Annual Solid Waste. Management Cost for Selected Cities. (200 $US/cap/
yr) and affordable... Note: Local technology choices are a function of: Cost.
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C storage Waste Management: Overview, Technologies, and Climate Change Implications WTO WORKSHOP Genève September 2009 Jean E. Bogner, PhD
Coordinating Lead Author. Chapter 10. [Waste Management]. IPCC 4th Assessment Report. WGIII: Mitigation of Climate Change (2007) Landfills +, Inc., Wheaton, Illinois University of Illinois Chicago Illinois USA
Waste Management:
•Overview:
Waste generation Private and public sector participation Importance of local decision-making Developed vs. developing countries
•Waste technologies and products:
Landfilling Incineration Composting MBT Recycling, Re-use, Waste minimization
•Waste and climate change:
Major conclusions from IPCC AR4 Accounting methodologies Mitigation potential
Major drivers for waste generation = Population (especially urban population) and Prosperity
Sigtuna, Sweden Continuous urban occupation since 980 AD when founded by King Erik Segersäll : oldest town in Sweden Archaeological excavations show: Affluent times: thicker, richer cultural layers Non-affluent times: thinner, poorer cultural layers
The archaeologist E.W.Haury wrote: Whichever way one views the mounds (of waste), as garbage piles to avoid, or as symbols of a way of life, they are the features more productive of information than any other...” (Haury, 1976, p. 80):
Range for global waste generation rates = 1.0 ton/cap/year Waste generation/cap can be correlated to: •GDP/cap •Energy consumption/cap •Private final consumption/cap (Bingemer & Crutzen, 1986; Richards, 1989; Rathje et al., 1992; Mertins et al., 1999; Bogner & Matthews, 2003; OECD, 2004; EEA, 2005)
Note: A current goal in many countries is to “decouple” waste generation rates from population growth and historic “affluence” indicators through government policy and local management initiatives: PAYT (“Pay As You Throw”) EPR (“Extended Producer Responsibility”) Taxes Separate collection of recyclables “Circular Economy”/”Sound Material-Cycle Society” “Green” products & packaging LCA tools (Life Cycle Analysis
Waste management decisions:
Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rates for Selected Large Cities in Asia
•Made locally (municipal)... •Must be locally sustainable...
Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Solid Waste Graphics (2004) http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic
and affordable... Annual Solid Waste Management Cost for Selected Cities (200 $US/cap/yr)
Note: Local technology choices are a function of: Cost Available land area Waste quantity Waste characteristics Regulatory constraints Local preferences Collection & transport issues Policy/planning guidance
Emmanuelle Bournay Vital Waste Graphics 2 (2006) http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/solid_waste_management
Definitions and Data: Waste industry boundaries with other sectors often hard to define: overlaps with industry, energy, forestry, agriculture, buildings, and transport... Waste industry definitions often not standardized: so international data must be carefully examined for consistency... (“municipal” waste, “industrial” waste, “hazardous” waste, “e-waste”, etc.) The Many, Multiple Functions of the waste industry = waste collection/transport waste treatment waste disposal recycling, re-use, waste minimization energy production from waste (wastewater treatment and disposal) (water supply and treatment) Challenging Scale of waste generation in large cities that requires environmentally-effective, affordable, and sustainable waste management: Los Angeles (2006): 8.7 million tons total = 24,000 tons per day
Waste is exported and imported from many countries: Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Vital Waste Graphics 2004
Waste Exports Germany 2001
In 2001 Germany exported more than 300,000 tonnes of waste to 14 countries... Germany also imported >1 million tonnes from 38 countries, with the largest imports from adjacent European countries and consisting of a combination of waste streams...
Waste sector has both significant private and public sector participation: !
Increasing rates of privatization, esp. in developing countries
!
Dominant private companies are Veolia (FR), GDF Suez (FR), and Waste Management, Inc (US):
•
Diversified waste, wastewater, transport, energy companies
•
Combined 2008 gross revenues for the three large private companies = approx. 58 billion Euros •
Veolia 36.3; Suez 12.4; WM 9.3
TWO Examples: (1)
PRIVATE : Veolia
(2)
PUBLIC: Delaware Solid Waste Authority (US) [manages solid waste for state with 873,000 population]
336,000 employees 72 countries 225,000 shareholders
Veolia Revenues by division...
Veolia Environnement/ Veolia Environmental Services
Employees by geographic region... source: www.veolia.com
Delaware Solid Waste Authority 2008 Operating Revenues (61 million $US)
Total Operating Expenses 2008
source: www.dswa.com
Summary of major waste technologies: Incineration and other thermal processes
Sanitary Landfilling Waste Generation
Waste Collection
Anaerobic Digestion of waste fractions
Waste Prevention and Minimization
Technology Level & Unit Cost (per ton waste) Energy Balance:
Waste Diversion through Recycle and Reuse
Low to Intermediate (-) to (+)
Composting of waste fractions
+ MBP*
Residual landfill
*MBP = mechanical/ biological processing
Low to Intermediate (+) landfilling plus CH4 use (-) composting
High (+) (highest) incineration (+) anaerobic digestion plus CH4 use (-) MBP
Summary of major waste technologies: Engineered Sanitary Landfilling Waste Generation
Incineration and other thermal processes
Waste Collection
Anaerobic Digestion of organic waste fractions Waste Prevention and Minimization
Waste Diversion through Recycle and Reuse
Recycling (MRF: Materials Recovery Facility)
Composting of organic waste fractions
+ MBP*
Residual landfill
*MBP = mechanical/ biological processing
More advanced technologies?
Some Regional Distinctions for Waste Management: U.S., Canada, Mexico, Australia, NZ: Sanitary landfilling Recyling Low rates of incineration, MBT, anaerobic digestion Japan: Incineration Recycling Landfilling of residuals EU (Landfill “directive” limiting landfilling of organic waste): Incineration MBT Recycling Anaerobic digestion Evolving toward limited landfilling Developing Countries: wide range of practices Evolving toward engineered sanitary landfilling Evolving toward controlled composting Limited incineration (China), MBT, anaerobic digestion
Chapter 10. Waste Management
Leading Authors(LAs) & Review Editors(REs) Coordinating Lead Author (CLA): Jean Bogner (USA) Lead Authors are: Mohammed Abdelrafie Ahmed (Sudan), Cristobal Diaz (Cuba), Qingxian Gao (China), Andre Faaij (Netherlands), Seiji Hashimoto (Japan), Katarina Mareckova (Slovakia), Riitta Pipatti (Finland), Tianzhu Zhang (China). Review Editors are: Robert Gregory (UK), and R.T.M. Sutamihardja (Indonesia). Waste... in our many languages....
Not pictured are Contributing Authors (CAs): Luis Diaz (USA), Peter Kjeldsen (Denmark). Suvi Monni (Finland).
Global GHG Emissions for 1990 and 2004 by sector in billion metric tons [Gigatons,Gt] CO2 eq: 77% CO2 14% CH4 8% N2O 1% F-gases
Energy Supply
Transport
Buildings
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Waste
Total for 2004: approx. 49 Gt CO2 eq (24% increase since 1990; 70% increase since 1970) Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report.WGIII. Chapter 1.
The waste sector (including wastewater) accounts for
