Journal of Environmental Science and Management 13(1): 1-11 (June 2010) ISSN 0119-1144
Drivers of Land Use Change in Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines Charmaine T. Pailagao1, Maria Victoria O. Espaldon2, Moises A. Dorado3, Delia C. Catacutan4, and Carmelita M. Rebancos5 ABSTRACT Agricultural intensification has been the key in addressing the growing demand for food production both for home consumption and supplying the market. The market demand on agricultural production has therefore triggered change in land use. For farmers, it makes a lot of economic sense to venture on high value agricultural products where land and labor capital is limited. This study provided a temporal analysis that would describe the land use changes in Barangay Songco, Lantapan, Bukidnon, with emphasis on the driving forces and how they influence the farming decision of farmers. Participatory mapping and focused group discussion were conducted with selected farmerresidents, and a satellite image to generate the historical land use map of barangay Songco. Maps were digitized and land areas were computed using the ArcGis9 field calculator to derive the estimated area occupied by a certain land use. Land use change in Songco is influenced by a high demand of agricultural products. Furthermore, inappropriate farming systems such as up and down planting that vegetable growers practice has caused severe soil erosion, leading to the decline on crop yield due to the removal of soil nutrients. Moreover, the off-site effect of soil erosion are siltation and sedimentation which carry traces of pesticides and chemical contaminants into water bodies which are likely to degrade water quality and may create health problems for farm families and those living downstream (Coxhead et. al. 2005). Key words: Land use change, uplands
INTRODUCTION The most fragile ecosystem in the Philippines is located in the uplands. These consist of more than 40 % of the country’s total land area. It is estimated that there are 18 to 20 M residents in the area (Rola 2000; Villanueva 2006). Land use change is inevitably, some are natural occurring but oftentimes, changes due to anthropogenic activities, especially in the upland area wherein agricultural activity are happening. Land conversion has become a recent focal issue; 1
30 % of the country’s total population farms in the marginal areas with a slope greater than 18 %. Excessive use of the land had been the trend to answer the sustenance of daily living, which includes agricultural intensification (Villanueva 2006). Agricultural intensification is understood as the increased cropping frequency in small-scale systems characteristic of smallholders or it correspond to a reduction in areas with fallow and
MS Student, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. Email address:
[email protected] (corresponding author) Professor, School of Environmental Science and Management. University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 3 Associate Professor, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 4 Social Scientist, World Agroforestry Centre, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 5 Professor, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. 2
Drivers of Land Use Change
2
natural vegetation, or land use conversion to large-scale, monocultures characteristic of plantation agriculture (Simon et al. 1994). Also, land-use change such as cropland expansion in the uplands may increase the vulnerability of human-environment systems to climatic fluctuations and thereby trigger land degradation (Lambin 2007). This paper aims to provide a temporal analysis that would describe the changes in Songco’s land use, with emphasis on the factors that influence the change, and how they influence the farming systems and land management decision of farmers. This research was undertaken to understand the historical land use change and the expansion of vegetable production in Barangay Songco; To identify the factors that influence land use change in Barangay Songco; and to recognize and understand the impacts of land use change. The Study Area The study was conducted in Barangay Songco, Lantapan, a municipality in the province of Bukidnon. Songco is a vegetable based barangay, it consist of seven sitios and has a total land area of 4,304 ha (Figure 1), wherein, more than 67 % of the total land area is occupied by timberlands, while the remaining 1,602 ha are identified as alienable and disposable land. The terrain of Songco is characteristically composed of 40 % plain, 35 % hilly and 25 % mountainous. The soil types are loam (10 %), clay loam (80 %), and sandy loam (10 %). Slope ranges from 8% to 50%, of which more than 31 % (504 ha) are identified to have slope between 18 and 30%. Rainfall is well distributed throughout the year. The average elevation of Songco is 1,135 m above sea level (masl). As of October 2008, the total population is 2,801 with a total household of 583, and farming is the primary source of income for most residents. Environmental issues within Songco were decreased soil fertility, rapid change in land use,
soil erosion, dependence of farmers on financiers and limited opportunity to apply soil and water conservation practices (Custodio 2003). Field data collection was conducted from May to October 2008. METHODOLOGY Participatory mapping was conducted to generate the historical land use data were based from the narrations and answers of the selected local farmers, who were selected based on the following length of residency: a) 5 to 15 years, b) 16 to 30 years, and c) 31 years and above. The land use maps of the following years are based on the farmers’ perception: a) 1970, b) 1980, c) 1990 and 2000, while the 2007 land use was generated from satellite image taken by Geo Eye last May 2007 (Figure 2). Calculated values of land area are computed using the ArcGis9 field calculator using the following formula: calculated areas from features were multiplied by a constant value of 1207,987, to be able to derive estimated area occupied by certain land use. Information and feedbacks regarding the historical and present farming practices and agricultural crops in Songco were obtained through the focus group discussion. Estimated soil erosion due to changing land use was computed using the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). Locally available information and prevailing environmental conditions like rainfall and soil properties along with the calculated area values of the different land uses derived from the historical land use map were used for the equation, to wit: E = R x K x LS x C x P where E is soil loss rate in t ha-1 yr-1, R is the rainfall erosivity index value, K is the soil erodibility value based on the organic matter content, pH and soil texture, LS is the lengthslope factor which can be approximated on the basis of percent slope of the area, C is the cover factor derived from the historical land use maps of Brgy. Songco, and P is the product of the conservation or management factors being practiced in the area.
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010)
Source: ICRAF database
Figure 1. Location Map of the study area.
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4
Drivers of Land Use Change
Figure 2. Historical land use map of Barangay Songco.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
portion of openfield and fallow area (5 %).
Historical Land Use of Songco, Lantapan
The replacement of the forest and permanent crops by annual crops was caused mainly by agricultural expansion. The original forest located in sitios Bul-ugan and Mapawa shrunk by more than 43 % over the past 37 years. The rapid decrease of forest cover was attributed by migration and logging activities. In the early 1970s, Igorot farmers from the mountain province in Luzon have come to Lantapan, Bukidnon to look for new farming area, most of them have settled in barangay Songco in the foot slopes of Sitio Mapawa and began clearing
The original forest occupied more than 79 % of the total barangay area in 1970 (Table 1), while the production area was only 4% and deforested area was still minimal (4%). By 1990, forest cover shrunk to 26 %, although the agricultural area increased to 28 % and the grassland area also increased to 38 %. As of 2007, the forest area was reduced to nine percent, while there was minimal increase on grassland area at 39 %, tree plantation 19 %, while, there was
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Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010) Table 1. Historical land use of Barangay Songco, Lantapan Land use Type
Original forest Grasslands Agriculture Deforested area Built-up area Trees Open field Fallowed areas TOTAL
1970 Area % (ha)
1980 Area % (ha)
Y ear 1990 Area % (ha)
2000 Area % (ha)
2007 Area % (ha)
1231.34
72.73
851.80
50.28
447.84
26.50
168.57
9.95
155.29
9.15
319.57 67.60
18.87 3.99
388.84 255.55
22.95 15.08
620.83 476.72
36.73 28.20
747.78 446.06
44.14 26.33
659.11 458.42
38.85 27.02
74.59
4.41
195.94
11.57 0.12
-
-
2.01
-
-
-
1693.10
100
1694.13
100
forest area for farming purpose, while the logging activity started in the late 1960’s, the ravage of forest resources was legally set through the issuance of licenses to logging concessionaires including those who do not possess concepts of reforestation and responsibility (Catacutan 2000) although the logging activity in Barangay Songco did not last long according to a respondent, the further depletion of forest cover was caused by kaingin done by locals and natural fire caused by the long droughts in 1972 and 1980. By 2007, the remaining original forest below the buffer zone was estimated to be around 26 % from the total land area of Songco. The cleared forest area was converted either into grassland or agricultural area, while the expansion of sugar and maize production and built-up areas occurred in the lower altitude at the expense of the perennial vegetation, either grassland or bush fallow. Aside from logging and migration, market demand for food is another variable that influenced land conversion. The open access to the forest land along with suitable climatic condition for annual and horticultural cultivation was also the main reason for the rapid upland migration. Developments like road network improvements, water system and the high demand for agricultural products have guaranteed commercial agriculture to thrive. As a result, agriculture is the second most dominant land use in Songco.
-
-
-
-
-
-
6.65
0.39
18.30
1.08
18.67
1.10
138.18 -
8.18 -
313.40 -
18.50 -
319.59 73.63 11.64
18.84 4.34 0.69
1690.20
100
1694.1
100
1696.35
100
Agricultural Land Use and Cropping History in Songco From the general land use of Songco, the agricultural land use was segregated into the different agricultural crops grown in the area (Figure 3). In 1970, maize dominated the agricultural land use (38 %), followed by abaca (27 %) and vegetable (17 %). The maize and vegetable pr oduction incr eased by 49 % and 42 % respectively, while banana declined to 2 % in 1980. By 2007, vegetable dominated the agricultural area at 70 %, followed by banana at 16 %, while maize production shrunk to 9 %. The changes in the natural resources and in socio-economic environment were triggered by the shift in agricultural activities. Hence, the utilization and management of natural resources were determined by the socio-economic needs of the community. Before the influx of migrants in Songco, the original settlers were the Talaandig, an ethnic group. The natives at that time were cultivating areas at the lower and mid elevation (Songco Farmers 2008 per. comm.); their major crop was native maize for consumption. Other crops include cassava, sweet potato, chayote and taro which were usually planted in the backyard,
Drivers of Land Use Change
6 1970 Agricultural Landuse (n=67.60ha) Coff ee Banana 18.02% 26.85%
1980 Agricultural Landuse (n=255.55 ha) Maize 58.16%
1990 Agricultural Landuse (n=476.72) Maize 49.07% Vegetable 42.35%
Maize 37.66%
vegetable 17.47%
Coffee 6.56%
Banana 7.95%
2000 Agricultural Landuse (n=446.06 ha)
Sugarcane 0.86% Coff ee 5.83% Vegetable 27.33% Vegetab
Banana 1.89%
2007 Agricultural Landuse (n=458.42ha)
Sugarcane 5.10% veget able 50.61%
Veget able 69 .25%
Banana 15.81%
M aize 28.48%
Sugarcane 5.28 %
M aize 9.21%
Banana 16.27%
Figure 3. Agricultural Land use in barangay Songco.
while coffee and abaca were planted as cash crops. The Talaandig regularly gather timber trees, fuel wood as well as hunt wild animals in the forest area. The entry of a logging company has hastened the clearing of forest cover in the forested area in 1970. Aside fr om the logging, rapid land conversion was attributed to the entry of migrants coming from the different parts of the Philippines. According to the FGD participants, the Igorots were the first group of migrants who settled in Songco, bringing along with them their cropping practices (PLLA 1996). Seeing that the climate and soil of Songco are ideal for temperatevegetable production, the Igorots settled near the forest margins and cultivated the open fields for potato production. Observing that the cropping practices of the migrants were profitable, the locals began to adopt the cropping practice. The dominant crops in 1970 were maize, abaca (Musa textilis), vegetables and coffee. By 1980, there was a shift in land use. The collapse of coffee price and the incidence of stem borer, and the spread of abaca mosaic disease in 1980 have stimulated the farmers to convert their coffee and banana plantation into either maize or vegetable plot. These explain the gradual increase
of production area to vegetable by 27 % and 28 %for maize, while the area occupied by coffee and abaca rapidly declined to 19 % and 11 % respectively. While sugarcane and maize occupy the pr ime agricultural land, an estimated five hectares of prime agricultural land are cultivated for sugarcane, a small fraction, compared with maize (49 %) and vegetable production (42 %) that dominated the agricultural land use in 1990. The entry of banana companies in Lantapan in the late 1990s is the main reason for the rapid conversion of prime agricultural land to banana plantation. In 2000, maize production area declined, whereas, vegetable production area gradually increased. The change in land use trend was attributed to increasing demand of vegetable crops and the expansion of market outlet for vegetable not only within the region but also in the national capital region. Furthermore, the farmers were encouraged to cultivate vegetables because they have shorter turn around period which means that farmers can have more than three (3) croppings in one fiscal year, as compared with maize production which has an average of two (2) croppings per year. At present, the agricultural land use of Songco is dominated by vegetables, occupying more than 70 % of the total area across the different elevations.
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Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010)
Vegetable crops are usually planted in small plot compared with maize and sugarcane which are more profitable to cultivate in bigger area to be able to compensate the farming cost (Figures 4 and 5).
Historical Cropping Pattern The historical cropping pattern per sitio based from the farmer-participants’ recollection and present observation is presented in Table 2. Maize was the dominant crop in the sitios located in the lower elevation as well as in Sitio Mapawa in 1970. By 1980, the cropping pattern has changed, when farmers have either shifted to or adopted vegetable production, apart from usual the cropping pattern. Vegetable production areas were often found in the higher elevation wherein the climate is ideal for growing temperate vegetable crops, while maize and sugarcane were located in the lower elevation. It is a known fact that the farmers own or cultivate more than two parcels of land, located in different areas.
Vegetable Crops in Songco The 10 commonly planted vegetables in Songco are presented in Table 3. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), ombok (Brassica rapa chinensis) and talong (Solanum melongena) are the three most commonly planted vegetables all year round, while tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), and yellow squash (Cucurbita spp) are planted by some farmers on certain season. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.
Table 2. Historical cropping pattern of Songco farmers. 1 9 7 0 Early
Mid
Sitio 1 (Centro) - Maize - Vegetable - Banana Sitio 1A (Market Site) - Maize - Vegetable - Banana Sitio 2 (Tulugan) - Maize - Vegetable - Sugarcane Sitio 2A (Lower Market site) - Maize - Vegetable - Sugarcane Sitio 3 (Bulg-ogan) - Maize - Vegetable - Banana Sitio 4 (Mapawa ) - Maize - Vegetable Sitio 7 (Watershed nursery) - Maize - Vegetable - Banana - Sugarcane
1 9 8 0 Late
Early
Mid
1 9 9 0 Late
Early
Mid
2 0 0 0 Late
Early
Mid
2 0 0 8 Late
Early
Mid
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Figure 4. Vegetable garden in Songco, Lantapan. Table 3. Vegetables commonly grown in Barangay Songco. Scientific name
Local/Common name
Rank 1 - Commonly planted Brassica oleracea var. capitata Cabbage Rank 2 Brassica rapa chinensis Wongbok/Ombuk Solanum melongena Talong Rank 3 Lycopersicon esculentum Capsicum annuum Cucurbita Maxima Rank 4
Kamatis Atsal Kalabasa/Squash
Brassica oleracea var. italica Phaseolus vulgaris Apium graveolens Solanum tuberosum Linn
Broco Beans Celery Patatas
italica), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and celery (Apium graveolens) are planted by only few farmers for the market. Price constantly fluctuates depending on the supply and demand.
Figure 5. Maize and sugarcane farm.
The high input and labor cost are just some of the downside of vegetable production. Farmers identified and ranked the top seven vegetable crops that require high farm inputs (chemicals, fertilizers), and labor cost (Table 4). Table 5 shows the seven commonly planted vegetables farmers have identified requiring intensive use of chemicals. Commercial vegetable production is the current cropping trend in Songco due to the high demand of certain vegetable crops for local and national consumption. This increased demand was caused by population growth, along with government’s import ban of certain vegetable products coming from the neighboring countries, resulting to an increase on the commodity buying price, giving upland farmers a better economic opportunity. Market demand with high buying price influences farmers cropping pattern, while farming practices depend on the cultural management of crops and as well as the topography of the area. The expansion of vegetable production had led to the utilization of ecological fragile areas. While the sustainability of these production systems is
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Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 13. No. 1 (June 2010) Table 4. Top seven vegetables identified by farmers requiring high input cost. Scientific name
Local/Common name
Table 6. Farming system on vegetable production. Year 1970
Rank 1 Capsicum annuum Brassica oleracea var. italica Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Lycopersicon esculentum Rank 2 Phaseolus vulgaris Rank 3 Brassica rapa chinensis
Atsal Broco Cabbage Cauli Kamatis Baguio beans Ombuk
Table 5. Top seven vegetables requiring intensive use of chemicals. Scientific name Rank 1 - Intensive use Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Lycopersicon esculentum Brassica oleracea var. capitata Rank 2 - Moderate Capsicum annuum Rank 3 – Minimal Brassica rapa chinensis Phaseolus vulgaris Brassica oleracea var. italica
Local/Common name
Cauli Kamatis Cabbage Atsal Ombuk Baguio beans Broco
Intensive use – weekly high dosage application Moderate application – application is done monthly Minimal application – chemical spraying is done only when there is infestation
constrained by several factors such as soil erosion, overuse of agrochemicals, siltation of waterways, nutrient losses in runoff water, and poor market infrastructure (Midmore et al. 1996 and Poudel et al. 1998). Vegetable growers have different farming practices, depending on the vegetable crops to be planted and the location of the farm. Table 6 shows the different farming systems used by farmers in the area for the past 37 years. At present, there are three farming system commonly used by vegetable growers in Songco. These are: a) Up and down plowing - plowing and furrowing are done parallel to the slope to prevent water logging in the plot. This farming system is commonly used by most tomato growers to prevent
1980
Farming system • Urok Method1 • Sarol2 Up-and-down plowing
to
Contour Plowing
Present
Contour farming
Cropping method Mono-crop Mono-crop Mono/ Intercrop Mono-crop
SALT (started in the late 80’s) NVS (mid 90’s) VAF (2005 to present)
water logging; b) Contour plowing - plowing and cultivation are done along the contour lines and c) Contour farming - the establishment of hedgerows along the contour lines at a given distance to prevent soil erosion. Hedgerows will also serve as natural filter for eroded soils. Contour farming has been practice by some Songco farmers since the early 1980. Based on previous studies in the area, there are three major contour farming systems that are adopted by local farmers since 1980s up to present. These contour farming technology are: Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT)- a method of growing crops both (arable and permanent) between rows of nitrogen-fixing shrubs and tress such as Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala. SALT technology was developed by Rev. Watson of the Rural Mindanao Baptist in Davao; Natural Vegetative filter Strips (NVS)- a narrow strips of naturally grown grasses and herbs intentionally left unplowed along the contours of a sloping farm area. NVS are widely adopted in provinces of Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental; and Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF)– is the integration of vegetable crops in a tree-based system that could provide multiple benefits including provisions of micronutrients to the diet of rural community and enhancement of on-farm biodiversity and environmental sustainability (Catacutan 2008). The study by Poudel et al. (1999) on the different farming practices, shows that the average soil loss in a farmers’ up and down cultivation practice was 50% greater than the tested conservation measures (Table 7). Contouring and
Drivers of Land Use Change
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contour hedgerow treatments were able to reduce run off by 41% and 33%, respectively (Poudel et al. 1999). Plowing and planting up and down the slope dramatically exacerbated soil erosion to about 4 cm soil depths per year which will lead to significant reduction in crop productivity (Mercado 2000). Table 7. Soil loss as influenced by the different farming systems. Farming system
Soil loss (tha-1)
Nitrate (kg ha-1)
Up-and-down plowing Contouring Hedgerows
23.3 a 13.5 b 16.2 b
4.6 a 3.3 a 2.5 a
Source: Poudel et al. (1999)
Table 8. Estimated change in soil erosion due to changing land use. Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
Soil Erosion (ton) 1372 2182 3221 3234 3431
Mapawa and Bul-ogan, which converted several hectares of land into open and grassland area. Economic benefits from the high demand encouraged farmers with landholding ranging from 0.131 to 2.99 ha to expand their production area either by purchasing additional area or through land renting.
Soil erosion due to land use change CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Around 1,372 tons of soils were estimated to have eroded in 1970; this has increased by 1980 by 16 %, and 24 % increase by 2000 (Table 8). The decrease of vegetative covers triggers the significant increase of eroded soil. Loss of vegetative cover is attributed to the conversion of forestland, grasslands to agriculture or open field. Also, frequent soil movements during land preparation, inappropriate farming systems and other anthropogenic activities further aggravates soil erosion especially on sloping area. Drivers of change The present study shows that landscape transformations are influenced by economic opportunities, anthropogenic activity and natural phenomena. High demand for vegetable and other agricultural crops have provided economic opportunities for farmers to expand their production even in steep sloping area at the same time promotes migration in the locality leading to the encroachment, and clearing of forest area, aside from the economic and anthropogenic activities.
Land use changes are influenced by farm expansion due to the high demand of agricultural products and since farmer’s primary goal is to increase production, farm expansion includes cultivation of sloping area that are prone to land degradation. Furthermore, inappropriate farming systems such as up and down planting that vegetable growers practice have caused severe soil erosion, which in turn led to the decline in crop yield due to the removal of soil nutrients. Moreover, the off-site effect of soil erosion are siltation, sedimentation which carry traces of pesticides and chemical contaminants into water bodies which are likely to degrade water quality and may create health problems for farm families and those living downstream (Coxhead et al. 2005). It is concluded that there is a need to conduct a comprehensive land use mapping for updated data with regard to Songco’s current land use trend. Also, there is a need to strengthen the implementation of soil and water conservation policy to mitigate soil erosion problems in the area. REFERENCES
Natural phenomena like long dry season have also contributed to land use change, the long drought that was experienced in 1972 and 1980 caused a great fire in the upper area, part of sitios
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Investors’ Forum and Media Conference. MPSC Audio Visual Room, Cagayan de Oro City. Midmore, D.J. and DD Poudel. 1996. Asian Vegetable Production systems for the future. Agri. Ecosystem. Municipal Planning Development Office (MPDO). 2007. Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Lantapan, Bukidnon. Participatory Landscape Appraisal (PLLA). 1996. the Manupali Watershed, Province of Bukidnon, the Philippines. Volume I. SANREM CRSP/ PHILIPPINES: The Practice and the Process. Bellow, BC, G. Buenavista and M.T. Rusco (Eds.). Poudel, D.D. and D.J. Midmore and L.T. West. 1999. Erosion and Productivity of Vegetable Systems on Sloping Volcanic Ash-Derived Philippines Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am, J. Vol. 63. Poudel, D.D., D.J. Midmore, and W.L. Hargroove. (1998). An Analysis of Commercial Vegetable Farms in Relation to Sustainability in the Uplands of Southeast Asia. Agricultural Systems. Vol. 58, No. 1. pp. 107-128. Rola, A. 2000. Research Planning for Natural Resources Management: A Background Analysis. PIDS Discussion Paper Series No. 2000-09. Simon, A.J., D.J. MacQueen and J.L. Stewart. 1994. Strategic Concepts in the Domestication of NonIndustrial Trees. Villanueva, J.D. 2006. Assessing the Role of Landcare in Enhancing the Adaptive Capacity of the Communities of Claveria, Misamis Oriental to Climate Variability. Department of Geography, Social Science. University of the Philippines Diliman. Master of Science.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors recognizes the support from the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Southeast Asia (SANREM-SEA) Phase 3, The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Local Government Unit of Lantapan and the Lantapan Farmers.
