Dr. Rajiv K. Gupta, IAS. Secretary. Climate change Department. Government of
Gujarat. Climate Change and Water. Resources Management in Gujarat ...
Climate Change and Water Resources Management in Gujarat
Dr. Rajiv K. Gupta, IAS Secretary Climate change Department Government of Gujarat
Contents Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in India About Gujarat Impact of Climate change on Water Resources in Gujarat Water Scenario of Gujarat Action oriented response to meet climate change impact. Water Riots to Water Security Powergudas of Gujarat‐ Water Temples Sardar Sarovar Project‐SSP Agriculture and climate change Innovative Projects Way Forward
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in India Frequency of hot days shows a gradual increasing trend and frequency of cold days shows decreasing trend. In India, Gross per capita water availability is estimated to decline from about 1,820 m3/yr in 2001 to about 1140 m3/year in 2050. The groundwater demand is projected to increase to 980 MCM in 2050s needing extra power to pump out water. The mean sea‐level rise is estimated to be about 1.3 mm/year on an average. This leads to increase in salinity affecting habitats, agriculture and availability of fresh water for drinking.
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in India Himalayan Region ‐ The water yield is likely to increase in the range of 5 – 20% by 2030s.
North Eastern region ‐ As compared to 1970s , in 2030s shows reduction in precipitation of about 3 % in the north western part and about 12 % in north eastern part.
Western Ghats ‐ In northern part of western Ghats decrease in water yield is expected in the range of 10 ‐50% in 2030s. The central portion indicates increase in water yield between 5 – 20%. The southern part shows a decrease of up to 10% in yields.
Coastal region ‐ There is reduction in water yeild in the eatern coastal region of West Bengal, Orissa and the northern Coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. Reduction in water yield is predicted to be as less as 40%.
About Gujarat Gujarat ‐ located in western part of India having a population of 56 million with an area of 196024 sq.km.
Location : Latitude 20.600 to 24.420 North Longitude 68.100 to 74.280 East
Gujarat State as compared to India Geographical Area Population (Census 2001) Surface Water Resources Annual population growth rate (Country’s average 2.154%) • Urban population (Country’s average 27.82%) • Per capita income (Country’s average Rupees 29642) • Contribution to the Nation • • • •
5.96% 4.93% 2.28% 2.27% 37.36% Rupees 37532
• 16% in industrial production, 22% in exports, • 30% in stock market capitalization
River Basins Of Gujarat
Total 185 Rivers, only 8 Perennial, All located in southern part
Intra‐State Distribution of Water
Projected Water Scarcity in 2025
Source: The Global Water Scarcity Study, IWMI, 1998
Impact of Climate Change on sea level rise in Gujarat 1,600 km ‐ Longest coastline Sea Level Area Rise/Surge Affected amongst Indian states. in Sq. Km Maximum damage is predicted at 1 m 14,149 a rise of 1m 2 m 16,463 Coast is characterized by creeks 3 m 18,438 and inland waters‐‐ classified as 4 m 20,218 submergence type ‐ which is 5 m 21,949 more prone to the effects of sea level rise. Sea level rise along Maximum area (0.181 million hectares) likely to be inundated the Gulf of Kutch will be by sea level rise will be the highest experienced in Gujarat
Impact of Climate Change on sea level rise and Precipitation in Gujarat Around 6 % of Gujarat’s coastal population likely to be impacted at 1m sea level rise. Trend of sea level rise for Kandla port is 3.37mm per year. Damage also to ground water resources by salt intrusion due to sea level rise. Annual precipitation expected to increase by 250 to 500mm but unevenly distributed, therefore high probability of annual occurrence of drought.
Impact on River Basins Of Gujarat almost 2/3rd decline in run off for Sabarmati and Luni
Estimated
Luni which occupies 1/4th of
Gujarat and 60% of Rajasthan likely to have acute water stress conditions
Narmada river basin is likely to experience seasonal or regular water shortage condition
Low annual per capita water availability: Sabarmati river basin: 360 m3 Mahi and Tapi basins: 1000 m3
ACTION ORIENTED RESPONSE TO MEET EXISTING AND FUTURE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Water Riots to Water Security Before 2001, severe water scarcity
leading to social tension and water riots. Migration in search of water common phenomenon in dry summer in Gujarat.
Water Riots to Water Security Fluoride affected habitations increased from 2826 in
1992 to 4187 in 2003.
Fluoride concentrations ranged from 1.5 mg/litre to
as high as 18.9 mg/litre.
Water Riots to Water Security Lack of access to safe drinking water, time loss in collecting available water, effects of head loading and burden of household responsibilities all caused determintal effects on the health of women and general family welfare including their income earning abilities
2001‐ Creation of “State Wide Drinking Water Grid”.
Narmada Canal Bulk lines completed Bulk lines in progress Bulk lines to be taken up
Action Oriented Response to Water Scarcity Bulk water transmission from sustainable surface water resources to water scarce and poor water quality habitations. 1,987 km bulk pipelines and 115,058 distribution pipelines. 10,781 hydraulic structures with total capacity 1,164 million litres 10,683 storage sumps and high ground level reservoirs with capacity of 2,504.80 million litres.
Action Oriented Response to Water Scarcity 151 water filtration and
treatment plants with a total capacity of 2750 million liters per day. 2250 MLD treated water
delivered to 10,501 villages and 127 towns.
Action Oriented Response to Water Scarcity Annual tanker supply down from 3961 villages in 2002‐03 to 326 in 2008‐09. Cost reduced from Rupees 475 million to 13.94 million (96% savings).
Reduction in tube well pumping saved‐ 72.09 million units of electricity annually. 16,076 tCO2 emission reduction per annum.
Powergudas of Gujarat‐ Water Temples
“If one Powerguda could save 147 tCO2 emission, the cumulative achievement of these checkdams, farm and village tanks and ponds, etc., would definitely be millions of tCO2 emission saving.”
Powergudas of Gujarat‐ Water Temples Advantages of myriad of micro water harvesting structures: Reduction in soil moisture evaporation Enhancement of agriculture production Increase in productivity of milch animal due to year around availability of fodder. Increase in employment opportunities for local residents
Sardar Sarovar Project Salient Features Main Concrete Gravity Dam River Bed Power House Canal Head Power House Narmada Main Canal capacity Saurashtra Branch capacity Kachchh Branch Total Canal Netwrok Command Area Estimated Cost (2008‐09)
1,210 m long, 163 m high 1200 MW 250 MW 458 km, 40,000 cusecs 104 km, 14,000 cusecs 3 X 16 MW SHP, 5 PS – 71 m 360 km, 7700 cusecs 75,000 km 1.845 million Ha 8.5 Billion USD
“One of the Eight Modern Wonders Abuilding” – TIME, January 24, 1994
Impact of SSP on State Electricity Consumption
SSP – Energy Generator and Energy Saver
“…… generation of power…. has also brought about a saving of over 50000 million units of electricity which would have been otherwise consumed to draw water from ground sources. This has brought down the electricity consumption for agriculture from 45% to 21% in the period 2000 to 2009.” ‐Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Former President of India
Inter‐Basin Transfer of Narmada Water
Narmada water released in enroute (17) rivers, Heran, Orsang, Karad, Dhadhar, Mahi, Saidak, Mohar,Shedhi, Watrak, Meshwo, Khari, Sabarmati, Rupen, Pushpawati, Khari‐II, Banas and Saraswati.
Benefits Frenchwells and Tubewells rejuvenated Recharging of natural aquifers Water quality of these rivers got enriched in terms of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Bio‐chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) etc.
Reversing Groundwater Depletion
Appreciated in UNDP Human development report 2007 as a replicable example of Climate Change adaptation measures.
GUJARAT : Agricultural Growth Rate After 2001 Annual growth rate of Gross (State) Domestic Product from Agriculture (GSDPA) 10th Five Year Plan (2002‐ 2007) Target 4.0% 11th Five Year Plan (2007‐ 2012) Target 5.5% All India average (2000‐01 to 2007‐08) 2.9% Gujarat State 9.6% Highest amongst all the States
This is despite 0.1oC to 0.9oC rise in temperatures in the state at various locations.
Agriculture and climate change Gujarat has adopted consistent strategy to cope with Climate Change in different agro – climatic zones of Gujarat. In each agro‐climatic zone there is a agro‐ meteorological field unit established Soil Health Card programme – helps farmers to adopt better remunerative crops based on soil moisture availability index 3 Specific Centres at Anand, Navsari and Junagadh for critical climate analysis and to study likely impacts of Climate Change on agriculture production. Researches initiated on breeding of heat and photoperiod insensitive crop varieties, erection of l h t
Agriculture and climate change
Climate Innovations
Sabarmati River Front Development Project River Sabarmati‐
cause of major health and environmental hazard especially during monsoons. Revival of river with
Narmada Water Transfer.
Climate Innovations
Sabarmati River Front Development Project Development of river front infrastructure will lead to; Conservation of places of heritage importance, Create an opportunity for recreation / hospitality industry, and Provide protection against 5,00,000 cusec flood benefitting 10,000 Slum Households.
Unique project with both adaptation and mitigation connotations.
Climate Innovations
Sabarmati River Front Development Project Sabarmati River water samples showed tremendous decrease in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) level after transfer of Narmada water to Sabarmati. BOD decreased from 22 mg/l in 2002 ‐03 to 4.3 mg/l in 2006‐07
COD decreased from 72 mg/l in 2002 ‐03 to 27 mg/ in 2006‐07.
Climate Innovations
Panam High Level Canal Project
Alternatives ‐ Digging of open canal Lifting of water from reservoir Both alternatives required high energy usage: 3.23 million litre fuel or 2000 MW electricity. How to irrigate additional 18,000 ha (green colour)?
Climate Innovations
Panam High Level Canal – Alternatives
Climate Innovations
Panam High Level Canal Project Constructed Gujarat’s first and foremost irrigation water carrying tunnel. Irrigating 18,000 hectares of land. Benefiting around 1,25,000 people at no extra submergence and no displacement of persons. Nearby wells, around 60 village tanks and 500 checkdams are being interlinked for recharge providing irrigation in additional 2000 ha. Interesting example of environment friendly solutions with lesser carbon footprints.
Gulf of Khambhat Development Project – KALPASAR 30 km long dam for closure of the Gulf of Khambhat. 10000 MCM of water from the rivers flowing into the Gulf of Khambhat.
KALPASAR ‐ Envisaged Project Benefits Domestic and Industrial
water ‐ about 1400 MCM. Irrigation ‐ 1 million ha
command area of coastal Saurashtra. Reduction in salinity
ingress in Saurashtra coastal area. Improvement in
groundwater quality in about 7,00,000 ha.
Coastal Land Reclamation, Fresh
Water Fisheries.
Way Forward State’s emphasis on Water Resources Sector gets reflected in its Annual Development Plan (2010‐11) – €899 million. Preparation of SAPCC in consonance with NAPCC. Formulation of a comprehensive and integrated Climate Change Policy. Generating comprehensive Climate Change consciousness. Exploring role of Market Mechanisms, carbon rating and PPP for low carbon growth path. Climate Change Trust Fund – to support R&D and to promote green technologies. Climate Change – a compulsory subject from Std. V Introducing Climate Budgeting in State budgetary process.
Way Forward
Strategic Knowledge Partnerships TERI The World Bank
J‐PAL, IFMR MIT WMO MOU signing between GOG and TERI
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