) is filtered. A deposit remaining on the filter is the mineral part of phosphorus sludge and is used as a mineral fertilizer. The solution passed through filters (2) enters the next stage (3). Drawings of the filter, input and output parameters and other major characteristics are included in the CALSproject. Correction of sodium phosphite solution density. The obtained sodium phosphite solution is diluted with water to a necessary concentration. The ratio of components, temperature, characteristics of the equipment are included in the CALS-project. Neutralization of excess of alkali. After stage (3), sodium phosphite enters a stage (4) where neutralization of excess of sodium alkali (NaOH) with phosphorous acid (H3PO3) solution is carried out.

Finally sodium phosphite goes to the packing stage. Types of packing and its characteristics are included in the CALS-project. The database of the CALS-project also contains a number of useful documents on sodium phosphite production: certificates, process regulations, characteristics of final products, performance characteristics of the equipment used, etc. Sodium hypophosphite production Similar to production of sodium phosphate, the typical structure of the CALS-project has been developed for production of sodium hypophosphite. The process diagram developed is shown in Fig. 8. It includes a preparatory stage and 9 basic production stages. The diagram includes the following stages: The preparatory stage. Phosphorus sludge with the content of phosphorus of 30–50%, in a liquid state, heated to the temperature 700°C, is pumped to storage tanks (receivers). For prevention of phosphorus sludge stratification in storage tanks the latter are fitted with agitators. Preparation of calcium hydroxide suspension (5) and sodium hydroxide (4) is conducted in two parallel tanks— mixers of suspension (40 m3 volume each) heated with external pipe coil to the temperature 500°C. Sodium hydroxide with impeller pump is pumped from intermediate storehouse to receiver tank. When the required amount of sodium hydroxide is fed, the agitator starts and loading of calcium oxide hydrate (slaked lime) begins. The dosage

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Fig. 8 An element of the CALS-project ‘‘Flow diagram of sodium hypophosphite production’’

of 12 tones (one batch) takes 1 h. Then 12 m3 of water is added at constant stirring and this mix is agitated in the receiver tank (6) within 8 h. Preparation of suspension proceeds with intense reaction and foaming. The mix is ready for application after 8-h stirring. Decomposition of phosphorus sludge in a reactor (1). The phosphorus sludge is loaded into reactor from position (3) along with the obtained solution from the mixer (6). After sometime, the solution of isopropanol (7) is fed to reactor (1) that is necessary for more complete extraction of phosphorus from phosphorus sludge. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of 85–900°C. Upon interaction of phosphorus sludge with sodium alkali from the reactor the phosphine–hydrogen mix leaves. The obtained product solution is directed to the next stage (2). Further phosphorus sludge decomposition takes place in additional reactor (2): from rector (1) the mix is directed to reactor (2) thus mixing with a mother solution after sodium hypophosphite centrifuging. After the end of reaction, the solution from an additional reactor (2) enters vacuum filters (11). Filtering in drum-type vacuum filters. The solution obtained from reactor (2) is filtered off in drum-type vacuum filters (11). A cake formed during the filtering is collected and used as fertilizer in agriculture. The solution passed through vacuum filters (11) enters the neutralizer (12).

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Neutralization of excess of sodium alkali. After passing the drum-type vacuum filters a solution consisting from NaH2PO2 (8%), Na2HPO3 (9%), and CaHPO3 (25%) enters the neutralizer (12). Neutralization of excess of sodium alkali is carried out by dilution with hypophosphorous acid which is stored in vessel (15). Preparation of a hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2). The product solution (calcium hypophosphite) manufactured at stage 5 with concentration of 12% is mixed with oxalic acid. The solution produced is filtered (14) and the hypophosphorous acid formed is stored in vessel (15) and is used as required in the neutralization stage (12). Concentrating sodium hypophosphite. Sodium hypophosphite is concentrated (16) by evaporation for the further fine filtration which is carried out in vessel (17). The formed sodium alkali and sodium hypophosphite are directed to recycling. Crystallization of sodium hypophosphite (17) and suspension centrifuging (18). After crystallization (17) suspension is directed to filtration in a centrifuge. The mother liquor formed goes to recycling through an additional reactor (2). After centrifuging (18) sodium hypophosphite is dried (19) for removal of excessive moisture from the final product. After the production cycle is finished, the product heads for packing (20). The operation mode and constructional


characteristics for each stage are included in the corresponding sections of the CALS-project. The CALS-project also contains marketing analysis results. It is shown, that the products considered are in great demand. Sodium phosphite is one of the most scarce salts of phosphorus. It is widely used: in electroplating, as a reagent for synthesis of dibasic lead phosphite—the best stabilizer of PVC-compositions and also as a reducer in inorganic syntheses. Sodium hypophosphite is used as a reducer at depositing nickel, cobalt and tin coatings on metals and plastic; as antioxidant preventing discoloration during manufacturing of alkyd resins, and other applications. In a research related to the project described, Tovazhnyansky et al. (2010) are analysing the energy saving potential of the hypophosphite production. Their findings prove that there is considerable potential for energy saving in sodium hypophosphite production, which would also substantially reduce the environmental impact caused by the emissions. The optimised design of the heat recovery is expected to yield reduction 55% of hot and 70% of cold utilities. Payback period is close to 14 months. Kapustenko et al. (2009) and Arsenyeva et al. (2009) have been studying additional aspects of plate heat exchanger application in heat exchanger networks for phosphorus sector. As the processes considered have many related attributes, it is necessary to associate them in a uniform production unit for sodium phosphite and sodium hypophosphite. For optimum design of two-product production, theory of synthesis of flexible multiassortment chemical engineering systems (Fig. 9) is used and a flexible flowsheet has been developed by the authors in collaboration with their colleagues (Bessarabov et al. 2007). For similar multiassortment diagrams, four levels of system analysis are considered: (i) nomenclature, (ii) production, (iii) organization-technological, and (iv) organization-production. Attribute of the top (fourth) organizational-production level is a process plant as a complex cybernetic system. Associated problems include: stabilization of material and information streams between aggregated sections; distribution of raw material, power and manpower resources.

Fig. 9 Hierarchical structure of synthesis of flexible chemical engineering systems

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Attribute of the third—organizational-technological—level is the aggregated section. Associated problems are optimization of equipment arrangement and minimization of the production cycle. The first, bottom, level is the nomenclature level. Its characteristic attributes are a single product or one technological stage. The primary goals are expansion of a set of available grades for this one product or variation of available capacity of a process stage. Functioning of the bottom level is provided by process flexibility which is determined by possibility of implementing several technological tasks using the existing equipment due to flexible scheme adaptable for production of a particular product (under the nomenclature) either with insignificant costs for readjustment of the equipment (washing, fitting of pipelines, etc.). The second, production, level is of greatest interest for us. Its characteristic attribute is the multiassortment technology. Associated problems are the optimum use of intermediate products and the common initial reagents; using of elements of flexibility with the purpose of assortment expansion; variation of capacity of all processes. This approach has been applied to development of a flexible two-product flowsheet of sodium hypophosphite and sodium phosphite synthesis. The production developed is the basic unit for a full complex of phosphorus sludge processing. Incorporated into this complex, individual production processes for dibasic lead phosphite and phosphorous acid use sodium phosphite obtained using flexible scheme as raw material. To prove the feasibility of uniting two processes in one flexible flowsheet it is necessary to carry out the analysis of existing individual production processes with the purpose of specifying groups of technologies which are suitable for organizing by a flexible principle. The first step of this analysis is the decomposition of the product assortment considered using hierarchical approach based on two basic attributes: technological and chemical similarity. Each of the attributes indicated has the gradation levels. The technological similarity is subdivided into similarity of raw material preparation methods (dissolution, filtration, crushing, etc.), production methods (type of conversion of the raw material into the main product, uniformity of technological operations and the used equipment), packing methods. Chemical similarity is determined, first of all, by the substances belonging to the same class (acid, base, salt, ether, etc.) inside which class sublevels are isolated on the basis of physical and chemical properties of substances. For example, salts are classified according to the character of the anion (acid residue)—nitrates, sulphates, phosphates, etc. The analyzed production processes for sodium hypophosphite and sodium phosphite meet both attributes of flexible process systems as having both technological and

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Fig. 10 The flexible flowsheet of sodium hypophosphite and sodium phosphite production

chemical similarity. The same initial products (phosphorus sludge), identical technological equipment, the same unit of packaging, etc., are used. This allows us to carry out the design of a flexible two-product flowsheet (Fig. 10). The flowsheet developed includes 23 combined blocks: 9 combined blocks containing operations used in both production processes for sodium phosphite and sodium hypophosphite (solid line); 3 blocks applied only to production of sodium phosphite (dot line); 11 blocks related only to production of sodium hypophosphite (dashed line).

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To transfer from one product to another, flexible switching units are included: Flexible Unit of Switching-1 (FUS-1) and Flexible Unit of Switching-2 (FUS-2). FUS-1 is responsible for switching streams: either directing sodium alkali from the position (4) directly to reactor (1) in production of sodium phosphite, or to position (6) for mixing with lime hydrate in the production of sodium hypophosphite. In case of sodium phosphite synthesis after the reactor (1) FUS-2 switches to position (10) for filtering of the obtained


reaction mixture. Otherwise (in case of sodium hypophosphite synthesis) FUS-2 switches to position (2) for phosphorus sludge further decomposition and mixing with mother liquor. Flexible switching units allow producing sodium hypophosphite and sodium phosphite at minimal controlling acts. In comparison with individual productions there is an economy of 15% for production footprint, 20% for labor resources and reduction of capital investments for 10%. The developed flexible flowsheet (Fig. 10) is included in the CALS-project with all operation characteristics, drawings of the used equipment, etc. Each component of equipment included in CALS information system has one of three identification attributes: the unit used only for production of sodium phosphite; the unit used for production of sodium hypophosphite; the unit which will be probably used for production of sodium hypophosphite and sodium phosphite. In the pilot CALS-project, drawings of all equipment units included into the diagram (Fig. 10) are shown. If necessary, it is possible to consider separately the drawing or a component of interest in a subsection of CALS-project ‘‘Data for calculation, design and industrial application’’. For example, in the section ‘‘Reactor’’ (No 1, Fig. 10) there are drawings of a reactor, the maintenance instructions, certificates of conformity, etc. Development of the design documentation was carried out using AutoCAD. For convenience of data storage and reduction of search time, some big drawings and block diagrams have been converted into PDF files. PDF files were also used for storage of large text documents. Conclusions The authors developed a hierarchical structure of the system analysis for utilization of waste for large capacity productions of phosphorus-containing products, which was supported by the CALS-technology of the information system for marketing researches. Analysis of raw material market on the basis of the data from 15 leading companies of phosphorus industry in Russian Federation was carried out for this system. In their study, the authors developed a strategy of flexible waste processing technologies for the phosphorus sector, development of an information system storing and processing information on advanced technologies and regulations leading to waste reduction and utilization. Results of this study are being used by government authorities in Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science) and by industrial companies in Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Greece. Acknowledgments The financial support from the EC FP6 Programme INCO-CT-013359 ‘‘ECOPHOS—Waste utilization in phosphoric acid industry through the development of ecologically

611 sustainable and environmentally friendly processes for a wide class of phosphorus-containing products’’ project and from Russian Ministry of Education and Science contract No 02.515.12.5014 ‘‘Development of methods and choice of direction for phosphorus-containing waste utilization for the purpose of obtaining high-purity products’’ are gratefully acknowledged.

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