What is easy and what is hard to acquire in a second language?
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What is easy and what is hard to acquire in a second language?
In Theories in second language acquisition, Bill VanPatten and Jessica. Williams (eds.), 97-113. ... Ferreira, F., K. Bailey, and V. Ferraro. 2002. Good enough ...
What is easy and what is hard to acquire in a second language?! Roumyana Slabakova! University of Iowa!
The Bottleneck Hypothesis! Functional morphology! is the bottleneck of L2 ! acquisition; acquisition ! of syntax and! semantics (and maybe! even pragmatics) ! flows smoothly! (Slabakova, 2006,2008)!
The Bottleneck Hypothesis! Based on comparison of findings on the acquisition of:! • Inflectional morphology! • Syntax ! • Syntax-semantics interface! • Syntax-context/discourse interface! • Semantics-pragmatics interface!
Modular design of the language faculty (Reinhart 2006)!
Linguistic Processes (Jackendoff, 2002)!
Integrative processes: within each module (phonology, syntax, semantics, etc) !
Interface processes: take as input one type of linguistic structure and output another.
Inflectional morphology in minimalist linguistic theory!
Part of the lexicon, so-called Functional Lexicon but crucial in integrative syntactic processes! Carries information about grammatical meanings through interpretable features (e.g. tense, aspect, definiteness, etc.)! Carries information about displacement of phrases (movement) through uninterpretable features! Has to be learned as other lexicon entries!
Infectional morphology example! My daughter often take-s the bus.! 3 sg NP
present-3sg!
Agreement but also
Tense Overt subject Nominative subject Verb stays in VP
Syntax-Before-Morphology (White 2003)! L2 English: Suppliance in obligatory contexts (in %)! !
Syntactic (integrative) properties are acquired BEFORE target-like inflectional morphology, in production! Maybe comprehension of the morphology would be different? Is comprehension easier?!
Slabakova and Gajdos (2008)! Study on comprehension of German verbal morphology by 24 beginner and 18 intermediate English learners. Choose the appropriate subject task.! _____ bist ein guter Freund. ! ! are a good friend! Moritz! du ʻyouʼ! die Schüler ʻthe studentʼ! er ʻheʼ!
Slabakova and Gajdos (2008)! Percentage errors in all forms of sein depending on type of subject! Type of error!
Beginners! Intermediate!
Errors in choosing correct pronoun subjects!
7.50!
4.50!
Errors in choosing correct NP subjects!
20.18!
29.80!
Functional morphology is hard for some native speakers, too! Dąbrowska and Street (2006) test ! comprehension of pragmatically plausible and! implausible passives by English natives and L2! learners. Four subject groups (n=10 each):! !Hi Ed natives (
