Verbs - Learn Manx

Manx Gaelic inflection, 5. Verbs

Max Wheeler, January 2016

1

Manx Gaelic inflection, 5. Verbs 1. Introduction This article continues the series expounding and commenting on the grammatical information to be found in Archibald Cregeen’s Dictionary of the Manks Language (1835). Here, while the forms are taken from the Dictionary (supplemented in some cases by examples from the Manx Bible), the grammatical framework and terminology is for the most part my own. The Dictionary includes some 890 verbs, and, for nearly all, Cregeen gives a considerable amount of information on inflection. One general matter worthy of comment is the substantial degree of variation revealed in the Dictionary, involving both inflection and orthography. Mostly variant forms are listed by Cregeen without comment, but sometimes he explains that, of certain alternative forms, one is more literary (favoured by the Bible translators) and the other is more colloquial. Or he may recommend one spelling rather than another, typically on the grounds of maintaining a written distinction between homophones. The amount of variation revealed reminds us that Manx was, and is, standardised only to a certain degree. Inflectional variation particularly concerns the form of the verbal noun, which might be considered a derivational rather than an inflectional category, though it is fully integrated into the pattern of periphrastic expression of certain tenses and aspects (see §3 below). Another very common variation concerns the presence vs. absence of the extension -ee after the base form of a verb, for example eign or eignee ‘force’, past tense deign or deignee. Such variation in the base form is particularly common in verbs whose verbal noun suffix contains -agh- (that is -agh, -aghey, -aght, or -aghtyn, as in eignagh or eignaghey ‘forcing’), but it is not found in all of those, or exclusively in them. Another general matter to be remarked on is defectivity, that is, paradigm gaps in certain verbs. In principle, each verb has four ‘principal parts’ on which the full range of inflectional paradigms are built: a base, a verbal noun (often with a suffix, but in quite a few cases identical with the base), a past tense, and a participle. However, for more than 500 verbs (some 57%), Cregeen does not mention all of the four principal parts: for example, bouyragh or bouyraghey ‘to deafen’ has a participle bouyrit ‘deafened’ but no base or past tense; eill ‘arm’ has a past tense deill or deillee, a participle eillit, but no verbal noun; spaar (base) ‘spare, save’ has a verbal noun spaarail, and a participle spaarit, but no past tense; cled (base) ‘overturn’ has a verbal noun cleddal, and a past tense chled, but no participle. It is not easy to know what to make of these gaps. Some may be oversights,1 or Cregeen may have thought that the forms of some verbs were so obvious as not to need explicit mention. But it is also likely that in many verbs some potential forms were not used, or that Cregeen was not aware of their being used. Verbs for which no base is given, or no past tense form, may have made use solely of the periphrastic constructions where these tenses comprise forms of the auxiliary verb jannoo ‘do’ plus the gerund. (For example, the verb reill ‘rule’ is very frequent in the Bible, but its Past tense is always periphrastic: ren ... reill.) Intransitive (unergative) verbs may lack a (passive) participle because their argument structure provides no context in which such a form could be used, as for example with caddil ‘sleep’ kirtagh ‘to hasten’ or etlagh ‘to fly’.2 A handful of verbs are indubitably defective in lacking one or more tenses: the apparently future forms of For example, the Bible exemplifies forms such as laad ‘load.PAST’, lhieen ‘fill.PAST’, lhig ‘let.PAST’, lhott ‘wound.PAST’ (and many others with initial l-), niartee ‘strengthen.PAST’ that Cregeen does not mention. Probably he thought the Past forms could be inferred in such cases, since the initial consonant is not affected by mutation. 2 But e.g. unaccusative intransitive shangagh ‘be/become lank’ has a participle shangit. 1



2

fod ‘be able’ are used with present sense (foddym ‘I can’, cha noddym ‘I cannot’, foddee ad ‘they can’, cha nod ad ‘they cannot’, etc.); there is no future paradigm. Jargym ‘can’ is similar but is used only in negative sentences: cha jargmayd ‘we cannot’, cha yarg ad ‘they could not’. Lhisin - lhisagh ‘should, ought’ has only conditional forms.

2. Categories relevant to Manx verb inflection The finite verb categories are those in which mood, tense, aspect, and person/number of the subject are expressed. All of the finite categories may be expressed periphrastically, using a finite auxiliary verb jannoo ‘do’ or ve ‘be’ together with a non-finite form of the lexical verb in question —the verbal noun or the gerund depending on the construction. Synthetic inflection is available for the imperative, the future tense (indicative and relative), the past tense, and the conditional mood. In the synthetic future and conditional the verb root is followed by a suffix; the synthetic past tense consists of the verb root (with Lenition 1 if it begins with a consonant, and with prefixed d- if the root begins with a vowel). An important distinction in Manx is that between independent and dependent verb forms. Independent forms occur in positive main clauses, in wh-question clauses, in positive factual conditional clauses, and in positive relative clauses. Where the independent and dependent forms differ, the distinction may be marked by a difference in initial mutation (see below); the independent future indicative has a suffix -ee in the non-1st person forms that is absent in the dependent future indicative. Dependent forms occur in negative clauses (main and subordinate) and in alternative questions. The mood categories are indicative, imperative, conditional and relative future. The indicative forms are mentioned below in the context of the tense and aspect categories. The imperative has a singular and a plural: the singular imperative consists of the verb base. The (second person) plural imperative adds a suffix -jee in Biblical Manx; in later Manx the plural imperative consists of the singular imperative plus shiu ‘you.PLURAL’. The conditional mood is inflected with the suffix -in ‘1SG.CONDITIONAL’; for the other persons, -agh followed by the subject (personal pronoun, or noun phrase). The relative future which occurs in subordinate clauses resembles a subjunctive mood in certain respects; in proverbs especially, the relative future form may appear in a main clause with a future indicative or timeless value e.g. Brishys accyrys trooid boallaghyn cloaie ‘Hunger will break through stone walls’. In the first person singular the relative future is identical with the indicative future, with -ym added to the base; in the other persons a suffix -ys is added to the base, which is followed by -mayd for the 1st person plural, and in the 2nd and 3rd persons by the subject (personal pronoun or noun phrase). The tense categories are present, past, and future: except for the verbs ‘be’ and ‘can’, the present tense is expressed only periphrastically, with the auxiliary verb ve ‘be’ plus the gerund. The future and the past may be expressed either synthetically or periphrastically using the auxiliary verb jannoo ‘do’ plus the gerund. They are aspectually neutral. The future independent has a suffix -ee in the non-first person, unless the verb base already ends in -ee. The marked aspect categories are progressive and perfect. The progressive future and past are expressed with the auxiliary ve ‘be’ and the gerund. The perfect aspect combines with present, future and past tense (thus present perfect, future perfect, and past perfect or pluperfect): it consists of the present, future or past of the auxiliary verb ve ‘be’ followed by er ‘on’ and the



3

verbal noun with a mixed mutation pattern displaying aspects of Lenition 1 and of Nasalization 2; see ‘Manx Gaelic inflection, 6. Initial mutation after er ‘Perfect tense’ in the Manx Bible’.3 The perfect and progressive aspects may also combine with one another (auxiliary ve ‘be’ + er ve + gerund, cf. English have been X-ing). The person/number categories (of the subject of the verb) are expressed by suffix inflection only in the plural imperative (see above) and in the first person —singular -ym and plural -mayd in the future (indicative and relative), singular -in alone in the conditional. (In the Manx Bible -mayd is written as a separate word; consequently Cregeen does not explicitly mention these 1PL forms when illustrating verb inflection.) Elsewhere the subject is expressed by a pronoun or a (3rd person) noun phrase following the finite verb. Just as the personal pronouns have emphatic forms (mee - mish ‘I, me’, oo - uss ‘you.SG’, eh - eshyn ‘he, him, it’, ee - ish ‘she, her, it’, shin - shinyn ‘we, us’, shiu - shiuish ‘you.PL’, ad - adsyn ‘they, them’), so do the person/number inflections just mentioned: -ym - -yms, -mayd - -mainyn, -in - -ins. In a few cases the second person singular pronoun oo - uss may combine orthographically with a preceding vowel-final verb form. Thus tou or t’ou is normally written for ta oo ‘you.SG are’, and vou or v’ou for va oo ‘you.SG were’. Other examples are voo = va oo, vouys = va uss, boo = bee oo ‘you.SG will be’, r’ou or row = row oo and rows = row uss ‘you.SG were.DEPENDENT’; yiow and yiows for yiow oo and yiow uss ‘you.SG will get’ and vow = vow oo, now = now oo, vows = vow uss, nowys = now uss ‘will get.DEPENDENT’; he’oo for hed oo ‘you.SG will go’ and je’oo or jeu for jed oo ‘will go.DEPENDENT’, ne’oo for nee oo, ne’oos for nee uss ‘you.SG will do’ In addition to t’ou and v’ou for ta oo and va oo mentioned above, ta ‘is’ and va ‘was’ are abbreviated to t’ and v’ before other subject pronouns beginning with a vowel: ta eh → t’eh or te, ta eshyn → t’eshyn, ta ee → t’ee, ta ad → t’ad, ta adsyn → t’adsyn, va eh → v’eh, va ee → v’ee, va ad → v’ad; and before vowel-initial conjugated prepositions, e.g. ta aym → t’aym ‘that is mine/that I have’, va oc → v’oc ‘that they had’, va ayn → v’ayn ‘that was in’, t’orrym ‘that is on me’, etc. The distinction between regular and irregular verbs in Manx is not merely a descriptive one. In the grammatical tradition there are counted ten or so irregular verbs. (Views differ on whether the copular verb she is reckoned separately from ve ‘be’, and the irregularity of goaill ‘take’ is predominantly orthographic.) The irregular verbs are characterized by having two or more suppletive stems, for example, cur ‘put’ has future stem verr- (independent) - derr(dependent), and past indicative hug (ind.) and dug (dep.); the conditional always uses the same stem(s) as the future. In addition, though, the irregular verbs have one or both of the following anomalies: (1) not having a relative future form with suffix -ys, and (2) having a distinction between independent and dependent stem in the past tense. The non-finite verb categories in Manx are the verbal noun, the gerund, and the (passive) participle. Manx verbs vary most in the way in which the verbal noun is formed; in many verbs the verbal noun has the same form as the base (= imperative), for example, cur ‘putting’, cur ‘put’; in three there is a change from slender final consonant to broad (caill - coayl ‘losing’, shooill - shooyl ‘walking’, freill - freayll ‘keeping’4). In the majority of verbs, though, the verbal noun has a suffix. Some suffixes (such as -ey, -aghey, -al) occur with very many verbs, 3

https://www.academia.edu/13652575/Manx_Gaelic_inflection_6._Initial_mutation_after_er_Perfect_tense_in_ the_Manx_Bible 4 Such a consonant alternation is also occasionally found when the verbal noun has suffix -ey: losht - lostey ‘burning’, shiauill - shiaulley ‘sailing’, naisht - nastey ‘betroth’.



4

others with just a handful. Many verbs have alternative verbal noun suffixes, e.g. jeellal or jeelley ‘devastating’ - base: jeell. Some of the rarer suffixes appear to combine with one another: such as -tyn (keiltyn ‘concealing’) looks like -t + -yn; -aghtyn (follaghtyn ‘hide’) looks like -agh + -tyn or -aght + -yn, and so on. One or two verb noun suffixes are unique, in Cregeen: such as -anse in surranse ‘suffering’ (also surral), -on in connysson ‘scorning, sneering’ (also connaasagh ~ connaasey), -oil in brooightoil ‘belching’. A couple of suffixes are found predominantly in a specific semantic context, such as -[ə]rnee for vocal noises (gullyrnee ‘howling’ also gullal; scoylgernee ‘shrieking’ also scoylgey; glugernee ‘gurgling’ also glugeraght; gounstyrnee ‘barking’, shutternee ‘neighing’, taauernee ‘retching’); -[ə]ragh(t) for repeated noises (beealeraght ‘babbling’, blobberaght ‘babbling’, clinkeragh ‘tinkling’, floutyraght ‘taunting’, frapperaght ‘crackling’, gigleragh ‘giggling’, grigyraght ‘ticking’, pisheyragh ‘whispering’, sansheraght ‘whispering’) or repeated movements (jonseragh ‘jolting’, nhedderagh ‘fidgeting’, snaperaght ‘napping’, tasteraght ‘threshing’, tauintyraght ‘sauntering’). The verbal noun has nominal functions. In addition it is used in the perfect tense construction with ve er + verbal noun (t’eh er n’arraghey ‘it has moved’), in the passive construction with ve er + possessive + verbal noun (roish my vees yn coyrd argid er ny eaysley ‘before the silver cord is loosed’), in the construction where a non-finite transitive verb phrase places the direct object before y + a verbal noun (nee yn irriney shiu y heyrey ‘the truth shall make you free’), and after prepositions ry and dy ‘to’. The gerund has the same form as the verbal noun when the stem begins with a consonant; when the verbal noun begins with a vowel, the gerund shows a prefixed g-. The gerund is the form used in all the periphrastic constructions with ve ‘be’ or jannoo ‘do’, for example, with base yns(ee) ‘teach, learn’, t’ad gynsaghey ‘they are learning’, jean ad gynsaghey? ‘will they learn?’, jean gynsaghey! ‘learn!’, veagh ad gynsaghey ‘they would be learning’, ren ad gynsaghey ‘they learnt’, etc. The (passive) participle involves the suffixation of -it or -t to the verb base. The basic form is -it (with a slender -t), which is often reduced to -t after a vowel, and sometimes after a dental/alveolar sonorant consonant, or sibilant, preceded by a vowel. Thus brisht ‘broken’, bwoaillit or bwoailt ‘struck’, castit or cast ‘twisted’, ceauit or ceaut ‘thrown’, çhionnit or çhionnt ‘tightened’, çhiowit or çhiowt ‘heated’, cleiyit or cleight ‘dug’, creenit or creent ‘withered’, daahit or daat ‘dyed’, dooinit or dooint ‘closed’, eeit or eet ‘eaten’; failt ‘hired, fant ‘flayed’, guirt ‘hatched’, jeant ‘made’, jiolit or jiolt ‘sucked’, lhieent ‘filled’, poost ‘married’, rast ‘ripped’; reillt ‘governed’, surrit or surrt ‘suffered’; and NB kianlt or kianglt [kjeː̃ ljt] ‘tied’, scelt or skeilt (rather than *skeiltit) ‘split’, blieaunit or bhlit (irregular stem reduction) ‘milked’. Initial mutation plays quite an important role in marking tense and mood categories (that is to say, in the case of those consonants that are subject to initial mutation). The pattern is set out in Table 1 below.



5

Table 1. Initial mutations in verbs Imperative Future

Independent Radical Radical

Conditional

Lenition 1

Past (regular) Past (irregular) Gerund VN after dy, y, my, dty, ny (masc.) VN after ny (fem.) VN after nyn VN after er (Perfect)

Lenition 1, d- before V Lenition 1, d- before V g- before V Lenition 1

Dependent

Relative

Nasalization 3, n’ before V (opt. for f-) Nasalization 3, n’ before V (opt. for f-) Lenition 1, d- before V Nasalization 3

Lenition 1

Radical Nasalization 1 Nasalization 2,5 n- before V

Nasalization 3 (voicing) p  b t  d çh  j k/c  g qu  gu f  v Others  Radical

3. Epenthesis Many Manx stems end in consonant clusters that cannot, as they stand, terminate a syllable or a word, because, for example, they consist of a less sonorous consonant followed by a more sonorous one, whereas Manx syllable structure requires consonant sequences in a syllable coda to be of sharply decreasing sonority. Consequently, when no vowel follows (which would allow the one or more of the consonants to form a syllable onset), the consonant cluster is broken up by an epenthetic vowel [ǝ], written -y- adjacent to broad consonants,6 -i- adjacent to slender ones. Not all such cases are indicated in the spelling in Cregeen. The suffix-less forms in verbs are the singular imperative, the non-1st person dependent future, and the past tense. Thus, from the stem ceaghl- ‘change’ we get imperative ceaghil, future dependent geaghil, past ceaghil. The epenthetic vowel sometimes shows up in the participle, where it would not be expected (follymit beside folmit ‘emptied’, gorrymit beside gormit ‘made blue’). Examples: agglaghey, aggle, n’aggle, daggle ‘fear’; cadley, caddil, gaddil, chaddil ‘sleep’; çhaglym, çhaggle ~ çhaggyl, (jagl) ~ jaggil, (hagl) ~ haggil ‘gather’; çhirmaghey, çhirrym ~ çhirm, (jyrm), (hyrm) ‘dry’; coonrey, coonre ~ (coonr), (goonr), (choonr) ‘exchange’; cosney, (cosn) ~ cosne ~ cossyn, gossyn, chosn ~ chosne ~ chossyn ‘gain’; doobley. dooble, ghooble ‘double’; etlaghey, (etl), (n’etl), dettyl ‘fly’; fasney, (fasn) ~ fasin, (n’asn), dasin ‘winnow’; feaysley, feaysl ~ feayshil, n’eaysl ~ n’eayshil, deayshil ‘set free’; fockley, fockle, (n’ockl), dockle ‘utter’; fosley, foshl ~ foshil, voshl ~ voshil, doshil ‘open’; imbyl, imbyl, (n’iml), dhimbyl ‘brew’ (cf. imlit 5

For details of Nasalization 2, see https://www.academia.edu/13652575/Manx_Gaelic_inflection_6._Initial_mutation_after_er_Perfect_tense_in_t he_Manx_Bible 6 Or -yl may be written -le, as in English.



6

‘brewed’ NB epenthesis of [b] too between [m] and [l]); inshlaghey, inshl ~ injill, n’injill, (dinjilee) ‘lower’; kickley, kickl ~ kickil, gickl ~ gickil, chickil ‘tickle’; loamr, loamyrt, loamrit ‘shear’; plaastrail, (plaastr), (blaastr), phlaastyr ‘plaster’; ribley, ribl ~ ribil, ribl ~ ribil ‘ripple’; shaghney, shaghyn ~ shaghin ~ shaghn, haghn ‘avoid’. NB simplification of the consonant cluster rather than epenthesis in fordrail, ford ~ fordr ‘afford’; oardrail, oard ~ oardee, n’oard ~ (n’oardr), (doardee) ‘order’. No epenthesis is indicated by Cregeen for the following, where it might be expected: aaitn ‘gorse’, branl ‘fallow’, brasn ‘provoke’, caartr ‘vilify’, çhymn ‘bequeath’, coamr ‘clothe’, crapl ‘crumple’, cumr ‘hinder’, eebr ‘banish’ enm ‘name’, faml ‘manure with seaweed’, folm ‘empty’, gorm ‘make blue’, kuckl ‘dry after rain’, labr ‘labour’, mholm ‘crumble’, obbr ‘work’, ooashl ‘worship’, oonl ‘wash’, osn ‘sigh’, shyml ‘pine’, teaystn ‘knead’, tempr ‘temper’, treickn ‘strike with a beetle’, ventr ‘venture’. 4. Paradigms of regular verbs The synthetic inflection of regular verbs is illustrated with three examples toiggal ‘understanding’, representing a consonant-initial root subject to mutation, faagail ‘leaving’, illustrating variable mutation of initial f-, and ymmyrkey ‘bearing’, illustrating a vowel-initial root.



7

Regular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms

Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect

toiggal ‘understanding’ toig toigjee toiggal dy hoiggal toiggal er doiggal

Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG

toiggit toiggym toiggyms toigmayd toigmainyn toiggee doiggym

emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG

doiggyms doigmayd doigmainyn doig hoiggym hoiggyms hoiggysmayd hoiggysmainyn hoiggys hoiggin hoiggins hoiggagh doiggin

emphatic

doiggins

Conditional dependent other

doiggagh

Past independent Past dependent

hoig hoig

faagail ‘leaving’ faag faagjee faagail dy aagail faagail er vaagail ~ er n’aagail faagit faagym faagyms faagmayd faagmainyn faagee vaagym ~ n’aagym vaagyms ~ n’aagyms vaagmayd ~ n’aagmayd

ymmyrkey ‘bearing’ ymmyrk ymmyrkjee ymmyrkey dy ymmyrkey gymmyrkey er n’ymmyrkey

vaagmainyn ~ n’aagmainyn vaag ~ n’aag aagym aagyms aagysmayd aagysmainyn aagys aagin aagins aagagh vaagin ~ n’aagin vaagins ~ n’aagins vaagagh ~ n’aagagh daag daag

n’ymmyrkmainyn

ymmyrkit ymmyrkym ymmyrkyms ymmyrkmayd ymmyrkmainyn ymmyrkee n’ymmyrkym n’ymmyrkyms n’ymmrkmayd

n’ymmyrk ymmyrkym ymmyrkyms ymmyrkysmayd ymmyrkysmainyn ymmyrkys ymmyrkin ymmyrkins ymmyrkagh n’ymmyrkin n’ymmyrkins n’ymmyrkagh dymmyrk dymmyrk



8

Analytic (periphrastic) paradigms, illustrated with ymmyrkey ‘bearing’ 1SG and 3PL (2SG and 2PL IMPERATIVE). Present independent Present dependent Present dependent (neg.) Future independent Future dependent Future relative Future progressive independent Future progressive dependent Future progressive relative Past independent Past dependent Past progressive independent Past progressive dependent Conditional independent Conditional dependent Conditional progressive independent Conditional progressive dependent Present perfect independent Present perfect dependent Future perfect independent/ dependent Future perfect relative Past perfect independent Past perfect dependent Conditional perfect independent Conditional perfect dependent Present perfect progressive independent Present perfect progressive dependent

ta mee gymmyrkey t’ad gymmyrkey vel mee gymmyrkey vel ad gymmyrkey cha vel/nel mee gymmyrkey cha vel/nel ad gymmyrkey neeym gymmyrkey nee ad gymmyrkey (cha) jeanym gymmyrkey (cha) jean ad gymmyrkey neeym gymmyrkey nee ad gymmyrkey beeym gymmyrkey bee ad gymmyrkey beeym gymmyrkey bee ad gymmyrkey veeym gymmyrkey vees ad gymmyrkey ren mee gymmyrkey ren ad gymmyrkey ren mee gymmyrkey ren ad gymmyrkey va mee gymmyrkey v’ad gymmyrkey row mee gymmyrkey row ad gymmyrkey yinnin gymmyrkey yinnagh ad gymmyrkey jinnin gymmyrkey jinnagh ad gymmyrkey veign gymmyrkey veagh ad gymmyrkey beign gymmyrkey beagh ad gymmyrkey ta mee er n’ymmyrkey t’ad er n’ymmyrkey vel/nel mee er n’ymmyrkey vel/nel ad er n’ymmyrkey beeym er n’ymmrkey bee ad er n’ymmyrkey veeym er n’ymmyrkey vees ad er n’ymmyrkey va mee er n’ymmyrkey v’ad er n’ymmyrkey row mee er n’ymmyrkey row ad er n’ymmyrkey veign er n’ymmyrkey veagh ad er n’ymmyrkey beign er n’ymmyrkey beagh ad er n’ymmyrkey ta mee er ve gymmyrkey t’ad er ve gymmyrkey vel/nel mee er ve gymmyrkey vel/nel ad er ve gymmyrkey

I bear, I am bearing they bear, they are bearing I bear, I am bearing they bear, they are bearing I do not bear, I am not bearing they do not bear, they are not bearing I shall bear they will bear I shall (not) bear they will (not) bear (that) I shall bear (that) they will bear I shall be bearing they will be bearing I shall be bearing they will be bearing (that) I shall be bearing (that) they will be bearing I bore they bore I bore they bore I was bearing they were bearing I was bearing they were bearing I would bear they would bear I would bear they would bear (that) I would bear (that) they would bear I would be bearing they would be bearing I have borne they have borne I have borne they have borne I shall have borne they will have borne (that) I shall have borne (that) they will have borne I had borne they had borne I had borne they had borne I would have borne they would have borne I would have borne they would have borne I have been bearing they have been bearing I have been bearing they have been bearing



9

Analytic (periphrastic) paradigms, illustrated with ymmyrkey ‘bearing’ 1SG and 3PL (2SG and 2PL IMPERATIVE). Future perfect progressive dependent/independent Future perfect progressive relative Past perfect progressive independent Past perfect progressive dependent Conditional perfect progressive independent Conditional perfect progressive dependent Imperative

beeym er ve gymmyrkey bee ad er ve gymmyrkey veeym er ve gymmyrkey vees ad er ve gymmyrkey va mee er ve gymmyrkey v’ad er ve gymmrkey row mee er ve gymmyrkey row ad er ve gymmrkey veign er ve gymmyrkey veagh ad er ve gymmyrkey beign er ve gymmyrkey beagh ad er ve gymmyrkey jean gymmyrkey jeanjee gymmyrkey

I shall have been bearing they will have been bearing (that) I shall have been bearing (that) they will have been bearing I had been bearing they had been bearing I had been bearing they had been bearing I would have been bearing they would have been bearing I would have been bearing they would have been bearing bear! bear.PL!



10

5. Paradigms of irregular verbs Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms

Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic

cur ‘giving, putting’ cur curjee cur ~ coyrt dy chur ~ dy choyrt cur ~ coyrt er chur currit verym veryms vermayd vermainyn ver

çheet ‘coming’ tar tarjee çheet dy heet

clashtyn ‘hearing’ clasht clashtjee clashtyn dy chlashtyn

fakin ‘seeing’ faik faikjee fakin dy akin

çheet er jeet

fakin er vakin ~ er nakin fakinit heem heems heemayd heemainyn hee

derym

jigym

clashtyn er chlashtyn cluinnit ~ clinnit cluinnym cluinnyms cluinmayd cluinmainyn cluinnee ~ clynnee gluinnym gluinnyms gluinmayd gluinmainyn

vaikmainyn ~ naikmainyn

gluin chluinnym chluinnyms chluinnysmayd chluinnysmainyn

vaik aikym ~ heem aikyms ~ heems aikmayd ~ heemayd aikmainyn ~ heemainyn aik ~ heeys heein ~ aikin heeins ~ aikins heeagh ~ aikagh

X higym higyms higmayd higmainyn hig

deryms dermayd

jigyms jigmayd

dermainyn

jigmainyn

Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic

der verym

jig higym

veryms vermayd vermainyn

higyms higmayd higmainyn

Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent

ver verrin

hig harrin

Past dependent Roots

dug ~ (chur) cur-, *fer-, *tug-

verrins verragh derrin

harrins harragh darrin

derrins derragh hug ~ (chur)

darrins darragh haink daink çheet-, *tarr-, *çhig-, *taink-

chluinnys chluinnin chluinnins chluinnagh gluinnin gluinnins gluinnagh cheayll ~ chluinn geayll ~ chluin clasht-, cluinn-, *keayll-

vaikym ~ naikym vaikyms ~ naikyms vaikmayd ~ naikmayd

vaikin ~ naikin vaikins ~ naikins vaikagh ~ naikagh honnick vaik ~ naik fa(i)k-, *çhee-, *tonnick-



11

Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms, continued

Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL

feddyn ~ geddyn ‘finding, getting’ fow fowjee feddyn ~ geddyn dy gheddyn feddyn ~ geddyn er n’gheddyn feddynit ~ geddynit yioym yioyms yiowmayd yiowmainyn yiow voym voyms vowmayd vowmainyn vow yioym yioyms yiowmayd

emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent Past dependent Roots

yiowmainyn yiow yioin yioins yioghe voin voins voghe hooar dooar fow, feddyn, geddyn, yiow *tooar

goll ‘going’

gra ‘saying’

gow gowjee goll dy gholl goll er n’gholl X

abbyr abbyrjee gra dy ghra gra er ghra grait ~ raait ~ jirrit

hem hems hemmayd hemmainyn hed jem ~ jedym jems ~ jedyms jemmayd jemmainyn jed hem hems hemmayd hemmainyn hed raghin ~ roin raghins ~ roins ragh raghin ~ roin raghins ~ roins ragh hie jagh gow, goll, *çhe(d), ragh, jagh

jirrym ~ abbyrym jirryms ~ abbyryms jirmayd ~ abbyrmayd jirmainyn ~ abbyrmainyn jir ~ abbyr n’yiarrym ~ n’abbyrym n’yiarryms ~ n’abbyryms n’yiarmayd ~ n’abbyrmayd n’yiarmainyn ~ n’abbyrmainyn n’yiarr ~ n’abbyr yiarrym ~ abbyrym yiarryms ~ abbyryms yiarmayd ~ abbyrmayd ~ ? yiarrysmayd yiarmainyn ~ abbyrmainyn ~ ? yiarrysmainyn y(i)arr ~ abbyr ~ yiarrys y(i)arrin y(i)arrins y(i)arragh ~ abbyragh niarrin ~ n’abbyrin niarrins ~ n’abbyrins niarragh ~ n’abbyragh dooyrt dooyrt gra, raaabbyr jirr-, *j(i)arr-, dooyrt



12

Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms, continued

Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent Past dependent Roots

jannoo ‘doing’ jean jeanjee jannoo dy yannoo jannoo er n’yannoo jeant neeym neeyms neemayd neemainyn nee jeanym jeanyms jeanmayd jeanmainyn jean neeym neeyms neemayd neemainyn nee yinnin yinnins yinnagh jinnin jinnins jinnagh ren ren jann-, jean, jin-, nee, ren

goaill7 ‘taking’ gow gowjee goaill dy ghoaill goaill er ghoaill ~ er n’ghoaill goit goym ~ gowym goyms ~ gowyms gowmayd gowmainyn gowee goym ~ gowym goyms ~ gowyms gowmayd gowmainyn gow ghoym ~ ghowym ghoyms ~ ghowyms ghowysmayd ghowysmainyn ghoys ~ ghowys ghoin ~ ghowin ghoins ~ ghowins ghoghe goin ~ gowin goins ~ gowins goghe ghow ghow gow

As mentioned above, goaill is irregular only orthographically (gow- ~ go-, goa-, goagh → goghe), though the suffix -ill of the verbal noun is unique. 7



13

Irregular verb inflection — synthetic paradigms Auxiliary ve ‘be’, and defective fod and jarg ‘can’ Imperative 2sg Imperative 2pl Verbal noun dy + VN Gerund Perfect Participle Present independent 1SG emphatic Present independent 1PL emphatic Present independent 2/3

Present dependent 1SG emphatic Present dependent 1PL emphatic Present dependent 2/3

Future independent 1SG emphatic Future independent 1PL emphatic Future independent 2/3 Future dependent 1SG emphatic Future dependent 1PL emphatic Future dependent 2/3 Future relative 1SG emphatic Future relative 1PL emphatic Future relative 2/3 Conditional independent 1SG emphatic Conditional independent other Conditional dependent 1SG emphatic Conditional dependent other Past independent Past dependent Roots

8

ve ‘being’ bee beejee ve dy ve

fod- ‘can’ X X X X X X X foddym

X er ve X ta mee ta mish ta shin ta shinyn t’ou ta shiu t’eh t’ad t’ee vel mee ~ nel mee vel mish ~ nel mish vel shin ~ nel shin

foddyms fodmayd fodmainyn foddee

vel shinyn ~ nel shinyn vel oo ~ nel oo vel eh ~ nel eh vel ee ~ nel ee beeym

vel shiu ~ nel shiu vel ad ~ nel ad

voddym ~ noddym voddyms ~ noddyms vodmayd ~ nodmayd vodmainyn ~ nodmainyn vod ~ nod

jargym jargyms jargmayd

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X jargym jargyms jargmayd jargmainyn jarg yargym yargyms yargysmayd yargysmainyn yargys X X X jargin jargins jargagh X yarg jarg

beeyms beemayd beemainyn bee beeym beeyms beemayd beemainyn bee veeym

oddym veeyms

veesmayd veesmainyn vees veign veigns veagh beign beigns beagh va row be, ta, *fel-,

bee, va, row

jarg ‘can’8 X X X X X X jargit X X X X X

oddyms oddysmayd oddysmainyn oddys oddin oddins oddagh voddin ~ noddin voddins ~ noddins voddagh ~ noddagh dod dod fod-

jargmainyn jarg

The future relative and the conditional forms or jarg are mentioned or implied by Cregeen, but they are not attested in the Manx Bible.



14

The defective verb lhisin ‘ought’ has only conditional forms: lhisin, lhisins and lhisagh.

6. Verbs classsified according to the form of their verbal noun 6.1. Verbs with no verbal noun in Cregeen. There are 69 verbs listed here, a bit less than 7 per cent of the verbs in the dictionary. Three only of these admit a base in -ee (kuckl ‘dry after rain’, labr ‘labour’ and merg ‘rust’), and one a Past in -ee (eill ‘arm’). Verbs without verbal noun Base Past Ptcp (aill)

please

(baard)

(vaard)

prevail

(boall)

voall

boand (breid) cairys ceaghl9 çhiu claight cloag cray

voand vreid

crou earroo eie

eill

cheaghil

boallit (B. voallit) boandit breidit ceaghlit çhiuit claightit

chloag crayt crayit crowit d-eie

d-eill d-eillee

eit eiet eieit eillit

farvish fedjeen

farvishit fedjeenit

foddyr fraue geill gred(d)

foddyrit fraueit gheill greddanit hault

hyss

Notes Aill is really a defective verb related to the construction saillish ‘pleases’, i.e. s’aill lesh. Cregeen gives the verbal inflections: baillmayd “‘we would wish’, or rather ‘be pleased or willing’”, and cha naill or naillee, v. not wish; -agh; -in; -ins; -ym; -yms. C. mentions only nagh vardee ‘will not prevail’, and nagh vaardagh ‘would not prevail’.

wall band veil justice change chew plait cloak clay shoe number call

arm forfeit feather (an arrow) fodder take root spring grill halt set a dog on

Cf. caghlaa ‘change’. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.

Manx Gaelic inflection, 5. Verbs Verbs without verbal noun Base Past Ptcp jeirk yeirk jeirkit keck keek kipp kuckl kucklee laagh labr labree lott merg mergee peesh

check kippit

laaghit

pheesh

(pibbyr) pluck prugh pundail raaue rimmeig rio rouan rub ruck sail shellym skeah

phibbyr phluck

skell skelt smoash sorçh speiy spoiy stron styr

skell B

labrit

mergit

allot rust

peeshit

rubbit ruckit sailit skeayt skeayit

thanvanee thoagan thoo hoo tooir hooir troyt try wagaan

Notes give alms, beg shit peep whip dry after rain cover with mud labour

pibbyrit pluckit prughit phundail pundailit raauit rimmeigit riojit rub B


smoashit sorçhit speiyt spoiyt

thooit troytit

piece together pepper pluck hoard impound warn stripe freeze riot wipe make a rick seal sound vomit vanish squat smash sort hack, hoe spey, geld snort hiss, set a dog on astonish gape thatch forebode trot try stroll idly

15



16

6.2. Verbs whose verbal nouns have no suffix. There are 127 in this class, a little over 14 per cent of the total. Of these, 13 have a verbal noun variant with a suffix. One of the 127 may have a Past in -ee (faast ‘wring’). The verb irr/irree is ambiguous in this respect, since, while its verbal noun is irree (hence a base irree and a Past dirree ~ jirree), a shortened base irr (Past dirr) is also attested in the Dictionary (not in the Bible), which is the stem of the participle irrit (marked by Cregeen as ‘obsolete’, also not in the Bible). (Future relative irrys appears in the proverb: Eshyn lhieys marish moddee, irrys eh marish jarganyn ‘He who lies with dogs will rise with fleas’.)10 Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base aase accan aggyrts amylt ansoor arrish astyr

Verbal Noun aase accan aggyrts amylt ansoor arrish gastyrt gast(y)r gastral

Past d-aase

Ptcp aasit

d-ansoor

ansoorit

d-astyr

gastyrit (sic)

Notes grow complain complain swim answer jeer extirpate

att behr berr

att d-att brey vrey vehr

attit behrt

swell calve, etc.

beihll bheill

blieh vheill

beihlt

grind

blieaun brah

bennalt blieaun vlieaun

broie broo buinn

brah briwnys broie broo buinn

caghlaa caill

caghlaa chaghlaa coayl chaill

casid ceau

10

vrah vroie vroo vuinn

casid ceau cheau

bhlit blieaunit brahit briwnyssit broiet brooit buinnt buinnit caghlaait caillt caillit

ceaut ceauit

One example of irree-ys in the Bible: Daniel vii. 24.

waft milk

Apparently the initial gproper to the gerund has been extended by analogy to the verbal noun and the participle. NB stem variation between astr- and astyr-. Cf. §3, Epenthesis. Of the two stem alternatives, Cregeen says behr is used in common talk. Unique stem variation between base and VN, but see also behr ~ brey above. NB irregular shortened stem in ptcp. bhlit.

betray judge boil bruise reap change lose

accuse cast, wear

NB irregular variation of stem between base caill- and VN coayl. NB indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .



17

Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base çharbaa (çhea) çhiow çhyndaa cleaiee cleiee cleigh cleiy cloie

corlheim craa crie craiu creck croo cur daunse eab eam

ee eearree yeearree eeck11

enm enmee enmys faast fee fieau freill

11

Verbal Noun çharbaa çhea çhee çhiow çhyndaa cleaiee cleiee cleigh cleiy cloie clowan coe corlheim corlheimeraght craa crie craiu creck creiu croo B cur coyrt daunse dobberan (eab) eam eamagh eamaghey ee

Past harbaa hea

Ptcp çharbaït

hiow

çhiowt çhiowit çhyndaait cleieet cleaieeit cleight cleiyit cloiet clowanit

hyndaa chleaiee chleiy B chloie

Notes wean flee seek heat turn harrow dig play, boil tease grieve hop

chraa chrie chraau (sic) chreck chreiu chroo hug - dug chur ghaunse

craait criht craiuit creckit creujit crooit currit

d-eab d-eam

eabit

d’ee

eet eat eeit (y)eearreeit desire

eearree d-eearree eeck d-eeck j-eeck

daunsit

eeckit

shake corrode sell ruin, crush create give, put, Suppletive irregular verb. send See above, §5. dance lament attempt call

pay

name enmys d-enmys faast faastey fee B fieau B freayll freaylley freilley

d-aast d-aastee

d-reayll d-reill

enmyssit faastit

wring

feeit

weave rest, wait keep

freilt freaylt

Cf. lheim ‘leap’.

Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. Enm ~ enmee is an alternative base to enmys in the future and conditional.

NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .

eeck, v. pay, eeckagh, eeckee, eeckeyder, eeckeyderyn, eeckin, eeckins, eeckit, eeckym, eeckyms, eeckyn, eeckys, deeck or jeeck, geeck, heeck, heeckyn, neeck, neeckagh, neeckin, neeckins, neeckym, neeckyms.



18

Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base geid gleck guee B guirr imbyl imman imraa insh irr irree iu jarrood jeigh jelliu jiole

leih lhaih lheie lheim

lhie lhoau livrey loagan loo moon

oanluck

oltooan

pandoogh plaiynt reih

Verbal Noun gartlhan geid gleck guee guirr imbyl imman imraa indys insh irree

Past gheid ghleck ghuee ghuirr d-imbyl d-imman d-imraa

d-insh d-irr d-irree j-irree iu d-iu j-iu jarrood yarrood jarroodey jeigh yeigh jelliu yelliu jiole yiole

khennough leih lhaih lheie B lheihys lheim B lheimyragh lheimyraght lhie B

geidit gleckit gueeit guirt imlit immanit imraait inshit irrit

drink

jeight jelliuit jiolt jiolit

shut warp suck

leiht lhaiht lheiht

lheim B

lheimmit

lhie B

lhiet lhieit

d-oanluck

d-oltooan

Notes weed-corn steal wrestle entreat hatch brew drive mention wonder tell rise

iut iuit jarroodit

leih B lhaih B lheie B

lhoau B livrey B livrey B loagan loo B loo B mhinoogh moon vooin

oanluck oanluckey ollish oltooan oltooaney ourys pandoogh plaiynt B poagey reih B

Ptcp

livreït looit moont mooint

forget

cavil forgive read melt cure leap

lie down rot deliver stagger swear gape piss

oanluckit

bury

oltooanit

sweat reproach

phandoogh phlaiynt

pandooghit plaiyntit

reih B

reiht reihit

Root /iml/.

suspect pant complain bulge choose

NB slender - broad variation indicated by -in- ~ -n-.

See poagey, s. ‘bag’.



19

Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base reill rheynn roie screeu scrieu scriu seiy

shelg sheilg shell shellagh

shleeu shlieeu shlieu shliee shooill

skah scaa skaa slaa

Verbal Noun Past reill reilley rheynn B rheynn B reynn B roie roie screeu screeu scrieu scriu seiy heiy shegin sheygin shelg helg sheilg heilg shein heill sheiltyn sheltyn

shleeu B shlieeu B shlieu B shliee sliee shlee shooyll hooyl shuill B huill

skah B

slaa

snaue

slaadaah sliennoo lhiennoo snaue

sneeu soie soilshean soo

sneeu soie hoie soilshean soo B hoo

spreih streeu streiu stroie taah

sooree spreih B spreih B streeu B strinnoogh stroie B stroie B taah

Ptcp reillt

govern

rheynnit

divide

roït screeut scruit

run write

seiyt

push, stir lurk, lie in wait hunt

shelgit

Notes

suppose

shleeut shleeuit

sharpen

shlieet

lick (up)

shooylt shooillit

walk

skaht scaht skahit slaait slaiyt

shed, shake

sliennooit

sneeuit soit sooit

spreiht streeuit

taaht taahit

daub paint surname creep, swim spin sit shine soak, suck up woo sprinkle strive snore destroy weld

The form of the VN shein is irregular in a unique way. Cregeen gives shellagh as an alternative base form to shell. But is just the conditional intended?




20

Verbs with suffixless verbal nouns Base tarlheim tayrn teiy

Verbal Noun taggloo tarlheim tayrn B teiy B

theinniu

theinniu

towse

towse

traaue traie traih troailt

traaue traie

troo ymmilt ymmylt ymmyrt yndyr

Past harlheim hayrn heiy heigh henneu heinniu howse howsh hraaue hraie

troailt hroailt troo B hroo ymmilt d-ymmylt ymmiltey ymmyrçh ymmyrt d-ymmyrt yndyr

Ptcp

Notes

tarlheimit tayrnit teiyt teight theinniuit

converse alight draw pick, pick up thaw, melt

towshit

measure

traauit trait traihit troailtit

plough ebb, abate

trooit ymmltit

ymmyrtit yndyrit

Cf. lheim ‘leap’

Broad-slender alternation -s- ~ -sh-.

travel, labour envy roll (a horse) need row graze

6.3. Major suffix patterns. 6.3.1. Verbs with verb nouns in -ey. NB -ey has a regular variant -ghey that is used after a base ending in a vowel. There are 249 verbs of this class, about 28 per cent of the total. Sixty-two of them have one or more alternative VN forms. Twenty-two of them have a base or Past, or both, in -ee (not including those with an alternative VN in -agh/-aghey.) Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base argane baare baih

bargane basht beagh bagh bioee bioghee (blaa(gh)) blake blass blayst

Verbal noun Past aghiney arganey baarey vaare babbaney baighey vaih er vaih barganey bashtey beaghey baghey bioghey

vargane vasht veagh vioee

blaaghey blakey vlake blasstey vlayst blastyn bluckaney bodjaley

Ptcp

baarit

Notes petition argue make bare indulge

baiht

drown

barganit bashtit beaghit beeit bioit

bargain baptize dwell, live, feed enliven

blaaghit

blossom stare taste

bodjalit

form into a ball cloud

Perfect er vaih implies VN alternatives baih and baighey.



21

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base boir bolg brack

Verbal noun boirey boiraghey bolgey braagey brackey

Past voir woir volg

vranl vranlee

branlit

vrans

bransit

dash

vrasn vrasnee

brasnit

provoke

vrack

brod broigh broill

bwoaill

buighey buirrooghey buirroogh bwoalley woaill

brans brasn brasnee

breearr breig brish brock

caartr

cadd caddil cagg caign cart cas casherickee cast çhaggle çhaggyl çheer

caartrey caayney cabbaney caddey cadley caggey caigney cartey cartaghey casey casherickey castey çhaggley çhaglym çheerey

bolgit braagit brackit

Notes trouble roast, blister shoe sharpen (not by grinding) malt fallow

braghey branley branlagh branlaghey bransey bransal brasney brasnaghey breagey breckey breearrey B breeghey breigey brishey brockey broagey broddey broighey broilley

branl

Ptcp boirit

vreear

breckit breearrit

vreig vrish vrock

breigit brisht brockit

vrod vroigh vroill

brodit broighit broillit

strike, thresh

caartrit

vilify taber tabernacle defend sleep make war chew rake mire

caggit caignit

chas

cast casit

chast hagl haggil heer

castit çhaglit çheert çheerit

Cf. §3, Epenthesis.

lie variegate vow inspire coax break make into refuse pierce, prick dirty bruise, hammer yellow roar

bwoailt bwoaillit built

caddit chaddil chagg chaign chart


NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ . Cf. §3, Epenthesis.


twist, wind sanctify defeat gather dry by heat




22

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base çhionn

Verbal noun Past çhionney hionn

çhiu

çhiuchey hiu

çhymn çhymnee clagh clam(e)

çhymney hymn

clamp clann

cleayn cleaynee clesp cliaght clo coagyr coamr coamree combaase

conaant

cooat

claghey chlagh clamey chlame chlaym clampey chlamp clanney chlann clannagh clannaghey cleayney chleayn cleaynaghey clespey cliaghtey chliaght cloghey chlo (coagyrey) choagyr (coamrey) choamr choamree combaasey chombaase combaasal comyssey conaantey connaasey connaasagh connysson cooagey cauaigey cooatey cooatal cooidjaghey

Ptcp çhionnt çhionnit

chymnit B claghit clamit

Notes tighten thicken (intr?) bequeath

clampit clahnit

stone embrace, grasp patch thicken

cleaynit

entice

cliaghtit cloit coagyrit coamrit

clasp accustom chase cook clothe

combaasit

surround

conaantit

copulate covenant scorn, sneer



coo cooatit

coat gather together fulfil help

cooilleen coon cooin

cooilleeney chooilleen cooney choon chooin

cooilleenit

coonre

coonrey choonre choonree coontey choont cosney chosn(e) chossyn B craidey chraid crammaney crapley chrapl chraplee creaghey creaghey creearey chreear

coonrit

exchange

CF. lhieen ‘fill’ NB spelling indicates broad and slender alternatives in the stem. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.

coontit cosnit

count gain


craidit

mock bulb crumple

coont cosn cossyn craid crapl craplee

creear

craplit creaghit creaghit creeart creearit

furrow stack sift



23

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base creoi creoigh creogh crib(b) crogh cront

Verbal noun Past creoighey chreoi creoghey chreogh

Ptcp creoit

harden

cribbit croghit crontit

shrink hang knot

crost

cross, thwart

croymmit cryssit cuirt cuirrit cuirt cuirrit cummit curmit

stoop gird invite

chusht

custhit

whip

daah

daaghey ghaah

daat daahit daahjit

dye, singe

dall deam deayrt deyr deyree dhonk

dalley deamey deayrtey deyrey

cribbey chrib(b) croghey chrogh crontey chront crontal crossey

cross crosh croym cryss cuir(r)

croymmey chroym cryssey chryss cuirrey chuir(r)

cuir(r)

cuirrey chuir(r)

cum(m) curm currym

custh custhee

doll12

doo dooble dooisht

12

cummey curmey curmaghey currymaghey curmal custhey cushtey

chum(m) churm churmee

ghall gheam gheayrt gheyr

dhonkey ghonk dhonkal doghaney dolley gholl doalley

dooghey ghoo doobley ghooble doostey ghooisht dooshtey

Notes

sow form enjoin, charge

deamit deayrtit deyrit

dazzle project pour, spill condemn

dhonkit

thump

dollit

cause disease blot, deface

dooit dooblit dooishtit

blacken double awaken


NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ .

Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.


doll, v. blot, dollagh, dollee, dolley, dolleyder, dolleyderyn, dollin, dollins, dollit, dollym, dollyms, dollys, gholl, ghollagh, ghollee, gholley, gholleyder, gholleyderyn, ghollin, ghollins, ghollit, ghollym, ghollyms, ghollys.



24

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base doon

driaght

eek faark faarkee faast faill faillee fann fannee farrar fasn fasin fasnee feaysl feayshil

feysht fill fiogh fliugh fload foadd fockle focklee foshl foshil

freayn freill

fuinn gaaig

Verbal noun Past dooney ghooin dooiney

driaghtey

Ptcp dooint dooinit

eekit faarkit

bind with chain drip stack bathe

faastit

get a beard wring

failt

hire

fant

flay

farrarey fasney d-asin d-asnee

farrarit fasnit

wake, vigil winnow

feaysley d-eayshil

feayslit

loosen, release

feyshtey d-eysht d-eyshtee filley d-hill fioghey

feyshtit

question, examine fold fade

drigey eekey faarkey d-aark d-aarkee faasaagey faastey d-aast faast d-aastee failley d-aill fanney d-ann

fliughey floadey foaddey d-oad fockley d-ockle Ger. gockley fosley d-oshil

freayney freaylley d-reayll freilley d-reill freayll fuinney d-uinn gaaigey gaghey

driaghtit

close

fillit fioghit fiojit fliughit foaddit focklit

wet float kindle utter

foshlit

open

freilt freaylt fuinnt fuinnit gaaigit

overflow keep

bake crack, chafe sting

Notes NB variation between indication of slender /nj/ and broad /n/ .


NB variation between indication of slender /ʃilj/ and broad /sl/ .

The gerund gockley is derived as if from a base ockle. NB variation between indication of slender /ʃilj/ and broad /sl/ . NB variation between broad /l/ and slender /lj/.



25

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base gaght (sic)

gaid

Verbal noun Past gaghtey

Ptcp

gaidey

gaidit

act

gamley gard

gear13

geul giar gioot glack glass glenn glioon gloas

grees greesee greigh greie greim

grouig 13

gardey garveighey garveigagh

gardit

gearey ghear garaghtee

geuley giarey giarrey giootey giootal glackey glassey glenney

ghiare yiare ghioot yioot ghlass ghlen

gliooney ghlioon gloasey gloasaghey gobbey

greesey ghrees greesaghey ghreesee greighey greimmey ghreim grianey grouigey

rope (with heather) speak ironically guard roar

gearit

laugh

geulit giarit

shackle cut

giootit

bestow

glackit glast glent glennit glioont glioonit gloasit

grasp lock clean

greesit greit greimmit

grouigit

Notes Apparently derived from aght, with the g- of the gerund incorporated into the stem.

NB irregular stem variation garveigh- ~ garveig-. Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. In the list the VN is spelt gearaghtee, but in the text of the dictionary the VN is given as garaghtee, which is the form that occurs in the Manx Bible.

kneel polish come up (out of the ground) excite, provoke equip bite, grip sun, air in the sun frown

gear, v. laugh, gearagh, gearaghtee, gearee, gearey, geareyder, geareyderyn, gearin, gearins, gearit, gearym, gearyms, gearys, ghear, ghearagh, ghearaghtee, ghearee, ghearey, gheareyder, gheareyderyn, ghearin, ghearins, ghearit, ghearym, ghearyms, ghearys.



26

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base guin

jaagh jarrood jeeig jeeill jeell jeelt jeennys (jesheen) jing jioold joan14

junt

kaart kalk keayn kelk

Verbal noun Past guinney holtey holt holtal ingney jaaghey jarroodey jarrood jeeigey jeelley jeellal jeeltey jeeltal jeennysey jeennysal jesheeney jingey jiooldey

yaagh yarrood

jaaghit jarroodit

yeeig yeel

jeeigit jeellit

ditch devastate

yeelt

jeeltit

saddle

yeennys

jeennyssit

wedge

yesheen ying yioold

jesheenit jingit jiooldit joanit

adorn cram, press discard, turn off dust

juntit

drizzle joint

kaartit kalkit

journey anger card caulk

keaynit kelkit

weep chalk

keret kereit kiaddit kianlt kianglt kiaullit kicklit

comb

joaney yoan

joanlaghey juntey yunt juntal jurnaghey jymmoosey kaartey chaart kalkey

kere kiadd kiangle

kiaddey chiadd kiangley chiangle

kiaull kickl kickil

kiaulley kickley chickil

14

kishaney laadey laad B laatçhey lahney leaystey

yngnit

Notes pain hold cut with nails, hooves smoke forget

keayney cheayn kelkey kelkal kerey chere

laad laatçh lahn leayst

Ptcp guint

laadit laatçhit lahnit leaystit


form tie, bind sound tickle


hive load lace mash stagger

joan,v. dust, joanagh, joanee, joaney, joaneyder, joaneyderyn, joanin, joanins, joanit, joanym, joanyms, joanys, yoan, yoanagh, yoanee, yoaney, yoaneyder, yoaneyderyn, yoanin, yoanins, yoanit, yoanym, yoanyms, yoanys.



27

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base lhead lheadee lhiaght lhieen lhieg lhig lhoob lhott lhun loaght loaghtee B loam lhome lomm losht

Verbal noun Past lheadey lhiaghtey lhieeney B lhieggey B lhieggal B lhiggey lhoobey lhottey lhunney lhunnaghey loaghtey

lhieen B lhieg B lhig B lhott B

loaght B

lhoamey lommey lostey losht B

loss lout lune lutçh

lossey loutey luney lutçhey

mast mest meek

mastey vast

meih meiygh mhill ming miol

moll mong moogh15

mooirçhoor 15

meekey meekeyragh meihey meihaghey meiyghey meiyghaghey mhilley mingey miolley miollagh miollaghey molley

veek veigh veih

vhill ving viol viollee voll

Notes

lhiaghtit lhieent lhieggit

perish with cold lay, lodge fill fell

lhiggit lhoobit lhottit lhunnit

let, gallop bend wound launch

loaghtit

handle

loamit lommit

make bare

losht loshtit

burn

loutit lunit

mongey vong mooghey voogh

mooirçhoorey

Ptcp

mastit mestit meekit meihit meiyght meiyghit mhillit mingit miollit

mollit mongit mooghit


blaze loft, deck slander lubber, carry in a clumsy manner mix wink weigh, balance be tender spoil nip tempt

cheat, deceive smile extinguish


mooirçhoorit wreck

moogh, v. quench, mooghagh, mooghaghyn, mooghee, mooghey, moogheyder, moogheyderyn, mooghin, mooghins, mooghit, mooghym, mooghyms, mooghys, voogh, vooghagh, vooghaghyn, vooghee, vooghey, voogheyder, voogheyderyn, voogin, vooghins, vooghit, vooghym, vooghyms, vooghys.



28

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base moost moyll naisht

niart niartee oanluck

oltooan paag pardoon (pian) piyr pleat plead ploogh pohlld poll polt poose16

pryssoon puht puit puss pyshoon quaail raad raip 16

Verbal noun Past moostey voost moughaney moylley voyll naistey nastey naishtaghey

Ptcp moostit moyllit naisht naishtit

Notes rouse cough praise betroth

niartey niartee B niartaghey oanluckey d-oanluck oanluck oghrishey oirrysey

niartit

strengthen

oanluckit

bury

oghrishit oirrysit

oltooaney oltooan paagey pardooney pianey

d-oltooan

oltooanit

embosom fray, wear the edge reproach

phaag phardoon phian

kiss pardon pain

piyrey piyral pleatey pleateil (plooghey) pohlldey pohlldal polley

phiyr

paagit pardoonit piant pianit piyrit

phlead

pleatit

plead, prattle

phloogh phohlld

plooghit pohlldit

pholl

pollit poltit

smother uphold, warrant mat, stick together thump

poost

marry

pryssoonit puhtit

imprison push

poltey pholt poltal poosey phoose

pryssooney phryssoon puhtey phutt pussey pussal pyshooney quaaghey qualtey raadey raipey raip B

pyshoonit qualtit

raipit


pair


puff (cheeks) poison get gruff meet ride at anchor tear

poose, v. marry, poosagh, poosaghyn, poosee, poosey, pooseyder, pooseyderyn, poosin, poosins, poost, poosym, poosyms, poosys, phoose, phoosagh, phoosaghyn, phoosee, phoosey, phooseyder, phooseyderyn, phoosin, phoosins, phoost, phoosym, phoosyms, phoosys, boose, boosagh, boosaghyn, boosey, boosin, boosins, boost, boosym, boosyms.



29

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base raise rass reagh reaie recort reeall reill

resoon reuyr rouyr ribl ribil riggan roa rock roost rooisht

(rugg)

saill sare

scar scelt skeilt scolt schimmeig scolb scold scooir scoylg

scraig

Verbal noun Past raisey rassey reaghey recortey reealley reilley reill reirey resooney reurey ribley rigganey roaghey rockey roostey rooisht B

roostey ruggey rugg ruggaghtyn ruggyr

ruyghey sailley haill salley sarey har haree scaalheaney scammyltey scarrey scarr B scoltey scelt B, skeilt B schimmeigey scolbey scoldey scooirey scoylgey scoylgernee scrabey scraigey scra

Ptcp raisit rast reat reait recortit reealt reallit reillt

grope rip disentangle, decide register wriggle, cleanse corn govern

resoonit reuyrit

reach reason dig

riblit

ripple

roait rockit rooishtit

rut set in rows pucker strip bare

roostit ruggit

rob was born

saillt

get red salt

sarit

command

scammyltit scarrt scarrit scelt, skeilt B

Notes

NB variation between indication of slender /ʃʧ/ and broad /st/ . NB Past tense variant ruggyr, with an obsolete passive voice suffix -yr.

scatter scandalize separate, spread split

schimmeigit scolbit scoldit scooirit scoylgit

streak break open scald scour shriek

scrabit scraait

scrape scraw

NB alternative stems here: scraig and scra(a), the former with VN suffix -ey, the latter with Ø.



30

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base screeb scriss scrod scugh scuirr seaghin seaghyn seyr shaghn shaghin shaghyn

Verbal noun Past screebey scrissey scrodey scughey scugh B (scuirrey) scuirr B seaghney heaghn heaghnee seyrey heyr shaghney haghn haghnee

Ptcp screebit scrist scrodit scughit

seaghnit


seyrit shaghnit

free avoid


sheaynt

become emptybellied sermon pray (for)

shanglaney

sheayn sheeb sheel sheeyn sheid17

shiauill

shill

shir shuilg shyml shymlee skeab skeayl skihll skir skyrr 17

sharmaney sheayney heayn heaynee sheebey heeb sheeley heel sheelaghey sheeney heeyn sheidey heid

shiaulley hiauill shiaullagh hioill shiaullaghey shilley hill shiylley hiyll hyll shioltaney shirrey hir shuilgey shymley hyml hymlee skeabey skeayley skeayl B skihlley skirrey skirraghtyn

Notes scratch pare screw remove, move cease afflict

sheebit sheelit sheeynt sheeynit sheidit

blow, blast, drive filter, sneak away stretch blow

shiault shiaullit

sail

shillit

spill, drain

shirrt shirrit shuilgit shymlit

flock seek, enquire nibble pine

skeabit skeaylt skihlt skirrit

sweep spread shell slip

Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ . NB variation between indication of slender /lj/ and broad /l/ .


sheid, v. blow, sheidagh, sheidee, sheidey, sheideydcr, sheideyderyn, sheidin, sheidins, sheldit, sheidym, sheldyms, sheidyn, sheidys, heid, heidagh, heidee, heidey, heideyder, heideyderyn, heidin, heidins, heidit, heidym, heidyms, heidyn, heidys.



31

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base sleayd slug18

smaght smarr

smooir

sniem soaill soill soll sollee speeik speein

Verbal noun Past sleaydey sluggey

smaghtey smaghtaghey smarrey smoghaney smooirey smooirooil smuggey sniemmey soailley soilley solley sollagh sollaghey speeikey speeikeragh speeiney

hoail hoaill holl hollee

sponk spooil spooill spooyt spulg staayn

sponkey spooilley spooil B

staik stamp sthole

staikey stampey stamp B stholey

sthook stiure stoyr

strep streb strig struge strull

sthookey stiurey stoyrey stoyral storail strepey strebin striggey strugey strulley

suggain

sugganey huggain

18

spooytey spulgey staayney

Ptcp sleaydit sluggit

drag swallow

Notes

smaghtit

chastise

smarrt smarrit smoghanit

grease

smuggit sniemmit soaillit

snot, spit knit, knot wrap

sollit

defile, pollute


smoulder smile, titter

pry speeint speeinit sponkit spooilt spooillit spooytit spulgit staaynt staaynit staikit stampit stholit sthookit stiurit stoyrit

strepit strigit strugit strult strullit sugganit

peel parch plunder squirt peck stand firm against stake tread sprout, ramify stook steer store

struggle, wallow draw milk stroke rinse bind with straw rope

slug, v. swallow, sluggagh, sluggag, sluggee, sluggey, sluggeyder, sluggeyderyn, sluggin, sluggins, sluggit, sluggym, sluggyms, sluggyn, sluggys, lug, luggagh, luggag, luggee, luggey, luggeyder, luggeyderyn, luggin, luggins, luggit, luggym, luggyms, luggys.



32

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base symn taagh taal

Verbal noun Past symney taaghey haagh taaley haal

Ptcp symnit taaghit taalit

taarnaghey taill tasht teaum teaystn teaystnee thioll

thum tilg toght

traast tranlaas treickn treig trein troid trost trosht

tailley B tarmayney tashtey hasht teaumey heaum teaystney heaystn heaystnee thiolley hioll hoyll thooaney thummey hum tilgey hilg

teaumit teaystnit

tally manage store, treasure pour out knead

thiollit

bore

toghtey hoght torcaney

toghtit

toshiaghey traastey hraast tranlaasey hranlaas treickney hreickn hreicknee treigey hreig treigeil treiney hrein troiddey hroid trostey hrosht troshtey

taillit tarmaynit tashtit

thummit thilgit

traastit tranlaasit treicknit treigit treinnit troiddit

tun

trughaney trughanagh tunney hunn

tunnit

walk

uilliney unnaneysey walkey

unnaneysit walkit

whaal whayl yeeal

cite, publish banns frequent flow (milk from the udder) thunder

whaaley d-whaayl oaley yeealley d-eeal Ger. geealley

whaalt whaaylt yeealt

lath dip throw, throw up choke stifle with fumes forward squeeze tyrannise strike with a beetle abandon nail scold fast

murmur, grumble fill (casks with ale) elbow unite mill (woollen cloth) sew beat

Notes Cf. §3, Epenthesis.

Cf. taarnagh, s. ‘thunder’






33

Verbs with verbal nouns in -ey Base yiarn ymmilt ymmylt ymmyrk19

Verbal noun Past yiarney yiarnal ymmiltey d-ymmylt ymmilt ymmydey ymmyrkey d-ymmyrk

Ptcp yiarnit

iron

Notes

ymmltit

roll (a horse)

ymmydit ymmyrkit

use bear


6.3.2. Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh or -aghey (168 items, nearly 19% of the total). These two suffixes are in variation. It is probably not very significant whether Cregeen mentions one or the other, or both. For many of these Cregeen gives no base form or past tense form. Note the presence (often optional) in 88 of these verbs, over 52%, of an affix -ee, in the base, the past tense, or both. For some 33 verbs the VN suffix -agh or -aghey is in variation with a different suffix. Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base aaitn aarl aarlee aggle agglee

arr

Verbal Noun aaitnagh aaitnaghey aarlagh aarlaghey agglagh agglaghey

Past d-aaitnee

Ptcp aaitnit

gorse

d-aarl d-aarlee d-aggle d-agglee j-aggle j-agglee

aarlit

cook

agglit

frighten, fear

annooinagh annooinaghey appaghey arragh d-arree arraghey ashlaghey

weaken ripen move

banit bannit

bless

bioyr bioyree birr

baneagh baneaghey bannaghey vann vannee beaynaghey binjaghey bioyraghey vioyr vioyree birraghey

show by vision whiten

bioyrit

prolong curdle make brisk

bish bishee

bishagh vish bishaghey vishee

bishit

sharpen to a point increase

bann bannee

19

ymmyrk, v. bear, ymmyrkagh, ymmyrkee, ymmyrkey, ymmyrkeyder, ymmyrkeyderyn, ymmyrkin, ymmyrkins, ymmyrkit, ymmyrkym, ymmyrkyms, ymmyrkys, dymmyrk, gymmyrkey, hymmyrkey, nymmyrk, nymmyrkagh, nymmyrkey, nymmyrkin, nymmyrkins, nymmyrkym, nymmyrkyms.



34

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base bochil20

Verbal Noun Past bochillagh vochil bochillaghey bochillaght

bogg

boggaghey boggyssagh boiraghey boirey bouyragh bouyraghey branlagh branlaghey branley brasnaghey brasney breinnagh breinnaghey burtagh burtaghey cammagh cartaghey cartey kartey çhirmagh çhirmaghey

vogg

çhymsagh çhymsaghey clannagh clannaghey clanney cleaynaghey cleayney clusaghey

boir

branl

brasn brasnee breinn

camm cart kart çhirrym21 çhirm çhirmee çhyms çhymsee clann

cleayn cleaynee clus clooeys coad cochruin cochruinee

herd

boirit

soften boast trouble

bouyrit

deafen

vranl vranlee

branlit

fallow


vrasn vrasnee

brasnit

provoke


voir woir


stink fumble (chamm) chart

cammit kartit

bend rake muck

hirm hirmee

çhirmit

dry

hyms hymsee chlann

çhymsit

gather

clahnit

thicken

chleayn

cleaynit

entice

clusit

cover with feathers

coadaghey choad cochruinaghey connaasagh connaasey connysson

20

Ptcp bochillit

coadit protect cochruinit assemble


The verb is related to clooie ‘small feathers’, with an unexpexted -s-. cf. cruinn

scorn, sneer

bochill, v. herd, bochillagh, bochlllaght, bochillee, bochilley, bochillin, bochillins, bochillit, bochillym, bochillyms, bochillyn, bochillys, mochillaght, mochilley, mochillyn, vochill, vochillagh, vochillaght, vochilley, vochillin, vochillins, vochillit, vochillym, vochillyms, vochillyn, vochillys. 21 çhyrm. v. dry, çhyrmagh, çhyrmaghey, çhyrmaghyn, çhyrmee, çhyrmey, çhyrmeyder, çhyrmeyderyn, çhyrmid, çhyrmin, çhyrmins, çhyrmit, çhyrmym, çhyrmyms, çhyrmys, hyrm, hyrmagh, hyrmaghey, hyrmaghyn, hyrmee, hyrmey, hyrmeyder, hyrmeyderyn, hyrmid, hyrmin, hyrmins, hyrmit, hyrmym, hyrmyms, hyrmys, jyrm, jyrmagh, jyrmaghey, jyrmaghyn, jyrmee, jyrmid, jyrmin, jyrmins, jyrmym, jyrmyms.



35

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base cood coodee coon corm

cosoyl cowr coyrl coyrlee creen cronn cruinn curm currym

diun ead eadee eaisht eam

eayll eayllee eddrym eddrymee eeass eeassee eeast yeeast eign eignee

Verbal Noun Past coodaghey chood choodee coonagh coonaghey cormagh chorrym cormaghey chormee cormal cosoylaghey cowraghey chowr chowree coyrlaghey choyrl choyrlee creedlagh creenaghey chreen chreenee cronnaghey chronn chronnee cruinnaghey chruinn

Ptcp coodit

currymaghey churm curmaghey churmee curmey curmal curthoollaghey

curmit

dhoanaghey diunaghey eadagh eadaghey eaishtagh eaishtaghey eamagh eamaghey eam eayllagh eayllaghey eddrymagh eddrymaghey eeassaghey eeassaght eeastagh eeastaghey eignagh eignaghey eginaghey eiraghey

cover narrow

cormit

equalize, make even

coyrlit

compare mark, betoken advise

creent creenit cronnit

shrug wither, ripen detect

cowrit

cruinnit

compact, besiege enjoin, charge

obscure (the air) make brown deepen be jealous

ghiun

d-eaisht d-eaishtee d-eam

eaishtit

d-eayllee

eayllit

listen call

d-eddrymee

lime lighten

d-eeassee

eeassit

d-eeast d-eastee d-eign d-eignee

eeastit

lend, borrow fish

eignit

force

inherit





36

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base eoyll eoyllee geoyll geoyllee

etl etlee

Verbal Noun Past eoyllagh d-eoyll eoyllaghey d-eoyllee

Ptcp eoyllit

faml famlee

etlagh d-ettyl etlaghey d-etlee j-etlee famlagh d-aml famlaghey d-amlee

farb fark farkee

farbagh farkiaghey d-ark farkiaght d-arkee

farbit farkit

fass fassee feayr feayree feddan feddanee

fassaghey fassaght feayraghey d-eayree

fassit

foayr foayree foll follee folm folmee

fly

famlit

feayrit

feddanagh flipperagh foayraghey foayral follaghey follaghtyn folmaghey folmagh Ger. golmaghey golmagh

gerj gerjee giall giallee

wrack (manure with seaweed) inflame wait

In the base forms geoyll, geoyllee, the g- belongong to the gerund has been incorporated into the stem. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.


NB unusual insertion of -i- in the VN before both -aght and -aghey.

feed with grass cool (tr/intr) whistle

d-oll d-ollee d-olm d-olmee

foayrit

tell fibs favour

follit

hide

folmit follymit

empty

foudaghey fuill fuillee

manure

fuillagh d-uillee fuillaghtyn gargagh garveigagh garveighey geaynaghey gerjaghey gherjee giallagh ghial giallaghey ghiallee yial yiallee

become damaged allow make acrid roar

gerjit

make green comfort

giallit

whiten

The gerund form golmagh(ey) is constructed as if the stem were olm- (as it appears in the Past). Cf. §3, Epenthesis.



37

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base giall

gleash gloas gloyr (gorm) gort gortee grainn grainnee

grees greesee grein greinnee gyere geayr (imlee) ingyr yngyr injil injillee inshl inshlee jeer jeeree jiarg jiargee karr karrese kerr kerree keyl kiart kiartee cairt kionn kionnee

Verbal Noun Past gialtaghey ghiall gialdin yiall gialdyn

Ptcp giallit

promise

gioalteeagh

gioaltit

girraghey glassagh glassaghey gleashaghey gloasaghey gloasey gloyraghey ghloyr gormaghey ghorm

pawn, mortgage shorten grow pale

gleashit gloasit

move polish

gloyrit gormit gorrymit gortit

glorify make blue

grainnit

carve

greesit

become ugly excite, provoke encourage

gortagh ghort gortaghey ghortee grainnaghey ghrainn ghrainnee granaghey greesaghey ghrees greesey ghreesee greinnaghey ghrein ghreinnee gyereagh gyereaghey geayraghey imlagh d-imlee imlaghey ingyragh d-hingyr ingyraght d-yngyr injillaghey d-injilee inshlagh inshlaghey jeeraghey yeer yeeree jiargagh yiarg jiargaghey yiargee joltagh karragh charree karraghey kerraghey cherr cherree keylagh kiartagh chiart kiartaghey cairtaghey kionnagh chionn kionnaghey chionnee

greinnit

NB three stem variants: gial(l)-, giald- and gialt-, with the VNs built on the latter two.


hurt

gyerit geayrit

sour

imlit

humble

yngyrit

fester

injillit

lower

jeerit

straighten

jiargit

karrit

make red, redden traverse mend

kerrit

punish

keylit kiartey cairtey

make fine fix

kionnit

buy




38

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base kirt kiune kiunee laare leod lhagg lhaggee

lhiann lhias lhiasee lhiass lhiassee lhiuree lhuddyr lhun lorg lorgee

lught

mark markee meayll meayllee meein meen

meel meelee meer meih meiygh mholm mholmee miol

Verbal Noun Past kirtagh kiunagh chiunee kiunaghey laareaghey

Ptcp kiunit laareit

leodaghey

leodit

lhaggaghey

lhaggit

lheanagh lheanaghey lheeaghey lhiannaghey lhiasaghey

lheanit

lhiassaghey

lhiassit

lhiannit lhiasit

lhiuragh lhiuraghey lhuddyraghey lhuddyral lhunnaghey lhunney lorgaghey

make haste calm put on the floor devalue, be devalued loosen widen, sprain go grey flatten amend, manure feign lengthen

lhuddyrit

maul

lhunnit

launch

lorgit

lughtagh lughtaghey maihaghey markiaghey vark varkee meayllaghey

lughtit

drive forward with a stick, urge load

maiht markit

pardon ride

meayllit

make bald

meeinaghey veein meenaghey veeinee veenee

meeinit meenit

tame, make fine

veel veelee

meelit

soften

veigh veih

meihit

meelagh meelaghey meeraghey meihaghey meihey meiyghaghey meiyghey mholmagh mholmaghey miljaghey miollagh miollaghey miolley

meiyght meiyghit

viol viollee

miollit

piece weigh, balance be tender moulder, crumble sweeten tempt

NB. VN -iaghey

NB variation between indication of slender /nj/ and broad /n/ .



39

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base molk mooad mooadee mooar mooaree

naar naaree niart niartee oard oardr oardee oardree obbr obbree olt oltee

Verbal Noun molkagh molkaghey mooadagh mooadaghey mooaragh mooaraghey murtaghey mynaghey naaraghey

vooad

mooadit

vooar vooaree

mooarit

macerate, putrify enlarge

naarit

niartaghey niartee B niartey oardaghey d-oardee oardrail

niartit

strengthen

oarderit

order, ordain

obbragh d-obbree obbraghey oltaghey

obbrit

work

ooashlit

salute, welcome with refeshment worship

d-ooilee d-ooillee d-ooir d-ooirree d-oonlee

ooillit

oil, anoint

ooirrit oonlit

earth, mould wash (body)

d-ooree

oorit

refresh

d-osnee

osnit

sigh

queeyllit reenit

spy bind, wheel toughen

ronsit

search

runtit

make round slumber be lank, become lank

ooashlagh ooashlaghey

ooill

ooillagh ooillaghey ooirragh ooirraghey oonlagh oonlaghey ooragh ooraghey osnagh osnaghey peeikearagh queeyllaghey reenaghey

reen reenee rons ronsee runt saveen shang

Ptcp molkit

begrudge, envy bungle make small shame

ooashl ooashlee

ooir ooirree oonl oonlee oor ooree osn osnee

Past volk

ronsagh ronsaghey runtaghey saveenagh B shangagh

shangit

NB in the Manx Bible the gerund of ooashlaghey lacks the expected initial g-. The Apocrypha has two examples of gooashlaghey, though.





40

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base share sheel shiauill

Verbal Noun sharagh sharaghey sheelaghey sheeley shiaullagh shiaullaghey shiaulley

Past

Ptcp improve

heel

sheelit

hiauill hioill

shiault shiaullit

shickyr shickyree

shickyragh hickyr shickyraghey hickyree

shickyrit

shirk

shirkagh shirkaghey siyrraghey slaanagh slaanaghey smaghtaghey smaghtey smooinagh smooinaghey

shirkit

siyrree slaan smaght smooin smooinee

snagger soie soilsh soilshee soll sollee soor sooree soyl soylee sol solee styrk stark surl

hirk hirkee hiyree laanee

smooinee B

snaggeragh snaggeraght soiagh hoie soiaghey soilshagh hoilsh soilshaghey hoilshee sollagh sollaghey solley sooragh sooraghey soylagh soylaghey solaghey

holl hollee

hoylee hiollee

starkagh starkaghey surllaghey hurl

tallagh tashagh

filter, sneak away sail

siyrrit slaanit

secure, confirm ensure shrink, shrivel hasten heal

smaghtit

chastise

smooinit

think

gnash soit

set, plant

soilshit

enlighten, declare, show defile, pollute

sollit

soorit

sour, leaven

soylit solit

compare, match

styrkit

stiffen

surllit

toss, tumble, sprawl murmur get damp

tallit


Cregeen does not mention the verbal noun/gerund smooinaghtyn, though it occurs in several of the Bible passages he cites. Neither smooinagh nor smooinaghey is in the Bible.



41

Verbs with verbal nouns in -agh/-aghey Base thann thannee toar toarrey torçh torçhee

usht ushtee yll yllee yns ynsee yrj yrjee

Verbal Noun Past thannaghey hann

Ptcp thannit

thin

toarragh hoar toarraghey

toarrit

manure

torçhagh torçhaghey trughanagh trughaney tutleragh ushtagh ushtaghey yllagh yllaghey ynsagh ynsaghey yrjaghey

torçhit

torment

d-ushtee

ushtit

murmur, grumble tattle water

d-yll d-yllee d-ynsee

yllit

call

ynsit

teach, learn

horçh horçhee

Toarrey is apparently a unique case of a suffix -ey in a base form.

exalt

6.3.3. Verbs with verbal nouns in -al. There are 109 such verbs (over 12%), of which 28 have alternative suffixes. Cases of the suffix -ee are extremely few Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base arr astyr

behtt blest (boult) brans breb buitçh cant carr cayrn çheb(b) cled clist combaase

Verbal noun Past arral gastyrt d-astyr gast(y)r gastral

behttal blestal boultal bransal bransey brebal buitçhal

vlest voult vrans

vreb vuitçh wuitçh cantal chant

carral cayrnal çhebbal cleddal clistal combaasal combaasey

Ptcp arrit gastyrit (sic)

Notes offer extirpate

blestit boultit bransit

bet blast bolt dash

brebit buitçhit

kick bewitch

cantit

auction, bid at auction charr carrit twist chayrn cayrnit trumpet heb(b) çhebbit offer chled overturn chlist spring, bounce chombaase combaasit surround

Apparently the initial gproper to the gerund has been extended by analogy to the verbal noun and the participle. NB stem variation between astr- and astyr-. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.



42

Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base cooat corm

cost couyr crank creid credjcront22

crow cruetçh cum(m) curm currym

dell dhonk drap drid faarge fed feiyr

fest festee ?

foayr foayree

gioot gull 22

Verbal noun cooatal cooatey cormal cormagh cormaghey costal couyral crankal credjal

Past

chorrym chormee

cormit

chost

chreid

crontal chront crontey crowal cruetçhal cummal curmal currymaghey curmaghey curmey dellal dhonkal dhonkey drappal dreamal dridal farral

Ptcp cooatit

crankit creidit

crontit

chrow chum(m) churm churmee

ghell ghonk

cruetçhit cummit curmit

festal d-est

foayral foayraghey frappal frapperaght giootal ghioot giootey yioot gullal ghull gullyrnee

equalize, make even

deal thump

drappit

climb dream trot fare

dridit

festit

shake with laughter sound take out here and there stick

foayrit

favour

feiyrit


cost recover, cure knock believe NB spelling alternation, with -eid word-finally (and in ptcp.), -edj- medially. knot Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns. hover cower hold, dwell enjoin, Cf. §3, Epenthesis. charge

dellit dhonkit

feddal feiyral femblal

Notes coat

NB irregular stem alternation faarj- - farr-.

With respect to the suffixed base festee, Cregeen gives only cha n’estee (alternative to cha n’est) ‘not stick’.

crackle giootit

bestow howl

cront, v. knot, crontal, crontagh, crontee, crontey, cronteyder, cronteyderyn, crontin, crontins, crontit, crontym, crontyms, crontys, cruint, ir.[i.e. the noun plural], chront, chrontagh, chrontal, chrontee, chrontey, chronteyder, chrontin, chrontins, chrontit, chrontym, chrontyms, chrontys, gront, grontagh, grontal, grontee, gronteyder, gronteyderyn, grontin, grontins, grontym, grontyms.



43

Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base gyrn

jeeill jeell jeelt jeennys jerk jok joyn junt kelk kesh kest kred labb laiy lhap lhieg lhiet lhuddyr liack laik list low luff madyr moar obb orçh pabyr piyr pohlld poll polt

Verbal noun gyrnal holtal holtey jeellal jeelley jeeltal jeeltey jeennysal jeennysey jerkal

Past

Notes snarl hold

holt yeel

jeellit

devastate

yeelt

jeeltit

saddle

yeennys

jeennyssit

wedge

jerkit

expect

jokit joynit jummalit juntit

yoke join waste joint

kelkit

chalk

keshit kestit

froth cast, struggle grunt

labbit laiyt lhappit lhieggit

strike lack, want lay fold double fell

lhuddyrit

hinder maul

liackit

like

listit lowit

list allow luff matter, import moor refuse, deny make refuse of paper pair

yerk yerkee jokal yok joynal yoyn jummal juntal yunt juntey kelkal kelkey keshal chesh kestal

kredal kredyragh labbal laccal laiyal lhappal lhieggal B lhieg B lhieggey B lhiettal lhiett B lhuddyral lhuddyraghey liackal listal lowal B luffal madyral moaral voar obbal d-obb orçhal pabyral piyral piyrey pohlldal pohlldey pollal poltal poltey

Ptcp

moarit obbit orçhit

phabyr phiyr

psbyrit piyrit

phohlld

pohlldit

pholt

poltit

uphold, warrant prune thump



44

Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base poodyr poodyree prayll prise prow puss ratçh rowl saaue scuitçh scuyr sett sheean shu

sleick smood snog soar sogh spotçh spret sthap stholl stow stoyr

sur talk tast

Verbal noun Past poodyral phoodyr prayal prisal prowal phrow pussal pussey ratçhal rowlal saaueal scuitçhal scuyral settal sheeanal shual sleetçhal sleickal smoodal snapperal snoggal soaral hoar soghal spotçhal spotçheraght spretal sthappal sthollal stowal stoyral stoyrey storail surral hur surranse talkal halk tastal hast

Ptcp poodyrit

prisit prowt prowit

ratçhit rowlit scuitçhit scuyrit settit sheeanit shuit

sleickit smoodit snoggit soarit soghit spotçhit

Notes powder pray prise try puff (cheeks) sprint roll saw scourge skewer plant make noise sue, prosecute sneak slake smooth stumble nod smell sob joke

spretit sthappit sthollit stowt stowit stoyrit

start stop station bestow

surrt surrit talkit tastit

suffer

store

ther thow toig23

therral herr thowal how toiggal hoig

thowit toiggit

walk slowly notice, pay attention to tar tow understand

trog warp

troggal hrog warpal

troggit warpit

raise, build wrap

23


toig, v. understand, toiggagh, toiggal, toiggalagh, toiggaltagh, toiggaltys, toiggee, toiggeyder, toiggin, toiggim, toiggit, toiggym, toiggyms, toiggys, hoig, hoiggagh, hoiggal, hoiggaltagh, hoiggaltys, hoiggin, hoiggins, hoiggit, hoiggym, hoiggyms, hoiggys, doig, doiggagh, doiggal, doiggaltys, doiggin, doiggins, doiggym, doiggyms.



45

Verbs with verbal nouns in -al Base yiarn

Verbal noun Past yiarnal yiarney

Ptcp yiarnit

Notes iron

6.3.4. Verbs with verbal nouns in -aght or -aghtyn. (See below for -eraght/-yraght.) There are 26 verbs (under 3% of the total) in Cregeen with verbal nouns in -aght, nearly all of them with an alternative form, which, in most cases, is -aghtyn. I include here also four other verbs in -aghtyn: çherraghtyn, follaghtyn (alternative follaghey), fuillaghtyn (alternative fuillagh), and giennaghtyn (alternative gientyn). Six have a base or Past variant in -ee (without having a VN variant in -agh/-aghey). Verbs with verbal nouns in -aght Base berr

bochil

brie çherr) cooin cooinee eeass eeassee enn ennee fark farkee farr farree ? fass fassee fen fenee foll follee fuill fuillee fuirr fuirree gient immee ingyr yngyr myngyr (rugg) skir skyrr

Verbal Noun berraght berraghtyn bertyn bochillaght bochillagh bochillaghey briaght çherraghtyn cooinaght cooinaghtyn eeassaght eeassaghey ennaght ennaghtyn farkiaght farkiaghey farraght farraghtyn fassaght fassaghey fenaght fenaghtyn follaghtyn follaghey fuillaghtyn fuillagh fuirraght fuirraghtyn giennaghtyn gientyn immeeaght ingyraght ingyragh myngyraght ruggaghtyn ruggey skirraghtyn skirrey

Past verr

Ptcp berrit

overtake

vochil

bochillit

herd

vrie

briet

chooin chooinee deeassee d-enn d-ennee d-ark d-arkee d-arr

cooinit

enquire perish remember

eeassit

lend, borrow

ennit

feel

farkit

wait last

fassit d-enee

fenit

d-oll d-ollee d-uillee

follit

d-uirr d-uirree ghient yient d-immee j-immee d-hingyr d-yngyr vyngyr rugg ruggyr

Notes

NB unusual insertion of -i- in the VN before both -aght and -aghey. Cregeen’s cha n’arree (besides cha n’arr) ‘will not last’ implies a base farree.

feed with grass enquire (after) hide allow stay

gientit

conceive

immit immeeit yngyrit

depart fester

ruggit

pilfer was born

skirrit

slip

NB irregular syncopated participle variant immit. See note on streighyr. See note on streighyr. NB Past tense variant ruggyr, with an obsolete passive voice suffix -yr.



46

Verbs with verbal nouns in -aght Base snagger streighyr streiyr tann

troagyr

Verbal Noun snaggeraght snaggeragh streigheraght streiyraght streighernee tannaght tannaghtyn thoreeaght

Past

Ptcp gnash

hann hannee

streigherit streiyrit

sneeze

tannit

last, continue commit highway robbery trudge

troagyraght

Notes See note on streighyr. The VN forms resemble those with suffixes -[ǝ]raght or -[ǝ]rnee, though here -[ǝ]r belongs to the stem.

See note on streighyr.

6.3.5. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ail or -eil. It is said that -ail belongs after broad consonants and -eil after slender ones, and this is generally the case, though there are apparently exceptions, e.g. dooyteil. 6.3.5.1. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ail. There are 17 in this class, of which two have alternatives with a different suffix. Three have a base or past variant in -ee without having a VN variant in -agh/-aghey. Verbal nouns in -ail Base baar coard cumr cumree faag24

fordr fordree ford kiare oard oardr oardee oardree paard paart plaastr plaastree

Verbal noun baarail coardail cumrail

Ptcp baarit coardit cumrit

Notes

dhotail faagail d-aag

faagit

spend agree hinder, deter dote leave

fordrail

fordrit

afford

kiarit

provide, intend order, ordain

kiarail chiare oardrail d-oardee oardaghey

oarderit



paardail phaard paardit depart paartail phaart plaastrail phlaastyr plaastrit plaster rouail

24

Past vaar choard chumr chumree

roam

faag, v. leave, faagagh, faagail, faagee, faageyder, faageyderyn, faagin, faagins, faagit, faagym, faagyms, faagys, aag, aagagh, aagail, aagee, aageyder, aageyderyn, aagin, aagins, aagit, aagym, aagyms, aagys, daag, naag, naagagh, naagail, naagee, naagin, naagins, naagym, naagyms, vaag, vaagagh, vaagail, vaagin, vaagins, vaagym, vaagyms.



47

Verbal nouns in -ail Base saue25

scape spaar stoyr

Verbal noun Past sauail haue

scapail scaap sloatail spaarail storail stoyrey stoyral wandrail

Ptcp sauit

save

Notes Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. The list includes deverbal nouns.

scapit

escape

spaarit stoyrit

abate (rain) spare, save store

wander

6.3.5.2. Verbs with verbal nouns in -eil. Eighteen verbs, of which two with alternative suffixes (-ey). No base or Past variants in -ee. Verbs with verbal nouns in -eil Base broatçh dooyt faill faillee fend leeid meeit pleat plead point poinsh preaçh tempr tend tooill treig treisht ventr

Verbal noun boasteil broatçheil dooyteil entreil failleil fendeil gurneil leeideil meeiteil B pleateil pleatey pointeil poinsheil preaçheil tempreil tendeil tooilleil treigeil treigey treishteil ventreil

Past

Ptcp

vroaçh ghooyt

broaçhit dooytit

d-aill

faillit fendit

Notes boast tap doubt enter fail

leeid B veeit B phlead

leeidit pleatit

defend govern lead meet plead, prattle

phoint phoinsh phreaçh hempr hend hooill hreig

pointit

appoint

preaçhit temprit tendit tooillit treigit

preach temper attend toil, tire abandon

hreisht ventr

treishtit

trust venture

6.3.6. Verbal noun suffixes -[ǝ]ragh or -[ǝ]raght and -[ǝ]rnee often with affective or frequentative sense, many on verbs denoting noises. Most of these have verbal nouns or gerunds only, that is, no base, past tense, or participle.

25

saue v. save, sauagh, sauail, sauailtagh, sauee, saueyder, saueyderyn, sauin, sauins, sauit, sauym, sauyms, sauys, haue, hauagh, hauail, hauailtagh, hauee, haueyder, haueyderyn, hauin, hauins, hauit, hauym, hauyms, hauys.



48

6.3.6.1. I include -[ǝ]ragh and -[ǝ]raght in the same table: 32 verbs. Verbs with verbal nouns in -[ǝ]ragh or -[ǝ]raght Base blob breim

clooid corlheim

flout

jonse kred

lheim

sannish

spotçh

tauint

Verbal Noun beealeraght blobberaght breimaragh bryneraght clinkeragh clooideraght corlheimeraght corlheim flipperaght floutyraght fooilleyraght frapperaght frappal gigleragh glugeraght glugernee glutteraght grigyraght grinderagh jeeassyragh jeeassyraght jonseragh kredyragh kredal leighderaght lheimyragh lheimyraght lheim B neealeraght nhedderagh pisheyragh pynteraght sansheraght shnoagyraght snaperaght spinçhyraght spotçheraght spotçhal tasteraght tauintyraght

Past

Ptcp

vreim

clooidit

Notes babble babble fart flatter tinkle patch hop

Cf. lheim

drop into water taunt fribble crackle giggle gurgle (be a) glutton tick taunt glean yonse

jonsit

jolt grunt

go to law lheim B lheimmit leap

spotçhit

change aspect fidget whisper drink pints whisper sneak nap scullion joke thresh saunter

See jeeas ‘ear of corn’.



49

6.3.6.2.Verbs with verbal nouns in -[ǝ]rnee Base

Verbal Noun bibbernee flustyrnee glugernee glugeraght goanstyrnee gounstyrnee

Past

Ptcp

Notes shiver faddle gurgle bark

gullyrnee ghull howl gullal scoylgernee scoylgit shriek scoylg scoylgey gull

shutternee taauernee taaueynee

neigh retch

NB the base form gull properly belongs with the VN gullal. NB the base form scoylg properly belongs with the VN scoylgey. Cf. taaue, s. ‘retch’

6.3.6.3. The three verbs in Cregeen with verbal nouns in -nee resemble those in §6.3.6.2, though here the element -[ǝ]r- is clearly part of the stem. Verbs with verbal nouns in -nee Base jeestyr

streighyr streiyr

Verbal Noun jeestyrnee londyrnee londernee streighernee streigheraght streiyraght

Past yeestyr

Ptcp

Notes creak dazzle

streigherit streiyrit

sneeze

CF. londeyr ‘lantern’ The VN forms resemble those with suffixes -[ǝ]raght or -[ǝ]rnee, though here -[ǝ]r belongs to the stem.

6.3.7. Verbal noun suffix -t. This is the only verbal noun suffix which is non-syllabic. It occurs only after stems that end in /r/. There are 10 in this class (including the irregular/suppletive verb coyrt). Two of them have -ee forms. Verbal nouns with suffix -t Base

Past

Ptcp

astyr

Verbal Noun gastyrt gast(y)r gastral

d-astyr

gastyrit (sic)

baggyr

baggyrt

vaggyr vaggyree

(coloayr) cur

coloayrt coyrt cur eebyrt

eebr eebree eiyr

eiyrt

currit

freggyrit loamrit lomrit loayrit taghyrit

freggyrt lommyrt

d-reggyr

loayr taghyr

loayrt taghyrt

loayr B haghyr haghr

extirpate

Apparently the initial g- proper to the gerund has been extended by analogy to the verbal noun and the participle. NB stem variation between astr- and astyr-.

threaten

hug - dug chur d-eebr d-eebree d-eiyr

freggyr loamr

Notes

eebrit eiyrit

converse give, put, send banish follow, drive answer shear speak happen

Cf. loayr. Suppletive irregular verb. See above, §5. Cf. §3, Epenthesis.



50

6.3.8. Verbal noun suffix -tyn. Eight examples, or nine if toilçhin is included. Verbal nouns with suffix -tyn Base benn blass blayst

Verbal Noun Past bentyn venn blastyn blasstey

clashtyn cheayll chluin

lhian B lhiant [?] rosh

lhiantyn lhiann B

shell shellagh

sheiltyn heill sheltyn shein tayrtyn hayr haare

keiltyn cheill

roshtyn raink

toilliu hoill toilçhin

Notes touch

vlayst

clasht cluin clin keill26

tayr taare taar toill

Ptcp taste

If the base is blass the suffix is -tyn, but if the base is blayst, as appears in most of the derivatives of this root, the suffix is -yn

cluinit hear

keillit

conceal

Suffix -tyn, if clashtyn is for *clashttyn. Or otherwise VN suffix -yn. NB irregular/suppletive verb. Cregeen lists all the forms in the footnote. They include deverbal nouns.

adhere roshit

reach, arrive suppose

tayrit taarit

catch

toillit

deserve

NB suppletive Past stem raink. NB variation between broad /l/ and slender /lj/.

It may be that -çhin is a ‘slender’ variant of -tyn. Otherwise -çhin is unique in Cregeen as a VN suffix, as also is -iu.

6.3.9. Minor and unique verbal noun patterns. 6.3.9.1 Two verbs only have a verbal noun in -aghyn. Base gwee niee

Verbal Noun Past gweeaghyn ghwee wee nieeaghyn niee B niaghyn

Ptcp gweeit

curse

Notes

nieet

wash

6.3.9.2 One verb only has a verbal noun in -anse. Base sur

26

Verbal Noun Past surranse hur surral

Ptcp surrt surrit

suffer

Notes NB abstract noun surranse ‘suffering’

keil, v. conceal, keillagh, keillee, keilleyder, keilleyderyn, keillin, kelllins, keillit, keillym, keillyms, keillys, keiltyn, cheil, cheillagh, cheillee, cheilleyder, cheilleyderyn, cheillin, cheillins, cheillit, cheillym, cheillyms, cheillys, cheiltyn, geil, geillagh, geillee, geilleyder, geilleydelyn, geillin, geillins, geillym, geillyms.



51

6.3.9.3 Verbs with verbal nouns in -in. The VN suffix -in is also found in the irregular verb fakin ‘seeing’. Base giall

Verbal Noun Past Ptcp gialdin ghiall giallit promise gialdyn yiall gialtaghey strep strebin strepit struggle, streb strepey wallow

Notes NB irregular stem variation giall- ~ giald- ~ gialt-. Maybe the stem is gial(l)- and the VN suffix -din/-dyn is a variant of -tin/-tyn.

6.3.9.4. Verb with verbal noun in -iu or -çhin Base Verbal Noun Past Ptcp Notes toill toilliu hoill toillit deserve Both VN alternative suffixes are unique, toilçhin though -çhin might be seen as a ‘slender’ version of -tyn.

6.3.9.5. Verbal noun with suffix -oil Base (brooight)

Verbal Noun Past brooightoil vrooight

Ptcp

Notes belch

6.3.9.6. Verbal noun with suffix -on Base Verbal Noun Past Ptcp Notes connysson scorn, sneer connaasagh connaasey

6.3.9.7. Verbal noun with suffix -ooil Base smooir

Verbal Noun Past smooirooil smooirey

Ptcp

Notes smile, titter

6.3.9.8. Verbal nouns with suffix -oo Base Verbal Noun jean jannoo jin marr marroo shass shassoo

Past ren

Ptcp Notes jeant do, make Suppletive irregular verb. See above, §5.

varr hass

kill stand

6.3.9.9. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ym Base çhaggle çhaggyl geirr tuitt

Verbal Noun çhaglym çhaggley geirrym gerrym tuittym

Past hagl haggil gheir gherr huitt

Ptcp çhaglit

gather crow fall

Notes Cf. §3, Epenthesis.



52

6.3.9.10. Verbs with verbal nouns in -yn Base blayst blass giall

jeeagh gient

Verbal Past Noun blastyn vlayst blasstey

Ptcp

Notes taste

gialdyn ghiall giallit promise gialtaghey yiall gialdin jeeaghyn yeeagh jeeaghit look, seem gientyn ghient gientit conceive giennaghtyn yient

If the base is blass the suffix is -tyn, but if the base is blayst, as appears in most of the derivatives of this root, the suffix is -yn. NB three stem variants: gial(l)-, giald- and gialt-, with the VNs built on the latter two.

NB two variants of stem: gient- and gien(n)-. One might suggest that the VN forms are based on the latter, with variant suffixes -tyn and -aghtyn.

6.3.9.11. Verbs with verbal nouns in -ys Base

Verbal Past Ptcp Noun boandyr boandyrys boandyrit ganglanys gannidys togher thogherys hogher togherit

Notes nurse bicker deride wind