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Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS SWALLOWED Accidental ingestion of the material may be damaging to the health of the individual. Considered an unlikely route of entry in commercial/industrial environments. The liquid may produce gastrointestinal discomfort and may be harmful if swallowed. Ingestion may result in nausea, pain and vomiting. Vomit entering the lungs by aspiration may cause potentially lethal chemical pneumonitis. EYE
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INHALED Inhalation of aerosols (mists, fumes), generated by the material during the course of normal handling, may be harmful. There is some evidence to suggest that the material can cause respiratory irritation in some persons. The body's response to such irritation can cause further lung damage. Inhalation of vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness. This may be accompanied by narcosis, drowsiness, reduced alertness, loss of reflexes, lack of coordination and vertigo. Xylene is a central nervous system depressant. Headache, fatigue, tiredness, irritability and digestive disturbances (nausea, loss of appetite and bloating) are the most common symptoms of xylene overexposure. Injury to the heart, liver, kidneys and nervous system has also been noted amongst workers. Temporary memory loss, kidney impairment, temporary confusion and some evidence of disturbance of liver function was reported in workers grossly exposed to xylene (1%). One death was noted, with autopsy revealing lung congestion, oedema and local bleeding of alveoli. Inhaling xylene at 100 ppm for 5-6 hours can increase reaction time and cause slight inco-ordination. Tolerance developed during the work week, but was lost over the weekend. Physical exercise may reduce tolerance. About 4-8% of total absorbed xylene accumulates in fat. If exposure to highly concentrated solvent atmosphere is prolonged this may lead to narcosis, unconsciousness, even coma and possible death. CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS Substance accumulation, in the human body, may occur and may cause some concern following repeated or long-term occupational exposure. There has been some concern that this material can cause cancer or mutations but there is not enough data to make an assessment. There is some evidence that human exposure to the material may result in developmental toxicity. This evidence is based on animal studies where effects have been observed in the absence of marked maternal toxicity, or at around the same dose levels as other toxic effects but which are not secondary non-specific consequences of the other toxic effects. Exposure to the material for prolonged periods may cause physical defects in the developing embryo (teratogenesis). Women exposed to xylene in the first 3 months of pregnancy showed a slightly increased risk of miscarriage and birth defects. Evaluation of workers chronically exposed to xylene has demonstrated lack of genetic toxicity. Exposure to xylene has been associated with increased rates of blood cancer, but this may be complicated by exposure to other substances, including benzene. Animal testing found no evidence of cancer-causing activity. Chronic solvent inhalation exposures may result in nervous system impairment and liver and blood changes. [PATTYS]. TOXICITY AND IRRITATION 5
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