Wireless Sensor Network - Campbell Scientific

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

Wireless Sensor Network

Revision: 11/17

C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 7 C a m p b e l l S c i e n t i f i c , I n c .

Limited Warranty “Products manufactured by CSI are warranted by CSI to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for twelve months from the date of shipment unless otherwise specified in the corresponding product manual. (Product manuals are available for review online at www.campbellsci.com.) Products not manufactured by CSI, but that are resold by CSI, are warranted only to the limits extended by the original manufacturer. Batteries, fine-wire thermocouples, desiccant, and other consumables have no warranty. CSI’s obligation under this warranty is limited to repairing or replacing (at CSI’s option) defective Products, which shall be the sole and exclusive remedy under this warranty. The Customer assumes all costs of removing, reinstalling, and shipping defective Products to CSI. CSI will return such Products by surface carrier prepaid within the continental United States of America. To all other locations, CSI will return such Products best way CIP (port of entry) per Incoterms ® 2010. This warranty shall not apply to any Products which have been subjected to modification, misuse, neglect, improper service, accidents of nature, or shipping damage. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied. The warranty for installation services performed by CSI such as programming to customer specifications, electrical connections to Products manufactured by CSI, and Product specific training, is part of CSI’s product warranty. CSI EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS AND EXCLUDES ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. CSI hereby disclaims, to the fullest extent allowed by applicable law, any and all warranties and conditions with respect to the Products, whether express, implied or statutory, other than those expressly provided herein.”

Assistance Products may not be returned without prior authorization. The following contact information is for US and international customers residing in countries served by Campbell Scientific, Inc. directly. Affiliate companies handle repairs for customers within their territories. Please visit www.campbellsci.com to determine which Campbell Scientific company serves your country. To obtain a Returned Materials Authorization (RMA) number, contact CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC., phone (435) 227-9000. Please write the issued RMA number clearly on the outside of the shipping container. Campbell Scientific’s shipping address is: CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. RMA#_____ 815 West 1800 North Logan, Utah 84321-1784 For all returns, the customer must fill out a “Statement of Product Cleanliness and Decontamination” form and comply with the requirements specified in it. The form is available from our website at www.campbellsci.com/repair. A completed form must be either emailed to [email protected] or faxed to (435) 227-9106. Campbell Scientific is unable to process any returns until we receive this form. If the form is not received within three days of product receipt or is incomplete, the product will be returned to the customer at the customer’s expense. Campbell Scientific reserves the right to refuse service on products that were exposed to contaminants that may cause health or safety concerns for our employees.

Safety DANGER — MANY HAZARDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INSTALLING, USING, MAINTAINING, AND WORKING ON OR AROUND TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ANY ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS SUCH AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC. FAILURE TO PROPERLY AND COMPLETELY ASSEMBLE, INSTALL, OPERATE, USE, AND MAINTAIN TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ATTACHMENTS, AND FAILURE TO HEED WARNINGS, INCREASES THE RISK OF DEATH, ACCIDENT, SERIOUS INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE, AND PRODUCT FAILURE. TAKE ALL REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID THESE HAZARDS. CHECK WITH YOUR ORGANIZATION’S SAFETY COORDINATOR (OR POLICY) FOR PROCEDURES AND REQUIRED PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PRIOR TO PERFORMING ANY WORK.

Use tripods, towers, and attachments to tripods and towers only for purposes for which they are designed. Do not exceed design limits. Be familiar and comply with all instructions provided in product manuals. Manuals are available at www.campbellsci.com or by telephoning (435) 227-9000 (USA). You are responsible for conformance with governing codes and regulations, including safety regulations, and the integrity and location of structures or land to which towers, tripods, and any attachments are attached. Installation sites should be evaluated and approved by a qualified engineer. If questions or concerns arise regarding installation, use, or maintenance of tripods, towers, attachments, or electrical connections, consult with a licensed and qualified engineer or electrician. General • Prior to performing site or installation work, obtain required approvals and permits. Comply with all governing structure-height regulations, such as those of the FAA in the USA. • Use only qualified personnel for installation, use, and maintenance of tripods and towers, and any attachments to tripods and towers. The use of licensed and qualified contractors is highly recommended. • Read all applicable instructions carefully and understand procedures thoroughly before beginning work. • Wear a hardhat and eye protection, and take other appropriate safety precautions while working on or around tripods and towers. • Do not climb tripods or towers at any time, and prohibit climbing by other persons. Take reasonable precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from trespassers. • Use only manufacturer recommended parts, materials, and tools. Utility and Electrical • You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury if the tripod, tower, or attachments you are installing, constructing, using, or maintaining, or a tool, stake, or anchor, come in contact with overhead or underground utility lines. • Maintain a distance of at least one-and-one-half times structure height, 20 feet, or the distance required by applicable law, whichever is greater, between overhead utility lines and the structure (tripod, tower, attachments, or tools). • Prior to performing site or installation work, inform all utility companies and have all underground utilities marked. • Comply with all electrical codes. Electrical equipment and related grounding devices should be installed by a licensed and qualified electrician. Elevated Work and Weather • Exercise extreme caution when performing elevated work. • Use appropriate equipment and safety practices. • During installation and maintenance, keep tower and tripod sites clear of un-trained or nonessential personnel. Take precautions to prevent elevated tools and objects from dropping. • Do not perform any work in inclement weather, including wind, rain, snow, lightning, etc. Maintenance • Periodically (at least yearly) check for wear and damage, including corrosion, stress cracks, frayed cables, loose cable clamps, cable tightness, etc. and take necessary corrective actions. • Periodically (at least yearly) check electrical ground connections. WHILE EVERY ATTEMPT IS MADE TO EMBODY THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF SAFETY IN ALL CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTS, THE CUSTOMER ASSUMES ALL RISK FROM ANY INJURY RESULTING FROM IMPROPER INSTALLATION, USE, OR MAINTENANCE OF TRIPODS, TOWERS, OR ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS SUCH AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC.

Table of Contents PDF viewers: These page numbers refer to the printed version of this document. Use the PDF reader bookmarks tab for links to specific sections.

1. Introduction ................................................................ 1 2. Precautions ................................................................ 1 3. Initial Inspection ......................................................... 1 4. Overview ..................................................................... 2 4.1 4.2

CWB100 Wireless Base Station........................................................... 2 Wireless Sensors .................................................................................. 2 4.2.1 CWS220 Wireless Infrared Radiometer........................................ 3 4.2.2 CWS655 Wireless Soil-Water Probe ............................................ 3 4.2.3 CWS900 Configurable Wireless Sensor Interface ........................ 4

5. Specifications............................................................. 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

CWB100 .............................................................................................. 5 CWS220 Specifications ....................................................................... 6 CWS655 Specifications ....................................................................... 6 CWS900 Specifications ....................................................................... 7 Internal Radio....................................................................................... 8

6. Installation .................................................................. 9 6.1

6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Configuring the Wireless Sensor Network........................................... 9 6.1.1 Adding Devices to the Wireless Sensor Network ....................... 10 6.1.2 Adding Communication Links to Devices .................................. 10 6.1.3 Configure Devices ...................................................................... 11 6.1.3.1 Configuring the CWB100 ................................................ 12 6.1.3.2 Configuring a Wireless Sensor ......................................... 13 6.1.4 Send the Sensor Configuration File to the Datalogger ................ 15 Programming the Datalogger ............................................................. 16 6.2.1 Datalogger Scan Rate .................................................................. 16 6.2.2 CWB100() Instruction ................................................................ 16 Wiring the CWB100 .......................................................................... 18 Installing the Wireless Sensors .......................................................... 18 6.4.1 Connecting Sensors to the CWS900 ........................................... 19 Verify that Data is being Transmitted ................................................ 20

7. Operation .................................................................. 20 7.1 7.2 7.3

Auto-Discovery .................................................................................. 20 RF Connection Type Setting .............................................................. 21 Advanced Programming .................................................................... 22 7.3.1 Configuration Strings .................................................................. 22 7.3.2 ArrayIndex() Function ................................................................ 23 7.3.3 CWB100Routes() Instruction ..................................................... 24 7.3.4 CWB100RSSI() Instruction ........................................................ 25

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Table of Contents 7.3.5 7.3.6

CWB100Diagnostics() Instruction ............................................. 26 Field Names ............................................................................... 26

8. Troubleshooting ....................................................... 27 8.1 8.2 8.3

Checking Sensor Battery Voltage ..................................................... 27 Checking Sensor Links to the Base Station ....................................... 27 Checking Sensor Signal Strength ...................................................... 28

9. Maintenance ............................................................. 28 9.1 9.2 9.3

Removing a Wireless Sensor from the Network ............................... 28 Replacing a Wireless Sensor in the Network .................................... 29 Stopping or Loading a New Datalogger Program ............................. 29

10. Troubleshooting ....................................................... 29 Appendices A. CRBasic Example Programs ................................. A-1 A.1 A.2

Basic Program ................................................................................. A-1 Program with Diagnostics ............................................................... A-2

B. Using Device Configuration Utility for Sensor Setup ..................................................................... B-1 C. Wireless Sensor Measurement Names and Meanings .............................................................. C-1 C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4

CCWS220 Measurements ............................................................... C-1 CWS655 Measurements .................................................................. C-1 CWS900 Measurements .................................................................. C-2 Wind Vector Calculations ............................................................... C-4

D. Battery Life ............................................................. D-1 D.1 D.2

Battery Characteristics .................................................................... D-1 Effect of Polling Interval and Repeaters on Battery Life ................ D-1

E. Using SDI-12 with a Wireless Sensor Network .... E-1 E.1 E.2 E.3

Configure the CWB100 .................................................................... E-1 Configure Wireless Sensors ............................................................. E-1 Available SDI-12 Commands .......................................................... E-2 E.3.1 Address Query Command (?!) .................................................. E-3 E.3.2 Acknowledge Active Command (a!) ......................................... E-3 E.3.3 Start Measurement Command (aM!) ......................................... E-3 E.3.4 Start Measurement Commands with Cyclic Redundancy Check (aMC!) ........................................................................ E-4 E.3.5 Concurrent Measurement Command (aC!) ............................... E-4 E.3.6 Send Data Command (aD0! … aD9!) ....................................... E-4 E.3.7 Send Identification Command (aI!)........................................... E-5 E.3.8 Start Verification Command (aV!) ............................................ E-5

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Table of Contents E.3.9 Get Base Radio Address (aX0!) ................................................ E-5 E.3.10 Get Sensor Field Names (aX1!) ................................................ E-6 E.3.11 Get Route by Name (aX2!) ....................................................... E-6 E.3.12 Get Route by Number (aX3!).................................................... E-6 E.4 Program the Datalogger ................................................................... E-6 E.4.1 Basic SDI-12 CRBasic Example Program ................................ E-7 E.4.2 SDI-12 CRBasic Example Program with Diagnostics .............. E-7

Figures 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 4-4. 6-1. 6-2. 6-3. C-1. C-2. C-3.

CWB100 Wireless Base Station........................................................... 2 CWS220 Wireless Infrared Radiometer ............................................... 3 CWS655 Wireless Water Content Reflectometer ................................ 4 CWS900 Wireless Sensor Interface ..................................................... 5 Wireless Sensor Planner Interface ....................................................... 9 Connecting a computer to a sensor .................................................... 14 CWS900 Connector Pin-Out .............................................................. 20 Input Sample Vectors ....................................................................... C-5 Mean Wind Vector ........................................................................... C-6 Standard Deviation of Direction ...................................................... C-7

5-1. 6-1. 6-2. 6-3. 8-1. 8-2. A-1. C-1. C-2. D-1. E-1.

Temperature Accuracy, Uniformity, and Repeatability ....................... 6 Values Transmitted by CWS Sensors ................................................ 17 CWB100() Error Codes ..................................................................... 17 CWB100 Connection to Datalogger .................................................. 18 Blue LED and Battery Voltage .......................................................... 27 Red LED and Routes.......................................................................... 28 Wiring for CRBasic Examples ........................................................ A-1 CWS900 Measurement Configurations and Outputs ....................... C-2 CWS900 Measurement Names ........................................................ C-3 Approximate Battery Life Expectancy............................................ D-2 SDI-12 Commands ........................................................................... E-3

Tables

CRBasic Examples A-1. A-2. E-1. E-2.

Basic Wireless Sensor Network Program ....................................... A-1 Program with Diagnostics ............................................................... A-2 SDI-12 Basic Program ..................................................................... E-7 SDI-12 Program with Diagnostics ................................................... E-8

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Table of Contents

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Wireless Sensor Network 1.

Introduction A Campbell Scientific Wireless Sensor Network consists of a CWB100 Wireless Base Station which uses RF to communicate with one or more wireless sensors. The base station serves as the gateway to the network, communicating with a Campbell Scientific CR800-series, CR1000, or CR3000 datalogger via a control port as specified in the CRBasic CWB100() instruction. The base station communicates with all wireless sensors in the network using its own sensor network protocol. Any sensor can serve as an RF repeater to communicate with other wireless sensors. A sensor can route its transmissions through up to three other sensors on the way back to the base station. NOTE

2.

3.

Wireless Sensor Networks are not meant to move a lot of data quickly. When planning a network measurement rate, allow for one minute per sensor.

Precautions •

READ AND UNDERSTAND the Safety section at the front of this manual.

•

For sensors being used with the CWS900 Configurable Wireless Sensor Interface, refer to the sensor manual for operating details.

Initial Inspection The CWB100 ships with • • • •

Screw, 2 each pn 505 Grommet, 2 each pn 6044 Communications Cable, pn 26862 USB Cable, Type A Male to Type B Male, pn 17648

CWS220, CWS655, and CWS900 sensors ship with the user-chosen battery pack, either alkaline or rechargeable. Check the packaging and contents of the shipment. If damage occurred during transport, immediately file a claim with the carrier. Contact Campbell Scientific to facilitate repair or replacement. Check model information against the shipping documents to ensure the expected products and the correct lengths of cable are received. Model numbers are found on each product. On cables and cabled items, the model number is usually found at the connection end of the cable. Report any shortages immediately to Campbell Scientific.

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4.

Overview The CWB100 Wireless Base Station and one or more wireless sensors are first configured using Campbell Scientific’s Wireless Sensor Planner, Network Planner, or Device Configuration Utility software. Wireless sensors interface with the PC for configuration via the A205 CWS-to-PC Interface. One A205 is required per wireless system. A CRBasic datalogger must be programmed to interface with the CWB100 and determine a polling interval. Sensors are synchronized to measure at the top of the datalogger scan interval. The base station polls all sensors and stores the collected data until the datalogger requests it through the CWB100() instruction.

4.1

CWB100 Wireless Base Station In the wireless sensor network, the CWB100 serves as the master radio and the interface between the datalogger and the wireless sensors. It holds information for the routes to all the sensors in the network and is responsible for polling the sensors. It synchronizes wireless sensors to make their measurements at the beginning of the datalogger scan.

FIGURE 4-1. CWB100 Wireless Base Station

4.2

Wireless Sensors The CWS220 and CWS655 wireless sensors, and the CWS900 wireless sensor interface make measurements at the same time, at the top of the datalogger scan. Each sends its data to the CWB100 when polled. Only the last measurement is stored in preparation to send to the CWB100.

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Wireless Sensor Network Throughout this manual, the CWS220, CWS655, and CWS900 are collectively called wireless sensors unless referred to specifically.

4.2.1 CWS220 Wireless Infrared Radiometer The CWS220 is a Wireless Infrared Radiometer that incorporates Apogee Instrument’s SI-111 infrared sensor for non-contact surface temperature measurements. It senses the infrared radiation being emitted by the target. The CWS220 is used to measure leaf, canopy, and average surface temperature. It returns five measurements. Default measurement names and meanings are shown in Appendix C.1, CCWS220 Measurements (p. C-1). The CSW220 includes a thermopile for measuring a millivolt output dependent on the target to sensor body temperature difference. A thermistor measures the temperature of the sensor body. The sensor body temperature is used to reference the target temperature. The calibration coefficients used for determining the target temperature by means of the Stefan-Boltzman equation are stored in the CWS220 at the time of calibration.

FIGURE 4-2. CWS220 Wireless Infrared Radiometer

4.2.2 CWS655 Wireless Soil-Water Probe The CWS655 is based on Campbell Scientific’s CS655 Soil Water Content Reflectometer. It returns nine measurements. Default measurement names and meanings are shown in Appendix C.2, CWS655 Measurements (p. C-1). The water content information is derived from the probe’s sensitivity to the dielectric permittivity of the medium surrounding its stainless-steel rods. Dielectric permittivity increases with volumetric water content in a predictable fashion. During water content measurements, the CWS655 is configured as a water content reflectometer with the two parallel rods forming an open-ended

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Wireless Sensor Network transmission line. A differential oscillator circuit is connected to the rods. An oscillator state change is triggered by the return of a reflected signal from one of the rods. The two-way travel time of the oscillator-induced electromagnetic waves on the rod increases with increasing volumetric water content of the surrounding media, hence the name water content reflectometer. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the surrounding medium is derived from signal attenuation information. This is accomplished by exciting the rods with a known non-polarizing waveform and determining the signal attenuation due to EC. The EC measurement is used to correct the oscillator period and is also available to the user. Temperature is measured with a thermistor that is in contact with one of the rods. The thermistor makes a point measurement near the top of the sensor rods. In a typical application, this will correspond to a soil temperature reading near the soil surface so care should be taken in interpreting soil temperature data.

FIGURE 4-3. CWS655 Wireless Water Content Reflectometer

4.2.3 CWS900 Configurable Wireless Sensor Interface The CWS900 measures analog voltages, low-level AC, and pulses, and can supply an excitation voltage for powering some sensors or making bridge measurements. It has a sealed connector for use with a variety of sensors, such as temperature/humidity probes, rain gages, wind monitors, or other low-power sensors. The type of measurement that the sensor performs is configured using Wireless Sensor Planner, Network Planner, or Device Configuration Utility software. The number of measurements returned ranges from 4 to 12 and depends on the chosen configuration. Refer to the software for the measurement names and meanings for that configuration. See Appendix C, Wireless Sensor Measurement Names and Meanings (p. C-1), for a list of all measurement names and meanings.

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FIGURE 4-4. CWS900 Wireless Sensor Interface

5.

Specifications 5.1

CWB100 Operating Temperature:

–25 to 50 °C (–13 to 122 °F)

Operating Relative Humidity: Store and use in a noncondensing (desiccated) environment. Power Requirements Voltage:

4.5 to 22 Vdc

Typical Current Drain Standby: