EURO-V = 2008 = for heavy good vehicle. Euro v/s Bharat norms: Transition to
Bharat norms. The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission.
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What are Emission Norms? Emission norms are prescribed CO (Carbon Monoxide), HC (Hydrocarbons) and NOX (Nitrous oxide) levels set by the government which a vehicle would emit when running on roads. All the manufacturers need to implement the same for vehicles being manufactured from the date of implementation. What are Euro Norms? Euro norms refer to the permissible emission levels for both petrol and diesel vehicles, which have been implemented in Europe. However in India, the government has adopted the Euro norms for available fuel quality and the method of testing. Chronology of Euro Norms = operational year = vehicle type • EURO-1 = 1993 = for passenger car • EURO-II = 1996 = for passenger car • EURO-III = 2000 = any vehicle • EURO-IV = 2005 = any vehicle • EURO-V = 2008 = for heavy good vehicle Euro v/s Bharat norms: Transition to Bharat norms The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both petrol (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for fourwheeled light-duty and for heavy-dc. Indian emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy was announced, which envisaged a phased program for introducing Euro 2 - 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. Current requirement is that all transport vehicles carry a fitness certificate that is renewed each year after the first two years of new vehicle registration. How emission norms are set? The emphasis here is on simulation of actual driving versus assumed driving pattern in a cycle based on long observation and trials on road. In simulation, the vehicle is "exercised" on a "tread mill" called chassis dynamometer replicating the assumed driving-pattern of the country. This is called the driving cycle of the country. The emissions are measured over the cycle and the results computed to give mass emissions. In European countries the regulatory standards are called the Euro Norms — designated by the letters EU suffixed by numerals I, II, III and IV in the increasing order of stringency. Although the norms for vehicles vary from country to country reflecting the differences in traffic density and regulation, road infrastructure, fuel quality, maintenance standards, India uses Euro standards with only one modification — lower maximum
speed of 90 km/h in the last part of the cycle instead of 120 km/h as mandated in the EU norms. This cycle is called modified European cycle • The other components of the driving cycle such as idling period, acceleration and deceleration rate and periods, cruising period are exactly the same as Euro practice. • The norms derived from this cycle are called Bharat Stage standards — designated by the symbol BS suffixed by numerals in the increasing order of stringency. • The low emission level in BS norms is only a necessary, but not sufficient, condition. • For complete equivalence, some more provisions need to be made. • One such provision is the on-board diagnostic system (OBD) that can indicate malfunctioning of emission control and engine performance. With this and other specified add-on systems, complete graduation to Euro level can be attained. Efficacy of graduation to Bharat norms: The country has simply adapted the European cycle to the Bharat cycle by just reducing the maximum speed in the last phase. Will this modification alone give sufficient justification to simulate the randomness of frequent acceleration and deceleration and long periods of idling, which are prone to excessive discharge of exhaust emissions? The Indian Driving Cycle (IDC) developed by the ARAI after long-term effort is a more realistic approach. The two-wheeler industry recognized the merit of this and the IDC has become the preferred cycle used to establish emission norms for these vehicles. India must urgently use innovative methods to arrive at mass emissions under actual service conditions. After rationalizing these methods we may arrive at appropriate norms in a way equivalent to the Euro norms. The ultimate aim is that mass emissions to atmosphere must not exceed the values recommended by international standards. For export purposes however we have to comply with Euro or any other norms acceptable in the foreign market. We have to balance the market forces and the societal objective of keeping our air cleaner. In the area of fuels, the 2001 Biofuels Directive requires that 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and diesel) should be replaced by biofuels by 31 December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005. The European parliament’s environment committee supported a plan to curb the EU target for renewable sources in transport to 4% by 2015.
2
Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle or EEV term used in the European emission standards for definition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5 tonne in category M2 and M3. The standard lies between levels of Euro V and Euro VI.
is a the the the
Cycle beating For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial that the test cycles under which the emissions have to comply as much as possible reflect normal driving situations. It was discovered that engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimize emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, research from two German technology institutes found that for diesel
cars no 'real' NOx reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards. The Parameters determining Emission from vehicles • • • •
Vehicular Technology Fuel Quality Inspection & Maintenance of In-Use Vehicles Road and Traffic Management
While each one of the four factors mentioned above have direct environmental implications, the vehicle and fuel systems have to be addressed as a whole and jointly optimized in order to achieve significant reduction in emission.
Emission norms for other major countries: USA • In the United States, emissions standards are managed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). • The state of California has special dispensation to promulgate more stringent vehicle emissions standards, and other states may choose to follow either the national or California standards. • California's emissions standards are set by the California Air Resources Board, known locally by its acronym "CARB" European Union • The European Union has its own set of emissions standards that all new vehicles must meet. • Standards are set for all road vehicles, trains, barges and 'nonroad mobile machinery' (such as tractors). No standards apply to seagoing ships or airplanes. • The EU is to introduce Euro 5 effective January 1, 2010 and Euro 6 effective January 1, 2014
Asia: China • Due to rapidly expanding wealth and prosperity, the number of coal power plants and cars on China's roads is rapidly growing, creating an ongoing pollution problem. • China enacted its first emissions controls on automobiles in 2000, equivalent to Euro I standards, upgraded again in 2005 to Euro II. • More stringent emission standard, National Standard III, equivalent to Euro III standards went into effect on July 1, 2007 Plans are for Euro IV standards to take effect in 2010. • Beijing introduced the Euro IV standard in advance on January 1, 2008, became the first city in mainland China to adopt this standard Hong Kong • Hong Kong emissions standards are totally independent from Chinese regulations. • From Jan 1, 2006, all new passenger cars with spark-ignition engines in Hong Kong must meet either Euro IV petrol standard, Japanese Heisei 17 standard or US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5 standard. • For new passenger cars with compression-ignition engines, they must meet US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5 standard.
3 Emission norms for Republic of India The implementation schedule of EU standards in India is summarized in Table 1
emission Table 3 Emission Standards for Light‐Duty Diesel Vehicles, (g/km)
Table 1: Indian Emission Standards (4‐Wheel Vehicles) Standard
Reference
India 2000
Euro 1
Bharat Stage II
Date
Year
Region
2000
Nationwide
2001
NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
2003.04
NCR*, 10 Cities†
2005.04
Nationwide
2005.04
NCR*, 10 Cities†
2010.04
Nationwide
2010.04
NCR*, 10 Cities†
Euro 2
Reference
CO
HC
HC+NOx
PM
1992
‐
17.3‐32.6
2.7‐3.7
‐
‐
1996
‐
5.0‐9.0
‐
2.0‐4.0
‐
2000
Euro 1
2.72‐6.90
‐
0.97‐1.70
0.14‐0.25
2005†
Euro 2
1.0‐1.5
‐
0.7‐1.2
0.08‐0.17
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
Bharat Stage III
Bharat Stage IV
Euro 3
Euro 4
* National Capital Region (Delhi) † Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra
The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Trucks and Buses Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kg— are listed in Table 1. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage)
The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Emission Standards for Light‐Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh Year
Reference
CO
HC 3.5
NOx
PM
1992
‐
14.0
18.0
‐
1996
‐
11.20
2.40
14.4
‐
2000
Euro I
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.36*
2005†
Euro II
4.0
1.1
7.0
0.15
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW † earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
Light duty petrol vehicles (4-wheel vehicles) Emissions standards for petrol vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats)
Table 2 Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh Year
Reference
CO
HC
NOx
PM
1992
‐
17.3‐32.6
2.7‐3.7
‐
‐
1996
‐
11.20
2.40
14.4
‐
2000
Euro I
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.36*
2005†
Euro II
4.0
1.1
7.0
0.15
2010†
Euro III
2.1
0.66
5.0
0.10
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW † earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
Light duty diesel vehicles Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats).
Table 5 Emission Standards for Gasoline Vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg), g/km Year 1991
Reference ‐
CO 14.3‐27.1
HC 2.0‐2.9
HC+NOx ‐
1996
‐
8.68‐12.4
‐
3.00‐4.36
1998*
‐
4.34‐6.20
‐
1.50‐2.18
2000
Euro 1
2.72‐6.90
‐
0.97‐1.70
2005†
Euro 2
2.2‐5.0
‐
0.5‐0.7
* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles † earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
Petrol vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000) 3- and 2-wheel vehicles Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel Petrol vehicles are listed in the following tables.
4 Table 6 Emission Standards for 3‐Wheel Petrol Vehicles, g/km Year
CO
HC
HC+NOx
1991
12‐30
8‐12
‐
1996
6.75
‐
5.40
2000
4.00
‐
2.00
2005 (BS II)
2.25
‐
2.00
Overview of the emission norms in India 1991 - Idle CO Limits for Gasoline Vehicles and Free Acceleration Smoke for Diesel Vehicles, Mass Emission Norms for Gasoline Vehicles. 1992 - Mass Emission Norms for Diesel Vehicles. 1996 - Revision of Mass Emission Norms for Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles, mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for Cars in Metros on Unleaded Gasoline. 1998 - Cold Start Norms Introduced. 2000 - India 2000 (Eq. to Euro I) Norms, Modified IDC (Indian Driving Cycle), Bharat Stage II Norms for Delhi. 2001 - Bharat Stage II (Eq. to Euro II) Norms for All Metros, Emission Norms for CNG & LPG Vehicles. 2003 - Bharat Stage II (Eq. to Euro II) Norms for 11 major cities. 2005 - From 1 April Bharat Stage III (Eq. to Euro III) Norms for 11 major cities. 2010 - Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 4-wheelers for entire country whereas Bharat Stage - IV (Eq. to Euro IV) for 11 major cities. Bharat Stage IV also has norms on OBD (simalar to Euro III but diluted)
