Wind Energy Potential and Turbine Installations in

Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy

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Wind Energy Potential and Turbine Installations in Turkey M. Bilgili & E. Simsek To cite this article: M. Bilgili & E. Simsek (2012) Wind Energy Potential and Turbine Installations in Turkey, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 7:2, 140-151, DOI: 10.1080/15567240902937098 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240902937098

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Date: 30 December 2015, At: 02:04

Energy Sources, Part B, 7:140–151, 2012 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1556-7249 print/1556-7257 online DOI: 10.1080/15567240902937098

Wind Energy Potential and Turbine Installations in Turkey M. BILGILI1 and E. SIMSEK1

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Adana Vocational School of Higher Education, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey Abstract In Turkey, where there is no nuclear power, electricity is generated from the thermal, hydro, wind and geothermal power plants. While the installed capacity of Turkey’s electric power plants was 4,187 MW in 1975, it increased to 40,777 MW in 2007. For the total installed capacity of 40,777 MW, the share of wind power plants is only 0.36%. On the other hand, Turkey has the highest share of technical wind energy potential in Europe. It is estimated that Turkey’s technical wind energy potential is around 83,000 MW; the economica potential is approximately 10,000 MW. But, by the end of November 2008, the installed wind capacity of Turkey was only 3.33% of Turkey’s total economical wind potential. The strong development of wind energy in Turkey is expected to continue in the coming years. In this article, wind energy potential and wind power installations in Turkey are investigated in detail. Keywords energy

installed capacity, renewable energy, turbine installation, Turkey, wind

1. Introduction Wind is one of the meteorological variables and can be described as a motion of air masses (Sahin, 2004). Air masses move because of different thermal conditions of the masses. This motion of the air masses can be found as a global phenomenon, i.e., the jet stream, as well as a regional phenomenon. The regional phenomenon is determined by orographic conditions, e.g., the surface structure of the area as well as by global phenomena (Ackermann and Söder, 2000). As a meteorological variable, wind describes the fuel of wind energy. In energy production, wind takes the same role as water, and wind variables should be analyzed. Wind speed deviation and changeability depend on time and area (Sahin, 2004). A wind energy system transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use. Mechanical energy is most commonly used for pumping water. Furthermore, it can also be used for many other purposes such as grinding grain, sawing, pushing a sailboat, etc. Wind electric turbines generate electricity for homes and businesses and for sale to utilities (AWEA, 2008). Wind energy can be deployed rapidly, as turbines and wind plants are quick to install. Furthermore, it is the cheapest form of renewable energy, which encourages investment. It also creates benefits in terms of employment, investment, research, economic activity and energy independence in the electricity sector (EWEA, 2008a). It is well known that Address correspondence to Mehmet Bilgili, Energy Division, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cukurova University, Adana 01160, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]

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wind energy is one of the cleanest and most environmentally friendly energy sources, and unlike fossil fuels, the wind will never be depleted. All forms of energy production have an environmental impact, but the impacts of wind energy are low, local, and manageable. These environmental impacts are negligible when compared with conventional energy sources. The significance of wind energy originates from its friendly behavior to the environment. Due to its clean nature, wind power is sought wherever possible for conversion to electricity with the hope that air pollution from fossil fuels will be reduced (Sahin, 2004). Wind energy technology itself has also moved very fast towards new dimensions. At the end of 1982, a 55 kW wind turbine with a 15 m rotor diameter was state-ofthe-art. Today, 5,000 kW turbines with a rotor diameter of around 126 m are available from many manufacturers (Ackermann and Söder, 2000; EWEA, 2008a). Parallel to this development, global installed capacity was 100 MW in 1980, it increased to 100,000 MW in 2007. In Europe, wind energy’s share of the power supply increased from 0.001% to 4%, and European manufacturers continue to dominate the rapidly growing global market. Wind power is indeed one of the biggest European industrial success stories in the past quarter of a century (EWEA, 2008b). In this article, the current state and development of wind power installations in Turkey is investigated in detail. The content of the article is follows: Section 2 presents a review of wind power installations in the world. Section 3 provides the electric energy status in Turkey. In Sections 4 and 5, the wind energy potential and power installations in Turkey are presented, respectively, and conclusions are discussed in Section 6.

2. Wind Power Installations in the World The first wind turbines for electricity generation had already been developed at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1891, the Dane Poul LaCour was the first to build a wind turbine that generated electricity. The popularity of using the energy in the wind has always fluctuated with the price of fossil fuels. When fuel prices fell after World War II, interest in wind turbines disappeared. With the oil crises in the beginning of the 1970s, interest in wind power generation resumed (Sahin, 2004; Erdogdu, 2009; Dismukes et al., 2009; Ackermann and Söder, 2000). Before the 1980s, a number of experimental turbines had been erected, but there were no commercial wind farms and no industry to manufacture the hardware. In the 1980s, the first wind farms were built in California. By the end of the 1990s, wind energy has re-emerged as one of the most important sustainable energy resources. It is the world’s fastest-growing energy with an average annual growth rate of 31.1% over the last 10 years (EWEA, 2008a). Figure 1 shows the cumulative installed wind power capacity in the world and Europe between 1990 and 2007. There is an increasing trend in installed wind energy over this period. In 1990, there was only 1,743 MW of wind power capacity installed in the world. On the other hand, 2007 was a record breaking year for the wind industry. In 2007, 19,865 MW of wind power was installed, led by the United States, China and Spain, bringing worldwide installed capacity to 93,864 MW. This is an increase of 30% compared with the 2006 market, and represents an overall increase in global installed capacity of about 27%. This total capacity is enough to satisfy the residential electricity needs of 150 million people. One in every 3 countries now generates a portion of its electricity from wind, with 13 countries each exceeding 1,000 MW of installed wind electricity-generating capacity (EPI, 2008). Europe is the global leader of the wind energy sector. Approximately 61% of the cumulative installed wind capacity of the world is in Europe. In the European Union


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M. Bilgili and E. Simsek

Figure 1. Cumulative installed wind power capacity in the world and Europe.

(EU), installed wind power capacity has increased by an average of 25% annually over the past 11 years, from 4,753 MW in 1997 to 57,136 MW in 2007. In terms of annual installations, the EU market for wind turbines has grown by 19% annually, from 1,277 MW in 1997 to 8,662 MW in 2007 (GWEC, 2008). Figure 2 shows wind power’s share of electricity demand in Europe. Wind-generated electricity now meets 3.8% of Europe’s electricity demand, enough to supply electricity to 90 million residents. Wind power in Denmark covers more than 20% of its total electricity consumption, by far the largest share of any country in the world. Five EU countries (Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and Germany) have more than 5% of their electricity demand produced by wind energy (EWEA, 2008c; EPI, 2008). The cumulative installations of wind power of the top 10 countries in the world are given in Table 1. As seen from the table, Germany leads the world with 22,247 MW. The

Table 1 Cumulative installations of wind power of top ten countries in the world Country

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Germany United States Spain India China Denmark Italy France UK Portugal

6,113 2,578 2,235 220 346 2,417 427 66 406 100

8,754 4,275 3,337 1,456 402 2,489 682 93 474 131

11,994 4,685 4,825 1,702 469 2,889 788 148 552 195

14,609 6,372 6,203 2,125 567 3,116 905 257 667 296

16,629 6,725 8,264 3,000 764 3,118 1,266 390 904 522

18,415 9,149 10,028 4,430 1,260 3,128 1,718 757 1,332 1,022

20,622 11,575 11,623 6,270 2,599 3,136 2,123 1,567 1,962 1,716

22,247 16,818 15,145 7,845 5,906 3,125 2,726 2,454 2,389 2,150



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Figure 2. Wind power’s share of electricity demand in Europe.

United States, which launched the modern wind power industry in California in the early 1980s, follows with 16,818 MW. Spain is in third place, with 15,145 MW. India, which is fourth with 7,845 MW, is the leader of the wind energy sector in Asia. The People’s Republic of China (5,906 MW), Denmark (3,125 MW), Italy (2,726 MW), France (2,454 MW), the United Kingdom (2,389 MW) and Portugal (2,150 MW) are the other largest markets of the world.

3. Electric Energy Status in Turkey Turkey is located in the Northern Hemisphere at the junction of Europe and Asia, and it has a land surface area of 774,815 km2 , officially. It is situated in Anatolia and southeastern Europe. Due to its geographical position, it has an increasingly important role to play as an “energy corridor” between the major oil and natural gas producing countries in the Middle East, Caspian Sea and the Western energy markets (Demirbas, 2001; IEA, 2005; Bilen et al., 2008). The economy and population of Turkey grow rapidly. According to the Turkish Statistics Institute (TUIK), Turkey’s population as of December 31, 2007 was 70,586,256. It grew by 4.1% since 2000 (TUIK, 2008). The development of Turkey’s installed capacity in electricity generation between 1975 and 2007 is illustrated in Figure 3. As seen from the figure, thermal and hydro powers became the fastest growing installed capacities in the country. In addition, geothermal and wind powers had relatively small installed capacities. As reported by the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEIAS), while the installed capacity of Turkey’s electric power plants was 4,187 MW in 1975, it increased to 40,777 MW in 2007


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Figure 3. Development of Turkey’s installed capacity.

(TEIAS, 2008). In this installed capacity, the share of thermal power plants was 66.73% (27,212 MW) in 2007. Hydro accounted for 32.85% (13,395 MW), and geothermal and wind for 0.42% (170 MW). In Turkey, where there is no nuclear power, electricity is generated from the thermal, hydro, wind and geothermal power plants. Electricity generation in Turkey increased rapidly due to the rate of population growth, the high rate of industrialization, social, and economical development. While the total electricity generation of Turkey was 15,623 GWh in 1975, it increased to 191,237 GWh in 2007. Thermal power became the fastestgrowing energy generation in the country. It increased from 9,719 GWh in 1975 to 154,922 GWh in 2007. In addition, electricity generation produced by hydro power increased from 5,904 GWh in 1975 to 35,798 GWh in 2007. However, electricity generation produced by the geothermal and wind power is relatively small. It increased from 22 GWh in 1984 to 517 GWh in 2007.

4. Wind Energy Potential in Turkey Turkey has significant wind energy potential when compared with other European countries. The values of the technical wind energy potential of European countries are given in Table 2. As shown in the table, Turkey has the highest share of technical wind energy potential in Europe. Theoretically, Turkey has 166 TWh/yr of wind potential (Alboyaci and Dursun, 2008; Erdogdu, 2009; Guler, 2009). It is estimated that Turkey’s technical wind energy potential is 83,000 MW; the economic potential is approximately 10,000 MW depending on the technical condition (Guler, 2009; Hepbasli and Ozgener, 2004). There are a number of regions in Turkey with relatively high wind speeds. The most attractive sites are the Marmara Sea region, Mediterranean Coast, Aegean Sea Coast, and the Anatolia inland. Especially, the regions of the Aegean and Marmara have higher wind energy potential compared to the other regions (Ocak et al., 2004). According to the Turkey Wind Map, prepared by the General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, wind speed at 50 m height and outside the residential areas, at Marmara, West Black sea, and the East Mediterranean coasts and inner parts of these regions are 6.0–7.0 and 4.5–5.0 m/s, respectively. The north-west


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Table 2 Wind energy potential of European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries Technical potential

Country

Territory, thousand km2

Side potential, km2

Installed wind power, MW

MW

TWh/yr

Turkey UK Spain France Norway Italy Greece Ireland Sweden Iceland Denmark Germany Portugal Finland Netherlands Austria Belgium Switzerland Luxembourg

781 244 505 547 324 301 132 70 450 103 43 357 92 337 41 84 31 41 3

9,960 6,840 5,120 5,080 4,560 4,160 2,460 2,680 2,440 2,080 1,720 1,400 880 440 400 200 280 80 0

146 2,389 15,145 2,454 333 2,726 871 805 788 0 3,125 22,247 2,150 110 1,746 982 287 12 35

83,000 57,000 43,000 42,000 38,000 35,000 22,000 22,000 20,000 17,000 14,000 12,000 7,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 0

166 114 86 85 76 69 44 44 41 34 29 24 15 7 7 3 5 1 0

Aegean coasts are also 7.0–8.5 m/s, and in the inner parts are 6.5–7.0 m/s (Guler, 2009). Moreover, the rate of wind energy potential in the Antakya and Iskenderun regions is high enough to produce electricity (Bilgili et al., 2004; Sahin et al., 2005). But, all regions of Turkey are not suitable for the installation of wind turbines due to a topographic structure and a low level of wind energy potential. The annual average wind speed and wind energy potential of various stations of Turkey are given in Table 3. The annual wind speeds of these stations vary between 4.10 m/s and 7.23 m/s. This level of wind speed is considerably high for the utilization of wind energy conversion systems. The annual wind power potential values of Gokçeada, Gelibolu, Belen, Akhisar, Bababurnu, Gelendost, Datca, Foca and Soke stations are 520.82 W/m2 , 407.10 W/m2 , 383.72 W/m2 , 362.47 W/m2 , 254.89 W/m2 , 244.47 W/m2 , 236.55 W/m2 , 197.19 W/m2 and 93.05 W/m2 , respectively. Especially, Gokçeada, Gelibolu, Belen and Akhisar are the most promising and convenient sites for the production of electricity from wind power.

5. Wind Power Installations in Turkey As for the background in Turkey, wind and wind energy have always played an important

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M. Bilgili and E. Simsek Table 3 Annual average wind speed and annual average wind energy potential of various stations of Turkey

Station


Belen Datca Foca Gelendost Soke Akhisar Bababurnu Gelibolu Gokceada

Latitude 36ı 120 0000 36ı 460 0400 38ı 390 2500 38ı 080 2700 37ı 410 5600 38ı 520 4400 39ı 300 0300 40ı 260 3400 40ı 070 5800

Longitude N N N N N N N N N

36ı 2800100 27ı 3700800 26ı 4602200 30ı 5000600 27ı 2301300 27ı 4803900 26ı 1203900 26ı 3205600 25ı 5700000

E E E E E E E E E

Measuring Anemometer Altitude, m year height, m 474 20 175 973 6 391 348 302 244

2005 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Annual wind Annual mean wind speed, power potential, m/s W/m2 6.97 5.63 5.73 5.05 4.10 5.88 5.96 6.85 7.23

383.72 236.55 197.19 244.47 93.05 362.47 254.89 407.10 520.82

role in the history of Asia Minor and the geographic area covered by the Republic of Turkey today. The earliest documented evidence of this goes back to the ancient city of Troia. Windmills were introduced to the western world at the beginning of the 12th century from the Islamic world. During this century, the first modern vertical wind turbine was developed by Abou-l Iz who lived in Diyarbakır, Turkey. In addition, there are some dominant landmarks from the 14th century and there is a naval map dated to 1389 AD, which shows windmills as landmarks along with the shallows and sand banks in the bay of Izmir (Sahin, 2008; Hanagasioglu, 1999). In the 1940s, windmills were used to grind corn, pump water to fields and even powered the first radio sets in the Anatolian countryside. Based on a survey performed by the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture between the years 1960 and 1961, there were 749 windmills. Of these, 718 were used for water pumping, while 41 were utilized for the generation of electricity. Two surveys between 1966 and 1967 and 1978 and 1979 revealed 309 and 894 units, of which 2 and 23 were electricity producing turbines with capacities lower than 1 kW, respectively (Hepbasli and Ozgener, 2004). Since the 1960s, several universities have conducted studies on wind energy. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey Marmara Research Center studied the development of a wind atlas for Turkey during the 1980s. The General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey Administration has made some wind speed measurements. In addition to these, the State Meteorological Works has many meteorological stations spread throughout different parts of the country for measuring all climatic parameters (Sahin, 2008). The development of installed wind power capacity in Turkey is presented in Figure 4. The first Turkish wind turbine was constructed in Cesme by the Vestas company in 1986, and it was realized at Cesme Altinyunus Resort Hotel (The Golden Dolphin Hotel). In this turbine the height of the center of the blade is 24.5 m and the blade diameter is 14 m. It provides an electric power of 55 kW at a wind speed of 12 m/s and generates 100,000 kWh electricity energy under Cesme weather conditions. The resort hotel, with 1,000 beds, consumes of about 3 million kWh of electrical energy annually, while the windmill installed produces 130,000 kWh/yr, approximately (Kenisarin et al., 2006; Aras, 2003; Hepbasli and Ozgener, 2004). Between 1986 and 1996, there were some attempts to generate electricity from wind, but they were never successful. Although the first Turkish wind turbine was



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Figure 4. Installed wind power capacity in Turkey.

constructed in Cesme, the development of modern Turkish wind power engineering began on November 21, 1998 when the first 3 Enercon E-40 model wind turbines of 500 kW each began to operate at Alacati, Izmir. The blade diameter of this turbine is 40.3 m, and its annual electric energy production is estimated as 4.5 million kWh at a wind speed of 14 m/s. In November 1998, the second wind farm consisting of 12 Vestas V44/600 turbines was constructed at the same region. The turbine blade diameter is 44 m, the height of the blade center point is 45 m and they are estimated to generate 100,000 kWh of electric energy. The wind farm, in which $8.5 million has been invested, is estimated to repay its cost in 2.5 years (Aras, 2003). The third wind farm with a total installed capacity of 10.2 MW started to operate in June 2000 at Bozcaada Island (Kenisarin et al., 2006; Hepbasli and Ozgener, 2004). It includes 17 wind turbines, and each turbine has 600 kW of power. This facility generates 35 million kWh of electric energy per year. This plant has been estimated to repay its investment cost, $13 million, in 6 years, and its life expectancy is 30–35 years (Aras, 2003). The fourth wind farm of Turkey with a total installed capacity of 1.2 MW was constructed at Hadimkoy, Istanbul in 2003. It includes 2 wind turbines, and each turbine has 600 kW power. Then, the wind farm consisting of 20 General Electric GE/1.5 MW turbines was constructed at Bandirma, Balikesir in September 2006. The turbines have 54.7 m hub height and 70.5 m rotor diameter. The 52 m-high steel towers were produced by CIMTAS in Gemlik, Turkey. Bandirma wind energy power plant, not only Turkey’s first privately owned and operated wind park, also had extended the current installed capacity of 20 MW in Turkey by 150% to 50 MW by itself in 2006. With an annual generation of 120 million kWh, it can supply the electricity demand of a populated town of 80,000. Among all these, with the clean power generation of Bandirma wind power plant, 70,000 tons of carbon emission reduction is expected annually. Wind power projects in Turkey are given in Table 4, and their locations are illustrated in Figures 5–7. According to the projection of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA), as of November 2008, Turkey has 15 wind power plants in operation with a total installed capacity of 333.35 MW. Two wind power plants are currently under construction with a total installed capacity of 142.80 MW. In addition, there are 22 wind power plants (1,070 MW) planned with a turbine supply contract. Consequently, a total

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Table 4 Wind power projects in Turkey


Item no. of wind power plants*

Location

1 Izmir-Cesme 2 Izmir-Cesme 3 Canakkale-Bozcaada 4 Istanbul-Hadimkoy 5 Balikesir-Bandirma 6 Istanbul-Silivri 7 Izmir-Cesme 8 Manisa-Akhisar 9 Canakkale-Intepe 10 Canakkale-Gelibolu 11 Hatay-Samandag 12 Manisa-Sayalar 13 Izmir-Aliaga 14 Istanbul-Gaziosmanpasa 15 Istanbul-Catalca Total (in operation) 16 Balikesir-Samli 17 Mugla-Datca Total (under construction) 18 Hatay-Samandag 19 Hatay-Samandag 20 Aydin-Didim 21 Izmir-Cesme 22 Balikesir-Susurluk 23 Osmaniye-Bahce 24 Izmir-Cesme 25 Balikesir-Bandirma 26 Tekirdag-Sarkoy 27 Balikesir-Havran 28 Canakkale-Ezine 29 Hatay-Belen 30 Manisa-Kirkagac 31 Manisa-Soma 32 Edirne-Enez 33 Izmir-Aliaga 34 Izmir-Aliaga 35 Izmir-Aliaga 36 Izmir-Foca 37 Balikesir-Kepsut 38 Manisa-Soma-Kirkagac 39 Balikesir-Kepsut Total (projects with a turbine supply contract) General Total *: Numbers represented in Figures 5–7.

Commissioning date

Installed capacity, MW

1998 1998 2000 2003 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008

1.50 7.20 10.20 1.20 30.00 0.85 39.20 10.80 30.40 14.90 30.00 30.60 42.50 24.00 60.00 333.35 114.00 28.80 142.80 35.10 22.50 31.50 15.00 19.00 135.00 22.50 45.00 28.80 16.00 20.80 30.00 25.60 140.80 15.00 30.00 90.00 30.00 30.00 54.90 90.00 142.50 1,070.00 1,546.15

2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010



Figure 5. Locations of wind power plants in the Mediterranean region of Turkey.

Figure 6. Locations of wind power plants in the Aegean region of Turkey.

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150


Figure 7. Locations of wind power plants in the Marmara region of Turkey.

of about 40 wind power plants with the installed capacity of 1,500 MW will be in use by the end of 2011 (EMRA, 2008).

6. Conclusion As a developing country, Turkey’s population is expected to exceed 83 million in 2020. In parallel to this development, Turkey also faces an ever increasing electricity demand. By the year 2020, the net electricity consumption will have reached 435 TWh. Unfortunately, Turkey is presently an energy-importing country. Excluding lignite; coal, oil and natural gas reserves in country are limited. However, Turkey has substantial reserves of renewable energy resources such as hydro, wind, and solar. It is estimated that Turkey’s technical wind energy potential is 83,000 MW; the economic potential is approximately 10,000 MW depending on the technical condition. By the end of November 2008, the cumulative installed wind power capacity in Turkey was only 3.33% of its total economic wind potential. So, Turkey should use available renewable energy sources as much as possible.

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