Visual Object Servo Tracking Based on the Particle Filter ... › publication › fulltext › 27462228... › publication › fulltext › 27462228...by C Songxiao · 2012 · Cited by 2 · Related articlessurveillance and human computer interfaces [1-3]. Numerous ap
ARTICLE International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems
Visual Object Servo Tracking Based on the Particle Filter Method Using a Pan-Tilt-Zoom Camera Regular Paper
Cao Songxiao*, Wang Xuanyin and Xiang Ke State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China * Corresponding author E-mail:
[email protected]
Received 22 May 2012; Accepted 03 Aug 2012 DOI: 10.5772/52081 © 2012 Songxiao et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract We present a servo control model in a particle filter to realize robust visual object tracking using Pan‐Tilt‐Zoom (PTZ) camera. The particle filter method has attracted much attention due to its robust tracking performance in cluttered environments. However, most methods are in the mode of moving object and stationary camera, as a result, the tracking will end in failure if the object goes out of the field of view of the camera. In this paper, a closed‐loop control model based on speed regulation is proposed to drive the PTZ camera to keep the target at the centre of the camera angle. The experiment results show that our system can track the moving object well and can always keep the object in the middle of the field of view. The system is computationally efficient and can run in real‐time completely. Keywords servo tracking, particle filter, Pan‐Tilt‐Zoom, dynamic model
1. Introduction Object tracking based on a video sequence plays a critical role in many applications such as intelligent robots, video www.intechopen.com
surveillance and human computer interfaces [1‐3]. Numerous approaches have been proposed to track moving objects in a video sequence. Among the tracking methods, the particle filter method is frequently used. Particle filter is a parametric method which solves non‐linear and non‐Gaussian state estimation problems, and can deal with multi‐modal probability density functions (PDF). As a type of powerful tool in dealing with the non‐linear and non‐Gaussian problems, particle filter has been extensively studied in recent years for visual tracking [4‐8]. The basic idea of the particle filter is that the posterior density is approximated by a set of discrete samples (called particles) with associated weights. In the case of using a stationary camera to track a moving object, the traditional tracking approaches, such as background subtraction, temporal differencing, optical flow and blob detection, can track the moving target well due to the limited changes in the background. However, in this case the field of view of the camera is restricted, as a result, the PTZ camera is commonly used in many applications such as intelligent robots and video
Int J Songxiao, Adv Robotic Sy, 2012, Vol.and 9, 134:2012 Cao Wang Xuanyin Xiang Ke: Visual Object Servo Tracking Based on the Particle Filter Method Using a Pan-Tilt-Zoom Camera
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surveillance. In the case of using a PTZ camera to track a moving object, it is a challenging task to track the moving target in a complex dynamic environment due to the tremor of the camera, disturbances and illumination changes in the environment. This paper makes great efforts to find a robust and computationally efficient algorithm which can track the object in a complex environment smoothly with the help of the PTZ camera. 2. Colour‐based Particle Filter 2.1 Particle Filter Particle filter is a Monte Carlo approximation to the optimal Bayesian filter and provides robust tracking of moving objects in a cluttered environment. The Bayesian filter is a probabilistic framework for sequentially estimating the target’s state. It is used in the case of non‐linear and non‐Gaussian problems where the interest lies in the detection and tracking of moving objects. It is a probabilistic framework for sequentially estimating the target’s state and the goal of the Bayesian filter is to recursively computer the posterior density
xt conditioned on all observations z1:t ( z1 , z2 ......zt ) up to time t . The posterior density p ( xt | z1:t ) can be obtained recursively in two stages: prediction and update, which are, respectively, written as:
p ( zt | xt ) p ( xt | z1:t 1 ) kp ( zt | xt ) p( xt | z1:t 1 ) p( zt | z1:t 1 )
(2)
According to equation (1) and (2), we have the following formula:
p ( xt | z1:t ) kp( zt | xt ) p ( xt | xt 1 ) p( xt 1 | z1:t 1 )dxt 1 (3)
k is a normalizing constant that is independent of p ( zt | xt ) is the likelihood function, p( xt | xt 1 ) is