vanadium in medicinal plants: new data on the ...

Analele UniversităĠii din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie

Tom. XVI / 2, 2009, pp. 53-59

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE DIVERSITY OF LIGNICOLOUS MACROMYCETES (BASIDIOMYCETES) FROM CĂ3ĂğÂNII MOUNTAINS Ioana CIORTAN* *

,,Alexandru. Buia” Botanical Garden, Craiova, Romania Corresponding author: Ioana Ciortan, ,,Alexandru Buia” Botanical Garden, 26 Constantin Lecca Str., zip code: 200217,Craiova, Romania, tel.: 0040251413820, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. This paper presents partial results of research conducted between 2005 and 2009 in different forests (beech forests, mixed forests of beech with spruce, pure spruce) in CăSăĠânii Mountains (Romania). 123 species of wood inhabiting Basidiomycetes are reported from the CăSăĠânii Mountains, both saprotrophs and parasites, as identified by various species of trees. Keywords: diversity, macromycetes, Basidiomycetes, ecology, substrate, saprotroph, parasite, lignicolous

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data presented are part of an extensive study, which will complete the PhD thesis. The CăSăĠânii Mountains are a mountain group of the ùureanuParâng-Lotru Mountains, belonging to the mountain chain of the Southern Carpathians. They are situated in the SE parth of the Parâng Mountain, between OlteĠ River in the west, Olt River in the east, Lotru and LaroriĠa Rivers in the north. Our area is 900 Km2 large (Fig. 1). The vegetation presents typical levers: major associations characteristic of each lever are present in this massif. Nemoral level is represented in the territory taken in the study, the sublevel of mixed forests of beech and beech with conifers, located between 6001200 (1300) m altitude. The characteristic and dominant specie is beech (Fagus sylvatica), cool climate species, with subatlantic touch. In that sublevel forests meet and many other broad-leved species: Carpinus betulus, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Tilia platyphyllos, Tilia cordata, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus montana, Quercus polycarpa, Alnus incana, Salix caprea, Betula pendula etc. Shrub layer is poorly developed. Isolated specimens can meet: Evonymus verrucosa, Daphne mezereum, Sambucus nigra, S. racemosa, Crataegus monogyna, and Rubus idaeus. Of lianas, those found here are: Clematis vitalba, Hedera helix. Boreal level is located in the middle and upper mountain, between 1.200-1.700 (1850) m altitude. The main element of the floor is spruce (Picea abies), boreal and boreal mountain species. Very rarely meet Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus incana (wich entering in the level), Fagus sylvatica, often at the bottom of the level and Abies alba. Shrub layer is extremely poor, as represented by Sambucus racemosa, Lonicera nigra L. xylosteum, Ribes alpinum, Daphne mezereum, Spiraea ulmifolia, Vaccinium myrtillus, etc. Forest ecosystems occupy large areas in the territory. Lignicolous macromycetes are main agents that break down lignin and cellulose (the primary components of wood) in these ecosystems. Among them are effective in breaking down wood basidiomycetes with hymenophoral fruiting bodies.

The research was conducted using transects and setting fixed locations in some vegetable formations, which were visited several times a year beginning with the months April-May until October-November. Fungi were identified on the basis of both morphological and anatomical properties of fruiting bodies and according to specific chemical reactions using the bibliography [1-8, 10-13]. Special presentation was made in phylogenetic order, the system of classification used was that adopted by Kirk PM et al., 2001 [5]. The nomenclature is that used by Kirk P.M. [15]. Biological forms was used for the proposed system Aniúoara SăOăgeanu and SăOăgeanu Gh. [13]: EPx - mycetoepixilophyta (mushrooms in the life cycle is carried out only on dead wood); Ex mycetoendoxylophyta (mushrooms in the life cycle takes place inside the timber plants) Gs mycetogeophyta saprophytica (saprophytic fungi, which mycelium is ground in soil or in places with abundant decomposition of plant debris, fallen fruit and leaves), Th - mycetoterophyta (mushrooms with shortlived, sometimes for only a few hours). For the ecological groups are used abbreviations: Pl - parasitic lignicolous, growing on living trees, Sl - saprotroph lignicolous, living on dead branches and trunks, Pl-Sl parasitic lignicolous, then living as saprotroph (optional) lignicolous; Sl-Sh - humicolous-lignicolous, Sl-Pl - saprotroph lignicolous can live and live trees. All the species are conserved in the CRAI (abbreviated as Index Herbariorum). RESULTS A total of 123 species of lignocellulolytic fungi (Basidiomycetes) identified in forests from CăSăĠânii Mountains between the years 2005-2009 is presented in Table 1. Macromycetes are now part of orders Agaricales, Auriculariales, Boletales, Dacrymycetales, Hymenochaetales, Tremellales, Phallales, Polyporales, Russulales and Tremellales. Most of them fungi can be found during the whole year, regardless of the season,

53

Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr. Micromphale foetidum (Sowerby) Singer Oudemansiella mucida (Scrad.) Höhn. Xerula longipes (P. Kumm.) Maire Xerula radicata (Relhan) Dörfelt Crucibulum laeve (Huds ) Kambly. Cyatus striatus (Hudson ex Pers.) Willdenow ex Pers. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. Pluteus petasatus (Fr.) Gillet Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff.) Singer Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A. H. Sm. Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.) P. Kumm. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Quél. Hypholoma sublateritium (Schaeff.) Quél. Pholiota squarrosa (Weigel) P. Kumm.

Strophariaceae

Pluteaceae

Pleurotaceae

Nidulariaceae

Fistulinaceae Lycoperdaceae Marasmiaceae

Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl Sl Sl Pl-Sl

EPx EPx EPx Ex-EPx

Sh, Sl Sl Pl Pl-Sl Sh, Sl Sl Sl-Sh

Ex-EPx Ex-EPx EPx EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx

Gs, EPx EPx EPx Ex-EPx Gp, EPx EPx EPx-Gs

Sl Sl-Sh Pl-Sl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl Sh-Sl

EPx EPx-Gs Ex-EPx EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx EPx Gs, EPx

Crepidotus cesatii (Rabenh.) Sacc. Pleurotellus chioneus (Pers.) Kühner Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.) Singer Marasmius alliaceus (Jacq.) Fr.

Cortinariaceae

Sh, Sl Sl Sl-Sh Sh-Sl

Th-EPx EPx EPx-Gs Gs-EPx

Ec. gr. 3 Pl-Sl

Sh-Sl Sh, Sl

2 Ex-EPx

Bioform

Substrate 5

VIII-X IV-XII VIII-XI IX-XI

on the decaying trunks of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies of Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus stumps of Fagus sylvatica stumps of Fagus sylvatica stumps

54

IX-XII VII-XII V-XI V-VIII VI-X IV-XII

V-X VI-VIII VIII-XI VIII-X VI-X VII-X VIII-XI

VII-XI VIII-IX VIII-X VIII-IX VIII-XII X-IV VI-X VIII-X

V-X VIII-X VIII-IX IV-X

IX-X IV-VIII

V-X

Fenofasis

of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus incana, Salix caprea stumps on trunks of Fagus sylvatica on Fagus sylvatica trunks, in decaying wood, fallen branches on rotten wood of Fagus sylvatica on trunk of Acer pseudoplatanus on trunks of Fagus sylvatica

on soil or on decayed wood, in deciduous and coniferous forests on wood of Picea abies, Abies alba on twigs of Fagus sylvatica fasciculated or solitary growth, in small groups, grinders decayed, chips, twigs, rotten logs in forests, shrubs, lawns, gardens on dead twigs on twigs of Fagus sylvatica on trunk of Quercus polycarpa common on decayed stumps of broad-leaved tree or of rotting wood on the roots of Fagus sylvatica on wood of Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus glabra on Fagus sylvatica branches common on dead leaves, pieces of rotten wood, even death in the rotting trunks in deciduous and coniferous forests common on the soil, leaves and twigs in a state of decay in beech forests common of Fagus sylvatica twigs increases in small groups on dead trunks and branches of Fagus sylvatica near the trunk of Fagus sylvatica on the roots and stumps of Fagus sylvatica increases in rich groups, on rotten wood, especially coniferous on chips, stumps, logs, branches decomposing deciduous trees and shrubs

on soil or on decayed wood, in deciduous and coniferous forests on soil or on decayed wood, in deciduous forests

4 on roots and logs of Salix caprea and Populus alba

Table 1. Diversity of lignocellulolytic macromycetes species.

Gs-EPx Th-EPx

Taxonomic classification 1 Agaricomycetidae Agaricales Bolbitiaceae Clavariaceae Coprinaceae

Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) Corner Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson Coprinus disseminatus (Pers.) Gray Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner Pleurotellus chioneus (Pers.) Kühner Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire

0 Agrocybe cylindracea (DC.: Fr.) Maire

Species

Ciortan, I. - Contributions To The Knowledge Diversity Of Lignicolous Macromycetes (Basidiomycetes) From CăSăĠânii Mountains

Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lèv. Inonotus cuticularis (Bull.: Fr.) Karsten Inonotus dryophilus (Berk.) Murrill Inonotus hispidus (Bolton) P. Karst. Inonotus nodulosus (Fr.) Pilat Inonotus radiatus (Sowerby) P. Karst. Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél. Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire Phellinus robustus (Karst.) Bourd. et Galz. Pseudoinonotus dryadeus (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Calocera viscosa (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. Dacrymyces chrysospermus Berk. & M.A. Curtis Hymenochaete mougeotii (Fr.) Cooke

Tapinella panuoides (Batsch) E.-J. Gilbert Calocera cornea (Batsch) Fr.

Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire

Schizophyllaceae

Hymenochaetales Hymenochataceae

Dacrymycetales Dacrymycetaceae

Boletales Hygrophoropsidaceae

Ex-EPx

Pl-Sl

Sl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl-Sl Pl Pl Pl Pl

Sl

EPx EPx Ex Ex Ex Ex Ex-EPx Ex Ex Ex Ex

Sl Sl

Sl Sl

Pl-Sl Sl

EPx EPx

EPx EPx

Ex-EPx EPx

EPx Ex-EPx

Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch) Maire Auricularia auricula-judae (Fr.) Quél. Sl Pl-Sl

Sl Sl Sl Sl, Sh Sl Pl-Sl Sh, Sl Sl Sl-Pl Sl

EPx EPx EPx EPx, Gs EPx Ex-EPx Gs, EPx EPx EPx-Ex EPx

Auriculariales Auriculariaceae

3 Sl-Pl Sl

2 EPx-Ex EPx

1 Tricholomataceae

0 Gymnopus fusipes (Bull.) Gray Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.) Kotl & Pouzar. Mycena arcangeliana Bres. Mycena corticola (Pers.) Gray Mycena epipterygia (Scop.) Gray Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray Mycena haematopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. Mycena inclinata (Fr.) Quél. Mycena polygramma (Bull). Gray Mycena renati Quél. Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst. Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.) Singer


55

verry common species that grow in groups on rotten deciduous wood, bark, even on wood construction; it can sometimes be seen on the wood of conifers

I-XII

I-XII VIII-X IV-XI VII-X VII-X VIII-IX I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII

X-IV

on fallen trunk of Abies alba of Fagus sylvatica wood on trunk of Quercus polycarpa on the trunk of Quercus polycarpa on trunk of Ulmus glabra on trunks of Fagus sylvatica on wood of Acer pseudoplatanus on trunk of Salix caprea and Fraxinus excelsior on trunk of Prunus cerasifera on trunk of Quercus polycarpa on trunk of Quercus polycarpa

I-XII I-XII

VII-XII I-XII

I-XII IX-XI

on wood of Picea abies on wood of Picea abies

on dead trunks, stumps and branches of Picea abies of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus incana, Acer pseudoplatanus wood

on fallen trunks of Fagus sylvatica on highly degraded wood debris in coniferous forests

VIII-XI XI-III IX-XI IV-XII VI-XI IX-XII VIII-XI VIII-X I-XII VII-XI

on bark of Alnus incana and fallen branches of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies on branches of Fagus sylvatica increase in groups, in rotting wood; in the deciduous and coniferous forests of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies rotten stumps on trunk of Alnus incana on Fagus sylvatica death branches on the soil or buried wood, deciduous and coniferous woods the trunk of Alnus incana, Fagus sylvatica on stumps, rotten logs, fallen twigs of deciduous and coniferous trees on the trunks, roots, or in the immediate vicinity, re death of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies on logs, mossy coniferous logs or are in a state of decay; on wood of Picea abies on Fagus sylvatica, branches

VII-X I-XII

5 VI-XI VI-X

4 on trunk of Fagus sylvatica on stumps and rotten wood of Picea abies

Tom. XVI / 2, 2009, pp. 53-59

Polyporaceae

Aurantiporus fissilis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) H. Jahn ex Ryvarden Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. SchrĘtt. Datronia mollis (Sommerf.) Donk Fomes fomentarius (L.) J.K. Kickx

Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill Lentinus strigosus (Schwein.) Fr. Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. Lenzites betulina (L.) Fr. Polyporus alveolarius (DC.) Bondartsev et Singer Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr.

Meruliaceae

Meripilaceae

Hapalopilaceae

Gloeophyllaceae

Ganodermataceae

Byssomerulius corium (Pers.) Parmasto

Vuilleminia comedens (Nees) Maire Radulomyces confluens (Fr.) M.P. Christ. Fomitopsis pinicola (SW.) P. Karst. Fomitopsis rosea (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Karst. Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.) Kotl. & Pouzar Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst. Postia caesia (Schrad.) P. Karst. Postia stiptica (Pers.) Jülich Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. Gloeophyllum odoratum (Wulfen) Imazeki Gloeophyllum sepiarum (Wulfen) P. Karst. Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst. Climatocystis borealis (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar Hapalopilus nidulans (Fr.) P. Karst. Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst.

Schizoporaceae Polyporales Atheliaceae Corticiaceae Cyphellaceae Fomitopsidaceae

Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.) Donk Plicaturopsis crispa (Pers.) D.A. Reid

1

Phallales Phallaceae

Phallus impudicus L.

0

3

Pl Sl Sl Sl Pl Sl

EPx

Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl Pl

Ex-EPx Ex-EPx EPx Ex Ex EPx EPx EPx Ex

Pl

Sl

Pl-Sl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Pl Pl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl

Pl-Sl Sl

Pl

Ex

EPx

Ex, EPx EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx Ex Ex EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx EPx EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx

Ex-EPx EPx

2 Ex-Gs

I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII IV-X IX-IV V-IX IV-XII V-VIII I-XII

on branches and dead trunks of Fagus sylvatica on wood of Alnus incana, Alnus virids, Corylus avellana common on dead trunks or branches of deciduous trees on deciduous wood, especially Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus on trunks of Fagus sylvatica,Salix alba and Robinia pseudoacacia on fallen trunks of Juglans regia and Fagus sylvatica on trunks and stumps of Salix caprea on stumps and branches of Fagus sylvatica on wood of Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior on branches of Alnus incana, Fagus sylvatica

56

VII-XI

I-XII

VII-XI VII-X

I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII VII-X VIII-XI VII-XII I-X I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII VII-III VI-XII

VI-XII IX-XII

5 V-XII

on trunk of Prunus cerasifera

on fallen branches of Fagus sylvatica on their lower face

on wood of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus polycarpa on wood of Fagus sylvatica on trunks of Picea abies, Alnus incana, Fagus sylvatica on trunk of Picea abies on trunk of Larix decidua on the trunks sick, feeble of Betula pendula, which quickly kills produces a red rot, on fallen trunks of Abies alba on branches and trunks of Abies alba, Picea abies on trunks of Quercus polycarpa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior on wood of Acer pseudoplatanus on wood of Quercus polycarpa, Ulmus glabra on roots of Picea abies on stumps of Picea abies frequent of Fagus sylvatica stumps common on trunks of deciduous trees (Alnus, Acer, Fagus) on trunks of Picea abies on wood of Betula, Populus, Alnus on roots of Fagus sylvatica on trunks of Fagus sylvatica stumps

4 species that grow in groups on rotten deciduous wood, bark, even on wood construction, the common vegetable soil, sandy or clayey, highly decomposed woody debris on the damp beech forests, parks, gardens, sometimes live as parasite facultativ, sometimes it can be seen on the wood of conifers on deciduous wood (oak, hornbeam, beech) and coniferous on wood in decay of Fagus sylvatica


Tremella mesenterica Retz.

Tremellomycetidae Tremellales Exidiaceae Tremellaceae EPx

Ex-EPx Ex Ex-EPx Ex-EPx EPx

Stereum rameale (Schwein.) Burt Stereum rugosum Pers. Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar Xylobolus frustulatus (Pers.) Boidin Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst.

Ex-EPx EPx Ex-EPx

EPx

2 Ex Ex-EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx EPx EPx EPx Ex-EPx EPx EPx Ex-EPx Ex-EPx

Ex-EPx

Bondarzewiaceae Peniophoraceae Stereaceae

Russulales Auriscalpiaceae

1

Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers.

Lentinellus vulpinus (Sowerby) Kühner & Maire Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. Peniophora quercina (Pers.) Cooke Stereum gausapatum (Fr.) Fr.

0 Polyporus durus (Timm) Kreisel Polyporus leptocephalus (Jacq.) Fr. Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. Polyporus varius (Pers.) Fr. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr. Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát Trametes ochracea (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden Trametes suaveolens (L.) Fr. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd Trichaptum abietinum (Dicks.) Ryvarden Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden Lentinellus cochleatus (Pers.) P. Karst.


Sl

Pl-Sl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl

Pl-Sl

Pl-Sl Sl Pl-Sl

Sl

3 Pl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl Sl Sl Sl Pl-Sl Sl Sl Pl-Sl Pl-Sl

57

on wood of deciduous trees, from beech forests

on wood of Picea abies on twigs of Querecus polycarpa very common in the territory on trunks, stumps, branches of Quercus polycarpa, Fagus sylvatica, Alnus incana, Carpinus betulus very common in the territory on trunks, stumps, branches of Quercus polycarpa, Fagus sylvatica, Alnus incana, Carpinus betulus common species on twigs of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus incana on trunks of of Fagus sylvatica on fallen trunks and branches of Fagus sylvatica and Alnus incana on twigs of Quercus polycarpa on rotten wood of Abies alba and Picea abies

on dead trunk of Picea abies

4 on the trunks and roots of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus viridis, Salix caprea on the trunks and roots of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus incana on stumps and roots of Juglans nigra and Ulmus glabra on branches and trunks of Fagus sylvatica on wood and branches of Fagus sylvatica on branches and trunks of Fagus sylvatica on trunks of Fagus sylvatica on fallen trunks, stumps of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus incana on fallen trunks of Alnus incana on logs of Fagus sylvatica, Salix caprea on the decaying wood, dead branches of Fagus sylvatica, Alnus viridis common on trunks, stumps, branches of Abies alba on dead trunks of Fagus sylvatica on dead trunks of Fagus sylvatica

I-XII

I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII IX-IV

I-XII

I-XII I-XII I-XII

VIII-XI

5 IV-IX VI-XI IV-VI VII-X VI-XI I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII I-XII VIII-X

Tom. XVI / 2, 2009, pp. 53-59


except Flammulina velutipes appearing usually during the late winter and early spring seasons, Coprinus micaceus and Coprinus disseminatus, which do not grow during the winter.

Studies of lignicolous macromycetes from &ăSăĠânii Mountains were never made. In the world, the researches of wood inhabiting fungi were made by numerous mycologists (Gilbertson 1980, 1981; Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1986; Lindsey and Gilbertson 1978, Chapela 1989; Chapela and Boddy 1988; Burdsall and Nakasone 1981; Gilbertson and Blackwell 1984, 1985, 1987 in Nakasone, 1996 [9]; Worrall, Anagnost, Zabel, 1997 [14]).

DISCUSSIONS Forest ecosystems occupy large areas in the &ăSăĠânii Mountains territory (Fig. 1): mixed forests of beech, forests beech with conifers and coniferous forests.

Figure 1. &ăSăĠânii Mountains (the framing zone). Source: own compilation by Google Earth software.

Between the two forms of nutrition (saprotroph and parasite) there is a clear distinction. Thus, some parasitic basidiomycetes under certain conditions can become real saprotrophic (saprotrophic optional). These fungi shortly determine host plant death and then use death as debris saprotrophs. Parazites species may be occasionally or optional (enter the living body due to a favorable lesions) and parasitic required, very often there are a close adaptation between host and fungus. Saprotroph is species bound are unable to attack living tissue. In the Fig. 2 we see that saprotrophic species are more numerous than parasitic species, them belonging to families: Clavariaceae, Coprinaceae, Cortinariaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Marasmiaceae, Nidulariaceae, Pluteaceae, Strophariaceae, Tricholomataceae, Boletaceae and Dacrymycetaceae. The analysis of Table 1 shows that a total of 22 lignicolous basidiomycete’s species were identified in coniferous forests, 88 species in deciduous forests and 13 species common two habitats. This specialization depending of lignicolous substrate represented in this area the following wood species: Carpinus betulus, Alnus incana, A. viridis, Ulmus glabra, Fagus sylvatica, Salix caprea, Corylus avellana, Quercus polycarpa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Abies alba, Picea abies.

Sh, Sl 13 Sl-Pl 2

Pl-Sl 43

12 3 Pl 17

Sl 48

Figure 2. Numeric representation of the ecologycal groups (Ec.gr.) of macromycetes.

Small number of lignicolous basidiomycete’s species of coniferous forests is the fact that the characteristic species is Picea abies and Abies alba, and other woody species are rare, unlike beech forests, where he meets a greater number of them. Beetwen these, the most dominant în the coniferous forest were: Calocera viscosa, Climatocystis borealis, Fomitopsis pinicola, Galerina marginata, Gloeophyllum sepiarum, Hymenochaetae mougeotii, Trichaptum abietinum, Xeromphalina campanella. The most dominant in the beech forests were the species: Armillaria mellea, Fomes fomentarius, 58


Tom. XVI / 2, 2009, pp. 53-59

[4] Keizer, Gerrit J., (1998): The Complete Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Rebo Publishers. Netherlands: 286 pp. [5] Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., David, J.C., Stalpers, J.A., (2001): Dictionary of the Fungi - 9th Edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 655 pp. [6] Laskibar, X., Palacios, D., (2001): Guia de los hongos del Pais Vasco (Setas) II, Edit. Erkarlanean Donostia (San Sebastian), Spania, 317 pp. [7] Laskibar, X., Palacios, D., (2005): Guia de los hongos del Pais Vasco (Setas). Edit. Erkarlanean Donostia (San Sebastian), Spania. 357 pp. [8] Moser M., Jülich, W. (1990): Farbatlas der Basidiomycetes. Colour atlas of Basidiomycetes. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. 1258 pp. [9] Nakasone, K.K., (1996): Diversity of Lignicolous Basidiomycetes in Coarse Woody Debris. pp. 35-42 in: McMinn, James W.; Crossley, D.A., Jr., eds. 1996. Biodiversity and coarse woody debris in southern forests, proceedings of the workshop on coarse woody debris in southern forests: effects on biodiversity, Athens. [10] Palazón Lozano, F., (2006): Setas para todos. Editorial Pirineo. 653 pp. [11] Pegler, D.N., (1966): Key to the Genera of Polyporaceae. News Bulletin of BMS, 26: 16. [12] Rothmaler, W., (1994): Excursionsflora von Deutschland. Band 1, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart. pp. 210-540. [13] SăOăgeanu, A., SăOăgeanu, Gh., (1985): Determinator pentru recunoaúterea ciupercilor comestibile, necomestibile úi otrăvitoare din România. Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest, 323 pp. [14] Worrall, J.J., Anagnost, S.E., Zabel, R.A (1997): Comparison of wood decay among diverse lignicolous fungi. Mycologia, 89(2), pp. 199-219. [15] *** http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies. asp? RecordID=212553: accessed in October 2009.

Inonotus nodulosus Lenzites betulina, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius rotula, Mycena galericulata, Oudemansiella mucida, Polyporus varius, Meripilus giganteus and Xerula radicata. Schizophyllum commune, Trametes hirsuta, Trametes gibbosa and Trametes versicolor were the species with the highest abundance and occurrence frequency on dead beech wood. The most common pathogens, species which attack living trees, were Armillaria mellea, Fomitopsis pinicola, Fomes fomentarius, and Phellinus igniarius. The numerical analysis of the taxon’s we see in the Fig. 3. 123

species

78

genus

35

family

9

order subclass

2

class

1

Basidiomycota

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 110 120 130

Figure 3. The numerical analysis of the taxon's.

REFERENCES [1] Benguria, R.L., (1985): Mil setas ibericas. Flash Composition, S.L. – Bilbao, 532 pp. [2] Gerault, A., (2006): Poriales in Florule evolutive des Basidiomycotina du Finistere. Version 1.0, 79 pp. [3] Gibson, I., (2007): Selected Crust & Parchment Fungi in the Pacific Northwest with a key to Stereum Species. Pacific Northwest Key. Copyright ©, 14 pp.

59