WILCI Waste incineration life cycle inventory tool

WILCI Waste incineration life cycle inventory tool User guide BRGM/RP-67092-FR July, 2017

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WILCI Waste incineration life cycle inventory tool User guide BRGM/RP-67092-FR July 2017 Study carried out as part of the project “Progress for the Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste incineration in France (PCI)”, co-funded by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) Convention n° 1406C0016

S. Muller, A. Beylot

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Foreword The use of the WILCI tool is free of charge; however, please cite the following publications when using the tool: 1. Beylot A., Muller S., Descat M., Ménard Y., Michel P., Villeneuve J. 2017. WILCI: a LCA tool dedicated to MSW incineration in France. Proceedings of the 16th International waste management and landfill symposium. Sardinia, 2017. 2. Beylot A., Hochar A., Michel P., Descat M., Ménard Y., Villeneuve J. 2017. Municipal Solid Waste incineration in France: an overview of Air Pollution Control techniques, emissions and energy efficiency. Journal of Industrial Ecology. In press.

Keywords: WILCI, user guide, municipal solid waste, incineration, life cycle assessment, life cycle inventory

In bibliography, this report should be cited as follows: Muller, S., Beylot, A., 2017. WILCI. Waste incineration life cycle inventory tool. User guide. July 2017. BRGM/RP-67092-FR, p.34, 19 fig., 4 tabl., Orléans, France.

© BRGM, 2017. No part of this document may be reproduced without the prior permission of BRGM.

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WILCI – User guide

Contents 1. Introduction : what is the WILCI tool ? ..................................................................8 2. How to use the WILCI tool ? ...................................................................................9 2.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE TOOL .............................................................9 2.2. HOW TO PERFORM A LCI CALCULATION? .................................................. 11 2.2.1. Inform the amount of treated waste and its composition ................... 12 2.2.2. Inform the characteristics of the air pollution control (APC) .............. 13 2.2.3. Inform the quantity and type of reagents used.................................. 15 2.2.4. Inform the characteristics of the energy production and consumption17 2.2.5. Inform the characteristics of the solid residues management ........... 18 2.2.6. Inform the uncertainty of the data ..................................................... 24 2.3. HOW TO USE THE RESULTS? ...................................................................... 26 2.3.1. Exploring the resulting LCI directly in the tool ................................... 26 2.3.2. Importing the resulting LCI in a LCA software .................................. 27 3. References ............................................................................................................ 31

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List of illustrations Figure 1 Scheme of the model implemented in WILCI. Main inputs (raw data) and outputs (elements of the resulting LCI) ........................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2 Global vision of the WILCI tool: elements that can be informed by the users and ways to use the tool results ............................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 3 : Screenshot of the part of the « Waste Composition » worksheet where users can inform the composition of the waste under study ............................................................................. 13 Figure 4 Screenshot of the « Emission Factors APC1 » worksheet with indication of the usermodifiable data ................................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 5 Screenshot of the « Emission Factors APC2 » worksheet, with indication of the usermodifiable data ................................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 6 Screenshot of the « Emission Factors APC3 » worksheet, reporting the user-modifiable data ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 7 Screenshot of the part of the « Reagents consumption » worksheet where users can inform if the mass of reagents is known or not ................................................................................. 16 Figure 8: Screenshots of excerpts from the « Reagents consumption » worksheet where users can inform characteristics of reagents consumptions (even if the masses of used reagents are unknown) .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 9 Screenshot of an excerpt from the « Energy » worksheet, where information on the energy production and consumption can be entered by users ........................................................ 18 Figure 10 Overview of the interactions between WILCI and ecoinvent tools to account for water emissions due to bottom ashes landfilling in WILCI ......................................................................... 19 Figure 11 Transport datum to be copy-pasted by users from the WILCI tool (“Bottom Ashes Management” worksheet) to the tool developed by Gabor Doka for the ecoinvent Centre, referred to as the “ecoinvent tool” in this document ....................................................................................... 20 Figure 12 Masses of oxidized descrapped bottom ashes (worksheet “Bottom Ashes Management” of the WILCI tool) to be copy-pasted into the ecoinvent tool, worksheet “slag compartment” .................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 13 Resulting inventory of water emissions that needs to be exported from the ecoinvent tool (“Synopsis exchanges” worksheet) to the WILCI tool (“Bottom Ashes Management” worksheet) ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 14 Overview of the interactions between WILCI and ecoinvent tools to account for water emissions due to APC residues landfilling in WILCI ......................................................................... 22 Figure 15 Transport datum to be copy-pasted from the WILCI tool (“APC residues management” worksheet) to the ecoinvent tool (“residual landfill” woksheet) ......................................................... 23 Figure 16 Masses of oxidized APC residues (worksheet “APC Residues Management” of the WILCI tool) to be copy-pasted into the ecoinvent tool ( worksheet “residual landfill”) ..................... 23 Figure 17 Resulting inventory of water emissions that needs to be exported from the ecoinvent tool (“Synopsis exchanges” worksheet) to the WILCI tool (“APC Residues Management” worksheet) ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 18 Screenshot of the « Uncertainties » worksheet................................................................ 26 Figure 19 Illustration of the type of results contained in the resulting LCI worsksheets (here exemplified with worksheet “Emissions_Technology”) ..................................................................... 27

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List of tables Table 1 The 23 worksheets composing the WILCI tool .................................................................... 10 Table 2 Cells colour convention applied in the WILCI tool ............................................................... 12 Table 3 : Pedigree matrix used to score the additional uncertainty of the datum under assessment (from Weidema et al., 2013) ......................................................................................... 25 Table 4 : Illustrations of some steps of the resulting LCI import within Simapro .............................. 28

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1. Introduction : what is the WILCI tool ? WILCI (for Waste incineration life cycle inventory tool) is an Excel-based tool dedicated to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in the French situation. In view of the similarities between French and other European MSW management systems, it can be considered a robust tool to perform the LCA of MSW incineration in many European countries. This tool was developed during the project “PCI: Progress for the Life Cycle Assessment of municipal solid waste incineration in France” co-funded by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), coordinated by the BRGM and in partnership with the SVDU (the French professional organization gathering the main operators of waste-to-energy facilities). WILCI enables users to build a life cycle inventory (LCI) relative to the incineration of a given amount of MSW, considering technologies and performances (in terms of emissions, energy, etc.) representative of the specific system under study. Users have the possibility to define several parameters, including in particular: the type of waste that is treated, the air pollution control (APC) technologies implemented, the corresponding level of emissions, the level of energy recovery and delivery to the grid, the consumption of reagents, and the fate of solid residues downstream the incinerator. Considering each of these parameters, default values, for most of them based on datasets collected with respect to 90 French MSW incineration plants considering the period 2012-2015, and therefore representative of average MSW incineration in France, are pre-implemented in WILCI and can be used as such by LCA modellers. WILCI was built considering the ecoinvent approach for LCI relative to MSW incineration. In particular, uncertainty was quantified on each modeled flow (emissions and intermediate exchanges) in line with the approach used in the ecoinvent database. WILCI provides the resulting inventory in two different formats. The first one presents the inventory in three main categories, respectively displayed in three different worksheets: -

Waste-specific emissions; Process-specific emissions; Intermediate exchanges.

A second format (taking the form of a single worksheet) enables users to directly import their resulting inventory to the Simapro v8.2 software1 using the ecoinvent v3.1 database. This second format accordingly enables practitioners to perform a complete LCA of their specific system under study. Considering additional data manipulations, the inventory may also be imported to other LCA software that support .csv format.

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Available on https://simapro.com/

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2. How to use the WILCI tool ? 2.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE TOOL WILCI is an Excel macro-enabled workbook2 (developed with Microsoft Excel 2010 and compatible with previous and new versions of the software) where user inputs on waste and incineration plants characteristics are transformed into a resulting LCI as depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Scheme of the model implemented in WILCI. Main inputs (raw data) and outputs (elements of the resulting LCI)

To apply this model, WILCI is based on three different kinds of worksheets (see Table 1): 1. User-modifiable worksheets: that enable users to inform the different characteristics of both the waste and incineration plants under study (i.e. the inputs of the model). These worksheets are indicated by different varieties of orange colours. 2. Worksheets detailing resulting outputs: that provide the resulting inventory (directly readable by users in the worksheet or in a format that enables the inventory import to the Simapro software). These worksheets are indicated by a green colour. 3. Worksheets used for calculation purposes only: these worksheets are hidden and can be displayed by users if necessary (but they cannot be modified by users). Besides these three different kinds of worksheets, an “Intro” woksheet provides a global overview of the tool and a “Data sources” worksheet provides the list of all references used in the tool (see Table 1).

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Meaning that some macros (i.e. specific programming instructions), already present in Excel, are used in this tool for list management and specific formatting.

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Table 1 The 23 worksheets composing the WILCI tool Worksheet User modifiable ?

NO

YES

NO (results)

Description Name Intro Waste Composition Emission Factor APC1 Emission Factor APC2 Emission Factor APC3 Reagents Consumption

It gives information on the tool by making a census of the different worksheets Amount and composition, by waste category (functional unit) APC technology for dust and acid gases, and relative emission factors by technology APC technology for NOx and dioxins, and relative emission factors by technology Emission factors relative to CO and NMVOC, common to all APC technologies Type and quantities of reagents consumed

Energy Bottom Ashes Management APC Residues Management

Parameters relative to energy consumption and production

Uncertainties ResultingLCI_ ForSimapro Emissions_ Waste

Calculation of uncertainty figures Provides the life cycle inventory (LCI) relative to the incineration of waste, whose quantity and composition are specified in sheet "Waste Composition" Provides "waste-specific" emissions (calculated by use of transfer coefficients) Provides "process-specific" air emissions (calculated by use of emission factors) and emissions relative to bottom ashes and APC residues management

Emissions_ Technology IntermediateEx changes

Management of bottom ashes : proportion by management technique Management of APC residues : proportion by management technique

Provides all other intermediates exchanges Provides an average overview of the inputs needed to build the incinerator infrastructure Provides the average French municipal solid waste (MSW) composition by waste category

Infrastructures French Waste Composition Waste Composition by Provides, by type of waste, the elemental composition of the assessed NO Element fraction of waste (for Transfer calculation Coefficients Makes a census of the transfer coefficients needed in calculations purposes only)

NO

Molar Masses Vi_Calculation VM_ Calculation Emissions_ WasteSpecific

Makes a census of the molar masses needed in calculations Enables the calculation of the flue gas volume induced by the user-defined waste Enables the calculation of the flue gas volume induced by average French MSW Enables the calculation of “waste-specific” emissions, by use of transfer coefficients

Data Sources

List of data sources used in the WILCI tool

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2.2. HOW TO PERFORM A LCI CALCULATION? Figure 2 offers an overview of the type of information users can put in the tool and how the results can be treated. As WILCI contains some macros, please make sure to enable macros when opening the workbook. Also make sure to keep the original version of the tool in your files if there is a need to retrieve the original default values.

1. INFORM THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS The amount of treated waste and its composition

See chapter 2.2.1 The energy consumption and production

The characteristics of air pollution control (APC)

The quantity and type of reagents used

a. Dust and acid gases abatement b. NOx and dioxins abatement c. CO and NMVOC abatement

See chapter 2.2.2

See chapter 2.2.3

The characteristics of the solid residues management

The uncertainty on the different exchanges

a. Bottom ashes management b. APC residues management

See chapter 2.2.4

See chapter 2.2.5

See chapter 2.2.6

2. USE THE RESULTS Directly in the tool

See chapter 2.3.1

By importing them in a LCA software

See chapter 2.3.2

Figure 2 Global vision of the WILCI tool: elements that can be informed by the users and ways to use the tool results

In the different user-modifiable worksheets, the colour convention mentioned in Table 2 below is applied. All salmon-coloured cells (i.e. all cells that can be informed by users) can also be refreshed to the default values representing the French average situation using the button:

Clicking on this button will ONLY affect cells in salmon.

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Table 2 Cells colour convention applied in the WILCI tool

Cells that can be informed by the user. As of now, default values representing the average French situation are entered in these specific cells. Cells for which no value needs to be entered (any values modification will have no impact on calculations) Cells in which a value is inconsistent. The red colour indicates a warning in the calculations (for example when the total of a sum is different from 100%) Cells in which data need to be manipulated before their use in the model (see following sections).

2.2.1. Inform the amount of treated waste and its composition Worksheet 1. Inform, in tons, the quantity of treated waste in cell B3

2. Inform how to set up the assessed waste category by choosing an element in the list in cell B6 (see : Figure 3)  “By waste category, aggregated, user-defined”: fill in salmon cells B12 to B15 by entering the share (in %) of the different aggregated waste categories. If the sum of the shares are different from 100%, cell B16 will be red-coloured as a warning;  “By waste category, user-defined”: fill in salmon cells F12 to F24 by entering the share (in %) of the different waste categories. If the sum of the shares are different from 100%, cell F25 will be red-coloured as a warning;  “Average French situation, default”: no data need to be entered.

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Must be informed in case the « By waste category, aggregated, user defined » option is chosen

Must be informed in case the « By waste category, user defined » option is chosen

Figure 3 : Screenshot of the part of the « Waste Composition » worksheet where users can inform the composition of the waste under study

2.2.2. Inform the characteristics of the air pollution control (APC) a. For the abatement of dust and acid gases Worksheet

1. Inform the share (in %) of dust and acid gas abatement technologies (cells D5 to D10 ) in the treatment of the waste 2. Inform the dust emission factors (in g by ton of waste) for each group of technology in cells H5 to H10 3. Inform, for each group of technology, the water consumption (in m3 by ton of waste) in cells B16 to B19 The three steps are mentioned in Figure 4. As a default, average data relative to the French MSW incineration sector are pre-implemented.

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1

2 3

Figure 4 Screenshot of the « Emission Factors APC1 » worksheet with indication of the user-modifiable data

b. For the abatement of NOx and dioxins Worksheet

1. Inform the share (in %) of each DeNOx/Dediox technology in cells E6 to E10 2. Inform the different pollutants emission factors (in g by ton of waste or in mg by Nm 3 of flue gas) for each group of technology in cells I6 to M10 The two steps are mentioned in Figure 5. As a default, average data relative to the French MSW incineration sector are pre-implemented.

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Figure 5 Screenshot of the « Emission Factors APC2 » worksheet, with indication of the usermodifiable data

c. For the abatement of CO and NMVOC Worksheet

1. Inform the different pollutants emission factors (in gram by ton of waste) in cells B5 to J5 (see Figure 6)

Figure 6 Screenshot of the « Emission Factors APC3 » worksheet, reporting the user-modifiable data

2.2.3. Inform the quantity and type of reagents used Worksheet

1. Inform, by choosing an element in the list in cell E3, whether you know the masses of reagents used or not:

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 

If you choose “known”, inform the masses of reagents consumed (in kg) in cells B8 to B17 (see Figure 7) If you choose “unknown”, calculations will automatically be performed. However, some information can still be informed by the user (see Figure 8): a. The share (in %) of reagents by type of acid gas and dust abatement technology in cells G25 to L29 b. The share (in %) of reagents by DeNOx/Dediox technology in cells B31 to F36 c. The factor of catalysts consumption (in kg by ton of waste) in cells P24 and Q24

To be filled in if the masses of used reagents are known

Figure 7 Screenshot of the part of the « Reagents consumption » worksheet where users can inform if the mass of reagents is known or not

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1b 1a

1c

Figure 8: Screenshots of excerpts from the « Reagents consumption » worksheet where users can inform characteristics of reagents consumptions (even if the masses of used reagents are unknown)

2.2.4. Inform the characteristics of the energy production and consumption Worksheet

1. Inform the efficiency (in %) in the energy (electricity + heat) recovery and delivery to the network in cells B5 to C8 depending on the type of energy recovery that is implemented 2. Inform the efficiency (in %) in the energy recovery for use at the plant in cells D5 to E8 depending on the type of energy recovery that is implemented 3. Inform the rate (in % of the total mass of waste treated) in energy production technologies in cells F5 to F8 4. Inform the share of consumed electricity (in %) as a function of electricity source (from the grid or from internal production) in cells G5 to H8 These four steps are illustrated in Figure 9.

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1

2

4 3

Figure 9 Screenshot of an excerpt from the « Energy » worksheet, where information on the energy production and consumption can be entered by users

2.2.5. Inform the characteristics of the solid residues management In order to determine the LCI relative to the downstream treatment of bottom ashes and APC residues (in particular, water emissions from these solid residues landfilling), users are asked to use a complementary Excel tool external to WILCI. This complementary Excel tool, entitled “Calculation Tool for waste disposal in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators MSWI for ecoinvent v2.1”, was developed by Gabor Doka for the ecoinvent Centre. It is freely available for all ecoinvent users (downloadable at http://www.ecoinvent.org/login-databases.html3) and is attached to the “Waste Incineration” report of the ecoinvent database (Doka, 2002; Doka, 2003). In the following, this tool is referred to as the “ecoinvent tool”.

a. Management of bottom ashes Worksheet In this worksheet, pieces of information provided by users enable the calculation of the mass of bottom ashes sent to landfill after descrapping. Bottom ashes landfilling is responsible for water emissions, whose composition and quantities must be calculated by use of the ecoinvent tool, and then copy-pasted to the WILCI tool (as described in the following procedure and in Figure 10).

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To download the ecoinvent Excel tool, log into the « Version 1+2 » and go the « Files » tab

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ecoinvent tool ("slag

•Transport to landfill (cell F4) •Mass of oxidized descrapped bottom ashes to landfill, by element (cells E49-E89)

WILCI tool ("Bottom Ashes Management" worksheet)

compartment" and "Synopsis exchanges" worksheets) •Mass of oxidized descrapped bottom ashes copied from WILCI, and pasted in the ecoinvent tool ("slag compartment" worksheet), •Calculation of resulting water emissions ("Synopsis exhanges" worksheet)

•Water emissions due to the bottom ashes sent to landfill, copied from the ecoinvent tool and pasted in WILCI

WILCI tool ("Bottom Ashes Management" worksheet)

Figure 10 Overview of the interactions between WILCI and ecoinvent tools to account for water emissions due to bottom ashes landfilling in WILCI

1. Detail bottom ashes management by reporting the proportions of each management technique in cells B4 to B7 2. Inform the average distance (in km) between the incinerator and the facility where bottom ashes are landfilled, in cell F4 3. Inform the resulting water emissions and transport due to the fraction of bottom ashes sent to landfill a) Obtain the ecoinvent tool from ecoinvent website (http://www.ecoinvent.org/logindatabases.html) b) In the WILCI tool, worksheet “Bottom Ashes Management”, copy cell F4 and paste it in the “slag comportment” worksheet, cell D81 of the ecoinvent tool. The “slag compartment” worksheet might be hidden and must be displayed by the user (Figure 11). To display a hidden worksheet: right click on the worksheet bar and then click on “display”. c) In the WILCI tool, copy cells E49 to E89 (worksheet “Bottom Ashes Management”) and paste them (by using the command "Ctrl+Alt+V" and select "Value" in the dialog box) in the “slag compartment” worksheet, cells B21 to B61 of the ecoinvent tool (see Figure 12). d) In the ecoinvent tool, copy cells F69 to F153 of the “Synopsis exchanges” worksheet (the “Synopsis exchanges” worksheet might be hidden and must be displayed by the user) and paste them (by using the command "Ctrl+Alt+V" and select "Value" in the dialog box) in the WILCI tool (worksheet “Bottom Ashes Management”), cells J49 to J153 (see Figure 13).

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3.b

Figure 11 Transport datum to be copy-pasted by users from the WILCI tool (“Bottom Ashes Management” worksheet) to the tool developed by Gabor Doka for the ecoinvent Centre, referred to as the “ecoinvent tool” in this document

3.c

Figure 12 Masses of oxidized descrapped bottom ashes (worksheet “Bottom Ashes Management” of the WILCI tool) to be copy-pasted into the ecoinvent tool, worksheet “slag compartment”

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3.d

Figure 13 Resulting inventory of water emissions that needs to be exported from the ecoinvent tool (“Synopsis exchanges” worksheet) to the WILCI tool (“Bottom Ashes Management” worksheet)

b. Management of APC residues Worksheet

In this worksheet, the pieces of information provided by users enable the calculation of the mass of APC residues sent to hazardous waste landfills. APC residues landfilling is responsible for water emissions, whose quantities and composition must be calculated by use of the ecoinvent tool, and then copy-pasted to the WILCI tool (as described in the following procedure and in Figure 14).

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ecoinvent tool

•Transport to landfill (cell G5) •Mass of oxidized APC residues to hazardous waste landfill , by element (cells E15-E55)

WILCI tool ("APC Residues Management" worksheet)

("residual material" and "Synopsis exchanges" worksheets)

•Mass of oxidized APC residues copied from WILCI and pasted in the ecoinvent tool ("residual material" worksheet) •Calculation of resulting water emissions ("Synopsis exchanges" worksheet)

•Water emissions due to the landfilling of APC residues , copied from the ecoinvent tool and printed in WILCI

WILCI tool ("APC Residues Management" worksheet)

Figure 14 Overview of the interactions between WILCI and ecoinvent tools to account for water emissions due to APC residues landfilling in WILCI

1. Inform the percentage of APC residues that are landfilled or valorized in cells B5 to B7 2. Inform the resulting water emissions and transport due to the fraction of APC residues disposed of in hazardous waste landfills a) Obtain the ecoinvent tool from the ecoinvent website (http://www.ecoinvent.org/login-databases.html ; tab “Files”) b) In the WILCI tool (worksheet “APC Residues Management”), copy cell G5 and paste it in the “residual material” worksheet, cell W6 of the ecoinvent tool (see Figure 15). The “residual material” worksheet might be hidden and must be displayed by the user. To display a hidden worksheet: right click on the worksheet bar and then click on “hide”. c) In the WILCI tool, copy cells E15 to E55 and paste them (by using the command "Ctrl+Alt+V" and select "Value" in the dialog box) in the “residual material” worksheet, cells B21 to B61 of the ecoinvent tool (see Figure 16). d) In the ecoinvent tool, copy cells J69 to J177 of the “Synopsis exchanges” worksheet (the “Synopsis exchanges” worksheet might be hidden and must be displayed by the user) and paste them (by using the command "Ctrl+Alt+V" and select "Value" in the dialog box) in the WILCI tool (worksheet “APC Residues Management”), cells M15 to M123 (see Figure 17).

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2.b

Figure 15 Transport datum to be copy-pasted from the WILCI tool (“APC residues management” worksheet) to the ecoinvent tool (“residual landfill” woksheet)

2.c

Figure 16 Masses of oxidized APC residues (worksheet “APC Residues Management” of the WILCI tool) to be copy-pasted into the ecoinvent tool ( worksheet “residual landfill”)

2.d

Figure 17 Resulting inventory of water emissions that needs to be exported from the ecoinvent tool (“Synopsis exchanges” worksheet) to the WILCI tool (“APC Residues Management” worksheet)

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2.2.6. Inform the uncertainty of the data Worksheet

The WILCI tool quantifies the uncertainty using the same approach as the one used in the ecoinvent database (referred in the following text as the “pedigree approach”). The pedigree approach allows quantifying and combining two types of uncertainty: 1) the basic uncertainty, represented by a probability density function (PDF) and that stands for the epistemic and systematic uncertainty and; ii) the additional uncertainty that qualifies the fact that the used datum does not represent the system under study. Additional uncertainty is coded through five characteristics: reliability, completeness, temporal correlation, geographical correlation and further technological correlation. For a detailed description of the pedigree approach, readers should refer to Weidema and Wesanes (1996) and Muller et al. (2016). In the WILCI tool, all parameters that help determining elementary flows and intermediate exchanges are identified in the “Uncertainties” worksheet and their uncertainty can be quantified following these steps: 1. Inform, in column C, for each parameter, if the basic uncertainty is known or not  If you know the basic uncertainty, choose the option “YES” and fill in the value in cell E (in the same line)  If you do not know the basic uncertainty, choose the option “NO”, the basic uncertainty factor will automatically be assigned a value 2. Score the additional uncertainty by choosing between scores 1 to 5 in columns G to K. To score the additional uncertainty, please refer to the matrix available in ecoinvent data quality guidelines report (Weidema et al., 2013; p.76; see Table 3 below).

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Table 3 : Pedigree matrix used to score the additional uncertainty of the datum under assessment (from Weidema et al., 2013)

The two steps to be undertaken by users in order to feed the “Uncertainties” worksheet are illustrated in Figure 18.

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1

2

Figure 18 Screenshot of the « Uncertainties » worksheet

2.3. HOW TO USE THE RESULTS? 2.3.1. Exploring the resulting LCI directly in the tool Worksheets

The resulting inventory, referring to the waste defined in worksheet “Waste Composition”, is provided in three worksheets, as illustrated in Figure 19: 1. Worksheet “Emissions_waste” provides, for each compartment of emissions (air and water), the emissions resulting from the incineration of the specific fraction of waste under study 2. Worksheet “Emissions_technology” provides on the one hand air emissions specific to the technology used for pollutants abatement, and on the other hand water and soil emissions due to the landfilling of bottom ashes and APC residues, and to the use of bottom ashes in road construction. 3. The worksheet “Intermediate exchanges” provides all the data on materials, transport and energy required to incinerate the fraction of waste under study in the specific context of incineration facilities defined by the user These three worksheets provide both the value and the uncertainty associated to each exchange of the resulting LCI.

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Figure 19 Illustration of the type of results contained in the resulting LCI worsksheets (here exemplified with worksheet “Emissions_Technology”)

2.3.2. Importing the resulting LCI in a LCA software Worksheet

This worksheet provides a resulting inventory that can be directly imported into the Simapro software coupled with the ecoinvent database. It was built using the conventions from Simapro v8.2 and ecoinvent v3.1 using the system model ‘allocation, recycled content’, also named as ‘cut off’). These results can be imported into other LCA softwares after (possibly) some data manipulations (the import was only tested with the combination of Simapro v8.2 and ecoinvent v3.1). In order to import the resulting inventory into Simapro, the following different steps must be considered by WILCI users (some are illustrated in Table 4): If you are using a comma as a decimal separator in Excel, change the “.”. in cell A3 to “,” Copy the entire Excel worksheet Open a new Excel workbook Paste the entire worksheet in this new Excel workbook by clicking “Ctrl+Alt+V“ and choosing “values” in the dialog box 5. Save this file as a “.csv” (separator: semicolon) 6. Open Simapro and import the csv file  In Simapro menu bar, select “File > Import”  In the box “File import”, o Tick ”SimaPro CSV” o Find the path of the file by clicking “Add” o In the “Object link method” part, tick “Try to link imported objects to existing objects first” o Tick “Semicolon” as the CSV format separator o In the “Other options”, tick “Skip process identifier” o Then click on “OK” to import the process 7. You will find the process in the "Use > Others" category. If you want to import the file several times, you need to change the name of the process in cell A59 each time you import it into Simapro 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Table 4 : Illustrations of some steps of the resulting LCI import within Simapro

Steps

Illustration

1 Indicate the correct separator (cell A3)

decimal

3

Tick « Values »

6

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7 Change the name of the process in case of multiple imports (cell A59)

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3. References This list of references combines both the references cited in this present guide and the references used in the WILCI tool (and that are specifically listed in the « Data sources » worksheet of the WILCI tool).

ADEME. (2010) La composition des ordures ménagères et assimilées en France. Campagne nationame de caractérisation 2007. ISB 978-2-35838-093-5. Angers, 2010 [In French] ADEME (2015). Les installations de traitement des ordures ménagères en France. Données 2012. Résultats d’enquête. ADEME Éditions, Angers 2015. [In French] Allegrini, Vadenbo, Boldrin, Fruergaard Astrup (2015). Life cycle assessment of resource recovery from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Journal of Environmental Management 151(2015) 132-143 AMORCE (2012). La gestion des REFIOM des UIOM françaises. Enquête. Série Technique DT 42. Mars 2012.Réalisé avec le soutien financier de l’ADEME. [In French] AWAST. http://awast.brgm.fr/ 2002 Beylot, A ; Hochar,A ; Michel,P ; Descat, M ; Ménard,Y. & Villeneuve,J. (2017) Municipal Solid Waste incineration in France: an overview of Air Pollution Control techniques, emissions and energy efficiency. Journal of Industrial Ecology. In press. Beylot, A. ; Muller,S. ; Descat,M. ; Ménard,Y. ; Michel,P. (2017) L’outil WILCI pour l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie de l’incinération des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés en France. Rapport final du projet de recherche PCI. 80 pages [In French]. Boesch ME, Vadenbo C, Saner D, Huter C, Hellweg S (2014) An LCA model for waste incineration enhanced with new technologies for metal recovery and application to the case of Switzerland. Waste Management 34 (2) 378-389, 2014 Brogaard, Riber and Christensen. 2013 "Quantifying capital goods for waste incineration" Waste management 33(2013) 1390-1396 CEREMA (2014). Gestion des mâchefers d'incinération de déchêts non dangereux (MIDND). Application de l'arrêté ministériel du 18 novembre 2011: bilan des pratiques. Rapport d'enquête. CEREM Direction territorile Centre Est. [In French] Doka G. (2002). Calculation Tool for waste disposal in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators MSWI. For ecoinvent v2.1 (2008). Programmed by Gabor Doka, 2002. with corrections as of October 2008 Doka G. (2003) Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Treatment Services. Ecoinvent report No. 13. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, 2003

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Doka (2013). Updates to Life Cycle Inventories of Waste treatment services. Part II "Waste incineration". Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zürich, 2013. Available at http://www.doka.ch/ecoinventMSWIupdateLCI2013.pdf Frischknecht R., Jungbluth N., Althaus H.-J., Doka G., Heck T., Hellweg S., Hischier R., Nemecek T., Rebitzer G., Spielmann M., Wernet G. (2007) Overview and Methodology. ecoinvent report No. 1. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, 2007 Keijzer, E.E., Kok, H.J.G (2011). Environmental impact of different funeral technologies. TNO report TNO-060-UT-2011-001432. Retrieved from http://www.petmemorialcenter.ca/aquamation/TNO_report_Environmental_impact_of_different_f uneral_technologies.pdf Koehler A, Peyer F, Slazmann C, Saner D. (2011). Probabilistic and Technology-Specific modeling of missions from municipal solid-waste incineration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 3847-3495 Muller, S., Lesage, P., Ciroth, A., Mutel, C., Weidema, B. P. and Samson, R. (2016) ‘The application of the pedigree approach to the distributions foreseen in ecoinvent v3’, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21(9), pp. 1327–1337. doi: 10.1007/s11367014-0759-5. Muller, S., Lesage, P. and Samson, R. (2016b) ‘Giving a scientific basis for uncertainty factors used in global life cycle inventory databases: an algorithm to update factors using new information’, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21(8), pp. 1185–1196. doi: 10.1007/s11367-016-1098-5. Personal communication with experts of French MSW incineration from SUEZ R&V France, TIRU and VEOLIA (2017) Weidema, B. P. and Wesnaes, M. S. (1996) ‘Data quality management for life cycle inventories-an example of using data quality indicators’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 4(3–4), pp. 167– 174. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFX-3VWNFWR88/2/bf4935bdacfacd37407450a7973bd3d2. Weidema, B. P., Bauer, C., Hischier, R., Mutel, C., Nemecek, T., Reihard, J. and Vadenbo, C. O. (2013) Data quality guideline for the ecoinvent database version 3. Ecoinvent Report 1(v3). St. Gallen. Available at: http://www.ecoinvent.org/files/dataqualityguideline_ecoinvent_3_20130506.pdf. Zimmermann P., Doka G., Huber F., Labhardt A., Menard M. (1996) Ökoinventare von Entsorgungsprozessen, Grundlagen zur Integration der Entsorgung in Ökobilanzen. ESUReihe, 1/96, Zürich: Institut für Energietechnik, ETH Zürich

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