Waste minimization Program on Building Construction ...

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Waste minimization Program on Building Construction Case Study: Construction of University’s Dormitory Elkhobar M Nazech and Bambang Trigunarsyah Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia – Kampus UI Depok 16424, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Managing waste caused by construction and development activities take a lot of efforts and time. One way to solve construction waste problems is to implement a waste minimization program on the construction of the project. The amount of waste could be predicted in the beginning of the project. By knowing the potential source of waste due to the construction activities, a waste minimization program and reusing could be conducted. An assessment on the development of a dormitory indicated that an implementation of waste minimization program could minimize waste, reduce construction costs and increase the benefit. INTRODUCTION Background Pollution caused by physical construction could further cause environmental damage. Most of the effort used to preserve environmental condition is by doing control of waste produced. This pollution management has a major shortage that caused it unable to solve the waste problem because it only transforms the waste from one media to another and not solving the problem. Therefore waste minimization management program is now based on how to reduce the waste straight from the source. There are 4 basic methods for implementing a waste minimization program in waste management according to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hierarchy in waste management: 1. Source Reduction. Reducing waste from its source by using the right technology to reduce the waste produced by modification the procedures or substituting the material used. 2. Recycle and Reuse. Recycling and reusing the material that can be used. This method can be done either on site or out of site. 3. Treatment. Doing the treatment needed (by means of physical, biological or chemical process) to reduce the amount of produced waste. 4. Disposal. Dispose the waste produced in the last dumping site. The first two methods can saved a lot of cost and energy needed while the last two needed a lot of cost to implement which showed that the last two is a more crucial method than the first two.

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Therefore waste minimization program implementation method is the best alternative solution needed to reduce the amount of produced waste in a system. Implementation of Waste Minimization Program in Construction Sector Construction is an important thing in infrastructure and industry development. Construction industry aims to build a higher, longer, and deeper structure in every year. In United States, construction industry produces 100 million tons of construction and demolition (C&D) waste every year. The cost needed to throw away the waste increases sharply in the last few years, forcing the contractors to reevaluate the waste removal method and reconsidered waste from its source. The increasing material costs make the contractor have to reduce the produced waste by reducing the waste straight from its source, recycling and reusing some usable materials. By implementing waste minimization program in a project, the cost needed can be used effectively.

Research Methodology The methods used in obtaining data for this article is: 1. Literature study. 2. Direct observation and information from related sources. Research is conducted based on the following flowchart: Location Survey and Data Collection

Alternative Waste minimization Program Properness Analysis

Choosing appropriate Waste minimization Program

Literature Study

Making of Waste minimization Program Sustainable Development

Control

Program Implementation

Figure 1 Research flowcharts

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PROJECT CASE STUDY Project Background The development of University of Indonesia student dormitory is done by “swakelola” system in organization, funding, and construction aspects. The organizer team is formed by the Rector of University of Indonesia at October 1999. Student dormitory development pattern is a new development pattern used in the campus of University of Indonesia. That is why the development is being used as vehicle to test selfcompetency and research vehicle to support academic activities in University of Indonesia. The UI dormitory development program is a “swakelola” project where University of Indonesia as an owner used its own resources in finishing the project. The project organizer is UI own human resource; an architect lecturer in UI does the structure design and an expert from Lembaga Teknologi UI acts as the project consultant and controller. As the first system being developed, the beginning of the project is done by trial and error effect that will eventually bring a more established method in finishing the project. This project will then be used as a reference in other development project in University of Indonesia. Because it was done by “swakelola”, the development costs can be minimized to 1 million rupiahs per square meters. The costs is far more cheaper than usual contractor price which is about 1,5--1,8 million rupiahs per square meters according to Bappenas.

Project Location The UI dormitory development project is located in the north side of the old dormitory building in the Kampus Baru UI complex in Depok.  Northern limit : UI complex limit with surrounding people’s land  Southern limit : Old dormitory building  Eastern limit : UI’s vacant land  Western limit : UI’s vacant land

Architectural Data Architectural data is all the data related with building physics and functions. General Data of the dormitory building is as follows: Name of Building : Asrama Mahasiswa Universtas Indonesia Building Location : Block G and H Building Width : 3,472 m2

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Table 1. Dormitory Building Facilities No Room Amount of Width/Unit Room (m2) 1 Bedroom 240 7.20 2 Study Room 14 14.40 3 Mushala 8 9.00 4 Lobby 2 33.12 5 Terrace 2 37.44 6 Pantry 8 11.55 7 WC 72 1.8 8 Urinary 8 2.25 9 Cleaning room 8 16.34 10 Hall, stairs, & shaft Ls Total Source: UI Student Dormitory Development Data, 2000.

Total Width (m2) 1,728.00 201.60 72.00 66.24 74.88 92.40 129.60 18.00 130.72 996.00 3,472.00

The dormitory building is located in a place right behind the student dormitory complex with each building width is as follows: - Long dormitory building : 1,580.28 m2 - Short dormitory building : 1,361.12 m2 - Utility building : 530.60 m2    

Long dormitory building includes bedroom, study room, warehouse, and mushola. The building is a four-story floor with total width of 1,580.28 m2. Short dormitory building which include dormitory room, study room, warehouse, and mushola. The building is a four-story floor with total width of 1,361.12 m2. Utility building which include W.C. and bathroom. Building is a four-story floor with total width of 530.60 m2. There is also a connecting hall between the old and new dormitory building.

Structural Data The UI dormitory building is consisted of two main structures, the upper and the lower structure. The lower structure consists of pillar foundation while the upper structure consists of columns, bars, and plates for four-story floors and a roof construction made from woods. Lower structure is structure that connects upper structure with ground and spreads force to the ground. The lower structure of the building is a depth foundation using pillars 20x20 m sized with 18,00 m depth. The building upper structure used a skeleton building concrete system where the building force is fully concentrated on column skeleton and structure making portal bar including structure to anticipate lateral forces such as earthquake. The building other elements will functioned as filling component that will give high flexibility for given option to increase benefit in fulfilling the project.

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Development Cost and Time of Construction According to the UI dormitory development project plan, the project is funded only by UI fund (Rektorat). Time needed for the project is started with preparation and foundation planting at the fourth week of November 1999. The project will be finished at late April 2000. Table 2. Development Cost Recapitulation No Development Details Cost (Rp) I DORMITORY BUILDING 1 Land leveling work and 60,460,102.50 preparation 2 Long building 1,207,559,031.27 3 Short building 985,099,230.24 4 Utility building 453,217,764.42 5 Halls 206,291,279.78 6 Surrounding fences 34,822,734.54 Total-I 2,947,450,142.76 II CONSTRUCTION 82,136,000.00 MANAGEMENT TEAM III PROJECT MANAGEMENT 11,780,000.00 TEAM IV PLANNING TEAM 106,600,00.00 V LICENSING 51,000,000.00 Total-II 251,516,000.00 TOTAL I+II 3,198,966,142.76 Source: UI Student Dormitory Development Data, 2000

Quality (%) 1.8900 37.7484 30.7943 14.1676 6.4487 1.0886 2.5676 0.3682 3.323 1.5943 100.0000

Point II, III, IV is calculated according to letter of decision of General Director of Cipta Karya Department of Public Work RI no 295/KPT/CKI/1997.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Materials and Tools There is a certain technical requirement that is used in selecting materials used in the project. The requirement that was stated in the project plan work and specification regulate which material can be used in the project. Only the suitable materials will be used while the unsuitable will not be used because it can decrease the final quality of the work. Material ordering procedures is done according to the determined flowchart where the foreman will submit a buying proposal for the material needed to the quantity surveyor (QS). The QS will submit the proposal to the chief organizer and if agreed will be signed by the chief organizer. Material purchasing must be submitted at the buying material plan that was made every two week. Material usage will then be organized and controlled by the foreman. Material Purchasing Produced waste in construction activities can be caused by inappropriate material buying. The buying of unneeded material will caused waste because of inappropriate storage procedures. That is why the material buying must be planned in detail to avoid excess material that will cause

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waste. The amount of material bought for the project until May 18, 2000 has a positive difference that can be seen at the following table: Table 3. Comparison of material needed and material bought No Material Unit Bought Needed Difference 1 Iron  6 mm Bar 507 207 300 2 Iron  8 mm Bar 5406 5156 250 3 Concrete wire Kg 1625 705 920 3 4 River stone M 10.57 8.67 1.9 5 Kasau 5/7 Bar 4724 302.4 4421.6 6 Kasau 4/6 Bar 1282 1074 208 7 Mixed nail Kg 1745 1679 66 2 8 Ceramics 30x30 M 2341 2204 137 Source: UI Student Dormitory Development Material Received Data Schedule, 2000 Some of the differences were caused by undetail counting of material needed; the amount of material needed on the plan was smaller than the actual amount of material needed. That was possible because the foreman had the right to submit a buying proposal for the material according to the flowchart. Further Possibility in Processing The following will be discussed about further possibility in processing produced waste caused by the project before it was thrown away or being sold. The discussion will concern about materials, tools, and fieldwork realization. There are several materials that can be reused before it was thrown away like woods that can be reused as ‘bekisting’ if it was fixed and connected to another piece of wood. The remainder of hard mixture of cement and sand can be sieved to get an appropriate particle to be used as a substitute for sand. ‘Bekisting’ wood waste produced from the project is very large. The management needed for the ‘bekisting’ wood waste is bay selling it. The wood selling price in the market varies according to wood condition and length to about Rp. 50,000--Rp. 400,000 per truck of woods. Finance analysis calculation for wood selling can be counted by following these assumptions:  A worker can sort wood and draw nails from it with an 8-hour work for 1.2 m3 woods.  Transportation cost from the two alternatives is being ignored because both the alternatives used the same component.  Truck size used to transport wood is ¾ truck with 8,9 m3 (4 x 1,85 x 1,2) capacity.  230 m3 of total produced wood waste is not massive.  50 % of the wood is in good condition with > 3 m length.  30 % of the wood is in average condition with > 1,5 m length.  20 % of the wood is in bad condition with < 0,5 m length. Calculation analysis  Conventional On this method there was no sorting of wood, the wood went straight for selling.

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 Costs No cost needed.  Advantages From total waste of = 230/8,88 = 26 truck Money from selling is the amount of truck multiplay by average price (Rp. 150,000 per truck) = 26 x Rp. 150,000 = Rp. 3,900,000. So the total money got from the wood waste selling is Rp. 3,900,000.  Preliminary Process  Costs On this method, it needed costs to pay the worker to sorting wood and drawing nail. Total of waste in good condition = 0.5 x 230 m3 = 115 m3. Total of waste in average condition = 0.3 x 230 m3 = 69 m3. Total of waste that need preliminary process = 115 + 69 = 184 m 3. (Wood in bad condition needs no preliminary process). If there are 5 worker who work on a day to finish 1.2 x 5 = 6 m 3 waste with wages of 5 x Rp. 20,000 = Rp. 100,000 Preliminary process is done in 115/6 = 19 days, with total wages of = Rp. 100,000 x 19 = Rp. 1,900,000.  Advantages Advantages received from the selling: o Wood with good condition Total waste = 115/8.88 = 13 truck Sold with price Rp. 350,000/truck = 13 x Rp. 350,000 = Rp. 4,550,000 o Wood in average condition Total waste = 69/8.88 = 8 truck Sold with price Rp. 150,000/truck = 8 x Rp. 150,000 = Rp. 1,200,000 o Wood in bad condition Total waste = 0.2 x 230/8.88 = 5 truck Sold with price Rp. 50,000/truck = 5 x Rp. 50,000 = Rp. 250,000 Total of selling amount is = 4,550,000 + 1,200,000 + 250,000 = Rp. 6,000,000 From the selling amount, the money received is Rp. 6,000,000 – 1,900,000 = Rp. 4,100,000. From both calculation we can concluded that profit received is not very significant only Rp. 200,000, while the worker wages can increased remembering lack of discipline in workers that been paid daily. Therefore it is clear that further process is not as effective as waste reduction or minimization.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION From observation and assessment result done for University of Indonesia Student Dormitory Development Project can be concluded as following: 1. In this project there is several ways that can be done to minimize waste.

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2. Good planning is important in determining ways of minimizing produced waste. 3. Choosing the proper materials and tools to be use will affect in construction waste minimizing. 4. Surveillance and control factor will affect the amount of waste produced. 5. Proper material storage could prevent the material becoming waste before it was use. 6. Worker’s skill and contraction method will determine the amount of waste produced. Suggestion in this case is in implementing a construction project it was best to carefully plan the project processes in detail with a good control function so that every related people could help in implementing the project.

ACKNOWLEDMENT. The authors express deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Rasyid Daulay ST, who assisted the authors in data collection and supervized the construction stages of the student dormitory. REFERENCES: Audit And Reduction Manual for Industrial Emissions And Waste. United Nations Publication. 1991. Freeman, H.M. Industrial Pollution Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1995. Jonston, H & R.W. Mincks. Cost Effective Waste Minimization For Construction Manager. Cost Engineering Vol. 37/ No. 1. January 1995. Mills, T.H., E. Showater & D. Jarman. A Cost Effective Waste Management Plant. Cost Engineering Vol. 41/No. 3. March 1999. Office of Solid Waste and Office of Research and Development, United State Environmental Protection Agency. Facility Waste minimization Guide, Ohio. 1992. Reddrop, A., C. Ryan & A.W. Morison. Housing Construction Waste. Australian Government Service. 1997. Seo, S. & Hwang, Y. An Estimation of Construction and Demolition Debris in Seoul, Korea: Waste Amount, Type, and Estimating Model. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Vol. 49. August 1999. Theodore, L. & Y.C. McGuinn. Pollution Prevention. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1992. United Nation Industrial Development Organization; United Nation Environment Programme. Yeost, P.A & J.M. Halstead. Methodology For Quantifying The Volume Of Construction Waste. 1996.

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