Apr 4, 2008 - vals in th e. U. S o f A. 915 MHz. 5850 MHz. U-NII. 2450 MHz. 1985. FCC permits. Spread Spectrum in. 3 bands âdesignated for ISMâ. NCR.
Unlicensed: the case of Wi-Fi THE EVOLUTION OF UNLICENSED WIRELESS POLICY: An Information Economy Project Conference, GMU George Mason University School of Law, Arlington, Virginia Ing. Vic Hayes, “Father of Wi-Fi” and Dr. Ir. Wolter Lemstra Senior Research Fellows, Delft University of Technology
April 4, 2008 1
Faculty Technology, Policy and Management Vermelding onderdeel organisatie Section Economics of Infrastructures
Outline • What is Wi-Fi? • How did Wi-Fi come about? • Regulations US • The development of the standard • Regulations Europe • Important applications • Conclusion
April 4, 2008
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What is Wi-Fi… • Wi-Fi is the certification mark of the Wi-Fi Alliance • For devices working according to the IEEE 802.11 family of standards that have been tested on interoperability • For broadband, wireless, communication between computers and access points
April 4, 2008
www.wi-fi.org
3
The Success of Wi-Fi… The preferred means for connecting to the Internet • At home… • In the office… • In hotels, restaurants, coffee shops… • At airports, rail-way stations… • At universities… For exchanging emails, business data, market information, and increasingly for voice (skype) April 4, 2008
www.wi-fi.org
4
Number of device approvals in the US of A
1985 FCC permits Spread Spectrum in 3 bands “designated for ISM” 6000
2450 MHz
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
915 MHz
NCR initiates feasibility study
U-NII 5850 MHz
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year April 4, 2008
5
Our first prototype
April 4, 2008
6
Second prototype
April 4, 2008
7
Saw filter • Made at the microelektronic lab of TU Delft • Part of a PhD research of Ir. Jaap Haartsen • Now Professor Dr. Ir Jaap Haartsen at University Twente
April 4, 2008
8
Number of device approvals in the US of A
1985 FCC permits Spread Spectrum in 3 bands “designated for ISM” 6000
2450 MHz
5000
4000
1988 IEEE 802.4l reactivated
Juli 1990 establishment IEEE 802.11
3000
NCR Product release 2000
1000
NCR initites feasibility study
915 MHz
NCR product dev.
U-NII 5850 MHz
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year April 4, 2008
9
First NCR product
1990
April 4, 2008
10
Back into history • 1990 • PCs were rare at meetings • Weight, including bag and power adapter: • 8 kg • Input/output: • 2,5” floppy • 9,6 kbit/s modem
April 4, 2008
11
Number of device approvals in the US of A
1985 FCC permits Spread Spectrum in 3 bands “designated for ISM” 6000
5000
4000
1991 CEPT permits 2.4 GHz band
1988 IEEE 802.4l reactivated
Juli 1990 establishment IEEE 802.11
2450 MHz Juni 1997 IEEE approves 802.11
3000
NCR Product release 2000
1000
NCR initiates feasibility study
915 MHz
NCR product dev.
U-NII 5850 MHz
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year April 4, 2008
12
1997, 1st standard approved
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13
1998, Using our own product
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14
Number of device approvals in the US of A
1985 FCC permits Spread Spectrum in 3 bands “designated for ISM” 6000 1991 CEPT permits 2.4 GHz band
5000
4000
1997 FCC permits UNII devices 1999 1992 CEPT expands 5 CEPT permits 150 MHz in 5 GHz band GHz with 255 MHz
Juli 1990 establishment IEEE 802.11
1988 IEEE 802.4l reactivated
June 1997 IEEE approves 802.11
2450 MHz
September 1999. IEEE approves 802.11a and.11b
3000
NCR Product release 2000
1000
NCR initiates feasibility study
915 MHz
NCR product dev.
U-NII 5850 MHz
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year April 4, 2008
15
The group after approval of 11a and 11b
April 4, 2008
16
Number of device approvals in the US of A
1985 FCC permits Spread Spectrum in 3 bands “designated for ISM” 6000 1991 CEPT permits 2.4 GHz band
5000
4000
1997 FCC permits UNII devices 1999 1992 CEPT expands 5 CEPT permits 150 MHz in 5 GHz band GHz with 255 MHz
Juli 1990 establishment IEEE 802.11
1988 IEEE 802.4l reactivated
June 1997 IEEE approves 802.11
September 1999. IEEE approves 802.11a and.11b Apple/Lucent deal
3000
NCR Product release 2000
1000
2450 MHz
NCR initiates feasibility study
WECA established
915 MHz
NCR product dev.
U-NII 5850 MHz
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year April 4, 2008
17
Forcing market success takes time, money, perseverance and some luck
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Wi-Fi came to life • With the success of the Apple/Lucent Technologies deal the Chasm had been crossed • WECA became Wi-Fi Alliance and built user-friendliness and user-trust • Competition brought price reduction • Wi-Fi became attractive • Continued progress with both spectrum rules and technology:
April 4, 2008
19
Number of device approvals in the US of A
1985 FCC permits Spread Spectrum in 3 bands “designated for ISM” 6000
1997 FCC permits UNII devices 1991 CEPT permits 2.4 GHz band
5000
4000
1988 IEEE 802.4l reactivated
1999 1992 CEPT permits 150 CEPT expands 5 MHz in 5 GHz band GHz with 255 MHz
Juli 1990 establishment IEEE 802.11
June 1997 IEEE approves 802.11
2450 MHz
NCR initiates feasibility study
WECA established
915 MHz
NCR product dev.
U-NII 5850 MHz
0
1984
June 2003. IEEE approves 802.11g
Apple/Lucent deal NCR Product release
1000
2003. WRC allocates 455 MHz coprimary spectrum in 5 GHz band
September 1999. IEEE approves 802.11a and.11b
3000
2000
2002 FCC permits Digital Transmission Systems
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year April 4, 2008
20
Shaped by users • The original Wireless-LAN moved from: • Corporate Networking to Private Networking • Private Domain use to Public domain use • From Free to a Fee to Free • Corporate investments to Operator investment to Community investments • In-door to Out-door • Stationary to Nomadic • WLAN enables closing of the “Digital Divide”: • In Developing countries in Developed countries April 4, 2008
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Wi-Fi is changing economics Purple: within 1.5 km from antenna Orange: within 3 km from antenna Yellow: within 5 km from antenna
• If incumbent operators can not or will not provide Internet access… • Citizens and Villagers can and will step in • Wi-Fi based Wireless Community Initiatives • Typical examples: • Djursland Denmark • AirJaldi Tibet/India • Mérida Venezuela April 4, 2008
Nielsen, DIIRWB, 2006
22
Going to Nepal
18 km 32 km
April 4, 2008
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April 4, 2008
Mahabir Pun, 2006
24
One of the nodes in Nepal
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Mahabir Pun, 2006
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Uses of the Nepal Network • Reference materials for students and teachers • Live tele-teaching
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Mahabir Pun, 2006
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Uses of the Nepal Network • Telemedicine with Om Hospital in Pokhara
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Mahabir Pun, 2006
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Conclusion • The success of Wi-Fi can be traced back to • The change in Government policy, i.e. the 1985 decision of the FCC to allow unlicensed spectrum • The standardization effort of the IEEE 802.11 WG • The global availability of harmonized spectrum, and • The work of the Wi-Fi Alliance • Freedom triggered user innovation • Triggered social compassion
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• Stay tuned for more information on "the genesis of Wi-Fi and the road toward global success" in a forthcoming edited book by Lemstra, Groenewegen, Hayes and many others.
April 4, 2008
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