E.g., friendship among people is depicted as SNs in the web space. A remarNable concept between the SNT is centrality, which is a magnitude used to assess ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
WK&RQIHUHQFHRQ:DWHU'LVWULEXWLRQ6\VWHP$QDO\VLV:'6$
:DWHU6XSSO\1HWZRUN6HFWRUL]DWLRQ%DVHGRQ6RFLDO1HWZRUNV &RPPXQLW\'HWHFWLRQ$OJRULWKPV (&DPSEHOOD '$\DOD&DEUHUDD-,]TXLHUGRD53pUH]*DUFtDD07DYHUDE D
)OXLQJ,00&DPLQRGH9HUD9DOHQFLD6SDLQ E 0L\D%DKDPDV*URXS$ULVRQ
$EVWUDFW
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© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI:'6$ (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WDSA 2014 .H\ZRUGVZDWHUVXSSO\QHWZRUNVVHFWRUL]DWLRQVRFLDOQHWZRUNVFRPPXQLW\GHWHFWLRQUHVLOLHQFH
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOH[W (PDLODGGUHVVHQFDPJR#XSYHV
1877-7058 © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WDSA 2014 doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.251
E. Campbell et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
1209
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
1210
E. Campbell et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
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
ª§
W
© W
W
·º · § S ¦ 4S u + S ¸ » ¹ © S S ¹¼
U u J u «¨ ¦ 4W u + W ¸ ¨ 3W
ZKHUH 3W7RWDODYDLODEOHSRZHUSURYLGHGE\DOOWKHVRXUFHVH[SUHVVHGLQN: U:DWHUGHQVLW\FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRNJP J*UDYLW\DFFHOHUDWLRQH[SUHVVHGLQPV 4W([LWLQJIORZIURPDWDQNLH[SUHVVHGLQPV +W+HDGRIDWDQNLH[SUHVVHGLQPP 43)ORZRISXPSLH[SUHVVHGLQPV +3+HDGRIDSXPSLH[SUHVVHGLQP 7KH SRZHU LQ WKH IRUP RI SUHVVXUH WKDW LV SURYLGHG WR DOO QRGHV 3Q FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG DGGLQJ XS WKH RXWSXW RI PXOWLSO\LQJWKHWRWDOGHPDQGDWHDFKQRGHDQGWKHWRWDOKHDGLQWKHVDPHQRGHHTXDWLRQ
§
3Q
Q
¦ 4 u+ ©
U u J u¨
L
L Q
L
· ¸ ¹
ZKHUH 3Q3RZHUSURYLGHGWRDOOQRGHVDVSUHVVXUHH[SUHVVHGLQN: U:DWHUGHQVLW\FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRNJP J*UDYLW\DFFHOHUDWLRQH[SUHVVHGLQPV 4L'HPDQGFRQVXPSWLRQDQGOHDNV DWQRGHLH[SUHVVHGLQPV +L+HDGLQQRGHLH[SUHVVHGLQP
E. Campbell et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
1211
7KHYDOXHRI3QPD\EHH[SUHVVHGLQUHDOWHUPVZKHQDUHDOKHDGYDOXHLVXVHGLQLWVFDOFXODWLRQ,WPD\DOVREH H[SUHVVHGLQWKHRUHWLFDOWHUPVZKHQDUHTXLUHGKHDGYDOXHLVXVHG$VLWLVVKRZQLQHTXDWLRQWKHUHTXLUHGKHDGLV FDOFXODWHGE\DGGLQJXSWKHQRGHHOHYDWLRQDQGWKHUHTXLUHGSUHVVXUHYDOXH
UHTXLHUHG Q
3
ª
Q
¬L
Q
º
U u J u « ¦ 4L u (L 3L UHTXLHUHG »
¼
ZKHUH 3QUHTXLUHG3RZHUUHTXLUHGLQDOOQRGHVWRVDWLVI\DSUHVVXUHOLPLWH[SUHVVHGLQN: (L(OHYDWLRQRIQRGHLH[SUHVVHGLQP 3LUHTXLUHG/RZHUSUHVVXUHUHTXLUHPHQWDWQRGHLH[SUHVVHGLQP &RQVLGHULQJWKDW3WPD\EHH[SUHVVHGDVWKHVXPRI3QDQGWKHGLVVLSDWHGSRZHUIURPQRZRQRSHUDWLRQDOSRZHU ±3R± GXHWRIULFWLRQWKHQWKHSUHYLRXVRQHPD\EHFDOFXODWHGE\VXEWUDFWLQJ3QIURP3WHTXDWLRQ
3R
3W 3Q
ZKHUH 3R2SHUDWLRQDOSRZHUH[SUHVVHGLQN: 3W7RWDODYDLODEOHSRZHUH[SUHVVHGLQN: 3Q3RZHULQDOOQRGHVH[SUHVVHGLQN: 'HSHQGLQJRQWKHYDOXHRI3QXVHGUHDORUHTXLUHG LQWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIHTXDWLRQLWVRXWSXWFDQEHHLWKHUUHDORU UHTXLUHG%RWKDUHWKHQXVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKH,UHTXDWLRQ ,U
3RUHDO 3RUHTXLHUHG
,QGH[RIKHDGUHGXFWLRQ,KU 7KH,UFDQEHXVHGWRDVVHVVWKHDGHTXDF\RIDVHFWRUL]DWLRQOD\RXWUHJDUGLQJWRDSUHVVXUHWKUHVKROG1HYHUWKHOHVV DPRUHJHQHUDOHYDOXDWLRQFDQEHFDUULHGRXWE\MXVWFRPSDULQJWKHUHGXFWLRQRI3QUHVXOWLQJIURPLPSOHPHQWLQJD JLYHQVHFWRUL]DWLRQOD\RXWVHHHTXDWLRQ 7KLVDSSURDFKZRXOGEHPRUHVXLWDEOHIRUQHWZRUNVZRUNLQJXQGHUIDLU FRQGLWLRQVZKHUHWKHPLQLPXPSUHVVXUHUHDFKHVYHU\ORZYDOXHV
, KU
Q § 4L[ u + L[ ¦ ¨ L Q ¨ Q ¨ ¦ 4L u +L ¨ © L Q
· ¸ ¸ u ¸ ¸ ¹
ZKHUH ,KU,QGH[RIKHDGUHGXFWLRQ 4L['HPDQGFRQVXPSWLRQDQGOHDNV LQDQRGHLDIWHUVHFWRUL]DWLRQH[SUHVVHGLQ݉ଷ Τݏ +L[+HDGLQDQRGHLDIWHUVHFWRUL]DWLRQH[SUHVVHGLQP 4L'HPDQGFRQVXPSWLRQDQGOHDNV LQQRGHLEHIRUHVHFWRUL]DWLRQH[SUHVVHGLQPV +L+HDGLQQRGHLEHIRUHVHFWRUL]DWLRQH[SUHVVHGLQP )LJVKRZVWKHZKROHSURFHVV
1212
E. Campbell et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
)LJ)ORZFKDUWRIWKHZKROHSURFHVV
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQH[DPSOHV 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHPHWKRGRORJ\LVH[HPSOLILHGLQWKHVHFWRUL]DWLRQRIWZR:61V7KHILUVWRQHLVRQHRIWKH H[DPSOHQHWZRUNVRIWKHVRIWZDUHRIK\GUDXOLFVLPXODWLRQ(3$1(7>@7KHVHFRQGRQHLVWKHQHWZRUNRIWKH%DWWOH RI:DWHUQHWZRUNV,,%:1,, >@ ([DPSOHQHWZRUNRI(3$1(7 7KLVQHWZRUNLVIRUPHGE\MXQFWLRQVUHVHUYRLUVWDQNVDQGSXPSV)LJGHSLFWVWKHSURFHVVFDUULHGRXW E\WKHPHWKRGRORJ\WRILQGWKHRXWOLQHRIVHFWRUL]DWLRQ7KHRXWSXWLVDQHWZRUNVXEGLYLVLRQLQWRILYHVHFWRUVVHH)LJ 7KHORZHUVL]HOLPLWZDVVHWDWPDQGQRXSSHUOLPLWZDVVHW
)LJ6HFWRUL]DWLRQSURFHVV
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
1213
E. Campbell et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
WUDQVODWHLQWRVXSSO\VKRUWDJH
)LJ2XWSXWVHFWRUL]DWLRQOD\RXW1HWZRUNH[DPSOH(3$1(7 7DEOH(QHUJ\DQGK\GUDXOLFLQGLFDWRUV([DPSOH1HWZRUN(3$1(7 ,QGLFDWRU
%HIRUH VHFWRUL]DWLRQ
$IWHU VHFWRUL]DWLRQ
,U
,KU
1$
8SSHUSUHVVXUHP
/RZHUSUHVVXUHP
$YHUDJHSUHVVXUHP
0HGLDQSUHVVXUHP
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
1214
E. Campbell et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
)LJ2XWSXWVHFWRUL]DWLRQOD\RXW%:1,, 7DEOH(QHUJ\DQGK\GUDXOLFLQGLFDWRUV1HWZRUN%:1,, ,QGLFDWRU
%HIRUH
$IWHU
VHFWRUL]DWLRQ
6HFWRUL]DWLRQ
,U
,KU
1$
8SSHUSUHVVXUHYDOXHP
/RZHUSUHVVXUHYDOXHP
$YHUDJHSUHVVXUHYDOXHP
0HGLDQSUHVVXUHP
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
E. Campbell et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 1208 – 1215
1215
DSSURSULDWHO\ RU ZURQJO\ FRQGXFWHG $FFRUGLQJO\ LW ZRXOG EH LPSRUWDQW WR UHO\ RQ D PHFKDQLVP WR HQHUJHWLFDOO\ HYDOXDWHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHVRIWKHWUXQNQHWZRUN 5HIHUHQFHV >@6$OYLVL0)UDQFKLQL$KHXULVWLFSURFHGXUHIRUWKHDXWRPDWLFFUHDWLRQRIGLVWULFWPHWHUHGDUHDVLQZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPV8UEDQ:DWHU- >@(&DPSEHOO'$\DOD&DEUHUD-,]TXLHUGR53pUH]*DUFt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pUH]*DUFt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¶VPDQXDO&LQFLQQDWL2+ 86(3$ >@-7KRUWRQ56WXUQ*.XQJHO:DWHUORVVFRQWURO0F*UDZ+LOO >@(7RGLQL/RRSHGZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNVGHVLJQXVLQJDUHVLOLHQFHLQGH[EDVHGKHXULVWLFDSSURDFK8UEDQ:DWHU- >@9*7]DWFKNRY9+$OFRFHU