Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(1): 9-22, 2010 (June) © 2010 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists
ANGIOSPERM DIVERSITY OF LAWACHARA NATIONAL PARK (BANGLADESH): A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT MOHAMMAD ZASHIM UDDIN1 AND MD. ABUL HASSAN Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Keywords: Preliminary assessment; Angiosperm diversity; Lawachara National Park.
Abstract The present article focuses on an inventory of angiosperm diversity of Lawachara National Park. Using traditional taxonomic techniques data have been collected from the Park during January to October 2008. In this preliminary assessment, a total of 374 angiosperm species including cultivated ones have been catalogued under 84 families. Nineteen threatened plant species have also been recognized in the Park.
Introduction Lawachara National Park under Kamalganj upazila of Maulvi Bazar district is a part of West Bhanugach reserve forest, which was declared reserve in early nineteenth century as per the Forest Act 1878, the Assam Forest Manual 1898 and the Forest Act 1927. The Park is located nearly 160 km northeast of Dhaka and approximately 60 km south of Sylhet city. It lies between 24˚30΄-24˚32΄ N latitude and 91˚37΄-91˚39΄ E longitude. A part of the reserve forest was declared as a National Park in 1996 having a total area of 1250 ha (Green, 1990; Canonizado and Rahman, 1998; Riadh, 2007; Ahsan, 2007). Present forest types of Lawachara are a combination of planted exotic species and mixed forest with a deciduous canopy and an evergreen understory (Ahsan, 2000). The forest originally supported an indigenous vegetation cover of mixed tropical evergreen type (Alam, 1998). The topography of Lawachara National Park is undulating, with slopes and hillocks that range from 10 to 50 m in elevation (Rizvi, 1970; Riadh, 2007). These hillocks are scattered and interspersed with numerous streams that flow through the forest. The hills are composed of upper tertiary rocks in which sand stone largely predominates (Ahmad, 1970; Stevens, 1986) along with siltstones and mudstones, locally altered to slates and shales. The significant soils in the hills of Maulvi Bazar belong to Ramgarh and Rangamati series on Dupitila formation (Stevens, 1986). Soils of the Park are generally sandy loam and the rest are mostly clayey loam (Ahmad, 1970). The area enjoys a moist tropical climate characterized by a period of high precipitation from April to September and five months of relatively dry period from November to March. 1
Corresponding author. E-mail:
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In Bangladesh, assessment of plant diversity of the forests of different protected areas has already been started. Khan et al. (1994), Rahman and Hassan (1995), Uddin et al. (1998), Uddin and Rahman (1999), Khan and Huq (2001) and Uddin and Hassan (2004) have so far published floristic works but no such work was carried out for Lawachara National Park. The values of different aspects of this Park is now realized both by local and international communities. One international organization USAID and Nishorgo Support Project in collaboration with Forest Department have been working in the Park to establish co-management strategy for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development. For the sake of management of biodiversity, assessment of plant diversity especially angiosperm diversity as major component of the park, is very essential that will provide baseline information on which action plan can be made. The present study has been undertaken to make an inventory of angiosperm diversity of Lawachara National Park. Materials and Methods Six field visits, each lasted for five days have been made to the area during January 2008 to October 2008. Each section of this spectacular National Park was carefully combed to assure all species in the list including those that were scattered or infrequent. Special effort was made to locate the species already listed as threatened or endangered in the country. Botanical specimens were collected and field identifications were confirmed back at Dhaka University Herbarium (presently known as Salar Khan Herbarium). Voucher specimens were preserved in the same Herbarium. Woody flora of Sylhet (Alam, 1988) and flora of Rema-Kalenga wildlife sanctuary (Uddin and Hassan, 2004) were also consulted for the identification of specimens. Results and Discussion Based on this study, a preliminary list of angiosperm diversity of the Lawachara National Park was made that includes 374 species under 264 genera and 84 families. For each species scientific name, Bengali name (when available) and family are provided (Table 1). Of 374 species recorded here, herbs are represented by148, shrubs by 71, trees by 90 and climbers by 65 species. Nineteen species listed as threatened in the Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of Bangladesh (Khan et al., 2001) have been located in this Park. These are Ammomum aromaticum, Aquillaria agallocha, Bombax insigne, Calamus guruba, Cymbidium aloifolium, Desmos longiflorus, Globba multiflora, Hedychium coccineum, Hedychium thyrsiforme, Holigarna longifolia, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Mangifera sylvatica, Phrynium imbricatum, Pinanga gracilis, Pterospermum semisagittatum, Rauvolfia serpentina, Steudnera colocasioides, Taxillus thelocarpa and Terminalia citrina. One species of gymnosperm (Gnetum oblongum) and one species of tree fern (Cyathea gigantea) listed as endangered in Bangladesh were also located in the Park during this survey.
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Table 1. Diversity of angiosperm species of Lawachara National Park (h = herb, s = shrub, t = tree, c = climber) Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Species name Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. A. concinna DC. A. mangium Willd. Acamphae premorsa (Roxb.) Blatter & Mcann Achyranthes aspera L. Actinodaphnae angustifolia Nees Adhatoda zeylanica Medikus Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Bl. Ageratum conyzoides L. Albizia odoratissima Benth. A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. Allophyllus cobbe Bl. Alocasia cuculata (Lour.) G. Don A. indica Scott. Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Rosc. Alstonia scholaris L. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. Ammomum aromaticum Roxb. A. corynostachyum Wall. A. dealbatum Roxb. A. uliginosum Koen. Amoora wallichii King Amorphophalus campanulatus Bl. Ampelygonum chinense (L.) Lindley Anacardium occidentalis L. Ananas sativus Schult. f. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) A. Rich ex Walp. Antidesma ghaesemblia Gaertn. A. roxburghii Wall. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker Aphania danura (Roxb.) Rodlk. Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. A. oblonga (Wall.) Muell.-Arg. Aquillaria agallocha Roxb. Ardisia colorata Roxb. A. paniculata Roxb. A. solanacea Roxb. Areca catechu L. Argyria capitiformis (Poir.) Oostr.
Bengali name Akashmoni Kuchui Apang Bhasak Lalapang Fulkuri Kalokoroi Koroi Mankachu Deotara Chatim Chanchi Morangelachi Lali Olkachu Kajubadam Anaros Gobura Kadam Pitraj Danura Patakharolla Agar Banjam Supari -
Family Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Orchidaceae Amaranthaceae Lauraceae Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Sapindaceae Araceae Araceae Zingiberaceae Apocynaceae Amaranthaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Meliaceae Araceae Polygonaceae Anacardiaceae Bromeliaceae Lamiaceae Rubiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Meliaceae Sapindaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Thymeliaceae Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Arecaceae Convolvulaceae
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Species name Arides odorata Lour. Aristolochia tagala Cham. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. A. chaplasha Roxb. A. lakucha Roxb. Arundinella bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce Axonopus compressus (Swartz.) P. Beauv. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Bambusa balcooa Roxb. B. bambos (L.) Voss B. polymorpha Munro B. tulda Roxb. B. vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. Begonia barbata Wall. ex A. DC. B. roxburghii (Miq.) DC. Bischofia javanica Bl. Bombax ceiba L. B. insigne Wall. Borreria articularis (L. f.) Williams Breynia patens Benth. Bridelia stipularis (L.) Bl. Brownlowia eleta Roxb. Bulbophyllum lilacinum Ridley Bursera serrata Wall. ex Colobr. Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. Buttnera pilosa Roxb. Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. Calamus guruba Buch.-Ham. ex Mart. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Calycarpa arborea Roxb. C. lanciolaria Roxb. Carex jenkensianus Boott. Carya arborea Roxb. Caryota urens L. Cassia hirsuta L. C. occidentalis L. C. sophera L. C. tora L. Castanopsis tribuloides A. DC.
Bengali name Kanthal Chapalish Deua Neem Lotkon Barak bans Kanta bans Parua Mitinga Baijja Kanjalbhady Shimul Bonshimul Kakro Neul Palash Nata Jalibet Akonda Bormala Kumbi Golsagu Eski Kalkesunde Khami
Family Orchidaceae Aristolochiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Poaceae Poaceae Meliaceae Euphorbiaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Begoniaceae Begoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Bombacaceae Bombacaceae Rubiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Sterculiaceae Orchidaceae Burseraceae Fabaceae Sterculiaceae Caesalpiniaceae Arecaceae Asclepiadaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Cyperaceae Lecythidaceae Arecaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Fagaceae
Habit h c t t t h t t t s s s s t h h s t t h s c t h t t c c c s t s h t t h s h h t
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
Species name Casuarina littorea L. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. Centella asiatica Urban Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Ceriscoides campanulata (Roxb.) Tirveng. Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Cissus adnata Roxb. Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. C. viscosum Vent. Cnesmone javanica Bl. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Combretum acuminatum Roxb. C. apetalum Wall. C. latifolium Bl. C. punctatum Bl. Commelina benghalensis L. C. erecta L. Costus speciosa (Koening) Smith Crotalaria juncea L. Croton caudatus Geisel. Curculigo orchioides Gaer. C. recurvata Dryand. Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc. Cyclea peltata Hook. f. et Thom. Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. Cynodon dactylon L. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) O. Kuntze C. difformis L. C. exaltatus Retz C. pilosus Vahl C. rotundus L. Daemonorops jenkensianas (Griff.) Mart. Dalbergia stipularis Roxb. & Baker D. volubilis Roxb. Dehaasia kurzii King ex Hook. f. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fisch. D. lindleyi Steud.
Bengali name Jhau Thankuni Premkanta Chikrasi Aliangalata Jambura Pomkafur Barangi Bhant Kachu Patuinia Baulata Kanchira Kura Shonpat Sabarjala Talmuli Bidipata Shathi Durba Bethua Mutha Golakbet Dadbari Ankilata Modonmosta -
Family Casuarinaceae Vitaceae Apiaceae Poaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Moraceae Poaceae Meliaceae Vitaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Euphorbiaceae Araceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Costaceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Zingiberaceae Menispermaceae Orchidaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Arecaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lauraceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164
Species name Derris elegans Benth. D. scandens Benth. Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merril. D. pulchellum (L.) Benth. Desmos chinensis Lour. D. longiflorus (Roxb.) Safford Digitaria adscendens (HBK) Henr. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. D. scabrella (D. Don) Roxb. ex Wall. Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) J. O. Voigt ex Haines D. bulbifera L. D. hispida Dennst. D. pentaphylla L. D. tomentosa Koenig ex Spreng. D. triphylla Ham. D. trinerva Roxb. Diospyros montana Roxb. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. Dracaena spicata Roxb. Dysophyla auricularia Bl. Eclipta prostrata L. Elaeocarpus floribundus Bl. E. robustus Roxb. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. E. tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. E. tenuifolia Hochst. ex Steud. E. uniloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Eranthemum album Nees Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Bl. Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf. Erythrina ovalifolia Roxb. Eupatorium odoratum L. Ficus benghalensis L. F. hirta Vahl F. hispida L. f. F. irisiana Elm. F. racemosa L. F. ramentacea Roxb. F. religiosa L. F. retusa L. Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz) Vahl F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl
Bengali name Kamirialata Loncharal Jutasalpani Hargoza Hargoza Shoraalu Ratal Jhunihanalata Tamal Kaligarjan Dracaena Kesaraj Belphoi Jalpai Muralipata Baraharina Togor Mandar Assamlata Bot Dumur Jagdumur Assawatha Baranirbishi
Family Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Poaceae Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Ebenaceae Dipterocarpaceae Liliaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Acanthaceae Sapindaceae Apocynaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae
Habit c c h s c t h t t c c c c c c c t t h h h t t h h h h h s s t s t s h c t c t s h h
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206
Species name F. falcata (Vahl) Kunth Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. F. jangomus (Lour.) Raeusch Floscopa scandens Lour. Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. Garcinia cowa Roxb. G. pedunculata Roxb. G. xanthochymus Hook. f. ex T. Ander. Gardenia coronaria Ham. Garuga pinnata Roxb. Gouania laptostachya DC. Gigantochloa andamanica (Kurz) Kurz Globba multiflora Wall. ex Baker G. orixensis Roxb. Glochidion multi-loculare (Roxb. ex Willd) Muell.-Arg. Glycosmis arborea Roxb. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Grangea madaraspatana (L.) Poir. Grewia microcos L. Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kurz Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Smith H. thyrsiforme Buch.-Ham. ex Smith Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Heteria rubens Benth. ex Hook. f. Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem. Hevea brasiliensis Muell.-Arg. Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. Holigarna longifolia Roxb. Homalomena aromatica Schott. Hoya parasitica (Wall.) Wight Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb. Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Smith I. javanica Roxb. ex Smith I. parviflora Vahl Jasminum sambac Ait. Justicia ganderusa L.
Bengali name Paniala Lukluki Kau Dayphal Koinar Kharapat Kali Kakra Datmajan Gamari Nemuti Assar Bhuiada Anantamul Rubber Kurchi Barola Gandhabi Pargacha Chaulmoogra Tokma Shamalata Ulu Dholkalmi Swetrangan Swetrangan Beli Nilnishinda
Family Cyperaceae Flacourtiaceae Flacourtiaceae Commelinaceae Cyperaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Rubiaceae Burseraceae Rhamnaceae Poaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Euphorbiaceae Rutacae Verbenaceae Asteraceae Tiliaceae Cucurbitaceae Vitaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Asclepiadaceae Orchidaceae Bignoniacae Euphorbiaceae Apocynaceae Anacardiaceae Araceae Asclepiadaceae Flacourtiaceae Hypericaceae Lamiaceae Apocynaceae Poaceae Convovulaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Oleaceae Acanthaceae
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248
Species name Lagerstroemia indica L. L. parviflora Roxb. L. speciosa (L.) Pers. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Lantana camara L. Laportia cranulata Gaud. Leea acuminata (Burm. f.) Merr. L. aequata L. L. crispa Willd. Lepidagathis incurva D. Don L. liniaris T. Ander. Lesia spinosa Schott. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. Lindernia ciliata (Colms.) Pennel Lithocarpus elegans Hook. f. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Robinson L. monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Lophopetalum fimbriatum Wight. Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell.-Arg. M. indica Wight Maesa indica Wt. M. ramentacea Wall. Mallotus philippinensis (Lamk.). Muell.-Arg. M. roxburghii Muell.-Arg. Mangifera indica L. M. sylvatica Roxb. Melastoma malabathricum Roxb. Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) Benth. Melocana baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. Michelia champaca L. Micromelum minutum (Forst. f.) Wight & Arn. Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B. L. Robinson Mimosa intisia L. M. pudica L. Modecca trilobata Roxb. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Moringa oleifera Lamk. Mucuna monosperma DC. M. pruiens (L.) DC. Musa ornata Roxb.
Bengali name Sidha Jarul Jiga Lantana Agnichutra Kakjangha Gaochia Khami Kukurchita Akorma Raktan Bura Ramjoni Maricha Punag Nimputeli Aam Jangliam Datrangan Lotabans Mulibans Sadakalmi Champa Bankunch Assamlata Lajjabati Baranukha Ranggach Sajna Nataalkushi Alkushi Ramkola
Family Lythraceae Lythraceae Lythraceae Anacardiaceae Verbenaceae Urticaceae Leeaceae Leeaceae Leeaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Araceae Lamiaceae Scrophulariaceae Fagaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Celastraceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Melastomaceae Poaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Magnoliaceae Rutaceae Asteraceae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Passifloraceae Pontederiaceae Rubiaceae Moringaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Musaceae
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290
Species name M. paradisica L. Mussaenda corymbosa Roxb. M. frondosa L. Myxopyrum smilacifolium Bl. Nelsonia canescens (Lamk.) Spreng. Olax nana Wall. Ophiorrhiza harisiana Heyne O. villosa Roxb. Oplismenus burmanii (Retz.) P. Beauv. Ormosia robusta (Roxb.) Baker Oroxyllum indicum (L.) Kurz Osbeckia rostrata D. Don Oxalis corniculata L. Paedaria foetida L. Pandanus foetidus Roxb. Pavetta indica L. Peliosanthes teta Andr. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach. P. minor (Huds) Opiz P. prosambu (Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross P. strigosa (R. Br.) Nakai Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet Phlogacanthus asperulus Nees P. curviflorous Nees P. tubiflorus Nees Phrynium imbricatum (Dietr.) Roxb. Phyllanthus amarus Schumacher & Thonn. P. emblica L. P. reticulatus Poir. P. sikkimensis Muell.-Arg. Pinanga gracilis Bl. Piper betel L. P. longum L. P. sylvaticum Roxb. Poganotherum panicum (Lamk.) Hack. Polygonum plebejum R. Br. Pothos scandens L. Premna esculenta Roxb. Psidium guajava L. Psychotria fulva Ham. Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. P. semisagittatum Ham. ex Roxb.
Bengali name Kachakola Nagabali Ganjankuli Thona Amrul Gandhabadhuli Keyakanta Bisophal Bishkatali Pitulpata Amlaki Chitki Ramsupari Pan Pepul Paharipepul Anjaban Batilata Lallong Piara Kanakchampa Banassar
Family Musaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Oleaceae Acanthaceae Olacaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Bignoniacae Melastomaceae Oxalidaceae Rubiaceae Pandanaceae Rubiaceae Haemodoraceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Marantaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Arecaceae Piperaceae Piperaceae Piperaceae Poaceae Polygonaceae Araceae Verbenaceae Myrtaceae Rubiaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332
Species name Quercus gomeziana A. Camus Q. spicata Smith Randia dumetorum Lamk. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Rhychoticum ellipticum A. DC. Rubus hexagyna Roxb. Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Ryhnchostylis retusa (L.) Bl. Saccharum arundanaceum Retz. S. spontaneum L. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Schima wallichii Choisy Schizostachyum dulloa (Gamble) R. Majumdar Scleria terrestris (L.) Fassett Scoparia dulcis L. Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Shorea robusta Gaertn. F. Sida acuta Burm f. Smilax prolifera Roxb. S. zeylanica L. Solanum indicum L. S. torvum Sw. Spilanthes acmella L. Sporobolus diander (Retz) P. Beauv. S. indicus R. Br. Staurogyne argentea Wall. Stemona tuberosa Lour. Stephania harnandifolia Walp. S. japonica (Thunb.) Miers. Sterculia colorata Roxb. S. villosa Roxb. Steriospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatt. Steudnera colocasioides Hook. f. Stixis sauveolens Roxb. Streblus asper Lour. Strobilanthus scaber Nees Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Synedrella nudiflora (L.) Gaertn. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels S. firmum Thw. S. formosanum (Hayata) Mor.
Bengali name Batna Mankanta Sharpagandha Kash Chottokut Kanak Dolu Bandhuni Bajra Sal Kureta Kumarilata Titbegun Marhatitiga Muichanlata Nimukha Udal Janlibadam Shaora Mehogoni Kalojam Dhakijam Panijam
Family Fagaceae Fagaceae Rubiaceae Apocynaceae Myrsinaceae Rosaceae Acanthaceae Orchidaceae Poaceae Poaceae Alismataceae Theaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Scrophulariaceae Poaceae Dipterocarpaceae Malvaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Poaceae Acanthaceae Stemonaceae Menispermaceae Menispermaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Bignoniacae Araceae Capparaceae Moraceae Acanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Meliaceae Asteraceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae
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Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374
Species name S. fruticosum (Roxb.) DC. Tacca integrifolia Ker – Gawl. Taxillus thelocarpa (Hook. f.) M. K. Alam Tectona grandis L. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wt. & Arn. T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. T. citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Flaming Tetasera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl. Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br. Tetrastigma thomsonianum Planch. Thea sinensis L. Thladiantha cordifolia (Bl.) Cogn. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Thysanolena maxima (Roxb.) O. Kuntze Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. Toona ciliata M. Roem. Torenia vagans Roxb. Travesia palmata (Roxb.) Vis. Trewia nudiflora L. Trichosanthes bracteata (Lamk.) Voit. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb. Uraria lagapoides DC. Urena lobata L. Uvaria hamiltonii Hook. f. & Thoms. Vanda teres (Roxb.) Lindl. Vernonia cineria (L.) Lees. V. extensa DC. Vitex altissima L. V. glabrata R. Br. V. peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer Vitis latifolia Roxb. V. trifolia L. Wedelia trilobata (L.) A. S. Hitchc. Willughbeia edulis Roxb. Xylia dolabiformis Benth. Zanthoxyllum rhetsa DC. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Z. oenoplea (L.) Miller. Z. oxyphylla Edgell Z. xylophyrus (Retz.) Willd.
Bengali name Khudijam Barahikand Segun Arjun Bahera Hora Tundul Cha Nillata Phuljharu Gulancha Toon Pitali Banokra Banokra Kuksim Horina Awal Goalialata Anallata Lata aam Lohakat Bazna Boj Boroi Banboroi -
Family Myrtaceae Taccaceae Loranthaceae Verbenaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Dilleniaceae Datiscaceae Vitaceae Theaceae Cucurbitaceae Acanthaceae Poaceae Menispermaceae Meliaceae Scrophulariacee Araliaceae Euphorbiaceae Cucurbitaceae Tiliaceae Rubiaceae Fabaceae Malvaceae Annonaceae Orchidaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Vitaceae Vitaceae Asteraceae Apocynaceae Mimosaceae Rutaceae Zingiberaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae
Habit s h s t t t t c t c s c c h c t h s t c h c h h c h h h t s t c c h c t t h s s s s
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The Park has few patches of natural forests, and plantations raised earlier by converting high forests of great biodiversity value. The top tree canopy includes Artocarpus chaplasha, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Dillenia pentagyna, Castanopsis tribuloides, Lophopetalum fimbriatum, Quercus spicata, Chukrassia tabularis, Ficus racemosa, Toona ciliata, Aphanamixis polystachia, Steriospermum personatum, Xylia dolabiformis, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Vitex peduncularis. The common shrub species are Micromelum minutum, Grewia microcos, Aphania danura, Erioglossum edulis, Macaranga peltata, Maesa indica, Travesia palmata, Carya arborea, Flacourtia indica, Randia dumetorum, Morinda angustifolia, Pavetta indica and Antidesma ghaesembila. The most common undergrowth species are mostly the members of Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Zingiberaceae and Araceae. Most common climber species are the members of Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menispermaceae and Vitaceae. A luxuriant growth of epiphytes and parasites are observed on the forest trees. The most common epiphytes include Acampe premorsa, Aerides odorata, Dendrobium lindleyi and Vanda teres. The common bamboo species are Bambusa polymorpha, Bambusa tulda, Melocana baccifera and Schizostachyum dullooa. Valleys of the forest are often dominated by various members of Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Araceae, Polygonaceae, Zingiberaceae and Asteraceae. Based on the field observations and present results it may be concluded that the angiosperm diversity of Lawachara National Park is very rich and the Park is the home for many threatened plant species of Bangladesh. The present result is a preliminary list of angiosperm diversity of the Park. Currently plant diversity of this Park is in great risk because of many threats as observed during field works. Noteworthy threats are frequent forest fire during dry season, illegal logging, fire wood collections, betel leaf cultivation, oil exploration, development works, uncontrolled visitors and population pressure. Though the plant diversity of the park is under in situ conservation plan, the management plan should be made based on local knowledge of plant diversity. As the Park is the home of many threatened plant species and as well as for wildlife, for the sake of better management option distribution map of threatened plant species should be made on priority basis. Such map will facilitate accurate location and home range of threatened species in the Park so that monitoring activities can be carried out easily. In severe cases, ex situ conservation for particular species may be followed to replicate their population number. Present management system should be strengthened by deploying relevant manpower including plant taxonomists for proper documentation and conservation and sustainable development of Lawachara National Park.
ANGIOSPERM DIVERSITY OF LAWACHARA NATIONAL PARK
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Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the authority of IUCN, Bangladesh and Forest Department for their cooperation during field visits of this study. References Ahmad, N. 1970. Working plan for the forests of the Sylhet division for the period 1963-64 to 1982-83, Working plan division 2, CTG.E.P. Dacca, East Pakistan Govt. Press. pp. 1-22. Ahsan, M.F. 2000. Socio-Ecology of the Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in two Forests of Bangladesh. Field Research. pp. 284-299. Ahsan, M.M. 2007. Perceptions of tourism by indigenous communities living in and adjoining Lawachara National Park. In: Fox, J., Bushley, B.R, Dutt, S and Quazi, S.A. (eds.). Making conservation work: linking rural livelihoods and protected areas management in Bangladesh. East-West Centre and Nishorgo Program of the Bangladesh Forest Department. pp. 131-148. Alam, M.K. 1988. Annotated checklist of the woody flora of Sylhet forests. Bull. 5. Plant Taxonomy Series. Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong. 153 pp. Alam, M.K. 1998. Documentation of Ethnobiological Information. In: Banik, R.L., Alam, M.K., Peil, S. and Rastogi, A. (eds.). Applied Ethnobotany. Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong. pp. 28-29. Canonizado, J.A. and Rahman, S.M. 1998. GOB/WB Forest resources management project technical asistance component: integrated forest management plan for the Sylhet forest division. Mandala Agricultural Development Corporation and Forest Department, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Bangladesh. pp. 1-4. Green, 1990. IUCN Directory of South Asian protected areas. IUCN The Wrold Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. pp. 24-30. Khan, M.S., Rahman, M.M. and Ali, M.A. (eds.). 2001. Red Data Book of vascular plants of Bangladesh. Bangladesh National Herbarium. 179 pp. Khan, M.S. and Huq, A.M. 2001. The vascular flora of Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary in south Chittagong, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant. Taxon. 8(1): 47-64. Khan, M.S., Rahman, M.M., Huq, A.M., Mia, M.M.K. and Hassan M.A. 1994. Assesment of biodiversity of Teknaf game reserve in Bangladesh focusing on economically and ecologically important plants species. Bangladesh J. Plant. Taxon. 1(1): 21-33. Rahman, M.O. and Hassan, M.A. 1995. Angiospermic flora of Bhawal National Park, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 2(1&2): 47-79. Riadh, S.M. 2007. Assessing the role of non-timber forest products in the livelihoods of communities living inside and outside of Lawachara National Park. In: Fox, J., Bushley, B.R, Dutt, S. and Quazi, S.A. (eds.). Making conservation work: linking rural livelihoods and protected areas management in Bangladesh. East-West Centre and Nishorgo Program of the Bangladesh Forest department. pp. 36-49. Rizvi, S.N.H. 1970. East Pakistan District Gazetteers for Sylhet. Government of East Pakistan Survices and General Administration Department, Dhaka. pp. 5-6. Stevens, P.R. 1986. Land classification and soil suitability for plantation in Sylhet division. Working Paper No. 26 (UNDP/FAO) Project BGD/79/017. 21 pp. Uddin, M.Z. and Hassan, M.A. 2004. Flora of Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary. lUCN Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 120 pp.
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Uddin, S.B. and Rahman, M.A. 1999. Angiospermic flora of Himchari National Park, Cox's Bazar. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 6(1): 31-68. Uddin, S.N., Khan, M.S., Hassan, M.A. and Alam, M.K. 1998. An annotated checklist of angiospermic flora of Sitapahar at Kaptai in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 5(1): 13-46. (Manuscript received on 16 April 2009; revised on 3 August 2009)
