International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, ...
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2014)
Wireless Power Transmission Vikash Mishra1, Lavya Nigam2, Anand Mohan3 1,2
Department of computer science & Engineering, HITM, Agra 3 BS-MS program IISER, Mohali When transmitter coil is excited than it generates flux and when receiver coil receives this flux a potential difference is developed across its terminals. The potential difference developed in receivers is directly related to distance between transmitter and receiver coil [7]. Fig.1 shows the basic model for WPT [1].
Abstract— In this paper, we are discussing concept of transmitting power without wires. The various technologies are now evolved for wireless transmission of electricity and the need for a wireless system of energy transmission is being discussed here to find its possibility in actual practices, their advantages, disadvantages and their feasibility. Many theories, research papers, patents are available on wireless transmission of electricity but its practical use is not started yet. The paper briefly explains the possible ways to get useful and practical results out of all research carried out so far elsewhere. Keywords—Wireless Power Transmission (WPT), methods for WPT, Optical approach for WPT.
I. INTRODUCTION One of the major drawbacks in current power distribution system is the losses during the transmission of electrical energy. As the demands of power are increasing conveniently, power generation also increases and this leads to increase power loss during transmission. Our present transmission system is only 70-74% efficient this means about 1/3 of our generated power is waste in distribution [1]. Now-a-days global scenario has been changed a lot and there is tremendous development in every field. So we have to keep pace for development of new power technology. The transmission of power without wires may be one noble alternative for electricity transmission. The definition of Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) can be given as a way of efficient transmission of electric power from one point to another trough vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance [2].
This is the basic model and its efficiency is very poor and cannot be used for large distance transmission.
We can enhance its efficiency by inductive coupling as shown in fig.2. But after this also we cannot use it for long distance transmission.
II. WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY A. Electromagnetic induction method:The basic concept behind electromagnetic approach of WPT is magnetic induction between two coil say transmitting and receiving coil.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2014)
For transmitting power through this method for long distance we have to introduce intermediate coils between transmitter and receiver as shown in fig.3&fig.4[5].
B. Optical method: The method by which sunlight reaches earth has been the driving force for main attempt to achieve wireless power transmission. It is natural methodology behind wireless power transmission. Basic theory behind optical mode of wireless power transmission is to convert electricity in laser beam which point to receiver made up of photovoltaic cell. This mechanism is known as "power beaming". In principle, all lasers can be used for transmitting power[1][2].
In general term this intermediate coils is called repeaters [5][6]. These repeaters increase efficiency of transmission. We can also use spiral coil for making transmitter and Receivers as shown in fig.5 [6]. Efficiency is improved by using spiral based WPT[4][5].
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2014) The longest distance between emitting and receiving points achieved so far is in the order to hundred kilometers. The largest amount of energy transmitted so far was during an experiment by the US Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1975, when 30 kW were transmitted from a 26 m diameter parabolic dish to a 1.54 km distant rectenna with 85% efficiency [2]. In 2002 and 2003, Steinsiek and Schoafer demon started ground to ground wireless power transmission via laser to a small, otherwise fully independent rover vehicle equipped with photovoltaic cells as a first step towards the use of this technology for powering airships and further in the future lunar surface rovers. The experiment was based on a green, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG[4] laser at only a few Watts. It included the initiation and supply of the rover including a micro-camera as payload as well as the pointing and tracking of the moving rover over a distance up to 280 m by applying active control loops shows EADS developed, fully laser powered autonomous rover.
To demonstrate technical feasibility, researchers would first like to transmit kilowatts of power from a satellite in Low-earth orbit.
III. APPLICATIONS Wireless power transmission would have numerous applications. Some of the applications involve simply powering devices or vehicles from a remote power source. However If long distance, high efficiency wireless power transmission is possible than night time off peak load is available, it also make possible that half of the excess power generation capability can be utilized. Wireless power transfer could allow an alternative source of clean energy by transmitting solar power from space back down to places where it is needed on earth. Some applications are as follows-
Additionally, target 80% conversion efficiency is desired within both the transmitter and the receiver. Since the satellite orbits above the atmosphere, it would consistently collecting solar energy, as opposed to photovoltaic systems on earth which may be obstructed by weather conditions. Also, a single satellite could potentially provide power to many locations around the world by having multiple wireless power receivers linked to the satellite. Thus, the development of solar power satellites could consistently provide clean energy around the world[1].
A. Solar Power Satellites If an efficient method of wireless power transmission is developed, one possible application would be a solar power satellite. This idea consists of having a satellite with solar panels orbiting the earth. The satellite generates electrical energy using its solar panels. This energy is encoded into suitable means and transmitted wirelessly to receivers on the earth. The receivers then decode the transmitted energy back into usable electrical power.
B. Wireless Charging of Devices One of major issue in remote electronic device is to plug it regularly for charging. There were many experiments done and some are successfully till some extent. If an efficient method of wireless power transmission is developed than problem of plugging electronic device regularly can be resolved.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2014) iv. The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is well documented. If we include the demand of third world nations, pushed by their increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the future. These systems can only meet this 90–94 % efficient transmission v. More efficient energy distribution systems and sources are needed by both developed and under developed nations. In regards to the new systems, the market for wireless power transmission is enormous. It has the potential to become a multi-billion dollar per year market. Every coin has two sides and same story continue over here it means wireless power transmission method also has some demerit. The major disadvantage of this method is a biological impact on wireless power transmission. One common criticism of the Tesla wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects. While calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is very small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible.
IV. DVANTAGES, DESADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION Wireless power transmission is consider as one of the most effective and evolving power transmission technique and has following advantages of using iti. High Transmission Integrity and Low Loss: - To transmits wireless power to any distance without limit. It makes no difference what the distance is. The efficiency of the transmission can be as high as 96 or 97 per cent, and there are practically no losses[9][10]. ii. An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers[9]. iii. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve many of these problems. Electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss
V. CONCLUSION The transmission of power without wires is not a theory, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance. Many researchers have worked and established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the father of this invention. Wireless transmission of electricity have tremendous merits like high transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 – 97 % efficient) and can be transmitted to anywhere in the globe and eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. It has a tremendous economic impact to human society. Many countries will benefit from this service. Monthly electric utility bills from old-fashioned, fossil-fuelled, loss prone electrified wire-grid delivery services will be optional, much like ―cable TV‖ of today [1].
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2014) [5]
Design of a Two Resonating Coil WPT System for Portable Electronics LoadsRanjan K. Behera*, Senior Member IEEE, Manisha Kumari# and Sanjoy K. Parida*, Member IEEE Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Patna [6] Nikola Tesla, ―The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as a Means for Furthering Peace,‖ Electrical World and Engineer. Jan. 7, p. 21, 1905 [7] "Goodbye wires" MIT News, 2007-06-07, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/wireless-0607.html. [8] General Analysis on the Use of Tesla’s Resonators in Domino Forms for Wireless Power Transfer Wenxing Zhong, Chi Kwan Lee, Member, IEEE, and S. Y. Ron Hui, Fellow, IEEE [9] Toby Grotz,‖ Wireless transmission of power‖, Courtesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990. [10] http://www.articlesbase.com/electronics-articles/ proposed-planningof-wireless-power-transmission-demonstration-698973.html [11] Thomas F. Valone, ―Tesla‘s Wireless Energy... For the 21st Century!!! One Step Beyond Direct TV!!!‖ Extra Ordinary Technology, 1, no. 4, Oct / Nov / Dec 2003 [12] Forman, G. 2003. An extensive empirical study of feature selection metrics for text classification. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 3 (Mar. 2003), 1289-1305.
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