Dictionary includes some 890 verbs, and, for nearly all, Cregeen gives a considerable amount ... (For example, the verb reill 'rule' is very frequent in the Bible, but its Past .... another: such as -tyn (keiltyn 'concealing') looks like -t + -yn; -aghtyn .... Others →. Radical. 3. Epenthesis. Many Manx stems end in consonant clusters ...
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Manx Gaelic inflection, 5. Verbs 1. Introduction This article continues the series expounding and commenting on the grammatical information to be found in Archibald Cregeen’s Dictionary of the Manks Language (1835). Here, while the forms are taken from the Dictionary (supplemented in some cases by examples from the Manx Bible), the grammatical framework and terminology is for the most part my own. The Dictionary includes some 890 verbs, and, for nearly all, Cregeen gives a considerable amount of information on inflection. One general matter worthy of comment is the substantial degree of variation revealed in the Dictionary, involving both inflection and orthography. Mostly variant forms are listed by Cregeen without comment, but sometimes he explains that, of certain alternative forms, one is more literary (favoured by the Bible translators) and the other is more colloquial. Or he may recommend one spelling rather than another, typically on the grounds of maintaining a written distinction between homophones. The amount of variation revealed reminds us that Manx was, and is, standardised only to a certain degree. Inflectional variation particularly concerns the form of the verbal noun, which might be considered a derivational rather than an inflectional category, though it is fully integrated into the pattern of periphrastic expression of certain tenses and aspects (see §3 below). Another very common variation concerns the presence vs. absence of the extension -ee after the base form of a verb, for example eign or eignee ‘force’, past tense deign or deignee. Such variation in the base form is particularly common in verbs whose verbal noun suffix contains -agh- (that is -agh, -aghey, -aght, or -aghtyn, as in eignagh or eignaghey ‘forcing’), but it is not found in all of those, or exclusively in them. Another general matter to be remarked on is defectivity, that is, paradigm gaps in certain verbs. In principle, each verb has four ‘principal parts’ on which the full range of inflectional paradigms are built: a base, a verbal noun (often with a suffix, but in quite a few cases identical with the base), a past tense, and a participle. However, for more than 500 verbs (some 57%), Cregeen does not mention all of the four principal parts: for example, bouyragh or bouyraghey ‘to deafen’ has a participle bouyrit ‘deafened’ but no base or past tense; eill ‘arm’ has a past tense deill or deillee, a participle eillit, but no verbal noun; spaar (base) ‘spare, save’ has a verbal noun spaarail, and a participle spaarit, but no past tense; cled (base) ‘overturn’ has a verbal noun cleddal, and a past tense chled, but no participle. It is not easy to know what to make of these gaps. Some may be oversights,1 or Cregeen may have thought that the forms of some verbs were so obvious as not to need explicit mention. But it is also likely that in many verbs some potential forms were not used, or that Cregeen was not aware of their being used. Verbs for which no base is given, or no past tense form, may have made use solely of the periphrastic constructions where these tenses comprise forms of the auxiliary verb jannoo ‘do’ plus the gerund. (For example, the verb reill ‘rule’ is very frequent in the Bible, but its Past tense is always periphrastic: ren ... reill.) Intransitive (unergative) verbs may lack a (passive) participle because their argument structure provides no context in which such a form could be used, as for example with caddil ‘sleep’ kirtagh ‘to hasten’ or etlagh ‘to fly’.2 A handful of verbs are indubitably defective in lacking one or more tenses: the apparently future forms of For example, the Bible exemplifies forms such as laad ‘load.PAST’, lhieen ‘fill.PAST’, lhig ‘let.PAST’, lhott ‘wound.PAST’ (and many others with initial l-), niartee ‘strengthen.PAST’ that Cregeen does not mention. Probably he thought the Past forms could be inferred in such cases, since the initial consonant is not affected by mutation. 2 But e.g. unaccusative intransitive shangagh ‘be/become lank’ has a participle shangit. 1
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fod ‘be able’ are used with present sense (foddym ‘I can’, cha noddym ‘I cannot’, foddee ad ‘they can’, cha nod ad ‘they cannot’, etc.); there is no future paradigm. Jargym ‘can’ is similar but is used only in negative sentences: cha jargmayd ‘we cannot’, cha yarg ad ‘they could not’. Lhisin - lhisagh ‘should, ought’ has only conditional forms.
2. Categories relevant to Manx verb inflection The finite verb categories are those in which mood, tense, aspect, and person/number of the subject are expressed. All of the finite categories may be expressed periphrastically, using a finite auxiliary verb jannoo ‘do’ or ve ‘be’ together with a non-finite form of the lexical verb in question —the verbal noun or the gerund depending on the construction. Synthetic inflection is available for the imperative, the future tense (indicative and relative), the past tense, and the conditional mood. In the synthetic future and conditional the verb root is followed by a suffix; the synthetic past tense consists of the verb root (with Lenition 1 if it begins with a consonant, and with prefixed d- if the root begins with a vowel). An important distinction in Manx is that between independent and dependent verb forms. Independent forms occur in positive main clauses, in wh-question clauses, in positive factual conditional clauses, and in positive relative clauses. Where the independent and dependent forms differ, the distinction may be marked by a difference in initial mutation (see below); the independent future indicative has a suffix -ee in the non-1st person forms that is absent in the dependent future indicative. Dependent forms occur in negative clauses (main and subordinate) and in alternative questions. The mood categories are indicative, imperative, conditional and relative future. The indicative forms are mentioned below in the context of the tense and aspect categories. The imperative has a singular and a plural: the singular imperative consists of the verb base. The (second person) plural imperative adds a suffix -jee in Biblical Manx; in later Manx the plural imperative consists of the singular imperative plus shiu ‘you.PLURAL’. The conditional mood is inflected with the suffix -in ‘1SG.CONDITIONAL’; for the other persons, -agh followed by the subject (personal pronoun, or noun phrase). The relative future which occurs in subordinate clauses resembles a subjunctive mood in certain respects; in proverbs especially, the relative future form may appear in a main clause with a future indicative or timeless value e.g. Brishys accyrys trooid boallaghyn cloaie ‘Hunger will break through stone walls’. In the first person singular the relative future is identical with the indicative future, with -ym added to the base; in the other persons a suffix -ys is added to the base, which is followed by -mayd for the 1st person plural, and in the 2nd and 3rd persons by the subject (personal pronoun or noun phrase). The tense categories are present, past, and future: except for the verbs ‘be’ and ‘can’, the present tense is expressed only periphrastically, with the auxiliary verb ve ‘be’ plus the gerund. The future and the past may be expressed either synthetically or periphrastically using the auxiliary verb jannoo ‘do’ plus the gerund. They are aspectually neutral. The future independent has a suffix -ee in the non-first person, unless the verb base already ends in -ee. The marked aspect categories are progressive and perfect. The progressive future and past are expressed with the auxiliary ve ‘be’ and the gerund. The perfect aspect combines with present, future and past tense (thus present perfect, future perfect, and past perfect or pluperfect): it consists of the present, future or past of the auxiliary verb ve ‘be’ followed by er ‘on’ and the
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verbal noun with a mixed mutation pattern displaying aspects of Lenition 1 and of Nasalization 2; see ‘Manx Gaelic inflection, 6. Initial mutation after er ‘Perfect tense’ in the Manx Bible’.3 The perfect and progressive aspects may also combine with one another (auxiliary ve ‘be’ + er ve + gerund, cf. English have been X-ing). The person/number categories (of the subject of the verb) are expressed by suffix inflection only in the plural imperative (see above) and in the first person —singular -ym and plural -mayd in the future (indicative and relative), singular -in alone in the conditional. (In the Manx Bible -mayd is written as a separate word; consequently Cregeen does not explicitly mention these 1PL forms when illustrating verb inflection.) Elsewhere the subject is expressed by a pronoun or a (3rd person) noun phrase following the finite verb. Just as the personal pronouns have emphatic forms (mee - mish ‘I, me’, oo - uss ‘you.SG’, eh - eshyn ‘he, him, it’, ee - ish ‘she, her, it’, shin - shinyn ‘we, us’, shiu - shiuish ‘you.PL’, ad - adsyn ‘they, them’), so do the person/number inflections just mentioned: -ym - -yms, -mayd - -mainyn, -in - -ins. In a few cases the second person singular pronoun oo - uss may combine orthographically with a preceding vowel-final verb form. Thus tou or t’ou is normally written for ta oo ‘you.SG are’, and vou or v’ou for va oo ‘you.SG were’. Other examples are voo = va oo, vouys = va uss, boo = bee oo ‘you.SG will be’, r’ou or row = row oo and rows = row uss ‘you.SG were.DEPENDENT’; yiow and yiows for yiow oo and yiow uss ‘you.SG will get’ and vow = vow oo, now = now oo, vows = vow uss, nowys = now uss ‘will get.DEPENDENT’; he’oo for hed oo ‘you.SG will go’ and je’oo or jeu for jed oo ‘will go.DEPENDENT’, ne’oo for nee oo, ne’oos for nee uss ‘you.SG will do’ In addition to t’ou and v’ou for ta oo and va oo mentioned above, ta ‘is’ and va ‘was’ are abbreviated to t’ and v’ before other subject pronouns beginning with a vowel: ta eh → t’eh or te, ta eshyn → t’eshyn, ta ee → t’ee, ta ad → t’ad, ta adsyn → t’adsyn, va eh → v’eh, va ee → v’ee, va ad → v’ad; and before vowel-initial conjugated prepositions, e.g. ta aym → t’aym ‘that is mine/that I have’, va oc → v’oc ‘that they had’, va ayn → v’ayn ‘that was in’, t’orrym ‘that is on me’, etc. The distinction between regular and irregular verbs in Manx is not merely a descriptive one. In the grammatical tradition there are counted ten or so irregular verbs. (Views differ on whether the copular verb she is reckoned separately from ve ‘be’, and the irregularity of goaill ‘take’ is predominantly orthographic.) The irregular verbs are characterized by having two or more suppletive stems, for example, cur ‘put’ has future stem verr- (independent) - derr(dependent), and past indicative hug (ind.) and dug (dep.); the conditional always uses the same stem(s) as the future. In addition, though, the irregular verbs have one or both of the following anomalies: (1) not having a relative future form with suffix -ys, and (2) having a distinction between independent and dependent stem in the past tense. The non-finite verb categories in Manx are the verbal noun, the gerund, and the (passive) participle. Manx verbs vary most in the way in which the verbal noun is formed; in many verbs the verbal noun has the same form as the base (= imperative), for example, cur ‘putting’, cur ‘put’; in three there is a change from slender final consonant to broad (caill - coayl ‘losing’, shooill - shooyl ‘walking’, freill - freayll ‘keeping’4). In the majority of verbs, though, the verbal noun has a suffix. Some suffixes (such as -ey, -aghey, -al) occur with very many verbs, 3
https://www.academia.edu/13652575/Manx_Gaelic_inflection_6._Initial_mutation_after_er_Perfect_tense_in_ the_Manx_Bible 4 Such a consonant alternation is also occasionally found when the verbal noun has suffix -ey: losht - lostey ‘burning’, shiauill - shiaulley ‘sailing’, naisht - nastey ‘betroth’.
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others with just a handful. Many verbs have alternative verbal noun suffixes, e.g. jeellal or jeelley ‘devastating’ - base: jeell. Some of the rarer suffixes appear to combine with one another: such as -tyn (keiltyn ‘concealing’) looks like -t + -yn; -aghtyn (follaghtyn ‘hide’) looks like -agh + -tyn or -aght + -yn, and so on. One or two verb noun suffixes are unique, in Cregeen: such as -anse in surranse ‘suffering’ (also surral), -on in connysson ‘scorning, sneering’ (also connaasagh ~ connaasey), -oil in brooightoil ‘belching’. A couple of suffixes are found predominantly in a specific semantic context, such as -[ə]rnee for vocal noises (gullyrnee ‘howling’ also gullal; scoylgernee ‘shrieking’ also scoylgey; glugernee ‘gurgling’ also glugeraght; gounstyrnee ‘barking’, shutternee ‘neighing’, taauernee ‘retching’); -[ə]ragh(t) for repeated noises (beealeraght ‘babbling’, blobberaght ‘babbling’, clinkeragh ‘tinkling’, floutyraght ‘taunting’, frapperaght ‘crackling’, gigleragh ‘giggling’, grigyraght ‘ticking’, pisheyragh ‘whispering’, sansheraght ‘whispering’) or repeated movements (jonseragh ‘jolting’, nhedderagh ‘fidgeting’, snaperaght ‘napping’, tasteraght ‘threshing’, tauintyraght ‘sauntering’). The verbal noun has nominal functions. In addition it is used in the perfect tense construction with ve er + verbal noun (t’eh er n’arraghey ‘it has moved’), in the passive construction with ve er + possessive + verbal noun (roish my vees yn coyrd argid er ny eaysley ‘before the silver cord is loosed’), in the construction where a non-finite transitive verb phrase places the direct object before y + a verbal noun (nee yn irriney shiu y heyrey ‘the truth shall make you free’), and after prepositions ry and dy ‘to’. The gerund has the same form as the verbal noun when the stem begins with a consonant; when the verbal noun begins with a vowel, the gerund shows a prefixed g-. The gerund is the form used in all the periphrastic constructions with ve ‘be’ or jannoo ‘do’, for example, with base yns(ee) ‘teach, learn’, t’ad gynsaghey ‘they are learning’, jean ad gynsaghey? ‘will they learn?’, jean gynsaghey! ‘learn!’, veagh ad gynsaghey ‘they would be learning’, ren ad gynsaghey ‘they learnt’, etc. The (passive) participle involves the suffixation of -it or -t to the verb base. The basic form is -it (with a slender -t), which is often reduced to -t after a vowel, and sometimes after a dental/alveolar sonorant consonant, or sibilant, preceded by a vowel. Thus brisht ‘broken’, bwoaillit or bwoailt ‘struck’, castit or cast ‘twisted’, ceauit or ceaut ‘thrown’, çhionnit or çhionnt ‘tightened’, çhiowit or çhiowt ‘heated’, cleiyit or cleight ‘dug’, creenit or creent ‘withered’, daahit or daat ‘dyed’, dooinit or dooint ‘closed’, eeit or eet ‘eaten’; failt ‘hired, fant ‘flayed’, guirt ‘hatched’, jeant ‘made’, jiolit or jiolt ‘sucked’, lhieent ‘filled’, poost ‘married’, rast ‘ripped’; reillt ‘governed’, surrit or surrt ‘suffered’; and NB kianlt or kianglt [kjeː̃ ljt] ‘tied’, scelt or skeilt (rather than *skeiltit) ‘split’, blieaunit or bhlit (irregular stem reduction) ‘milked’. Initial mutation plays quite an important role in marking tense and mood categories (that is to say, in the case of those consonants that are subject to initial mutation). The pattern is set out in Table 1 below.
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Table 1. Initial mutations in verbs Imperative Future
Independent Radical Radical
Conditional
Lenition 1
Past (regular) Past (irregular) Gerund VN after dy, y, my, dty, ny (masc.) VN after ny (fem.) VN after nyn VN after er (Perfect)
Lenition 1, d- before V Lenition 1, d- before V g- before V Lenition 1
Dependent
Relative
Nasalization 3, n’ before V (opt. for f-) Nasalization 3, n’ before V (opt. for f-) Lenition 1, d- before V Nasalization 3
Lenition 1
Radical Nasalization 1 Nasalization 2,5 n- before V
Nasalization 3 (voicing) p b t d çh j k/c g qu gu f v Others Radical
3. Epenthesis Many Manx stems end in consonant clusters that cannot, as they stand, terminate a syllable or a word, because, for example, they consist of a less sonorous consonant followed by a more sonorous one, whereas Manx syllable structure requires consonant sequences in a syllable coda to be of sharply decreasing sonority. Consequently, when no vowel follows (which would allow the one or more of the consonants to form a syllable onset), the consonant cluster is broken up by an epenthetic vowel [ǝ], written -y- adjacent to broad consonants,6 -i- adjacent to slender ones. Not all such cases are indicated in the spelling in Cregeen. The suffix-less forms in verbs are the singular imperative, the non-1st person dependent future, and the past tense. Thus, from the stem ceaghl- ‘change’ we get imperative ceaghil, future dependent geaghil, past ceaghil. The epenthetic vowel sometimes shows up in the participle, where it would not be expected (follymit beside folmit ‘emptied’, gorrymit beside gormit ‘made blue’). Examples: agglaghey, aggle, n’aggle, daggle ‘fear’; cadley, caddil, gaddil, chaddil ‘sleep’; çhaglym, çhaggle ~ çhaggyl, (jagl) ~ jaggil, (hagl) ~ haggil ‘gather’; çhirmaghey, çhirrym ~ çhirm, (jyrm), (hyrm) ‘dry’; coonrey, coonre ~ (coonr), (goonr), (choonr) ‘exchange’; cosney, (cosn) ~ cosne ~ cossyn, gossyn, chosn ~ chosne ~ chossyn ‘gain’; doobley. dooble, ghooble ‘double’; etlaghey, (etl), (n’etl), dettyl ‘fly’; fasney, (fasn) ~ fasin, (n’asn), dasin ‘winnow’; feaysley, feaysl ~ feayshil, n’eaysl ~ n’eayshil, deayshil ‘set free’; fockley, fockle, (n’ockl), dockle ‘utter’; fosley, foshl ~ foshil, voshl ~ voshil, doshil ‘open’; imbyl, imbyl, (n’iml), dhimbyl ‘brew’ (cf. imlit 5
For details of Nasalization 2, see https://www.academia.edu/13652575/Manx_Gaelic_inflection_6._Initial_mutation_after_er_Perfect_tense_in_t he_Manx_Bible 6 Or -yl may be written -le, as in English.
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‘brewed’ NB epenthesis of [b] too between [m] and [l]); inshlaghey, inshl ~ injill, n’injill, (dinjilee) ‘lower’; kickley, kickl ~ kickil, gickl ~ gickil, chickil ‘tickle’; loamr, loamyrt, loamrit ‘shear’; plaastrail, (plaastr), (blaastr), phlaastyr ‘plaster’; ribley, ribl ~ ribil, ribl ~ ribil ‘ripple’; shaghney, shaghyn ~ shaghin ~ shaghn, haghn ‘avoid’. NB simplification of the consonant cluster rather than epenthesis in fordrail, ford ~ fordr ‘afford’; oardrail, oard ~ oardee, n’oard ~ (n’oardr), (doardee) ‘order’. No epenthesis is indicated by Cregeen for the following, where it might be expected: aaitn ‘gorse’, branl ‘fallow’, brasn ‘provoke’, caartr ‘vilify’, çhymn ‘bequeath’, coamr ‘clothe’, crapl ‘crumple’, cumr ‘hinder’, eebr ‘banish’ enm ‘name’, faml ‘manure with seaweed’, folm ‘empty’, gorm ‘make blue’, kuckl ‘dry after rain’, labr ‘labour’, mholm ‘crumble’, obbr ‘work’, ooashl ‘worship’, oonl ‘wash’, osn ‘sigh’, shyml ‘pine’, teaystn ‘knead’, tempr ‘temper’, treickn ‘strike with a beetle’, ventr ‘venture’. 4. Paradigms of regular verbs The synthetic inflection of regular verbs is illustrated with three examples toiggal ‘understanding’, representing a consonant-initial root subject to mutation, faagail ‘leaving’, illustrating variable mutation of initial f-, and ymmyrkey ‘bearing’, illustrating a vowel-initial root.
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Regular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms
Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect
toiggal ‘understanding’ toig toigjee toiggal dy hoiggal toiggal er doiggal
Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG
toiggit toiggym toiggyms toigmayd toigmainyn toiggee doiggym
emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG
doiggyms doigmayd doigmainyn doig hoiggym hoiggyms hoiggysmayd hoiggysmainyn hoiggys hoiggin hoiggins hoiggagh doiggin
emphatic
doiggins
Conditional dependent other
doiggagh
Past independent Past dependent
hoig hoig
faagail ‘leaving’ faag faagjee faagail dy aagail faagail er vaagail ~ er n’aagail faagit faagym faagyms faagmayd faagmainyn faagee vaagym ~ n’aagym vaagyms ~ n’aagyms vaagmayd ~ n’aagmayd
ymmyrkey ‘bearing’ ymmyrk ymmyrkjee ymmyrkey dy ymmyrkey gymmyrkey er n’ymmyrkey
vaagmainyn ~ n’aagmainyn vaag ~ n’aag aagym aagyms aagysmayd aagysmainyn aagys aagin aagins aagagh vaagin ~ n’aagin vaagins ~ n’aagins vaagagh ~ n’aagagh daag daag
n’ymmyrkmainyn
ymmyrkit ymmyrkym ymmyrkyms ymmyrkmayd ymmyrkmainyn ymmyrkee n’ymmyrkym n’ymmyrkyms n’ymmrkmayd
n’ymmyrk ymmyrkym ymmyrkyms ymmyrkysmayd ymmyrkysmainyn ymmyrkys ymmyrkin ymmyrkins ymmyrkagh n’ymmyrkin n’ymmyrkins n’ymmyrkagh dymmyrk dymmyrk
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Analytic (periphrastic) paradigms, illustrated with ymmyrkey ‘bearing’ 1SG and 3PL (2SG and 2PL IMPERATIVE). Present independent Present dependent Present dependent (neg.) Future independent Future dependent Future relative Future progressive independent Future progressive dependent Future progressive relative Past independent Past dependent Past progressive independent Past progressive dependent Conditional independent Conditional dependent Conditional progressive independent Conditional progressive dependent Present perfect independent Present perfect dependent Future perfect independent/ dependent Future perfect relative Past perfect independent Past perfect dependent Conditional perfect independent Conditional perfect dependent Present perfect progressive independent Present perfect progressive dependent
ta mee gymmyrkey t’ad gymmyrkey vel mee gymmyrkey vel ad gymmyrkey cha vel/nel mee gymmyrkey cha vel/nel ad gymmyrkey neeym gymmyrkey nee ad gymmyrkey (cha) jeanym gymmyrkey (cha) jean ad gymmyrkey neeym gymmyrkey nee ad gymmyrkey beeym gymmyrkey bee ad gymmyrkey beeym gymmyrkey bee ad gymmyrkey veeym gymmyrkey vees ad gymmyrkey ren mee gymmyrkey ren ad gymmyrkey ren mee gymmyrkey ren ad gymmyrkey va mee gymmyrkey v’ad gymmyrkey row mee gymmyrkey row ad gymmyrkey yinnin gymmyrkey yinnagh ad gymmyrkey jinnin gymmyrkey jinnagh ad gymmyrkey veign gymmyrkey veagh ad gymmyrkey beign gymmyrkey beagh ad gymmyrkey ta mee er n’ymmyrkey t’ad er n’ymmyrkey vel/nel mee er n’ymmyrkey vel/nel ad er n’ymmyrkey beeym er n’ymmrkey bee ad er n’ymmyrkey veeym er n’ymmyrkey vees ad er n’ymmyrkey va mee er n’ymmyrkey v’ad er n’ymmyrkey row mee er n’ymmyrkey row ad er n’ymmyrkey veign er n’ymmyrkey veagh ad er n’ymmyrkey beign er n’ymmyrkey beagh ad er n’ymmyrkey ta mee er ve gymmyrkey t’ad er ve gymmyrkey vel/nel mee er ve gymmyrkey vel/nel ad er ve gymmyrkey
I bear, I am bearing they bear, they are bearing I bear, I am bearing they bear, they are bearing I do not bear, I am not bearing they do not bear, they are not bearing I shall bear they will bear I shall (not) bear they will (not) bear (that) I shall bear (that) they will bear I shall be bearing they will be bearing I shall be bearing they will be bearing (that) I shall be bearing (that) they will be bearing I bore they bore I bore they bore I was bearing they were bearing I was bearing they were bearing I would bear they would bear I would bear they would bear (that) I would bear (that) they would bear I would be bearing they would be bearing I have borne they have borne I have borne they have borne I shall have borne they will have borne (that) I shall have borne (that) they will have borne I had borne they had borne I had borne they had borne I would have borne they would have borne I would have borne they would have borne I have been bearing they have been bearing I have been bearing they have been bearing
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Analytic (periphrastic) paradigms, illustrated with ymmyrkey ‘bearing’ 1SG and 3PL (2SG and 2PL IMPERATIVE). Future perfect progressive dependent/independent Future perfect progressive relative Past perfect progressive independent Past perfect progressive dependent Conditional perfect progressive independent Conditional perfect progressive dependent Imperative
beeym er ve gymmyrkey bee ad er ve gymmyrkey veeym er ve gymmyrkey vees ad er ve gymmyrkey va mee er ve gymmyrkey v’ad er ve gymmrkey row mee er ve gymmyrkey row ad er ve gymmrkey veign er ve gymmyrkey veagh ad er ve gymmyrkey beign er ve gymmyrkey beagh ad er ve gymmyrkey jean gymmyrkey jeanjee gymmyrkey
I shall have been bearing they will have been bearing (that) I shall have been bearing (that) they will have been bearing I had been bearing they had been bearing I had been bearing they had been bearing I would have been bearing they would have been bearing I would have been bearing they would have been bearing bear! bear.PL!
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5. Paradigms of irregular verbs Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms
Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic
cur ‘giving, putting’ cur curjee cur ~ coyrt dy chur ~ dy choyrt cur ~ coyrt er chur currit verym veryms vermayd vermainyn ver
çheet ‘coming’ tar tarjee çheet dy heet
clashtyn ‘hearing’ clasht clashtjee clashtyn dy chlashtyn
fakin ‘seeing’ faik faikjee fakin dy akin
çheet er jeet
fakin er vakin ~ er nakin fakinit heem heems heemayd heemainyn hee
derym
jigym
clashtyn er chlashtyn cluinnit ~ clinnit cluinnym cluinnyms cluinmayd cluinmainyn cluinnee ~ clynnee gluinnym gluinnyms gluinmayd gluinmainyn
vaikmainyn ~ naikmainyn
gluin chluinnym chluinnyms chluinnysmayd chluinnysmainyn
vaik aikym ~ heem aikyms ~ heems aikmayd ~ heemayd aikmainyn ~ heemainyn aik ~ heeys heein ~ aikin heeins ~ aikins heeagh ~ aikagh
X higym higyms higmayd higmainyn hig
deryms dermayd
jigyms jigmayd
dermainyn
jigmainyn
Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic
der verym
jig higym
veryms vermayd vermainyn
higyms higmayd higmainyn
Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent
ver verrin
hig harrin
Past dependent Roots
dug ~ (chur) cur-, *fer-, *tug-
verrins verragh derrin
harrins harragh darrin
derrins derragh hug ~ (chur)
darrins darragh haink daink çheet-, *tarr-, *çhig-, *taink-
chluinnys chluinnin chluinnins chluinnagh gluinnin gluinnins gluinnagh cheayll ~ chluinn geayll ~ chluin clasht-, cluinn-, *keayll-
vaikym ~ naikym vaikyms ~ naikyms vaikmayd ~ naikmayd
vaikin ~ naikin vaikins ~ naikins vaikagh ~ naikagh honnick vaik ~ naik fa(i)k-, *çhee-, *tonnick-
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Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms, continued
Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL
feddyn ~ geddyn ‘finding, getting’ fow fowjee feddyn ~ geddyn dy gheddyn feddyn ~ geddyn er n’gheddyn feddynit ~ geddynit yioym yioyms yiowmayd yiowmainyn yiow voym voyms vowmayd vowmainyn vow yioym yioyms yiowmayd
emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent Past dependent Roots
yiowmainyn yiow yioin yioins yioghe voin voins voghe hooar dooar fow, feddyn, geddyn, yiow *tooar
goll ‘going’
gra ‘saying’
gow gowjee goll dy gholl goll er n’gholl X
abbyr abbyrjee gra dy ghra gra er ghra grait ~ raait ~ jirrit
hem hems hemmayd hemmainyn hed jem ~ jedym jems ~ jedyms jemmayd jemmainyn jed hem hems hemmayd hemmainyn hed raghin ~ roin raghins ~ roins ragh raghin ~ roin raghins ~ roins ragh hie jagh gow, goll, *çhe(d), ragh, jagh
jirrym ~ abbyrym jirryms ~ abbyryms jirmayd ~ abbyrmayd jirmainyn ~ abbyrmainyn jir ~ abbyr n’yiarrym ~ n’abbyrym n’yiarryms ~ n’abbyryms n’yiarmayd ~ n’abbyrmayd n’yiarmainyn ~ n’abbyrmainyn n’yiarr ~ n’abbyr yiarrym ~ abbyrym yiarryms ~ abbyryms yiarmayd ~ abbyrmayd ~ ? yiarrysmayd yiarmainyn ~ abbyrmainyn ~ ? yiarrysmainyn y(i)arr ~ abbyr ~ yiarrys y(i)arrin y(i)arrins y(i)arragh ~ abbyragh niarrin ~ n’abbyrin niarrins ~ n’abbyrins niarragh ~ n’abbyragh dooyrt dooyrt gra, raaabbyr jirr-, *j(i)arr-, dooyrt
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Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms, continued
Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent Past dependent Roots
jannoo ‘doing’ jean jeanjee jannoo dy yannoo jannoo er n’yannoo jeant neeym neeyms neemayd neemainyn nee jeanym jeanyms jeanmayd jeanmainyn jean neeym neeyms neemayd neemainyn nee yinnin yinnins yinnagh jinnin jinnins jinnagh ren ren jann-, jean, jin-, nee, ren
goaill7 ‘taking’ gow gowjee goaill dy ghoaill goaill er ghoaill ~ er n’ghoaill goit goym ~ gowym goyms ~ gowyms gowmayd gowmainyn gowee goym ~ gowym goyms ~ gowyms gowmayd gowmainyn gow ghoym ~ ghowym ghoyms ~ ghowyms ghowysmayd ghowysmainyn ghoys ~ ghowys ghoin ~ ghowin ghoins ~ ghowins ghoghe goin ~ gowin goins ~ gowins goghe ghow ghow gow
As mentioned above, goaill is irregular only orthographically (gow- ~ go-, goa-, goagh → goghe), though the suffix -ill of the verbal noun is unique. 7
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Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms Auxiliary ve ‘be’, and defective fod and jarg ‘can’ Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Present independent 1SG emphatic Present independent 1PL emphatic Present independent 2/3
Present dependent 1SG emphatic Present dependent 1PL emphatic Present dependent 2/3
Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent Past dependent Roots
8
ve ‘being’ bee beejee ve dy ve
fod- ‘can’ X X X X X X X foddym
X er ve X ta mee ta mish ta shin ta shinyn t’ou ta shiu t’eh t’ad t’ee vel mee ~ nel mee vel mish ~ nel mish vel shin ~ nel shin
foddyms fodmayd fodmainyn foddee
vel shinyn ~ nel shinyn vel oo ~ nel oo vel eh ~ nel eh vel ee ~ nel ee beeym
vel shiu ~ nel shiu vel ad ~ nel ad
voddym ~ noddym voddyms ~ noddyms vodmayd ~ nodmayd vodmainyn ~ nodmainyn vod ~ nod
jargym jargyms jargmayd
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X jargym jargyms jargmayd jargmainyn jarg yargym yargyms yargysmayd yargysmainyn yargys X X X jargin jargins jargagh X yarg jarg
beeyms beemayd beemainyn bee beeym beeyms beemayd beemainyn bee veeym
oddym veeyms
veesmayd veesmainyn vees veign veigns veagh beign beigns beagh va row be, ta, *fel-,
bee, va, row
jarg ‘can’8 X X X X X X jargit X X X X X
oddyms oddysmayd oddysmainyn oddys oddin oddins oddagh voddin ~ noddin voddins ~ noddins voddagh ~ noddagh dod dod fod-
jargmainyn jarg
The future relative and the conditional forms or jarg are mentioned or implied by Cregeen, but they are not attested in the Manx Bible.
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The defective verb lhisin ‘ought’ has only conditional forms: lhisin, lhisins and lhisagh.
6. Verbs classsified according to the form of their verbal noun 6.1. Verbs with no verbal noun in Cregeen. There are 69 verbs listed here, a bit less than 7 per cent of the verbs in the dictionary. Three only of these admit a base in -ee (kuckl ‘dry after rain’, labr ‘labour’ and merg ‘rust’), and one a Past in -ee (eill ‘arm’). Verbs without verbal noun Base Past Ptcp (aill)
please
(baard)
(vaard)
prevail
(boall)
voall
boand (breid) cairys ceaghl9 çhiu claight cloag cray
voand vreid
crou earroo eie
eill
cheaghil
boallit (B. voallit) boandit breidit ceaghlit çhiuit claightit
chloag crayt crayit crowit d-eie
d-eill d-eillee
eit eiet eieit eillit
farvish fedjeen
farvishit fedjeenit
foddyr fraue geill gred(d)
foddyrit fraueit gheill greddanit hault
hyss
Notes Aill is really a defective verb related to the construction saillish ‘pleases’, i.e. s’aill lesh. Cregeen gives the verbal inflections: baillmayd “‘we would wish’, or rather ‘be pleased or willing’”, and cha naill or naillee, v. not wish; -agh; -in; -ins; -ym; -yms. C. mentions only nagh vardee ‘will not prevail’, and nagh vaardagh ‘would not prevail’.
wall band veil justice change chew plait cloak clay shoe number call
arm forfeit feather (an arrow) fodder take root spring grill halt set a dog on
Cf. caghlaa ‘change’. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Manx Gaelic inflection, 5. Verbs Verbs without verbal noun Base Past Ptcp jeirk yeirk jeirkit keck keek kipp kuckl kucklee laagh labr labree lott merg mergee peesh
check kippit
laaghit
pheesh
(pibbyr) pluck prugh pundail raaue rimmeig rio rouan rub ruck sail shellym skeah
phibbyr phluck
skell skelt smoash sorçh speiy spoiy stron styr
skell B
labrit
mergit
allot rust
peeshit
rubbit ruckit sailit skeayt skeayit
thanvanee thoagan thoo hoo tooir hooir troyt try wagaan
Notes give alms, beg shit peep whip dry after rain cover with mud labour
pibbyrit pluckit prughit phundail pundailit raauit rimmeigit riojit rub B
Max Wheeler, January 2016
smoashit sorçhit speiyt spoiyt
thooit troytit
piece together pepper pluck hoard impound warn stripe freeze riot wipe make a rick seal sound vomit vanish squat smash sort hack, hoe spey, geld snort hiss, set a dog on astonish gape thatch forebode trot try stroll idly
15
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6.2. Verbs whose verbal nouns have no suffix. There are 127 in this class, a little over 14 per cent of the total. Of these, 13 have a verbal noun variant with a suffix. One of the 127 may have a Past in -ee (faast ‘wring’). The verb irr/irree is ambiguous in this respect, since, while its verbal noun is irree (hence a base irree and a Past dirree ~ jirree), a shortened base irr (Past dirr) is also attested in the Dictionary (not in the Bible), which is the stem of the participle irrit (marked by Cregeen as ‘obsolete’, also not in the Bible). (Future relative irrys appears in the proverb: Eshyn lhieys marish moddee, irrys eh marish jarganyn ‘He who lies with dogs will rise with fleas’.)10 Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base aase accan aggyrts amylt ansoor arrish astyr
Verbal Noun aase accan aggyrts amylt ansoor arrish gastyrt gast(y)r gastral
Past d-aase
Ptcp aasit
d-ansoor
ansoorit
d-astyr
gastyrit (sic)
Notes grow complain complain swim answer jeer extirpate
att behr berr
att d-att brey vrey vehr
attit behrt
swell calve, etc.
beihll bheill
blieh vheill
beihlt
grind
blieaun brah
bennalt blieaun vlieaun
broie broo buinn
brah briwnys broie broo buinn
caghlaa caill
caghlaa chaghlaa coayl chaill
casid ceau
10
vrah vroie vroo vuinn
casid ceau cheau
bhlit blieaunit brahit briwnyssit broiet brooit buinnt buinnit caghlaait caillt caillit
ceaut ceauit
One example of irree-ys in the Bible: Daniel vii. 24.
waft milk
Apparently the initial gproper to the gerund has been extended by analogy to the verbal noun and the participle. NB stem variation between astr- and astyr-. Cf. §3, Epenthesis. Of the two stem alternatives, Cregeen says behr is used in common talk. Unique stem variation between base and VN, but see also behr ~ brey above. NB irregular shortened stem in ptcp. bhlit.
betray judge boil bruise reap change lose
accuse cast, wear
NB irregular variation of stem between base caill- and VN coayl. NB indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .
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Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base çharbaa (çhea) çhiow çhyndaa cleaiee cleiee cleigh cleiy cloie
corlheim craa crie craiu creck croo cur daunse eab eam
ee eearree yeearree eeck11
enm enmee enmys faast fee fieau freill
11
Verbal Noun çharbaa çhea çhee çhiow çhyndaa cleaiee cleiee cleigh cleiy cloie clowan coe corlheim corlheimeraght craa crie craiu creck creiu croo B cur coyrt daunse dobberan (eab) eam eamagh eamaghey ee
Past harbaa hea
Ptcp çharbaït
hiow
çhiowt çhiowit çhyndaait cleieet cleaieeit cleight cleiyit cloiet clowanit
hyndaa chleaiee chleiy B chloie
Notes wean flee seek heat turn harrow dig play, boil tease grieve hop
chraa chrie chraau (sic) chreck chreiu chroo hug - dug chur ghaunse
craait criht craiuit creckit creujit crooit currit
d-eab d-eam
eabit
d’ee
eet eat eeit (y)eearreeit desire
eearree d-eearree eeck d-eeck j-eeck
daunsit
eeckit
shake corrode sell ruin, crush create give, put, Suppletive irregular verb. send See above, §5. dance lament attempt call
pay
name enmys d-enmys faast faastey fee B fieau B freayll freaylley freilley
d-aast d-aastee
d-reayll d-reill
enmyssit faastit
wring
feeit
weave rest, wait keep
freilt freaylt
Cf. lheim ‘leap’.
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. Enm ~ enmee is an alternative base to enmys in the future and conditional.
NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .
eeck, v. pay, eeckagh, eeckee, eeckeyder, eeckeyderyn, eeckin, eeckins, eeckit, eeckym, eeckyms, eeckyn, eeckys, deeck or jeeck, geeck, heeck, heeckyn, neeck, neeckagh, neeckin, neeckins, neeckym, neeckyms.
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Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base geid gleck guee B guirr imbyl imman imraa insh irr irree iu jarrood jeigh jelliu jiole
leih lhaih lheie lheim
lhie lhoau livrey loagan loo moon
oanluck
oltooan
pandoogh plaiynt reih
Verbal Noun gartlhan geid gleck guee guirr imbyl imman imraa indys insh irree
Past gheid ghleck ghuee ghuirr d-imbyl d-imman d-imraa
d-insh d-irr d-irree j-irree iu d-iu j-iu jarrood yarrood jarroodey jeigh yeigh jelliu yelliu jiole yiole
khennough leih lhaih lheie B lheihys lheim B lheimyragh lheimyraght lhie B
geidit gleckit gueeit guirt imlit immanit imraait inshit irrit
drink
jeight jelliuit jiolt jiolit
shut warp suck
leiht lhaiht lheiht
lheim B
lheimmit
lhie B
lhiet lhieit
d-oanluck
d-oltooan
Notes weed-corn steal wrestle entreat hatch brew drive mention wonder tell rise
iut iuit jarroodit
leih B lhaih B lheie B
lhoau B livrey B livrey B loagan loo B loo B mhinoogh moon vooin
oanluck oanluckey ollish oltooan oltooaney ourys pandoogh plaiynt B poagey reih B
Ptcp
livreït looit moont mooint
forget
cavil forgive read melt cure leap
lie down rot deliver stagger swear gape piss
oanluckit
bury
oltooanit
sweat reproach
phandoogh phlaiynt
pandooghit plaiyntit
reih B
reiht reihit
Root /iml/.
suspect pant complain bulge choose
NB slender - broad variation indicated by -in- ~ -n-.
See poagey, s. ‘bag’.
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Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base reill rheynn roie screeu scrieu scriu seiy
shelg sheilg shell shellagh
shleeu shlieeu shlieu shliee shooill
skah scaa skaa slaa
Verbal Noun Past reill reilley rheynn B rheynn B reynn B roie roie screeu screeu scrieu scriu seiy heiy shegin sheygin shelg helg sheilg heilg shein heill sheiltyn sheltyn
shleeu B shlieeu B shlieu B shliee sliee shlee shooyll hooyl shuill B huill
skah B
slaa
snaue
slaadaah sliennoo lhiennoo snaue
sneeu soie soilshean soo
sneeu soie hoie soilshean soo B hoo
spreih streeu streiu stroie taah
sooree spreih B spreih B streeu B strinnoogh stroie B stroie B taah
Ptcp reillt
govern
rheynnit
divide
roït screeut scruit
run write
seiyt
push, stir lurk, lie in wait hunt
shelgit
Notes
suppose
shleeut shleeuit
sharpen
shlieet
lick (up)
shooylt shooillit
walk
skaht scaht skahit slaait slaiyt
shed, shake
sliennooit
sneeuit soit sooit
spreiht streeuit
taaht taahit
daub paint surname creep, swim spin sit shine soak, suck up woo sprinkle strive snore destroy weld
The form of the VN shein is irregular in a unique way. Cregeen gives shellagh as an alternative base form to shell. But is just the conditional intended?
NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .
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Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base tarlheim tayrn teiy
Verbal Noun taggloo tarlheim tayrn B teiy B
theinniu
theinniu
towse
towse
traaue traie traih troailt
traaue traie
troo ymmilt ymmylt ymmyrt yndyr
Past harlheim hayrn heiy heigh henneu heinniu howse howsh hraaue hraie
troailt hroailt troo B hroo ymmilt d-ymmylt ymmiltey ymmyrçh ymmyrt d-ymmyrt yndyr
Ptcp
Notes
tarlheimit tayrnit teiyt teight theinniuit
converse alight draw pick, pick up thaw, melt
towshit
measure
traauit trait traihit troailtit
plough ebb, abate
trooit ymmltit
ymmyrtit yndyrit
Cf. lheim ‘leap’
Broad-slender alternation -s- ~ -sh-.
travel, labour envy roll (a horse) need row graze
6.3. Major suffix patterns. 6.3.1. Verbs with verb nouns in -ey. NB -ey has a regular variant -ghey that is used after a base ending in a vowel. There are 249 verbs of this class, about 28 per cent of the total. Sixty-two of them have one or more alternative VN forms. Twenty-two of them have a base or Past, or both, in -ee (not including those with an alternative VN in -agh/-aghey.) Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base argane baare baih
bargane basht beagh bagh bioee bioghee (blaa(gh)) blake blass blayst
Verbal noun Past aghiney arganey baarey vaare babbaney baighey vaih er vaih barganey bashtey beaghey baghey bioghey
vargane vasht veagh vioee
blaaghey blakey vlake blasstey vlayst blastyn bluckaney bodjaley
Ptcp
baarit
Notes petition argue make bare indulge
baiht
drown
barganit bashtit beaghit beeit bioit
bargain baptize dwell, live, feed enliven
blaaghit
blossom stare taste
bodjalit
form into a ball cloud
Perfect er vaih implies VN alternatives baih and baighey.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base boir bolg brack
Verbal noun boirey boiraghey bolgey braagey brackey
Past voir woir volg
vranl vranlee
branlit
vrans
bransit
dash
vrasn vrasnee
brasnit
provoke
vrack
brod broigh broill
bwoaill
buighey buirrooghey buirroogh bwoalley woaill
brans brasn brasnee
breearr breig brish brock
caartr
cadd caddil cagg caign cart cas casherickee cast çhaggle çhaggyl çheer
caartrey caayney cabbaney caddey cadley caggey caigney cartey cartaghey casey casherickey castey çhaggley çhaglym çheerey
bolgit braagit brackit
Notes trouble roast, blister shoe sharpen (not by grinding) malt fallow
braghey branley branlagh branlaghey bransey bransal brasney brasnaghey breagey breckey breearrey B breeghey breigey brishey brockey broagey broddey broighey broilley
branl
Ptcp boirit
vreear
breckit breearrit
vreig vrish vrock
breigit brisht brockit
vrod vroigh vroill
brodit broighit broillit
strike, thresh
caartrit
vilify taber tabernacle defend sleep make war chew rake mire
caggit caignit
chas
cast casit
chast hagl haggil heer
castit çhaglit çheert çheerit
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
lie variegate vow inspire coax break make into refuse pierce, prick dirty bruise, hammer yellow roar
bwoailt bwoaillit built
caddit chaddil chagg chaign chart
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ . Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
twist, wind sanctify defeat gather dry by heat
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base çhionn
Verbal noun Past çhionney hionn
çhiu
çhiuchey hiu
çhymn çhymnee clagh clam(e)
çhymney hymn
clamp clann
cleayn cleaynee clesp cliaght clo coagyr coamr coamree combaase
conaant
cooat
claghey chlagh clamey chlame chlaym clampey chlamp clanney chlann clannagh clannaghey cleayney chleayn cleaynaghey clespey cliaghtey chliaght cloghey chlo (coagyrey) choagyr (coamrey) choamr choamree combaasey chombaase combaasal comyssey conaantey connaasey connaasagh connysson cooagey cauaigey cooatey cooatal cooidjaghey
Ptcp çhionnt çhionnit
chymnit B claghit clamit
Notes tighten thicken (intr?) bequeath
clampit clahnit
stone embrace, grasp patch thicken
cleaynit
entice
cliaghtit cloit coagyrit coamrit
clasp accustom chase cook clothe
combaasit
surround
conaantit
copulate covenant scorn, sneer
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
coo cooatit
coat gather together fulfil help
cooilleen coon cooin
cooilleeney chooilleen cooney choon chooin
cooilleenit
coonre
coonrey choonre choonree coontey choont cosney chosn(e) chossyn B craidey chraid crammaney crapley chrapl chraplee creaghey creaghey creearey chreear
coonrit
exchange
CF. lhieen ‘fill’ NB spelling indicates broad and slender alternatives in the stem. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
coontit cosnit
count gain
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
craidit
mock bulb crumple
coont cosn cossyn craid crapl craplee
creear
craplit creaghit creaghit creeart creearit
furrow stack sift
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base creoi creoigh creogh crib(b) crogh cront
Verbal noun Past creoighey chreoi creoghey chreogh
Ptcp creoit
harden
cribbit croghit crontit
shrink hang knot
crost
cross, thwart
croymmit cryssit cuirt cuirrit cuirt cuirrit cummit curmit
stoop gird invite
chusht
custhit
whip
daah
daaghey ghaah
daat daahit daahjit
dye, singe
dall deam deayrt deyr deyree dhonk
dalley deamey deayrtey deyrey
cribbey chrib(b) croghey chrogh crontey chront crontal crossey
cross crosh croym cryss cuir(r)
croymmey chroym cryssey chryss cuirrey chuir(r)
cuir(r)
cuirrey chuir(r)
cum(m) curm currym
custh custhee
doll12
doo dooble dooisht
12
cummey curmey curmaghey currymaghey curmal custhey cushtey
chum(m) churm churmee
ghall gheam gheayrt gheyr
dhonkey ghonk dhonkal doghaney dolley gholl doalley
dooghey ghoo doobley ghooble doostey ghooisht dooshtey
Notes
sow form enjoin, charge
deamit deayrtit deyrit
dazzle project pour, spill condemn
dhonkit
thump
dollit
cause disease blot, deface
dooit dooblit dooishtit
blacken double awaken
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ .
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ .
doll, v. blot, dollagh, dollee, dolley, dolleyder, dolleyderyn, dollin, dollins, dollit, dollym, dollyms, dollys, gholl, ghollagh, ghollee, gholley, gholleyder, gholleyderyn, ghollin, ghollins, ghollit, ghollym, ghollyms, ghollys.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base doon
driaght
eek faark faarkee faast faill faillee fann fannee farrar fasn fasin fasnee feaysl feayshil
feysht fill fiogh fliugh fload foadd fockle focklee foshl foshil
freayn freill
fuinn gaaig
Verbal noun Past dooney ghooin dooiney
driaghtey
Ptcp dooint dooinit
eekit faarkit
bind with chain drip stack bathe
faastit
get a beard wring
failt
hire
fant
flay
farrarey fasney d-asin d-asnee
farrarit fasnit
wake, vigil winnow
feaysley d-eayshil
feayslit
loosen, release
feyshtey d-eysht d-eyshtee filley d-hill fioghey
feyshtit
question, examine fold fade
drigey eekey faarkey d-aark d-aarkee faasaagey faastey d-aast faast d-aastee failley d-aill fanney d-ann
fliughey floadey foaddey d-oad fockley d-ockle Ger. gockley fosley d-oshil
freayney freaylley d-reayll freilley d-reill freayll fuinney d-uinn gaaigey gaghey
driaghtit
close
fillit fioghit fiojit fliughit foaddit focklit
wet float kindle utter
foshlit
open
freilt freaylt fuinnt fuinnit gaaigit
overflow keep
bake crack, chafe sting
Notes NB variation between indication of slender /nj/ and broad /n/ .
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
NB variation between indication of slender /ʃilj/ and broad /sl/ .
The gerund gockley is derived as if from a base ockle. NB variation between indication of slender /ʃilj/ and broad /sl/ . NB variation between broad /l/ and slender /lj/.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base gaght (sic)
gaid
Verbal noun Past gaghtey
Ptcp
gaidey
gaidit
act
gamley gard
gear13
geul giar gioot glack glass glenn glioon gloas
grees greesee greigh greie greim
grouig 13
gardey garveighey garveigagh
gardit
gearey ghear garaghtee
geuley giarey giarrey giootey giootal glackey glassey glenney
ghiare yiare ghioot yioot ghlass ghlen
gliooney ghlioon gloasey gloasaghey gobbey
greesey ghrees greesaghey ghreesee greighey greimmey ghreim grianey grouigey
rope (with heather) speak ironically guard roar
gearit
laugh
geulit giarit
shackle cut
giootit
bestow
glackit glast glent glennit glioont glioonit gloasit
grasp lock clean
greesit greit greimmit
grouigit
Notes Apparently derived from aght, with the g- of the gerund incorporated into the stem.
NB irregular stem variation garveigh- ~ garveig-. Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. In the list the VN is spelt gearaghtee, but in the text of the dictionary the VN is given as garaghtee, which is the form that occurs in the Manx Bible.
kneel polish come up (out of the ground) excite, provoke equip bite, grip sun, air in the sun frown
gear, v. laugh, gearagh, gearaghtee, gearee, gearey, geareyder, geareyderyn, gearin, gearins, gearit, gearym, gearyms, gearys, ghear, ghearagh, ghearaghtee, ghearee, ghearey, gheareyder, gheareyderyn, ghearin, ghearins, ghearit, ghearym, ghearyms, ghearys.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base guin
jaagh jarrood jeeig jeeill jeell jeelt jeennys (jesheen) jing jioold joan14
junt
kaart kalk keayn kelk
Verbal noun Past guinney holtey holt holtal ingney jaaghey jarroodey jarrood jeeigey jeelley jeellal jeeltey jeeltal jeennysey jeennysal jesheeney jingey jiooldey
yaagh yarrood
jaaghit jarroodit
yeeig yeel
jeeigit jeellit
ditch devastate
yeelt
jeeltit
saddle
yeennys
jeennyssit
wedge
yesheen ying yioold
jesheenit jingit jiooldit joanit
adorn cram, press discard, turn off dust
juntit
drizzle joint
kaartit kalkit
journey anger card caulk
keaynit kelkit
weep chalk
keret kereit kiaddit kianlt kianglt kiaullit kicklit
comb
joaney yoan
joanlaghey juntey yunt juntal jurnaghey jymmoosey kaartey chaart kalkey
kere kiadd kiangle
kiaddey chiadd kiangley chiangle
kiaull kickl kickil
kiaulley kickley chickil
14
kishaney laadey laad B laatçhey lahney leaystey
yngnit
Notes pain hold cut with nails, hooves smoke forget
keayney cheayn kelkey kelkal kerey chere
laad laatçh lahn leayst
Ptcp guint
laadit laatçhit lahnit leaystit
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
form tie, bind sound tickle
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
hive load lace mash stagger
joan,v. dust, joanagh, joanee, joaney, joaneyder, joaneyderyn, joanin, joanins, joanit, joanym, joanyms, joanys, yoan, yoanagh, yoanee, yoaney, yoaneyder, yoaneyderyn, yoanin, yoanins, yoanit, yoanym, yoanyms, yoanys.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base lhead lheadee lhiaght lhieen lhieg lhig lhoob lhott lhun loaght loaghtee B loam lhome lomm losht
Verbal noun Past lheadey lhiaghtey lhieeney B lhieggey B lhieggal B lhiggey lhoobey lhottey lhunney lhunnaghey loaghtey
lhieen B lhieg B lhig B lhott B
loaght B
lhoamey lommey lostey losht B
loss lout lune lutçh
lossey loutey luney lutçhey
mast mest meek
mastey vast
meih meiygh mhill ming miol
moll mong moogh15
mooirçhoor 15
meekey meekeyragh meihey meihaghey meiyghey meiyghaghey mhilley mingey miolley miollagh miollaghey molley
veek veigh veih
vhill ving viol viollee voll
Notes
lhiaghtit lhieent lhieggit
perish with cold lay, lodge fill fell
lhiggit lhoobit lhottit lhunnit
let, gallop bend wound launch
loaghtit
handle
loamit lommit
make bare
losht loshtit
burn
loutit lunit
mongey vong mooghey voogh
mooirçhoorey
Ptcp
mastit mestit meekit meihit meiyght meiyghit mhillit mingit miollit
mollit mongit mooghit
NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ .
blaze loft, deck slander lubber, carry in a clumsy manner mix wink weigh, balance be tender spoil nip tempt
cheat, deceive smile extinguish
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
mooirçhoorit wreck
moogh, v. quench, mooghagh, mooghaghyn, mooghee, mooghey, moogheyder, moogheyderyn, mooghin, mooghins, mooghit, mooghym, mooghyms, mooghys, voogh, vooghagh, vooghaghyn, vooghee, vooghey, voogheyder, voogheyderyn, voogin, vooghins, vooghit, vooghym, vooghyms, vooghys.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base moost moyll naisht
niart niartee oanluck
oltooan paag pardoon (pian) piyr pleat plead ploogh pohlld poll polt poose16
pryssoon puht puit puss pyshoon quaail raad raip 16
Verbal noun Past moostey voost moughaney moylley voyll naistey nastey naishtaghey
Ptcp moostit moyllit naisht naishtit
Notes rouse cough praise betroth
niartey niartee B niartaghey oanluckey d-oanluck oanluck oghrishey oirrysey
niartit
strengthen
oanluckit
bury
oghrishit oirrysit
oltooaney oltooan paagey pardooney pianey
d-oltooan
oltooanit
embosom fray, wear the edge reproach
phaag phardoon phian
kiss pardon pain
piyrey piyral pleatey pleateil (plooghey) pohlldey pohlldal polley
phiyr
paagit pardoonit piant pianit piyrit
phlead
pleatit
plead, prattle
phloogh phohlld
plooghit pohlldit
pholl
pollit poltit
smother uphold, warrant mat, stick together thump
poost
marry
pryssoonit puhtit
imprison push
poltey pholt poltal poosey phoose
pryssooney phryssoon puhtey phutt pussey pussal pyshooney quaaghey qualtey raadey raipey raip B
pyshoonit qualtit
raipit
NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ .
pair
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
puff (cheeks) poison get gruff meet ride at anchor tear
poose, v. marry, poosagh, poosaghyn, poosee, poosey, pooseyder, pooseyderyn, poosin, poosins, poost, poosym, poosyms, poosys, phoose, phoosagh, phoosaghyn, phoosee, phoosey, phooseyder, phooseyderyn, phoosin, phoosins, phoost, phoosym, phoosyms, phoosys, boose, boosagh, boosaghyn, boosey, boosin, boosins, boost, boosym, boosyms.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base raise rass reagh reaie recort reeall reill
resoon reuyr rouyr ribl ribil riggan roa rock roost rooisht
(rugg)
saill sare
scar scelt skeilt scolt schimmeig scolb scold scooir scoylg
scraig
Verbal noun Past raisey rassey reaghey recortey reealley reilley reill reirey resooney reurey ribley rigganey roaghey rockey roostey rooisht B
roostey ruggey rugg ruggaghtyn ruggyr
ruyghey sailley haill salley sarey har haree scaalheaney scammyltey scarrey scarr B scoltey scelt B, skeilt B schimmeigey scolbey scoldey scooirey scoylgey scoylgernee scrabey scraigey scra
Ptcp raisit rast reat reait recortit reealt reallit reillt
grope rip disentangle, decide register wriggle, cleanse corn govern
resoonit reuyrit
reach reason dig
riblit
ripple
roait rockit rooishtit
rut set in rows pucker strip bare
roostit ruggit
rob was born
saillt
get red salt
sarit
command
scammyltit scarrt scarrit scelt, skeilt B
Notes
NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ . NB Past tense variant ruggyr, with an obsolete passive voice suffix -yr.
scatter scandalize separate, spread split
schimmeigit scolbit scoldit scooirit scoylgit
streak break open scald scour shriek
scrabit scraait
scrape scraw
NB alternative stems here: scraig and scra(a), the former with VN suffix -ey, the latter with Ø.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base screeb scriss scrod scugh scuirr seaghin seaghyn seyr shaghn shaghin shaghyn
Verbal noun Past screebey scrissey scrodey scughey scugh B (scuirrey) scuirr B seaghney heaghn heaghnee seyrey heyr shaghney haghn haghnee
Ptcp screebit scrist scrodit scughit
seaghnit
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
seyrit shaghnit
free avoid
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
sheaynt
become emptybellied sermon pray (for)
shanglaney
sheayn sheeb sheel sheeyn sheid17
shiauill
shill
shir shuilg shyml shymlee skeab skeayl skihll skir skyrr 17
sharmaney sheayney heayn heaynee sheebey heeb sheeley heel sheelaghey sheeney heeyn sheidey heid
shiaulley hiauill shiaullagh hioill shiaullaghey shilley hill shiylley hiyll hyll shioltaney shirrey hir shuilgey shymley hyml hymlee skeabey skeayley skeayl B skihlley skirrey skirraghtyn
Notes scratch pare screw remove, move cease afflict
sheebit sheelit sheeynt sheeynit sheidit
blow, blast, drive filter, sneak away stretch blow
shiault shiaullit
sail
shillit
spill, drain
shirrt shirrit shuilgit shymlit
flock seek, enquire nibble pine
skeabit skeaylt skihlt skirrit
sweep spread shell slip
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ . NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
sheid, v. blow, sheidagh, sheidee, sheidey, sheideydcr, sheideyderyn, sheidin, sheidins, sheldit, sheidym, sheldyms, sheidyn, sheidys, heid, heidagh, heidee, heidey, heideyder, heideyderyn, heidin, heidins, heidit, heidym, heidyms, heidyn, heidys.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base sleayd slug18
smaght smarr
smooir
sniem soaill soill soll sollee speeik speein
Verbal noun Past sleaydey sluggey
smaghtey smaghtaghey smarrey smoghaney smooirey smooirooil smuggey sniemmey soailley soilley solley sollagh sollaghey speeikey speeikeragh speeiney
hoail hoaill holl hollee
sponk spooil spooill spooyt spulg staayn
sponkey spooilley spooil B
staik stamp sthole
staikey stampey stamp B stholey
sthook stiure stoyr
strep streb strig struge strull
sthookey stiurey stoyrey stoyral storail strepey strebin striggey strugey strulley
suggain
sugganey huggain
18
spooytey spulgey staayney
Ptcp sleaydit sluggit
drag swallow
Notes
smaghtit
chastise
smarrt smarrit smoghanit
grease
smuggit sniemmit soaillit
snot, spit knit, knot wrap
sollit
defile, pollute
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
smoulder smile, titter
pry speeint speeinit sponkit spooilt spooillit spooytit spulgit staaynt staaynit staikit stampit stholit sthookit stiurit stoyrit
strepit strigit strugit strult strullit sugganit
peel parch plunder squirt peck stand firm against stake tread sprout, ramify stook steer store
struggle, wallow draw milk stroke rinse bind with straw rope
slug, v. swallow, sluggagh, sluggag, sluggee, sluggey, sluggeyder, sluggeyderyn, sluggin, sluggins, sluggit, sluggym, sluggyms, sluggyn, sluggys, lug, luggagh, luggag, luggee, luggey, luggeyder, luggeyderyn, luggin, luggins, luggit, luggym, luggyms, luggys.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base symn taagh taal
Verbal noun Past symney taaghey haagh taaley haal
Ptcp symnit taaghit taalit
taarnaghey taill tasht teaum teaystn teaystnee thioll
thum tilg toght
traast tranlaas treickn treig trein troid trost trosht
tailley B tarmayney tashtey hasht teaumey heaum teaystney heaystn heaystnee thiolley hioll hoyll thooaney thummey hum tilgey hilg
teaumit teaystnit
tally manage store, treasure pour out knead
thiollit
bore
toghtey hoght torcaney
toghtit
toshiaghey traastey hraast tranlaasey hranlaas treickney hreickn hreicknee treigey hreig treigeil treiney hrein troiddey hroid trostey hrosht troshtey
taillit tarmaynit tashtit
thummit thilgit
traastit tranlaasit treicknit treigit treinnit troiddit
tun
trughaney trughanagh tunney hunn
tunnit
walk
uilliney unnaneysey walkey
unnaneysit walkit
whaal whayl yeeal
cite, publish banns frequent flow (milk from the udder) thunder
whaaley d-whaayl oaley yeealley d-eeal Ger. geealley
whaalt whaaylt yeealt
lath dip throw, throw up choke stifle with fumes forward squeeze tyrannise strike with a beetle abandon nail scold fast
murmur, grumble fill (casks with ale) elbow unite mill (woollen cloth) sew beat
Notes Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cf. taarnagh, s. ‘thunder’
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ .
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base yiarn ymmilt ymmylt ymmyrk19
Verbal noun Past yiarney yiarnal ymmiltey d-ymmylt ymmilt ymmydey ymmyrkey d-ymmyrk
Ptcp yiarnit
iron
Notes
ymmltit
roll (a horse)
ymmydit ymmyrkit
use bear
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
6.3.2. Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh or -aghey (168 items, nearly 19% of the total). These two suffixes are in variation. It is probably not very significant whether Cregeen mentions one or the other, or both. For many of these Cregeen gives no base form or past tense form. Note the presence (often optional) in 88 of these verbs, over 52%, of an affix -ee, in the base, the past tense, or both. For some 33 verbs the VN suffix -agh or -aghey is in variation with a different suffix. Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base aaitn aarl aarlee aggle agglee
arr
Verbal Noun aaitnagh aaitnaghey aarlagh aarlaghey agglagh agglaghey
Past d-aaitnee
Ptcp aaitnit
gorse
d-aarl d-aarlee d-aggle d-agglee j-aggle j-agglee
aarlit
cook
agglit
frighten, fear
annooinagh annooinaghey appaghey arragh d-arree arraghey ashlaghey
weaken ripen move
banit bannit
bless
bioyr bioyree birr
baneagh baneaghey bannaghey vann vannee beaynaghey binjaghey bioyraghey vioyr vioyree birraghey
show by vision whiten
bioyrit
prolong curdle make brisk
bish bishee
bishagh vish bishaghey vishee
bishit
sharpen to a point increase
bann bannee
19
ymmyrk, v. bear, ymmyrkagh, ymmyrkee, ymmyrkey, ymmyrkeyder, ymmyrkeyderyn, ymmyrkin, ymmyrkins, ymmyrkit, ymmyrkym, ymmyrkyms, ymmyrkys, dymmyrk, gymmyrkey, hymmyrkey, nymmyrk, nymmyrkagh, nymmyrkey, nymmyrkin, nymmyrkins, nymmyrkym, nymmyrkyms.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base bochil20
Verbal Noun Past bochillagh vochil bochillaghey bochillaght
bogg
boggaghey boggyssagh boiraghey boirey bouyragh bouyraghey branlagh branlaghey branley brasnaghey brasney breinnagh breinnaghey burtagh burtaghey cammagh cartaghey cartey kartey çhirmagh çhirmaghey
vogg
çhymsagh çhymsaghey clannagh clannaghey clanney cleaynaghey cleayney clusaghey
boir
branl
brasn brasnee breinn
camm cart kart çhirrym21 çhirm çhirmee çhyms çhymsee clann
cleayn cleaynee clus clooeys coad cochruin cochruinee
herd
boirit
soften boast trouble
bouyrit
deafen
vranl vranlee
branlit
fallow
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
vrasn vrasnee
brasnit
provoke
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
voir woir
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
stink fumble (chamm) chart
cammit kartit
bend rake muck
hirm hirmee
çhirmit
dry
hyms hymsee chlann
çhymsit
gather
clahnit
thicken
chleayn
cleaynit
entice
clusit
cover with feathers
coadaghey choad cochruinaghey connaasagh connaasey connysson
20
Ptcp bochillit
coadit protect cochruinit assemble
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
The verb is related to clooie ‘small feathers’, with an unexpexted -s-. cf. cruinn
scorn, sneer
bochill, v. herd, bochillagh, bochlllaght, bochillee, bochilley, bochillin, bochillins, bochillit, bochillym, bochillyms, bochillyn, bochillys, mochillaght, mochilley, mochillyn, vochill, vochillagh, vochillaght, vochilley, vochillin, vochillins, vochillit, vochillym, vochillyms, vochillyn, vochillys. 21 çhyrm. v. dry, çhyrmagh, çhyrmaghey, çhyrmaghyn, çhyrmee, çhyrmey, çhyrmeyder, çhyrmeyderyn, çhyrmid, çhyrmin, çhyrmins, çhyrmit, çhyrmym, çhyrmyms, çhyrmys, hyrm, hyrmagh, hyrmaghey, hyrmaghyn, hyrmee, hyrmey, hyrmeyder, hyrmeyderyn, hyrmid, hyrmin, hyrmins, hyrmit, hyrmym, hyrmyms, hyrmys, jyrm, jyrmagh, jyrmaghey, jyrmaghyn, jyrmee, jyrmid, jyrmin, jyrmins, jyrmym, jyrmyms.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base cood coodee coon corm
cosoyl cowr coyrl coyrlee creen cronn cruinn curm currym
diun ead eadee eaisht eam
eayll eayllee eddrym eddrymee eeass eeassee eeast yeeast eign eignee
Verbal Noun Past coodaghey chood choodee coonagh coonaghey cormagh chorrym cormaghey chormee cormal cosoylaghey cowraghey chowr chowree coyrlaghey choyrl choyrlee creedlagh creenaghey chreen chreenee cronnaghey chronn chronnee cruinnaghey chruinn
Ptcp coodit
currymaghey churm curmaghey churmee curmey curmal curthoollaghey
curmit
dhoanaghey diunaghey eadagh eadaghey eaishtagh eaishtaghey eamagh eamaghey eam eayllagh eayllaghey eddrymagh eddrymaghey eeassaghey eeassaght eeastagh eeastaghey eignagh eignaghey eginaghey eiraghey
cover narrow
cormit
equalize, make even
coyrlit
compare mark, betoken advise
creent creenit cronnit
shrug wither, ripen detect
cowrit
cruinnit
compact, besiege enjoin, charge
obscure (the air) make brown deepen be jealous
ghiun
d-eaisht d-eaishtee d-eam
eaishtit
d-eayllee
eayllit
listen call
d-eddrymee
lime lighten
d-eeassee
eeassit
d-eeast d-eastee d-eign d-eignee
eeastit
lend, borrow fish
eignit
force
inherit
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base eoyll eoyllee geoyll geoyllee
etl etlee
Verbal Noun Past eoyllagh d-eoyll eoyllaghey d-eoyllee
Ptcp eoyllit
faml famlee
etlagh d-ettyl etlaghey d-etlee j-etlee famlagh d-aml famlaghey d-amlee
farb fark farkee
farbagh farkiaghey d-ark farkiaght d-arkee
farbit farkit
fass fassee feayr feayree feddan feddanee
fassaghey fassaght feayraghey d-eayree
fassit
foayr foayree foll follee folm folmee
fly
famlit
feayrit
feddanagh flipperagh foayraghey foayral follaghey follaghtyn folmaghey folmagh Ger. golmaghey golmagh
gerj gerjee giall giallee
wrack (manure with seaweed) inflame wait
In the base forms geoyll, geoyllee, the g- belongong to the gerund has been incorporated into the stem. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
NB unusual insertion of -i- in the VN before both -aght and -aghey.
feed with grass cool (tr/intr) whistle
d-oll d-ollee d-olm d-olmee
foayrit
tell fibs favour
follit
hide
folmit follymit
empty
foudaghey fuill fuillee
manure
fuillagh d-uillee fuillaghtyn gargagh garveigagh garveighey geaynaghey gerjaghey gherjee giallagh ghial giallaghey ghiallee yial yiallee
become damaged allow make acrid roar
gerjit
make green comfort
giallit
whiten
The gerund form golmagh(ey) is constructed as if the stem were olm- (as it appears in the Past). Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base giall
gleash gloas gloyr (gorm) gort gortee grainn grainnee
grees greesee grein greinnee gyere geayr (imlee) ingyr yngyr injil injillee inshl inshlee jeer jeeree jiarg jiargee karr karrese kerr kerree keyl kiart kiartee cairt kionn kionnee
Verbal Noun Past gialtaghey ghiall gialdin yiall gialdyn
Ptcp giallit
promise
gioalteeagh
gioaltit
girraghey glassagh glassaghey gleashaghey gloasaghey gloasey gloyraghey ghloyr gormaghey ghorm
pawn, mortgage shorten grow pale
gleashit gloasit
move polish
gloyrit gormit gorrymit gortit
glorify make blue
grainnit
carve
greesit
become ugly excite, provoke encourage
gortagh ghort gortaghey ghortee grainnaghey ghrainn ghrainnee granaghey greesaghey ghrees greesey ghreesee greinnaghey ghrein ghreinnee gyereagh gyereaghey geayraghey imlagh d-imlee imlaghey ingyragh d-hingyr ingyraght d-yngyr injillaghey d-injilee inshlagh inshlaghey jeeraghey yeer yeeree jiargagh yiarg jiargaghey yiargee joltagh karragh charree karraghey kerraghey cherr cherree keylagh kiartagh chiart kiartaghey cairtaghey kionnagh chionn kionnaghey chionnee
greinnit
NB three stem variants: gial(l)-, giald- and gialt-, with the VNs built on the latter two.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
hurt
gyerit geayrit
sour
imlit
humble
yngyrit
fester
injillit
lower
jeerit
straighten
jiargit
karrit
make red, redden traverse mend
kerrit
punish
keylit kiartey cairtey
make fine fix
kionnit
buy
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base kirt kiune kiunee laare leod lhagg lhaggee
lhiann lhias lhiasee lhiass lhiassee lhiuree lhuddyr lhun lorg lorgee
lught
mark markee meayll meayllee meein meen
meel meelee meer meih meiygh mholm mholmee miol
Verbal Noun Past kirtagh kiunagh chiunee kiunaghey laareaghey
Ptcp kiunit laareit
leodaghey
leodit
lhaggaghey
lhaggit
lheanagh lheanaghey lheeaghey lhiannaghey lhiasaghey
lheanit
lhiassaghey
lhiassit
lhiannit lhiasit
lhiuragh lhiuraghey lhuddyraghey lhuddyral lhunnaghey lhunney lorgaghey
make haste calm put on the floor devalue, be devalued loosen widen, sprain go grey flatten amend, manure feign lengthen
lhuddyrit
maul
lhunnit
launch
lorgit
lughtagh lughtaghey maihaghey markiaghey vark varkee meayllaghey
lughtit
drive forward with a stick, urge load
maiht markit
pardon ride
meayllit
make bald
meeinaghey veein meenaghey veeinee veenee
meeinit meenit
tame, make fine
veel veelee
meelit
soften
veigh veih
meihit
meelagh meelaghey meeraghey meihaghey meihey meiyghaghey meiyghey mholmagh mholmaghey miljaghey miollagh miollaghey miolley
meiyght meiyghit
viol viollee
miollit
piece weigh, balance be tender moulder, crumble sweeten tempt
NB. VN -iaghey
NB variation between indication of slender /nj/ and broad /n/ .
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base molk mooad mooadee mooar mooaree
naar naaree niart niartee oard oardr oardee oardree obbr obbree olt oltee
Verbal Noun molkagh molkaghey mooadagh mooadaghey mooaragh mooaraghey murtaghey mynaghey naaraghey
vooad
mooadit
vooar vooaree
mooarit
macerate, putrify enlarge
naarit
niartaghey niartee B niartey oardaghey d-oardee oardrail
niartit
strengthen
oarderit
order, ordain
obbragh d-obbree obbraghey oltaghey
obbrit
work
ooashlit
salute, welcome with refeshment worship
d-ooilee d-ooillee d-ooir d-ooirree d-oonlee
ooillit
oil, anoint
ooirrit oonlit
earth, mould wash (body)
d-ooree
oorit
refresh
d-osnee
osnit
sigh
queeyllit reenit
spy bind, wheel toughen
ronsit
search
runtit
make round slumber be lank, become lank
ooashlagh ooashlaghey
ooill
ooillagh ooillaghey ooirragh ooirraghey oonlagh oonlaghey ooragh ooraghey osnagh osnaghey peeikearagh queeyllaghey reenaghey
reen reenee rons ronsee runt saveen shang
Ptcp molkit
begrudge, envy bungle make small shame
ooashl ooashlee
ooir ooirree oonl oonlee oor ooree osn osnee
Past volk
ronsagh ronsaghey runtaghey saveenagh B shangagh
shangit
NB in the Manx Bible the gerund of ooashlaghey lacks the expected initial g-. The Apocrypha has two examples of gooashlaghey, though.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base share sheel shiauill
Verbal Noun sharagh sharaghey sheelaghey sheeley shiaullagh shiaullaghey shiaulley
Past
Ptcp improve
heel
sheelit
hiauill hioill
shiault shiaullit
shickyr shickyree
shickyragh hickyr shickyraghey hickyree
shickyrit
shirk
shirkagh shirkaghey siyrraghey slaanagh slaanaghey smaghtaghey smaghtey smooinagh smooinaghey
shirkit
siyrree slaan smaght smooin smooinee
snagger soie soilsh soilshee soll sollee soor sooree soyl soylee sol solee styrk stark surl
hirk hirkee hiyree laanee
smooinee B
snaggeragh snaggeraght soiagh hoie soiaghey soilshagh hoilsh soilshaghey hoilshee sollagh sollaghey solley sooragh sooraghey soylagh soylaghey solaghey
holl hollee
hoylee hiollee
starkagh starkaghey surllaghey hurl
tallagh tashagh
filter, sneak away sail
siyrrit slaanit
secure, confirm ensure shrink, shrivel hasten heal
smaghtit
chastise
smooinit
think
gnash soit
set, plant
soilshit
enlighten, declare, show defile, pollute
sollit
soorit
sour, leaven
soylit solit
compare, match
styrkit
stiffen
surllit
toss, tumble, sprawl murmur get damp
tallit
NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .
Cregeen does not mention the verbal noun/gerund smooinaghtyn, though it occurs in several of the Bible passages he cites. Neither smooinagh nor smooinaghey is in the Bible.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base thann thannee toar toarrey torçh torçhee
usht ushtee yll yllee yns ynsee yrj yrjee
Verbal Noun Past thannaghey hann
Ptcp thannit
thin
toarragh hoar toarraghey
toarrit
manure
torçhagh torçhaghey trughanagh trughaney tutleragh ushtagh ushtaghey yllagh yllaghey ynsagh ynsaghey yrjaghey
torçhit
torment
d-ushtee
ushtit
murmur, grumble tattle water
d-yll d-yllee d-ynsee
yllit
call
ynsit
teach, learn
horçh horçhee
Toarrey is apparently a unique case of a suffix -ey in a base form.
exalt
6.3.3. Verbs with verbal nouns in -al. There are 109 such verbs (over 12%), of which 28 have alternative suffixes. Cases of the suffix -ee are extremely few Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base arr astyr
behtt blest (boult) brans breb buitçh cant carr cayrn çheb(b) cled clist combaase
Verbal noun Past arral gastyrt d-astyr gast(y)r gastral
behttal blestal boultal bransal bransey brebal buitçhal
vlest voult vrans
vreb vuitçh wuitçh cantal chant
carral cayrnal çhebbal cleddal clistal combaasal combaasey
Ptcp arrit gastyrit (sic)
Notes offer extirpate
blestit boultit bransit
bet blast bolt dash
brebit buitçhit
kick bewitch
cantit
auction, bid at auction charr carrit twist chayrn cayrnit trumpet heb(b) çhebbit offer chled overturn chlist spring, bounce chombaase combaasit surround
Apparently the initial gproper to the gerund has been extended by analogy to the verbal noun and the participle. NB stem variation between astr- and astyr-. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base cooat corm
cost couyr crank creid credjcront22
crow cruetçh cum(m) curm currym
dell dhonk drap drid faarge fed feiyr
fest festee ?
foayr foayree
gioot gull 22
Verbal noun cooatal cooatey cormal cormagh cormaghey costal couyral crankal credjal
Past
chorrym chormee
cormit
chost
chreid
crontal chront crontey crowal cruetçhal cummal curmal currymaghey curmaghey curmey dellal dhonkal dhonkey drappal dreamal dridal farral
Ptcp cooatit
crankit creidit
crontit
chrow chum(m) churm churmee
ghell ghonk
cruetçhit cummit curmit
festal d-est
foayral foayraghey frappal frapperaght giootal ghioot giootey yioot gullal ghull gullyrnee
equalize, make even
deal thump
drappit
climb dream trot fare
dridit
festit
shake with laughter sound take out here and there stick
foayrit
favour
feiyrit
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
cost recover, cure knock believe NB spelling alternation, with -eid word-finally (and in ptcp.), -edj- medially. knot Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. hover cower hold, dwell enjoin, Cf. §3, Epenthesis. charge
dellit dhonkit
feddal feiyral femblal
Notes coat
NB irregular stem alternation faarj- - farr-.
With respect to the suffixed base festee, Cregeen gives only cha n’estee (alternative to cha n’est) ‘not stick’.
crackle giootit
bestow howl
cront, v. knot, crontal, crontagh, crontee, crontey, cronteyder, cronteyderyn, crontin, crontins, crontit, crontym, crontyms, crontys, cruint, ir.[i.e. the noun plural], chront, chrontagh, chrontal, chrontee, chrontey, chronteyder, chrontin, chrontins, chrontit, chrontym, chrontyms, chrontys, gront, grontagh, grontal, grontee, gronteyder, gronteyderyn, grontin, grontins, grontym, grontyms.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base gyrn
jeeill jeell jeelt jeennys jerk jok joyn junt kelk kesh kest kred labb laiy lhap lhieg lhiet lhuddyr liack laik list low luff madyr moar obb orçh pabyr piyr pohlld poll polt
Verbal noun gyrnal holtal holtey jeellal jeelley jeeltal jeeltey jeennysal jeennysey jerkal
Past
Notes snarl hold
holt yeel
jeellit
devastate
yeelt
jeeltit
saddle
yeennys
jeennyssit
wedge
jerkit
expect
jokit joynit jummalit juntit
yoke join waste joint
kelkit
chalk
keshit kestit
froth cast, struggle grunt
labbit laiyt lhappit lhieggit
strike lack, want lay fold double fell
lhuddyrit
hinder maul
liackit
like
listit lowit
list allow luff matter, import moor refuse, deny make refuse of paper pair
yerk yerkee jokal yok joynal yoyn jummal juntal yunt juntey kelkal kelkey keshal chesh kestal
kredal kredyragh labbal laccal laiyal lhappal lhieggal B lhieg B lhieggey B lhiettal lhiett B lhuddyral lhuddyraghey liackal listal lowal B luffal madyral moaral voar obbal d-obb orçhal pabyral piyral piyrey pohlldal pohlldey pollal poltal poltey
Ptcp
moarit obbit orçhit
phabyr phiyr
psbyrit piyrit
phohlld
pohlldit
pholt
poltit
uphold, warrant prune thump
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base poodyr poodyree prayll prise prow puss ratçh rowl saaue scuitçh scuyr sett sheean shu
sleick smood snog soar sogh spotçh spret sthap stholl stow stoyr
sur talk tast
Verbal noun Past poodyral phoodyr prayal prisal prowal phrow pussal pussey ratçhal rowlal saaueal scuitçhal scuyral settal sheeanal shual sleetçhal sleickal smoodal snapperal snoggal soaral hoar soghal spotçhal spotçheraght spretal sthappal sthollal stowal stoyral stoyrey storail surral hur surranse talkal halk tastal hast
Ptcp poodyrit
prisit prowt prowit
ratçhit rowlit scuitçhit scuyrit settit sheeanit shuit
sleickit smoodit snoggit soarit soghit spotçhit
Notes powder pray prise try puff (cheeks) sprint roll saw scourge skewer plant make noise sue, prosecute sneak slake smooth stumble nod smell sob joke
spretit sthappit sthollit stowt stowit stoyrit
start stop station bestow
surrt surrit talkit tastit
suffer
store
ther thow toig23
therral herr thowal how toiggal hoig
thowit toiggit
walk slowly notice, pay attention to tar tow understand
trog warp
troggal hrog warpal
troggit warpit
raise, build wrap
23
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
toig, v. understand, toiggagh, toiggal, toiggalagh, toiggaltagh, toiggaltys, toiggee, toiggeyder, toiggin, toiggim, toiggit, toiggym, toiggyms, toiggys, hoig, hoiggagh, hoiggal, hoiggaltagh, hoiggaltys, hoiggin, hoiggins, hoiggit, hoiggym, hoiggyms, hoiggys, doig, doiggagh, doiggal, doiggaltys, doiggin, doiggins, doiggym, doiggyms.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base yiarn
Verbal noun Past yiarnal yiarney
Ptcp yiarnit
Notes iron
6.3.4. Verbs with verbal nouns in -aght or -aghtyn. (See below for -eraght/-yraght.) There are 26 verbs (under 3% of the total) in Cregeen with verbal nouns in -aght, nearly all of them with an alternative form, which, in most cases, is -aghtyn. I include here also four other verbs in -aghtyn: çherraghtyn, follaghtyn (alternative follaghey), fuillaghtyn (alternative fuillagh), and giennaghtyn (alternative gientyn). Six have a base or Past variant in -ee (without having a VN variant in -agh/-aghey). Verbs with verbal nouns in -aght Base berr
bochil
brie çherr) cooin cooinee eeass eeassee enn ennee fark farkee farr farree ? fass fassee fen fenee foll follee fuill fuillee fuirr fuirree gient immee ingyr yngyr myngyr (rugg) skir skyrr
Verbal Noun berraght berraghtyn bertyn bochillaght bochillagh bochillaghey briaght çherraghtyn cooinaght cooinaghtyn eeassaght eeassaghey ennaght ennaghtyn farkiaght farkiaghey farraght farraghtyn fassaght fassaghey fenaght fenaghtyn follaghtyn follaghey fuillaghtyn fuillagh fuirraght fuirraghtyn giennaghtyn gientyn immeeaght ingyraght ingyragh myngyraght ruggaghtyn ruggey skirraghtyn skirrey
Past verr
Ptcp berrit
overtake
vochil
bochillit
herd
vrie
briet
chooin chooinee deeassee d-enn d-ennee d-ark d-arkee d-arr
cooinit
enquire perish remember
eeassit
lend, borrow
ennit
feel
farkit
wait last
fassit d-enee
fenit
d-oll d-ollee d-uillee
follit
d-uirr d-uirree ghient yient d-immee j-immee d-hingyr d-yngyr vyngyr rugg ruggyr
Notes
NB unusual insertion of -i- in the VN before both -aght and -aghey. Cregeen’s cha n’arree (besides cha n’arr) ‘will not last’ implies a base farree.
feed with grass enquire (after) hide allow stay
gientit
conceive
immit immeeit yngyrit
depart fester
ruggit
pilfer was born
skirrit
slip
NB irregular syncopated participle variant immit. See note on streighyr. See note on streighyr. NB Past tense variant ruggyr, with an obsolete passive voice suffix -yr.
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Verbs with verbal nouns in -aght Base snagger streighyr streiyr tann
troagyr
Verbal Noun snaggeraght snaggeragh streigheraght streiyraght streighernee tannaght tannaghtyn thoreeaght
Past
Ptcp gnash
hann hannee
streigherit streiyrit
sneeze
tannit
last, continue commit highway robbery trudge
troagyraght
Notes See note on streighyr. The VN forms resemble those with suffixes -[ǝ]raght or -[ǝ]rnee, though here -[ǝ]r belongs to the stem.
See note on streighyr.
6.3.5. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ail or -eil. It is said that -ail belongs after broad consonants and -eil after slender ones, and this is generally the case, though there are apparently exceptions, e.g. dooyteil. 6.3.5.1. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ail. There are 17 in this class, of which two have alternatives with a different suffix. Three have a base or past variant in -ee without having a VN variant in -agh/-aghey. Verbal nouns in -ail Base baar coard cumr cumree faag24
fordr fordree ford kiare oard oardr oardee oardree paard paart plaastr plaastree
Verbal noun baarail coardail cumrail
Ptcp baarit coardit cumrit
Notes
dhotail faagail d-aag
faagit
spend agree hinder, deter dote leave
fordrail
fordrit
afford
kiarit
provide, intend order, ordain
kiarail chiare oardrail d-oardee oardaghey
oarderit
Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
paardail phaard paardit depart paartail phaart plaastrail phlaastyr plaastrit plaster rouail
24
Past vaar choard chumr chumree
roam
faag, v. leave, faagagh, faagail, faagee, faageyder, faageyderyn, faagin, faagins, faagit, faagym, faagyms, faagys, aag, aagagh, aagail, aagee, aageyder, aageyderyn, aagin, aagins, aagit, aagym, aagyms, aagys, daag, naag, naagagh, naagail, naagee, naagin, naagins, naagym, naagyms, vaag, vaagagh, vaagail, vaagin, vaagins, vaagym, vaagyms.
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Verbal nouns in -ail Base saue25
scape spaar stoyr
Verbal noun Past sauail haue
scapail scaap sloatail spaarail storail stoyrey stoyral wandrail
Ptcp sauit
save
Notes Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.
scapit
escape
spaarit stoyrit
abate (rain) spare, save store
wander
6.3.5.2. Verbs with verbal nouns in -eil. Eighteen verbs, of which two with alternative suffixes (-ey). No base or Past variants in -ee. Verbs with verbal nouns in -eil Base broatçh dooyt faill faillee fend leeid meeit pleat plead point poinsh preaçh tempr tend tooill treig treisht ventr
Verbal noun boasteil broatçheil dooyteil entreil failleil fendeil gurneil leeideil meeiteil B pleateil pleatey pointeil poinsheil preaçheil tempreil tendeil tooilleil treigeil treigey treishteil ventreil
Past
Ptcp
vroaçh ghooyt
broaçhit dooytit
d-aill
faillit fendit
Notes boast tap doubt enter fail
leeid B veeit B phlead
leeidit pleatit
defend govern lead meet plead, prattle
phoint phoinsh phreaçh hempr hend hooill hreig
pointit
appoint
preaçhit temprit tendit tooillit treigit
preach temper attend toil, tire abandon
hreisht ventr
treishtit
trust venture
6.3.6. Verbal noun suffixes -[ǝ]ragh or -[ǝ]raght and -[ǝ]rnee often with affective or frequentative sense, many on verbs denoting noises. Most of these have verbal nouns or gerunds only, that is, no base, past tense, or participle.
25
saue v. save, sauagh, sauail, sauailtagh, sauee, saueyder, saueyderyn, sauin, sauins, sauit, sauym, sauyms, sauys, haue, hauagh, hauail, hauailtagh, hauee, haueyder, haueyderyn, hauin, hauins, hauit, hauym, hauyms, hauys.
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6.3.6.1. I include -[ǝ]ragh and -[ǝ]raght in the same table: 32 verbs. Verbs with verbal nouns in -[ǝ]ragh or -[ǝ]raght Base blob breim
clooid corlheim
flout
jonse kred
lheim
sannish
spotçh
tauint
Verbal Noun beealeraght blobberaght breimaragh bryneraght clinkeragh clooideraght corlheimeraght corlheim flipperaght floutyraght fooilleyraght frapperaght frappal gigleragh glugeraght glugernee glutteraght grigyraght grinderagh jeeassyragh jeeassyraght jonseragh kredyragh kredal leighderaght lheimyragh lheimyraght lheim B neealeraght nhedderagh pisheyragh pynteraght sansheraght shnoagyraght snaperaght spinçhyraght spotçheraght spotçhal tasteraght tauintyraght
Past
Ptcp
vreim
clooidit
Notes babble babble fart flatter tinkle patch hop
Cf. lheim
drop into water taunt fribble crackle giggle gurgle (be a) glutton tick taunt glean yonse
jonsit
jolt grunt
go to law lheim B lheimmit leap
spotçhit
change aspect fidget whisper drink pints whisper sneak nap scullion joke thresh saunter
See jeeas ‘ear of corn’.
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6.3.6.2.Verbs with verbal nouns in -[ǝ]rnee Base
Verbal Noun bibbernee flustyrnee glugernee glugeraght goanstyrnee gounstyrnee
Past
Ptcp
Notes shiver faddle gurgle bark
gullyrnee ghull howl gullal scoylgernee scoylgit shriek scoylg scoylgey gull
shutternee taauernee taaueynee
neigh retch
NB the base form gull properly belongs with the VN gullal. NB the base form scoylg properly belongs with the VN scoylgey. Cf. taaue, s. ‘retch’
6.3.6.3. The three verbs in Cregeen with verbal nouns in -nee resemble those in §6.3.6.2, though here the element -[ǝ]r- is clearly part of the stem. Verbs with verbal nouns in -nee Base jeestyr
streighyr streiyr
Verbal Noun jeestyrnee londyrnee londernee streighernee streigheraght streiyraght
Past yeestyr
Ptcp
Notes creak dazzle
streigherit streiyrit
sneeze
CF. londeyr ‘lantern’ The VN forms resemble those with suffixes -[ǝ]raght or -[ǝ]rnee, though here -[ǝ]r belongs to the stem.
6.3.7. Verbal noun suffix -t. This is the only verbal noun suffix which is non-syllabic. It occurs only after stems that end in /r/. There are 10 in this class (including the irregular/suppletive verb coyrt). Two of them have -ee forms. Verbal nouns with suffix -t Base
Past
Ptcp
astyr
Verbal Noun gastyrt gast(y)r gastral
d-astyr
gastyrit (sic)
baggyr
baggyrt
vaggyr vaggyree
(coloayr) cur
coloayrt coyrt cur eebyrt
eebr eebree eiyr
eiyrt
currit
freggyrit loamrit lomrit loayrit taghyrit
freggyrt lommyrt
d-reggyr
loayr taghyr
loayrt taghyrt
loayr B haghyr haghr
extirpate
Apparently the initial g- proper to the gerund has been extended by analogy to the verbal noun and the participle. NB stem variation between astr- and astyr-.
threaten
hug - dug chur d-eebr d-eebree d-eiyr
freggyr loamr
Notes
eebrit eiyrit
converse give, put, send banish follow, drive answer shear speak happen
Cf. loayr. Suppletive irregular verb. See above, §5. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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6.3.8. Verbal noun suffix -tyn. Eight examples, or nine if toilçhin is included. Verbal nouns with suffix -tyn Base benn blass blayst
Verbal Noun Past bentyn venn blastyn blasstey
clashtyn cheayll chluin
lhian B lhiant [?] rosh
lhiantyn lhiann B
shell shellagh
sheiltyn heill sheltyn shein tayrtyn hayr haare
keiltyn cheill
roshtyn raink
toilliu hoill toilçhin
Notes touch
vlayst
clasht cluin clin keill26
tayr taare taar toill
Ptcp taste
If the base is blass the suffix is -tyn, but if the base is blayst, as appears in most of the derivatives of this root, the suffix is -yn
cluinit hear
keillit
conceal
Suffix -tyn, if clashtyn is for *clashttyn. Or otherwise VN suffix -yn. NB irregular/suppletive verb. Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. They include deverbal nouns.
adhere roshit
reach, arrive suppose
tayrit taarit
catch
toillit
deserve
NB suppletive Past stem raink. NB variation between broad /l/ and slender /lj/.
It may be that -çhin is a ‘slender’ variant of -tyn. Otherwise -çhin is unique in Cregeen as a VN suffix, as also is -iu.
6.3.9. Minor and unique verbal noun patterns. 6.3.9.1 Two verbs only have a verbal noun in -aghyn. Base gwee niee
Verbal Noun Past gweeaghyn ghwee wee nieeaghyn niee B niaghyn
Ptcp gweeit
curse
Notes
nieet
wash
6.3.9.2 One verb only has a verbal noun in -anse. Base sur
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Verbal Noun Past surranse hur surral
Ptcp surrt surrit
suffer
Notes NB abstract noun surranse ‘suffering’
keil, v. conceal, keillagh, keillee, keilleyder, keilleyderyn, keillin, kelllins, keillit, keillym, keillyms, keillys, keiltyn, cheil, cheillagh, cheillee, cheilleyder, cheilleyderyn, cheillin, cheillins, cheillit, cheillym, cheillyms, cheillys, cheiltyn, geil, geillagh, geillee, geilleyder, geilleydelyn, geillin, geillins, geillym, geillyms.
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6.3.9.3 Verbs with verbal nouns in -in. The VN suffix -in is also found in the irregular verb fakin ‘seeing’. Base giall
Verbal Noun Past Ptcp gialdin ghiall giallit promise gialdyn yiall gialtaghey strep strebin strepit struggle, streb strepey wallow
Notes NB irregular stem variation giall- ~ giald- ~ gialt-. Maybe the stem is gial(l)- and the VN suffix -din/-dyn is a variant of -tin/-tyn.
6.3.9.4. Verb with verbal noun in -iu or -çhin Base Verbal Noun Past Ptcp Notes toill toilliu hoill toillit deserve Both VN alternative suffixes are unique, toilçhin though -çhin might be seen as a ‘slender’ version of -tyn.
6.3.9.5. Verbal noun with suffix -oil Base (brooight)
Verbal Noun Past brooightoil vrooight
Ptcp
Notes belch
6.3.9.6. Verbal noun with suffix -on Base Verbal Noun Past Ptcp Notes connysson scorn, sneer connaasagh connaasey
6.3.9.7. Verbal noun with suffix -ooil Base smooir
Verbal Noun Past smooirooil smooirey
Ptcp
Notes smile, titter
6.3.9.8. Verbal nouns with suffix -oo Base Verbal Noun jean jannoo jin marr marroo shass shassoo
Past ren
Ptcp Notes jeant do, make Suppletive irregular verb. See above, §5.
varr hass
kill stand
6.3.9.9. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ym Base çhaggle çhaggyl geirr tuitt
Verbal Noun çhaglym çhaggley geirrym gerrym tuittym
Past hagl haggil gheir gherr huitt
Ptcp çhaglit
gather crow fall
Notes Cf. §3, Epenthesis.
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6.3.9.10. Verbs with verbal nouns in -yn Base blayst blass giall
jeeagh gient
Verbal Past Noun blastyn vlayst blasstey
Ptcp
Notes taste
gialdyn ghiall giallit promise gialtaghey yiall gialdin jeeaghyn yeeagh jeeaghit look, seem gientyn ghient gientit conceive giennaghtyn yient
If the base is blass the suffix is -tyn, but if the base is blayst, as appears in most of the derivatives of this root, the suffix is -yn. NB three stem variants: gial(l)-, giald- and gialt-, with the VNs built on the latter two.
NB two variants of stem: gient- and gien(n)-. One might suggest that the VN forms are based on the latter, with variant suffixes -tyn and -aghtyn.
6.3.9.11. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ys Base
Verbal Past Ptcp Noun boandyr boandyrys boandyrit ganglanys gannidys togher thogherys hogher togherit
Notes nurse bicker deride wind