Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Millennium Water Alliance with funding from the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation and logistical support from ...
Household stored water and communal source: the impact of geography on the determinants of microbial water quality in rural Ethiopia Katherine F.
1 Shields ,
Elizabeth
1 Christenson ,
Argaw
2 Ambelu ,
Kaida
1 Liang ,
Mussie
3 Tezazu ,
Jamie
1 Bartram
1The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 2Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia 3Millennium Water Alliance - Ethiopia Program,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Background
Results
7 water quality studies in Ethiopia from 2004 – 20131 • 3 studies compared source to household stored water quality • 5 studies low quality • 2 studies high quality • Piped water in urban areas2 • 2004-2005 Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality (RADWQ)3 • Did not assess E. coli; limited number of household stored water samples
Table 1: Descriptive statistics Variable
90
Proportion of Sources
80
Method
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Compliance (100 CFU/100 mL)
90 80
Proportion of households
Study Objectives • Building the water quality evidence base in Ethiopia • Characterize source and household stored water quality in study areas • Explore key determinants of high water quality in the study areas • Assess the effect of the implemented MWA interventions in 2011-2014 kebeles on source and household stored water quality.
70
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Public tap/standpipe Protected spring Surface water
Study design and sampling
Borehole with manual pump Unprotected spring
N (%) Piped 361 (19.8) Source type (Household survey matched to Other improved 940 (51.6) water source) Unimproved 521 (28.6) 4.0-143.9m 405 (25) Distance to source quartiles (matched by 144.0-274.4m 406 (25) source type) 274.5-522.9m 406 (25) 523.0-4,908m 406 (25) 0-10L 454 (24.9) 10-39L 361 (19.8) Water quantity quartiles 40-80L 639 (35.1) 80-800L 368 (20.2) 770 (42.3) At least one person in household defecates No in a latrine Yes 1049 (57.7) No 1091 (60.4) Open defecation witnessed in past two weeks Yes 716 (39.6) No 1736 (97) Fixed location for handwashing Yes 53 (3) No 131 (7.2) Household owns livestock Yes 1687 (92.8) No 1011 (55.7) Storage container has narrow opening Yes 803 (44.3) No 1812 (99.5) HWT with bleach Yes 10 (0.5) Piped 92 (21.7) Water source type (water source survey) Other improved 235 (55.4) Unimproved 97 (22.9) No 363 (86.4) Human excreta within 10m of source Yes 57 (13.6) No 216 (52.2) Fencing around source Yes 198 (47.8)
Table 3: Multivariable logistic regression for E. coli in compliance with WHO standards (
