pool, relaxation lounges, steam rooms and saunas, yoga and fitness areas: all are designed to stir our passion for livin
Willow Stream Spa at FAIRMONT PACIFIC RIM
Resting at the ocean’s edge, with majestic snow-capped mountains rising to the north, Vancouver embodies contemporary Canada. This cosmopolitan West Coast city—both a gateway to the East and a site rich in First Nations history—is home to many diverse cultures and traditions, all of which enhance its casual urban flavour, while nature’s beauty, from towering pines to bracing sea breezes, is always waiting at your doorstep. A perfect reflection of the grandeur of this unique location awaits at Willow Stream Spa, Fairmont Pacific Rim, a sensual oasis in the heart of the city. Soft fragrance, reminiscent of a dewy forest, welcomes you. The play of candlelight on textured stone walls and the soothing sound of fountains caress your senses. Serene lounges, warmed by fireplaces, invite you to slow down and relax. Spacious treatment rooms, in calming tones of blue and dove grey, reflect Vancouver’s sea and sky, while wood, marble and slate throughout echo the area’s rugged coastlines and mountainsides. Be sure to take full advantage of our spa’s facilities, including tranquil lounges for men, women and couples; comfortable treatment rooms; a state-of-the-art fitness centre and yoga studio; and a boutique offering unique, luxury products. Retreat to our outdoor deck, featuring private Jacuzzis, an infrared sauna and meditation pods, and take in stunning panoramic views of the city and harbour. The treatments at Willow Stream Spa, Fairmont Pacific Rim, allow our guests to participate in nature’s gifts and ensures an experience unlike any other. Find your energy here.
About Willow Stream Spa Willow Stream Spas are acclaimed around the world for our focus on finding innovative ways to help guests discover their own energy. Energy makes the difference between living and living well; recharging our energy allows us to flow, rather than fight, through life. That is why energy renewal is our mission. Each of our spas is designed to reflect the beauty and ambiance of its location and of the hotel in which it is located, so no two are alike. But, all of our spas have this in common: they deliver an outstanding experience. Simply being here—away from the chaos of everyday life—relaxes our guests and starts them on their energy journey. Our spa experiences combine authentic and effective treatments with a place for you to spend time alone or with your friends. Social spaces by the pool, relaxation lounges, steam rooms and saunas, yoga and fitness areas: all are designed to stir our passion for living with abundant energy.
Our Name: Willow Stream We believe these two words reflect our philosophy and our connection to nature’s elements. Willow: The willow represents our deep-rooted authenticity, strong centre and flexible spirit. Stream: The stream represents our energizing journey through life—bending and changing in a peaceful, purposeful manner as it finds its way around obstacles.
Selecting Your Treatments
Signature Experiences
We have created a simple system to help us guide you to selecting an
Ocean Currents: Four Hand Massage Restore – Tandem Bliss — 60 minutes
experience that creates the optimum benefit for you. We want you to say “that’s just what I needed” after every treatment you experience. Each treatment has been categorized with relieve, restore or results. In addition, each one has one additional benefits word to also guide you. Relieve treatments are simple relief from everyday pressures. They are a great pick-me-up and help with relaxation, calming or maybe even skin rehydration. Restore treatments are more focused on recovery from things like stress, travel, overindulgence or hectic lifestyles. They are definitely rebalancing in nature and some even provide the opportunity to have more radiant skin. Result experiences are more intense and help with things like detoxification, cleansing or anti-aging. They are therapeutic and some of them are
Four hands are better than two. This luxurious massage for tired and achy muscles begins with a custom blend of aromatherapy essential oils, designed to ease the mind, body, and soul. The soothing senses of ocean currents ripple as two therapists incorporate techniques of the traditional Swedish massage of medium pressure, while providing a synchronized full body massage; delivering an extraordinarily blissful experience.
Nature’s Indulgence Results - Elegance — 90 minutes This exclusive Tata Harper facial includes a Quadruple-Masque System to act on each level of the skin, delivering lifting, hydrating and correcting effects. Advanced muscle-relaxing neuropeptides instantly reduce wrinkles, reinforce collagen and restore the skin’s youthful cushion. Enjoy a luxurious Ageless Hand Treatment and signature facial massages to stimulate healthy circulation. Revive your tired eyes with a thermaleye therapy masque that will reduce signs of fatigue and immediately give you radiant and healthy skin.
assisted with technology.
Coastal Mountain Retreat Results - Replenish — 90 minutes
The other amazing way to pick a treatment is simply to let your instinct
As soothing to the body as Vancouver’s coastal mountains are to the soul. A deeply hydrating maple-sugar scrub, improves circulation and provides vital nutrients to dry, parched skin. A replenishing body wrap features a conditioning Bio-Maple compound with cocoa and shea butter. This super rich treatment releases built-up tension, and leaves skin hydrated, smooth and incredibly soft.
guide you.
Van Active Ritual Results - Vitality — 90 minutes This stimulating treatment focuses on muscles and joints, building vitality. It begins with an invigorating geranium, pine and ylang-ylang exfoliation, followed by a detoxifying massage with organic juniper, fennel and lavender oil to complete the experience.
Facial Experiences Nature’s Indulgence Results - Elegance — 90 minutes This exclusive Tata Harper facial includes a Quadruple-Masque System to act on each level of the skin, delivering lifting, hydrating and correcting effects. Advanced musclerelaxing neuropeptides instantly reduce wrinkles, reinforce collagen and restore the skin’s youthful cushion. Enjoy a luxurious Ageless Hand Treatment and signature facial massages to stimulate healthy circulation. Revive your tired eyes with a thermal-eye therapy masque that will reduce signs of fatigue and immediately give you radiant and healthy skin.
The Caviar Results - Luxurious — 90 minutes Decadent and effective ingredients leave you looking and feeling renewed. Featuring Kerstin Florian’s Caviar collection, the treatment includes a peptide-rich serum and ampoule application, multi-acid skin exfoliation, contour lifting facial massage with stones, and a protein-rich marine sheet to improve skin luminosity. This facial treatment repairs, firms and hydrates the skin to deliver the ultimate experience.
Advanced Correcting Results - Radiant — 90 minutes Immediate results with the latest advances in skincare products. This customized Kerstin Florian facial- based on a 30% multi-acid exfoliation, and using state-of-the-art Vitamin C essence - is customized to address and correct specific aging concerns, including hyper-pigmentation, fine lines, uneven texture and premature aging. It involves a deep-cleansing massage and a hydrating masque that will leave the skin vibrant. A Vitamin C ampoule is included and an upgrade to an Intensive Repair Ampoule is available.
Tighten and Transform Ultra Results - Tightening with K Lift Technology — 90 minutes Energize and transform your skin with this high performance treatment that includes an exfoliating multi-acid peel for face, neck and décolleté. Red LED Light and Impulse Micro-Current help cells rejuvenate, accelerate cell repair, re-educate muscle tone and trigger DNA regeneration. Treatment concludes with the infusion of essential nutrients into the skin with cutting edge Transdermal Delivery technology.
Cellular Awakening Restore - Hydrating — 90 minutes
Energy Deep Cleanse Restore - Clear and Firm with K Lift Technology — 60 minutes
Experience total cellular rejuvenation by incorporating bio-nutrient technology, your skin will be transformed giving you a healthy, luminous glow. Begin with a delicious polishing scrub and relaxing back treatment revealing smooth, radiant skin. Through powerful masks and anti-aging facial massages your skin is renewed from within allowing lines, wrinkles and sagging to disappear.
Re-energize the skin! The ultimate modern deep cleanse treatment. For all skin types including a peel, extractions, deep cleansing massage, and masque. Nutrient-rich extracts feed the skin throughout the treatment. Choice of 30% Multi-Acid or enzyme peel. Includes express 20 minutes of K Lift Firming.
Brightening Restore - Glowing — 60 minutes This results-oriented treatment is specifically designed to address hyper-pigmentation and premature aging. Includes an exfoliating multi-acid peel on the face, neck, décolleté and hands to brighten the skin, a deep-cleansing massage to promote circulation and a unique brightening masque to immediately illuminate the skin.
Purifying Detox Results - Brighten — 60 minutes Just like a juice cleanse for your skin! Created by Tata Harper to address all skin types and reverse environmental signs of aging. This natural treatment is a comprehensive detoxification for your skin featuring unique purifying products, powered by fruit enzymes, purple clay and essential oils. Includes focused deep cleansing of congested pores.
Intensive Results Results - Customized — 60 minutes Intensify the results with a customized mask treatment to focus on hydration, firming or purifying concerns. Completely treat the skin with concentrated formulas of high performing natural, organic ingredients with specific techniques tailored to your concerns. Enjoy a nourishing and therapeutic face massage, leaving your skin with a healthy inner radiance.
Custom Cleanse Relieve - Clean — 60 minutes Tailored to your specific needs for optimum benefit, this anti-aging facial transforms the skin as it firms, hydrates, refines and tones. It features skin renewing antioxidant formulas, marine protein, a contouring and lifting massage technique and a hydrating masque. Your treatment is complete with a personalized home-care consultation. The whole experience can be customized to address Sensitive Skin conditions.
K Lift Express Treatments Get a personalized facial lift by adding one of the following to your Kerstin Florian facial. Must be requested when booking your reservation as additional time is required.
Express Eye/Lip This treatment has been designed to help strengthen the muscles, brighten the eye area and increase circulation. Targets the first signs of aging around the eye area, smoothing fine lines and wrinkles.
Express Lift A preventative treatment designed to maintain cell energy, strengthen muscle tone and delay the aging process.
Body Experiences Pacific Elements Results - Grounding— 120 minutes
Brightening Body Scrub Restore - Correcting — 90 minutes
Discover the restorative power of nature’s elements: earth (mud wrap), air (aromatherapy), water (rain shower rinse), and fire (warm massage). This centuries-old but scientifically beneficial spa experience combines a medicinal Moor mud wrap, rain shower and nutrientrich massage. Very beneficial for dry or maturing skin.
Brighten the body with this relaxing head to toe experience that helps to achieve a uniform skin tone and reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation. This multi-active treatment begins with a brightening aromatic bamboo scrub and multi acid body peel and is followed with a relaxing massage with organic juniper oil mixed with a warm firming and hydrating body crème.
Energizing Detox Results - Purifying — 120 minutes Awaken your senses with this invigorating and purifying journey. Experience a stimulating dry brush exfoliation followed by an energizing, deep cleansing salt scrub combined with organic juniper essential oil to help detoxify and promote circulation. The body is then wrapped with marine algae for an instant nutrient boost along with intensive grounding. An invigorating body massage completes the treatment for a firmer, more toned appearance.
Coastal Mountain Retreat Results - Replenish — 90 minutes As soothing to the body as Vancouver’s coastal mountains are to the soul. A deeply hydrating maple-sugar scrub, improves circulation and provides vital nutrients to dry, parched skin. A replenishing body wrap features a conditioning Bio-Maple compound with cocoa and shea butter. This super rich treatment releases built-up tension, and leave skin hydrated, smooth and incredibly soft.
Redefining Body Wrap Results - Soothing — 90 minutes This deeply hydrating and natural body treatment by Tata Harper awakens, rejuvenates and renews the skin. The treatment begins with a smoothing body scrub followed by nourishing body wrap delivering a firm, healthy look. Treatment promotes skin elasticity while helping to plump and fortify its appearance. Enjoy a relaxing scalp massage and deluxe mini facial treatment to polish the skin and reveal an inner glow. Reactivate elasticity and deliver long-lasting moisture to leave skin soft and supple. Ideal treatment for pregnant women.
Van Active Ritual Results - Vitality — 90 minutes This stimulating treatment focuses on muscles and joints, building vitality. It begins with an invigorating geranium, pine and ylang-ylang exfoliation, followed by a detoxifying massage with organic juniper, fennel and lavender oil to complete the experience.
Firm and Tone Results - Contouring — 90 minutes Refine and firm body contours. A dry brush technique helps to exfoliate, stimulate lymphatic drainage, increase circulation and absorption of tested firming ingredients. A slimming and toning massage is performed using organic ginger oil to help stimulate lipolysis. A Slimming Serum and Multi-Vitamin Firming Crème tone, firm and brighten.
Seaside Salt Scrub Relieve - Invigorating — 90 minutes An exhilarating mineral salt exfoliation is applied in a two-step treatment utilizing salt, rich in minerals and trace elements, mixed with eucalyptus and basil essential oils and followed by a loofah scrub with a mineral-rich shower/bath gel. Stimulates circulation and leaves the skin smooth and soft.
Back Soother Results - Muscle Soothing — 60 minutes This experience features highly remineralizing Moor mud, applied to the back with a moist heating pad to relieve soreness. Following the heat treatment, your back is treated to a pressure-point massage, using organic ginger oil and body cream. Also includes a luxurious foot and scalp massage.
Serenity Ritual Restore - Tranquility — 60 minutes This aromatherapy treatment promotes overall tranquility and serenity helping transform mood and energy. It begins with a body polish which perfects and deeply hydrates every inch of the body while calming and comforting dry skin. Followed by relaxing massage with frankincense essential oils which deepens your breathing and relaxes mind and body; while Rose Otto gently alleviates anxiety and strengthens the inner spirit.
Nourishing Mineral Wrap Relieve - Nourishing — 60 minutes This nourishing wrap is designed to hydrate, soothe and remineralize with organic sunflower and essential minerals. Following a dry-brush exfoliation, a rich mineral cream blended with organic essences is massaged into your skin, and absorbed while you are cocooned in warm blankets. Drift peacefully while your scalp, neck and feet are treated to a soothing massage.
Wild Flower Body Polish Relieve - Smoothing — 60 minutes A gentle exfoliation with granulated pumice and Chamomile to gently refine and renew the skin. A loofah mitt with Chamomile Bath Gel follows for deep cleansing. A Chamomile spray and lotion application completes the experience. An excellent option for sensitive skin.
Customized Massage Experiences Ocean Currents: Four Hand Massage Restore – Tandem Bliss — 60 minutes
Ultimate Rose Pregnancy Massage Restore - Support — 60 minutes
Four hands are better than two. This luxurious massage for tired and achy muscles begins with a custom blend of aromatherapy essential oils, designed to ease the mind, body, and soul. The soothing senses of ocean currents ripple as two therapists incorporate techniques of the traditional Swedish massage of medium pressure, while providing a synchronized full body massage; delivering an extraordinarily blissful experience.
Feel nurtured and supported in a time of constant change. Choose from oils each safely formulated to be used during pregnancy to nourish and care for expanding skin. A traditional stress relieving aromatherapy pressure point massage for the upper back and shoulders follows. Legs get special attention to ease the heavy feeling and a full scalp and facial massage follows with your chosen oil. Enjoy a moment to appreciate the joy of pregnancy and leave behind the stresses of life.
Ultimate Aromatherapy Experience Results - Customized — 90 minutes Starting with a consultation to determine your emotional and physical needs followed by an aroma test to select one of 12 signature oils that best suit you. All are formulated with natural plant and flower oils with wonderful exotic scents and powerful therapeutic benefits for body and mind. This is an intense massage ritual drawn from a fusion of eastern and western massage techniques enabling the release of tension held in every part of your body leaving you feeling deeply relaxed, restored and recharged.
Willow Stream Stone Results - Deep Heat — 75 minutes / 90 minutes This deep massage is tailored using specific techniques to release and relieve deep seated tension. Hot basalt river stones are used alternatively with healing hands and organic lavender oil. This combination relieves tight muscles and improves muscle mobility while the healing oil soothes the skin and the senses.
Therapeutic Results - Professional Relief — 60 minutes / 90 minutes This massage, performed by a Registered Massage Therapist, is tailored to your specific needs, from injuries to repetitive use. The healing properties of the Arnica oil used will aid in reducing pain and inflammation making it the perfect addition to this treatment. (Request receipt for insurance at time of booking).
Deep Tissue Results - Muscle Recovery — 60 minutes / 90 minutes This strong pressure massage enhances muscle recovery targeting areas sore from exercise or tension of daily life. The healing properties of the Arnica oil used will aid in reducing pain and inflammation making it the perfect addition to this treatment. Deep muscle work, combined with stretching, rocking and circulation enhancing strokes to move lactic acid out of the system. A mild soreness may result.
Willow Stream Signature Restore - DeStress — 60 minutes / 90 minutes Our signature Swedish style aromatherapy massage is completely customized to suit your specific needs. Choose from light to medium pressure, focus on areas of tension or a muscle-melting full body massage. It includes therapeutic booties which release moist heat and a unique blend of herbs to soothe tired feet. This is a great selection after a stressful day.
Men’s Experiences Van Active Ritual Results - Vitality — 90 minutes This stimulating treatment focuses on muscles and joints, building vitality. It begins with an invigorating geranium, pine and ylang-ylang exfoliation, followed by a detoxifying massage with organic juniper, fennel and lavender oil to complete the experience.
The Refinery Face and Back Relieve - Hydrating — 90 minutes Using the The Refinery products the treatment begins with a back scrub and massage. A deep cleansing and brightening facial experience follows to leave skin looking refreshed and deeply hydrated using invigorating essential oils and botanical extracts. This restorative experience includes a scalp and foot massage targeting your stresses leaving you rejuvenated and calm.
“Get Fit” Facial Results - Clean and Tight with K Lift Technology — 60 minutes The ultimate modern men’s firming treatment. This fitness facial includes a deep cleansing masque, exfoliation and facial massage. Red LED Light and Impulse Micro-Current accelerate cell repair and re-educate muscle tone for a more lifted appearance. The treatment concludes with a stress relieving neck, scalp and shoulder massage.
Willow Stream Signature Restore - DeStress — 60 minutes / 90 minutes Our signature Swedish style aromatherapy massage is completely customized to suit your specific needs. Choose from light to medium pressure, focus on areas of tension or a muscle-melting full body massage. It includes therapeutic booties which release moist heat and a unique blend of herbs to soothe tired feet. This is a great selection after a stressful day.
Executive Foot Grooming Relieve —60 minutes This foot grooming helps to stimulate circulation as well as revitalize weary feet. Eucalyptus and Turkish salts exfoliate the feet, which are then immersed in a rejuvenating eucalyptus footbath. The grooming is completed with a foot massage using a therapeutic foot balm to seal in the moisture.
Executive Hand Grooming Relieve —60 minutes A healthy approach to a traditional manicure, this treatment begins with a soak in thermal minerals and essential oils, continues with a unique Turkish salt hand exfoliation and is completed with a luxurious hydrating hand massage.
Salon Experiences
Make-Up
Aching Foot Relaxer Restore - Stimulating — 75 minutes
Bridal Make-up Application 60 minutes
Refresh tired, aching feet with this specially selected combination of essential oils: spicy, rich black pepper and fresh, green rosemary stimulate circulation, while warming ginger produces an energizing effect. Feet and lower legs are brushed, soaked, exfoliated and refreshed with hot towels before tension-relieving gel and natural plant oils are massaged into the skin, cuticles and heels. Your aches will be eased and feet will light. Includes a nail trim, buffing and a polish application.
Using Jane Iredale mineral make up receive a full make-up application on your special day. A make-up expert will have your face looking its best for your walk down the aisle — with no need for touch-ups later on.
Tired Hands Restore - Revitalized — 75 minutes Refresh and support aching, fatigued hands and arms with this specially selected combination of essential oils to stimulate and invigorate. Spicy, rich black pepper and fresh, green rosemary stimulates circulation while warming ginger lends an energizing effect. This is followed by an olive grain scrub, an application of tension relieving gel and a wrap and massage to allow penetration of oils. Includes nail trim, buffing, and a polish application.
Make-up Application 60 minutes Revive your look with during a one-on-one session with your very own make-up expert, who will perfectly match your skin tone with a foundation and concealer before moving onto cheeks, eyes and lips.
Make-up Lesson 60 minutes Your personal Jane Iredale make-up expert will provide you with a suggested make-up regimen, and teach you how best to apply it.
Pacific Rim Pedicure Restore — 60 minutes with Paraffin treatment
Energy Journeys
This therapeutic pedicure leaves your feet and legs refreshed, renewed and glowing. It begins with a nourishing mineral foot soak to relieve tired, achy feet. The exfoliating bamboo and fruit enzymes refine and brighten the skin, while the invigorating massage improves circulation.
Natural Glow from Head to Toe 4.5 hours
Pacific Rim Manicure Restore — 60 minutes with Paraffin treatment This deluxe, brightening hand treatment incorporates a unique 20% acid peel complex, a nourishing mineral hand soak, while the invigorating massage with multi-vitamin firming cream improves tone and circulation.
Rejuvenate, restore and revitalize the look of your skin with this luxurious Tata Harper journey, designed to deliver a natural, beautifully healthy glow from head to toe. Package includes Intensive Results Facial, Serenity Ritual, Natural Hand and Foot Treatment with a healthy Spa Lunch.
Coastal Retreat 4 hours Enjoy the sensations of the sea with our Brightening Facial, Seaside Salt Scrub and a Pacific Rim Manicure. You will also enjoy a spa lunch in a relaxation lounge or on our outdoor terrace, with spectacular views of the coast.
Day at the Spa 4 hours Get a week’s worth of pampering in one day with a Custom Cleanse Facial, Willow Stream Signature massage, Reviving Manicure and Reviving Pedicure. This journey includes lunch, plus full spa and fitness-centre access.
Couples Experiences Magnesium & Jade Wrap Result — 90 minutes Magnesium is an important mineral responsible for promoting energy, sleep, circulation, metabolism and muscle movement. This relaxing yet therapeutic treatment combines the benefits of infrared and jade and the power of magnesium to promote detoxification and replenish commonly deficient levels. Body tissues relax and pores open up to take in the vital minerals reducing aches and pains. The experience includes a couples bath, massage, and wrap.
Time Together Relieve — 90 minutes Begin with a dry brush and Thermal Mineral full body exfoliation, followed by a Japanese-style soak. Complete the experience with an aromatherapy massage with your choice of oil and a full-body wrap. The aromatherapy soothes you throughout.
Couples Massage Relieve - Calm — 60 minutes / 90 minutes This aromatherapy massage stimulates the senses, heightens sensuality and inspires an inner sense of beauty and confidence. A blend of ten of the world’s most potent aphrodisiac essential oils help focus the energy of your body and mind on feelings of love and warmth, while accentuating overall attractiveness.
Enhancing Your Spa Experience Hours of Operation
Spa Arrival and Etiquette
Spa facility: 7:00 AM–10:00 PM Appointment availability: 8:00 AM–9:00 PM Fitness centre: 24 hours Pool deck: 6:00 AM–10:00 PM daily for hotel guests and residents
We recommend that you arrive 45 minutes before your first scheduled appointment to familiarize yourself with the facilities and relax before your treatments. Please note: all treatments end on time, regardless of start time; jewelry and valuables should be left in your room safe or the hotel safe. Willow Stream Spa and Fairmont Pacific Rim are not responsible for lost or stolen articles.
Reservations Please call 604 695 5550, email
[email protected] or visit fairmont.com/pacific-rim-vancouver/willow-stream to book online. To accommodate your preferences advance reservations are recommended. Our knowledgeable Spa Experience Coordinators are delighted to guide you to the experiences that suit your needs.
Cancellation Policy If you must reschedule or cancel any spa reservations please notify the spa 24 hours in advance to avoid the cancellation fee. Cancellation of an Energy Journey requires 48 hours’ notice. Missed appointments without proper notice are subject to a 100% charge for reserved services.
Spa Attire You will recieve a robe and sandals to wear between spa treatments, and a locker for your personal belongings. Our therapists are highly trained in draping procedures to ensure your complete privacy; however, for your comfort, undergarments may be worn during treatments. Swimsuits are required in some areas of the spa.
Make The Most of the Experience
Spa Experience
To further enhance your spa experience, we recommend that you begin with traditional spa hot and cold facilities. To help expel toxins from your body, spend time in the infra red sauna, steam room or whirl pool. This helps to open up your airways and warm your muscles. Following this with a cooling activity—a cold shower or an iced drink—is an invigorating way to bring your body temperature back to normal before your treatment.
Willow Stream Spa experiences last at least one hour. We want you to take the time you need to find your energy.
Willow Stream Spa Gift Cards
Spa Environment
Willow Stream Spa gift cards may be purchased for all spa services and packages. Please contact Willow Stream Spa reception for further information.
Willow Stream Spa is an adult sanctuary. Guests must be 18 or older. For your peace and privacy, smartphones and other electronic devices are not permitted. If you wish to receive messages during your time with us, our staff will be happy to assist you.
Taxes and Gratuities Local taxes will be added to all spa services and packages. Gratuities are up to your own discretion and can be added to your bill upon checkout.
Health Matters Please inform us of any health conditions at the time of booking (e.g., high blood pressure, heart condition, allergies, pregnancy). Consumption of alcohol before, during or directly after treatments is not recommended. You will be asked to complete a medical-history form upon arrival, so your spa professional can better customize your experience to meet your needs.
Rates are subject to change. Occasionally, not all services may be available.
