WATER MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE: LESSONS LEARNT AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
WATER MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE: LESSONS LEARNT AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
By:
M.S. MEENA Principal Scientist (Agricultural Extension) ICAR-Zonal Project Directorate, Zone-VI, JODHPUR–342 005 (Rajasthan)
K.M. SINGH Professor and Chair Department of Agricultural Economics, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa-SAMASTIPUR-848 125 (Bihar) and
B.P. BHATT Director ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, PATNA-800 014 (Bihar)
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Copyright © 2015, Narendra Publishing House, Delhi (India)
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Contents
Preface
ix
Acknowledgements
xi
Section-I: Socio-Economic Impact and Policy Issues for Water Management 1. Assessing Impact of Watershed Development Programs and Conditions for Success: A Meta-Analysis Approach P.K. Joshi, Awadhesh K. Jha, S.P. Wani and F.A. Shahin
1-168
3
2. Significance of Information and Communication Technologies in Water Management B. S. Hansra and Monica Singh
29
3. Water Resources in Eastern India B.P. Bhatt, Adlul Islam, K.M. Singh and M.S. Meena
37
4. Indian National Water Policy: A Review K.M. Singh, R.K.P. Singh, M.S. Meena, and Abhay Kumar
47
5. Watershed Development in India: Lessons Learnt & Policy Imperatives Harbir Singh
65
6. Sustainable Agriculture Development in Rain fed Areas through Watershed Programme: A Case Study, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Subhash Chand, Alok K. Sikka, V.N. Sharda, M. Madhu, D.V. Singh, R. Ragupathy and M.S. Meena
75
7. Issues and Perspectives in Groundwater Management V.C. Pande and Umesh M. Naik
95
8. Ex-Post Development Impact Analysis of Watershed Project: A Case Study of Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh B.S. Meena, Purushottam Sharma, Ramesh Singh, S.K. Das and D.K. Meena
107
9. Groundwater Extraction for Use Efficiency in Crop Production under Different 125 Water Market Regimes: A Case Study of Uttar Pradesh State (India) S.K. Srivastava, and Ranjit Kumar
vi
10. Assessing Impact of Capacity Building Program on Water Management in Agriculture
141
M.S. Meena, K.M. Singh, H.M. Meena, Manoj Kumar, M.L. Meena and B.U. Dupare 11. Peoples Participation in Development: A Case of Watershed Development Basavaprabhu Jirli and Pushpendra Saroj Section-II: Technologies for Water Management
149
169-260
12. Improving Water Use Efficiency through Management of Aquatic Weeds V.R. Bhagwat, J.S. Mishra and J.V. Patil
171
13. Towards Sustainable Groundwater Management through Community Based Learning and Action: Insight from the Andhra Pradesh Farmer Managed Groundwater Systems Project Daniel J. Gustafson and K.A.S. Mani
181
14. Biodrainage: A Tool for Management of Waterlogged Soils Khajanchi Lal, J.C. Dagar and M.K. Chauhan
191
15. Microirrigation Systems for Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Satyendra Kumar and C.K. Saxena
203
16. Potential Rain Water Harvesting Systems in Eastern Ghats Region of Orissa, India Susama Sudhishri and Anchal Dass
229
17. Efficient Water Management: Way Forward to Climate Smart Grain Legumes Production
243
Anil Kumar Singh, B.P. Bhatt and K.M. Singh Section-III: Water Management for Agricultural Growth
261-386
18. Agricultural Water Management Practices under Smallholder Farming Systems (In Southern Africa) T.A. Tigere and I.I. Mudita
263
19. Agriculture Management Strategies for Flood Affected Regions in Eastern India S.S. Singh and T.K. Srivastava
287
20. Present Status and Future Prospects of Irrigation Water Management in India Rajbir Singh and Ashwani Kumar
307
vii
21. System of Rice Intensification: Principles and Resource Use Efficiency Anchal Dass, Subhash Chandra and Susama Sudhishri
333
22. Precision Water and Nutrient Management in Cotton: An Overview C.S. Praharaj, K. Sankaranarayanan, Ummed Singh and K.K. Singh
347
23. Agroforestry Adoption for Water Conservation: Constraints and Drivers Vishal Mahajan, Kamal Kishor Sood and Sanjeev Kumar
363
24. Site-Specific Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture Anil Kumar, Anil K. Choudhary, V.K. Suri, R.S. Bana, Vijay Pooniya and Ummed Singh
377
Section-IV: Water Management in Livestock & Aquaculture Sector
387-450
25. Entry Points for Improved Livestock Water Productivity in Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems: Lessons from Indo-Ganga Basin (India) Amare Haileslassie, Floriane Clement, Michael Blümmel and M. A. Khan
389
26. Aquaculture Appraisement in the Perspective of Soil and Water Quality Criteria Chandra Prakash and Nilesh Pawar
413
27. Wastewater Management in the Dairy Sector: Economic and Environmental Issues Latha Sabikhi, Sathish Kumar, M.H., and Devraja, H.C.
419
28. Water Productivity of Milk Production in India Sanjay Kumar and Yash Pal Singh
441
Preface
T
he history of agriculture can be seen as a long process of intensification, as society sought to meet its ever growing needs for food, feed and fibre by enhancing crop productivity. Over the millennia, farmers cultivated plants that were high yielding and more resistant to drought and diseases, built terraces to conserve soil and canals to distribute water to their fields, replaced simple hoes with oxen-drawn ploughs, and used animal manure as fertilizer and sulphur against pests. Agricultural intensification in the twentieth century represented a paradigm shift from traditional farming systems, based largely on the management of natural resources and ecosystem services, to the application of biochemistry and engineering to crop production. Following the same model that had revolutionized manufacturing, agriculture in the industrialized world adopted mechanization, standardization, labour-saving technologies and the use of chemicals to fertilize and protect crops. Great increases in productivity have been achieved through the use of farm equipment and machinery powered by fossil fuel, intensive tillage, high-yielding crop varieties, irrigation, and modern agro inputs but with greater capital investment. The process of crops intensification in developing world began with Green Revolution during early fifties and expanded through the 1960s, resulting in perceptible changes in crop varieties and agricultural practices worldwide. The production model, which focused initially on the introduction of improved, higher-yielding varieties of wheat, rice and maize in high potential areas, now relied more upon and promoted homogeneity: genetically uniform varieties grown with high levels of complementary inputs, such as irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides, which often replaced natural capital. Fertilizers replaced soil quality management, while herbicides provided an alternative to crop rotations as a means of controlling weeds. The Green Revolution is credited, especially in Asia, with having jump-started economies, alleviated rural poverty, saved large areas of fragile land from conversion to extensive farming, and helped to avoid a Malthusian outcome to growth in world population. Between 1975 and 2000, cereal yields in South Asia increased by more than 50 percent, while poverty declined by 30 percent. Over the past half-century, since the advent of the Green Revolution, world annual production of cereals, coarse grains, roots and tubers, pulses and oil crops increased from 1.8 billion tonnes to 4.6 billion tonnes. Growth in cereal yields and lower cereal prices significantly reduced food insecurity in the 1970s and 1980s, when the number of undernourished actually fell, despite relatively rapid population growth. Overall, the proportion of undernourished in the world population declined from 26 percent to 14 percent between 1969-1971 and 2000-2002. Crops are grown under a range of water management regimes, from simple soil tillage aimed at increasing the infiltration of rainfall, to sophisticated irrigation technologies and management. Of the estimated 1.4 billion ha of crop land worldwide, around 80 percent is rainfed and accounts for about 60 percent of global agricultural output. Under rainfed conditions, water management attempts to control the amount of water available to a crop through the opportunistic deviation of the rainwater pathway towards enhanced moisture storage in the root zone. However, the timing of the water application is still dictated by rainfall patterns, and not by the farmer. Farmers apply water to stabilize and raise yields and
x
to increase the number of crops grown per year. Globally, irrigated yields are two to three times greater than rainfed yields. Thus, a reliable and flexible supply of water is vital for high value, high-input cropping systems. However, the economic risk is also much greater than under lower input rainfed cropping. Irrigation can also produce negative consequences for the environment, including soil salinization and nitrate contamination of aquifers. Growing pressure from competing demands for water, along with environmental imperatives, mean that agriculture must obtain “more crop per drop of water” and with lesser environmental impact. This is a big task, and implies efficient water management for sustainable crop production intensification, which needs to be smarter, and precise. It will also require water management in agriculture to become much more adept at accounting for its water use in economic, social and environmental terms. Prospects for sustainable intensification vary considerably across different production systems, with different external drivers of demand. In general, however, the sustainability of intensified crop production, whether rainfed or irrigated, will depend on the adoption of ecosystem approaches such as conservation agriculture, along with other key practices, including use of high-yielding varieties and good quality seeds, and integrated pest management. For addressing issues of water management, experts from International and Indian National Agricultural Research System contributed their experiences which have been compiled in this volume. The present volume “Water Management in Agriculture: Lessons Learnt and Policy Implications” exhibits insights on water management and policy issues in an integrated and holistic manner. The book has been divided into 28 chapters covering four major areas of water management in agriculture namely: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Socio-economic impact and policy issues for water management Technologies for water management Water management for agricultural growth Water management in livestock and aquaculture sector
The editors & contributors sincerely trust that this book will help the policy planners, agricultural development administrators, NGOs, civil societies, researchers, teachers and students to polish their agricultural extension systems and approaches in changing situation by learning from experiences elsewhere. It is also expected that sharing experiences between nations & professionals may help enhance the transfer of agricultural innovations for betterment of farming community across the globe. Authors express their sincere thanks and appreciation to Mr. Jitendra Jain & Mr. Deepesh Jain of Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, India, Ltd. for bringing out this volume at a time when it is needed the most.
M.S. Meena K.M. Singh B.P. Bhatt
Acknowledgements
T
he book has its root in the scheme of “Scaling-up of WaterProductivity in Agriculture for Livelihoods through Teaching-cum-Demonstration,Training of Trainers and Farmers” which was implemented during XIth five year plan(2007-2012) at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna (Bihar). Thescheme aimed at capacity development of the farmers/farm women and extensionpersonnel for enhancing the water productivity in agriculture with the collaboration ofKrishiVigyanKendras, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna and Non-governmentalOrganization. It is an honour for us to thank Dr. M.A. Khan (ex-Director), ICAR ResearchComplex for Eastern Region, Patna (Bihar) for providing the institutional support, andwas always keen in livelihood improvement of the rural poor. We owe our deepestgratitude to the chapter contributors across the globe whose full cooperation glazed usto come up with this valuable publication.We would like to take the opportunity to express the sincere thanks and gratitude to Mr.Jitendra Jain and Mr.Deepesh Jain of Narendar Publishing House, New Delhi, India for thebringing out of this well-timed publication.
