World Mineral Production

World Mineral Production 2008–2012

Centenary edition

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WORLD MINERAL PRODUCTION 2008–12

Authors: T J Brown, N E Idoine, E R Raycraft, R A Shaw, E A Deady, J Rippingale, T Bide, C E Wrighton, J Rodley Technical support: A C MacKenzie Infrographics: H Holbrook

Keyworth, Nottingham

British Geological Survey 2014

© NERC 2014 all rights reserved First Published 2014 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG  0115-936 3100 Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA  0131-667 1000 London Information Office, Natural History Museum (Earth Galleries), Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DE  020-7589 4090 The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details above or shop online at www.geologyshop.com The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including maps, for consultation. The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Desks. The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development. The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. All communications regarding the content of this publication should be addressed to the Science Director, Minerals & Waste, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG  0115-936 3495 Fax 0115 936 3520 E-mail [email protected] The compilations presented in this book are copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without the permission of the Director, British Geological Survey. Bibliographical reference BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 2012. World mineral production 2008-12. (Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.)

Cover image: drawn by Chris Wardle, BGS © NERC

ISBN 978-0-85272-766-9 (print version) ISBN 978-0-85272-767-6 (website version)

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PREFACE This volume is the latest in the series World Mineral Production, published by the British Geological Survey. It includes global mineral production data for 2012, which represents the 100th year of a continuous dataset that started in 1913. This is an important milestone and consequently for this special ‘Centenary Edition’ we have selected a range of important mineral commodities and provided infographic pages to illustrate particular aspects of the data, past and present. We have also provided a brief history of the mineral statistics process over the years describing how it has evolved from a UK- and British Empire-focussed book a hundred years ago to a web-delivered global service providing data on 73 commodities for 177 countries today. This publication and its predecessors have together provided valuable information to a wide range of users around the world for a century. The format and style may have changed but the objective has remained the same: namely, to provide a reliable, objective, comprehensive and continuous set of data covering most of the minerals that enter international trade.

The data for this publication is held in a comprehensive database maintained by the British Geological Survey and we continue to present the latest production information obtained from official bodies in individual countries, although other sources are also used to ensure completeness and accuracy. The cooperation afforded to the British Geological Survey by numerous national and international organisations is gratefully acknowledged. We believe this information is as important today as it has ever been. The issue of ensuring the security of supply of minerals has existed throughout the last century, although the underlying reasons for concern may have changed. Interest in this subject remains high and with a growing global population it is likely to remain so in future. BGS is playing a leading role in an EU project aimed at developing a European Mineral Intelligence Network, in collaboration with most other European National Geological Surveys. We hope that this Network will become firmly established, complementing BGS’ mineral statistics work, as we move into the next century. John N Ludden Executive Director British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham February 2014

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CONTENTS

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Commodity Index

Coverage

Alumina 14 Aluminium 15 Antimony 16 Arsenic 17 Asbestos 20 Barytes 18 Bauxite 12 Bentonite 21 Beryl 23 Bismuth 24 Borates 24 Bromine 25 Cadmium 25 Chromium 26 Coal 28 Cobalt 32 Copper 36 Diamond 40 Diatomite 42 Feldspar 42 Ferro alloys 61 Fluorspar 44 Fuller’s earth 21 Gallium 45 Germanium 49 Gold 46 Graphite 50 Gypsum 52 Indium 54 Iodine 55 Iron ore 56 Iron and steel 58 Kaolin 64 Lead 67 Lithium 70 Magnesite 72 Magnesium 73

Manganese 74 Mercury 75 Mica 76 Molybdenum 77 Natural gas 84 Natural sodium carbonate 96 Nepheline syenite 77 Nickel 78 Niobium 100 Perlite 81 Petroleum 82 Phosphates 86 Platinum 88 Potash 90 Pyrites 97 Rare earths 90 Rhenium 91 Salt 91 Selenium 94 Silicon 61 Sillimanite 94 Silver 95 Strontium 96 Sulphur 97 Talc 99 Tantalum 100 Tellurium 101 Tin 102 Titanium 104 Tungsten 106 Uranium 108 Vanadium 109 Vermiculite 110 Wollastonite 111 Zinc 112 Zirconium 115

World Mineral Production covers the majority of economically important mineral commodities. For each commodity constant efforts are made to ensure that as many producing countries as possible are reported. For some commodities, where statistics on production are not publicly available, estimates are made. Users of this compilation are advised that more statistical information than can be included in a publication of this nature is held in the British Geological Survey files and is available for consultation. Historical data (from 1913 for many commodities) can be obtained from the predecessors to this series entitled World Mineral Statistics and the Statistical Summary of the Mineral Industry. Copies of these publications are available in the World Archive section of the website: www.mineralsUK.com. Arrangement of countries Countries are ordered alphabetically in geographical groupings as follows: Europe Africa North and Central America, including the Caribbean South America Asia Australasia, including the Pacific Islands Metals Mine production of many metals is expressed in terms of metal content. This is clearly indicated at the head of the table, adjacent to the unit used. For aluminium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel, tin and zinc, mine production and metal production are shown in separate tables. Unless otherwise specified, metal production statistics relate to metal recovered from both domestic and imported materials, whether primary or secondary, but exclude remelted material wherever possible. World totals For certain minerals and metals no world total is shown due to the non-availability of certain individual country totals. Exclusion of Warranty Use by recipients of information provided by the BGS, is at the recipients' own risk. BGS has taken care to ensure that information provided is as free from error as is reasonably practical. In view of the disparate sources of information at BGS's disposal, including such material donated to BGS, that BGS accepts in good faith as being accurate, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) gives no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the quality, accuracy, performance, and merchantability of the information supplied, or to the information's suitability for any use whether made known to BGS or otherwise. NERC/BGS accepts no liability whatever in respect of loss, damage, injury or other occurrence however caused. Acknowledgements Compilation of this volume of mineral statistics has been possible only by obtaining information from a very large number of organisations throughout the world, chiefly home and overseas government departments and specialist national or international authorities concerned with particular sectors of the minerals or metals industries. To all these bodies the British Geological Survey expresses its grateful acknowledgement for the information made available, whether

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in published form or provided by direct correspondence. Particular acknowledgement is made to the Mines Departments and other government agencies of many countries whose regular statements, yearbooks and other reports are worthy of direct consultations by readers in search of detail. Specialist commodity organisations which have kindly allowed information to be reproduced include the International Copper Study Group, the International Lead and Zinc Study Group, the International Nickel Study Group, the Barytes Association and the International Fertilizer Industry Association Ltd. In a few instances, information on specific commodities has been obtained directly from company sources. The co-operation of other members of the International Consultative Group on Non-Ferrous Metal Statistics is also gratefully acknowledged. Supplementary information is also obtained from publications dealing with a wider range of commodities such as Société de l'Industrie Minérale, Annuaire Statistique Mondial des Minerais et Métaux; World Bureau of Metal Statistics, World Metal Statistics and, Metallstatistik; publications of the Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS, the United States Geological Survey, and UN agencies. In addition, information has been obtained from the websites of the following organisations, companies, statistical offices and government departments: United Nations; BP Plc; Eurofer; Eurostat; Instituto Latinoamericano del Fierro y el Acero; International Iron and Steel Institute; Kaolin & Plastic Clays Europe; Kimberley Process; World Nuclear Association; Agnico Eagle Mines; Aluminium de Greece; Anglo American; Aura Minerals Inc; BHP Biliton; Breakwater Resources; Dragon Mining; Dundee Precious Metals; Endomines; Eramet; Exxaro; Eurozinc Mining Corporation; Glamis Gold; Glencairn Gold; Goldcorp Inc; Iamgold Corporation; Inmet Mining; Lappland Goldminers; Lundin Mining; New Boliden; Norilsk Nickel; Nyrstar; Orosur Mining Inc; Outokumpu; Paladin Energy Ltd; Phosphate Resources Ltd; Qatar Steel Company; Rio Narcea; Rio Tinto; RNC Gold; Rusal; Stillwater Mining; Talvivaara; Vitmetco; Weatherly International Plc; Xstrata; Institute of Argentinean Petroleum and Gas, Argentina; Institute of Argentinean Steel, Argentina; Acero Argentinos; Northern Territory Government, Australia; Department of Primary Industries Victoria, Australia; Mineral Resources Tasmania, Australia; Australian Bureau of Agricultural & Resource Economics; Vereinigung der Osterreichishen Zementindustrie, Austria; Energy Bangla, Bangladesh; Petrobangla, Bangladesh; Central Bank of Barbados; Federation de l'Industrie Cimentiere Belge, Belgium; Belgian Steel Federation; Statistics Belgium; Instituto Nacional de Estatistica Boliva; Cámara Boliviana de Hidrocarburos, Bolivia; Ministry of Mining and Metallurgy, Bolivia; Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics, Bosnia & Herzegovina; Departamento Nacional De Producao Mineral, Brazil; Grupo Paranapanema, Brazil; Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Brazil; Associação Brasileira do Alumínio, Brazil; Ministerio de Minas y Energia, Brazil; Sindicato da Indústria Carbonífera de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Natural Resources Canada; Statistics Canada; Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers; Mineral Resources of Quebec, Canada; Chilean Copper Commission; National Service for Geology and Mining, Chile; China Mining Association; National Bureau of Statistics, China; Ministerio De Minas Y Energia, Columbia; Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética, Columbia; Central National de la Statistique et des Etudes, Economiques, Republic of Congo; Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Cuba; Czech Republic Statistical Office; Statistics Denmark; Danish Energy Agency, Denmark; Banco Central de la Republica

Dominicana, Dominican Republic, Banco Central del Ecuador; Geological Survey of Finland; Federation des Minerais, Mineraux Industrielles et Metaux non Ferreux, France; Comite Professionel de Petrole, France; Ministere de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, France; Unicem, France; Infociments, France; Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland, Germany; National Statistical Service of Greece; National Bank of Guyana; Ministerio de Energia y Minas, Guatemala; Federacciai, Italy; Unione Petrolifera, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Italy; Salt Industry Centre, Japan; Metal Economics Research Institute, Japan; Statistics Agency of Kazkhstan; Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Republic of Korea; Statistical Office of Kosovo; Statec, Luxembourg; Bank Negara Malaysia; Pemex, Mexico; Secteria de Economia, Mexico; Servicio Geologico de Mexico; Mineral Resources & Petroleum Authority of Mongolia; Statistics Office of Montenegro; Bank al Maghrib, Morocco; Ministry of Mines, Morocco; Ministry of Mines and Energy, Namibia; Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, Netherlands; Staatstoezicht op de Mijnen, Netherlands; Ministry of Economic Development, New Zealand; Central Bank, Nicaragua; National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria; Statistisk Sentralbyra, Norway; Geological Survey of Norway; Norwegian Petroleum Directorate; Central Bank of Oman; Ministry of National Economy, Oman; Direccion de Estadistica y Censo, Panama; Chamber of Mines and Petroleum, Papua New Guinea; PeruPetro; Ministerio de Energia y Minas, Peru; Sociedad Nacional de Mineria Petroleo y Energia, Peru; Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Philippines; Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, Portugal; Ministry of Agriculture, Portugal; Federal State Statistics Service, Russia; National Bank of Rwanda; Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie, Senegal; Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia; Central Bank of Sierra Leone; Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia; Central Bank of Solomon Islands; Unesid, Spain; Staatsolie Maatschappij, Suriname; Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Sweden; Jernkontoret, Sweden; Statistiska Centralbyran, Sweden; Bureau of Mines, Taiwan; National Statistics, Taiwan; Bank of Thailand; Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, United Kingdom; Department of Energy and Climate Change, United Kingdom; Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom; Energy Information Administration, United States of America; Direccion Nacional de Minería y Geología, Uruguay; General Statistics Office, Vietnam; Central Statistical Organisation, Republic of Yemen. Units The Statistics shown in this volume are expressed in metric units. The following factors are given for converting to nonmetric units: tonnes × 0.9842 = long tons tonnes × 1.1023 = short tons kilograms × 2.2046 = pounds kilograms × 32.1507 = troy ounces cubic metres × 35.3147 = cubic feet 1 tonne of crude petroleum equals on average 7 barrels of crude petroleum. 1 flask mercury = 34.5 kilograms Symbols ... 0 — * BGS

figures not available quantity less than half unit shown nil estimated British Geological Survey

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The World Mineral Statistics dataset: 100 years and counting Welcome to the latest edition of World Mineral Production, an annual publication from the British Geological Survey (BGS). This volume is the ‘Centenary Edition’ because the dataset that underpins this publication is continuous from 1913 to the present day, containing mineral production data by commodity, by country, in each of those 100 years. The dataset also contains import and export data for a large number of the commodities for the majority of the last century. To be the custodians of such a long-running dataset is a privilege. To maintain that dataset, and continually add to it, is a considerable responsibility. We are proud of this dataset because of the significant value it provides to many people in government, industry and academia worldwide. Although there have been many changes over the past century, some of which are described below, the rationale for collating, analysing and publishing these statistics has remained similar throughout. The objective that led to the publication of the early editions was to provide data and information in support of industry, firstly of the United Kingdom and ‘British Empire’ but also of the world. The term ‘industry’ is used here in its widest sense; to include most activities of mankind that bring economic benefits including construction, chemicals, energy, environmental protection, etc. All these activities require secure and sustainable supplies of minerals. The preface of the 1977 edition of World Mineral Statistics described it as follows: “The primary object of this work remains what it always has been: to present as comprehensively and accurately as possible factual data about the world mineral industry’s activities, which are essentially the end-product of geology and a measure of the unceasing contribution of the geological sciences to man’s material welfare and progress.” The 1995 edition’s preface added that “it appears that the second half of the decade may see real growth in world economic activity and hence in the demand for raw materials. Resources of most minerals are sufficient to meet demand for the foreseeable future but the uncertainties that surround the geographic patterns of production and trade make the availability of reliable statistics an essential tool for the analysis of activity in this sector.” The process of collection, management and delivery of data has evolved and been refined in response to the changing global political, economic, technological and social conditions but these statements remain true today. As the global economy recovers, mankind will need minerals in increasing quantities and, consequently, these statistics are as essential now as they have always been. The origin of ‘mineral statistics’ It may be uncomfortable to acknowledge, but wars have been the drivers for many of mankind’s technological developments. Such technologies depend on secure supplies of numerous mineral commodities for which demand inevitably escalates in times of war. However conflict also inevitably restricts supply of mineral commodities, either because they are sourced from opposing countries, or because transport infrastructure is disrupted. As a consequence, the risks associated with demand exceeding supply receive more attention during periods of conflict. Although the need to collect mineral statistics data had been identified before the First World War (1914– 1918), this requirement was accentuated by the conflict. Supplies of certain key minerals from overseas, such as manganese, tungsten, phosphates and petroleum, were interrupted during the war and this necessitated the urgent search for, and development of, resources in the United Kingdom and those parts of the world that formed the ‘British Empire’.

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Minerals for the Empire In October 1918 the Geological Magazine reported that “… as a result of the deliberations of the Imperial War Conference last year a Special Committee … was appointed … to prepare a scheme for the establishment, in London, of an Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau.” The Committee recommended that the Bureau should “… collect, co-ordinate, and disseminate information in regard to the resources, production, treatment, consumption, and requirements of every mineral and metal of economic value …” and “… advise on the development of the mineral resources … in order that such resources may be made available for the purposes of Imperial defence or industry …”. Thereafter the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau was formed and received a Royal Charter in 1919. This Bureau released many reports, ‘pamphlets’ and other publications on these subjects, but a series containing statistics of mineral production and trade are most pertinent to this volume. The first issue, published in 1921, was entitled The Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries, Statistical Summary (Production, Imports and Exports) and covers the years 1913–1920. The starting year of 1913 was deliberately chosen to enable direct comparison between the last pre-War year with those during the period of conflict. The book included data on 40 mineral commodities, from aluminium to zinc, most of which are still found in this volume. However some readers may not immediately recognise ‘quicksilver’ as mercury or ‘monazite’ as an important rare earth element-bearing mineral. As would be expected, statistical data for the war years was difficult to compile but the first edition concluded that “… the figures are, generally speaking, as complete as possible in the circumstances of war …” and to the modern eye they appear remarkably complete. Although some attempts at collecting mineral production data from outside the United Kingdom had been conducted prior to this first volume, it is from 1913 that the dataset became comprehensive, both in the countries and commodities covered. The preface to the first edition included several references to intended future improvements: for example the inclusion of both ore and smelter production of certain metals; the addition of substances such as oil shale, salt and china clay; and the publication of trade data for petroleum. All of these, and more besides, were implemented for the second edition published in 1924 and covering the years 1920–1922. Thereafter the publication was released annually, with the exception of the years during and immediately after the Second World War. A constantly changing world Various political changes are reflected by the publications, in particular through the country names, but also in the prefaces or introductory notes for each volume. For example the edition published in 1925 (covering the years 1921–1923) notes that “Trade statistics given for the United Kingdom, include, as from 1st April, 1923, the trade of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with the Irish Free State and exclude, from that date, the direct foreign trade of the Irish Free State” thus reflecting the formation of the separate Irish nation created by the Anglo-Irish Treaty which was signed in December 1921. The Irish Free State became known as Eire in 1937 to reflect the nation’s new constitution, before later changing to its current name of the Republic of Ireland. The edition published in 1949 reflected the separation of India and Pakistan with comments relating to the availability of trade data from particular parts of these countries. The ‘British Indian Empire’ was separated in August 1947 into the ‘Dominion of Pakistan’ and the ‘Union of India’. The former originally included Bangladesh, which achieved secession from Pakistan in 1971. In 1953 there are references to the formation of the ‘Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland’ from the previously listed countries of Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia. This federation only lasted until the end of 1963 when Northern Rhodesia became independent as Zambia and Nyasaland gained 2

independence as Malawi. Southern Rhodesia became known as Rhodesia and was renamed as Zimbabwe in 1980. The term ‘Congo’ is today liable to misinterpretation because of the existence of two countries in Africa: Republic of Congo with a capital city of Brazzaville and the Democratic Republic of Congo (sometimes shortened to DRC) with its capital at Kinshasa. However, this situation has existed throughout the last century because the former was known as ‘French Congo’ until 1960 and ‘People’s republic of the Congo’ from 1970– 1991. The DRC was known as ‘Belgian Congo’ until 1960, then ‘Republic of Congo’ (1960–1964) and ‘Zaire’ (1965–1997). This issue was particularly highlighted in the edition published in 1962, which stated “In this issue the designation ‘Congo Republic’ has been used for the former Belgian Congo and the designation ‘Congo (Republic of)’ for the former French Territory of Middle Congo.” This illustrates the complexity of using long time series data. Users should ensure they are comparing like with like, which can become challenging when borders change or countries are renamed. More recently, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 created, in total, 15 ‘new’ countries. Also around this time Yugoslavia broke up creating yet more independent states although periods of conflict followed. The practicalities of separating the mineral production statistics into these individual countries should not be under-estimated and not surprisingly it is the edition published in 1995 when the new countries begin to be shown. Examples of other changes in country names are given in the table below, although this list is not exhaustive. The first edition, published in 1921, contained statistics from 98 ‘countries’ or separately named territories, this centenary volume includes data from a total of 177. Name used in one or more editions prior to 1939 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Bechuanaland Belgian Congo Bosnia and Herzegovina British Guiana British India Ceylon Czechoslovakia Dutch East Indies Dutch Guiana Formosa French Congo French Indo-China French West Africa Gold Coast Irish Free State Northern Rhodesia Nyasaland Persia Portuguese East Africa Siam South West Africa Southern Rhodesia Straits Settlements Tanganyika Zanzibar

Name(s) used in the intervening period Sudan Republic of Congo, Zaire Yugoslavia

Surinam People's Republic of Congo Parts known as: French Sudan, Upper Volta, Dahomey Eire Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Rhodesia

Name(s) used in 2014

Continent

Sudan, South Sudan Botswana Democratic Repulic of Congo Bosnia and Herzegovina Guyana India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma Sri Lanka Czech Republic, Slovakia Indonesia Suriname Taiwan Republic of Congo Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos

Africa Africa Africa Europe South America Asia Asia Europe Asia South America Asia Africa Asia

Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger

Africa

Ghana Republic of Ireland

Africa Europe

Zambia

Africa

Malawi

Africa

Iran Mozambique Thailand Namibia

Asia Africa Asia Africa

Zimbabwe

Africa

Malaysia, Singapore part of Tanzania part of Tanzania

Asia Africa Africa

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The Second World War and aftermath The Second World War created significant problems for the collection of statistical data on mineral production and trade, and also made its publication more sensitive, with no statistical volumes published in the years 1939 to 1947. However, after the war the Imperial Institute clearly recognised the importance of the data and endeavoured to include as complete a set of data as possible for all the war years in the edition released in 1948 (covering the years 1938–1944). The Introductory Note to that edition highlighted some of the difficulties in acquiring meaningful data. It indicated that “some of the trade statistics for European countries are, however, not strictly comparable owing to the ‘annexation’ of certain territories by Germany, e.g. the Customs barriers of Germany were extended between 1938 and 1940 to include Sudetenland, Danzig and other parts of Poland, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg, Bohemia and Moravia” (these are parts of modern day Czech Republic, Poland, France and Luxemburg). It also states that “Trade statistics for Japan as published in the official returns do not include trade between that country and the rest of the Japanese Empire …” which at that time included most countries of South East Asia. The aftermath of the Second World War also necessitated a change in title for the annual publication. It was no longer appropriate to refer to the ‘British Empire’ and therefore from 1950 the volumes were titled Statistical Summary of the Mineral Industry, Production Imports and Exports although the tables were still divided into ‘British Countries’ and ‘Foreign Countries’. In April 1949 the Mineral Resources Department of the Imperial Institute was transferred to the Colonial Geological Surveys and, therefore, from 1950 onwards it was the latter name that appeared on the cover of the publication. The collection of accurate statistical data remained problematic for several years after the war. The Introductory Note for the 1949 edition stated, “It has not been possible to give complete information for some countries, including those of eastern Europe, but in order that world totals may be arrived at, estimates for such countries have been attempted.” This clearly reflects the impact of the so-called ‘Iron Curtain’ spoken about by Winston Churchill in his famous speech of 1946. Today, where data cannot be found estimates are still made if it is possible to do so. Further changes from the old ‘Empire’ to the new ‘Commonwealth’ can be seen in the publications in the late 1950s. From the edition published in 1958 the ‘Colonial Geological Surveys’ was renamed the ‘Overseas Geological Surveys’ although the Mineral Resources Division remained responsible for the mineral statistics. From 1960 the countries were no longer divided between ‘British’ and ‘Foreign’ but were listed as ‘Commonwealth countries’ and ‘Other countries’. The organisation responsible for compiling the statistics changed again in 1965 with the formation of the Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS) by the amalgamation of the Overseas Geological Surveys with the Geological Survey of Great Britain and the Museum of Practical Geology. At this point the organisation became a constituent body of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The commodities covered The evolution of the series is also reflected in the commodities covered. The contents page of the first edition listed 39 commodities, compared to 73 in this centenary volume. Of original 39, only aluminium had separate tables for its ore (bauxite) and refined metal. In the 1920s eleven further commodities were added including cadmium, china clay (kaolin), diamonds, platinum and salt, together with more detail on coal, iron and steel and petroleum. Also in the 1920s the statistics for copper, lead, tin and zinc were expanded to include both the production of ore and refined metal. The rationale was that the ore is not always smelted in the country of origin and therefore the compilers noted that the metal tables included metal derived from both domestic and 4

imported ore. Since the 1970s, this distinction was also made for cobalt and nickel, and continues to be very informative as the global distribution of production from mining and smelting has continued to evolve. In the edition published in 1960 statistics were first published for bentonite, cement, indium, perlite and natural sodium carbonate. Figures for cement were included until 1973 but then ceased. Data for indium were discontinued in the 1970 edition but were reinstated in 2012. Very few commodities have been removed from the publication; amongst these are abrasives and nitrates; the first because they are “now nearly all synthesised” and the latter because they are “now predominantly derived from the atmosphere”, as noted in the 70th edition published in 1985. The early editions contained substantial information on coal by-products but the level of detail was reduced from the 1960 edition onwards. Many of the commodities added might be termed ‘technology metals’ because they are required for new technologies, such as those needed to produce clean energy and for modern communication and computing. However, what is probably not appreciated is just how early in the compilations some of these commodities first appeared. For example, lithium production was first recorded in 1925, while selenium, tantalum and tellurium were introduced in 1937. It is evident that mankind has developed new uses for many of these commodities, leading to recent major increases in consumption, but it is incorrect to regard these commodities as ‘new’. Metrication and modernisation A significant change occurred in the edition published in 1972, in the preface to which the Director of IGS was “pleased to announce that, in line with the development of metrication in industry and elsewhere, the latest statistical information in this edition is presented to the reader on a fully metric basis as well as in the units employed hitherto.” As indicated, this volume includes two columns for 1970 the first using ‘long tons’ while the second contains ‘metric tonnes’. The last Statistical Summary of the Mineral Industry was published in 1973 (covering years 1967–1971) but it was succeeded by a new series titled World Mineral Statistics in 1977. This book looked completely different to its predecessor; it differed in page size and font, had a brightly coloured cover, in contrast to the previous grey or brown and the countries were no longer separated into ‘Commonwealth’ and ‘Other’. The preface to the 1977 edition noted, “Its coverage is broadly similar to, and indeed deliberately overlaps, that of the previous series in order to maintain the comparability and continuity of information.” The order in which the country data were presented changed again in 1999. Prior to that UK data were provided first, but subsequently this was changed to the format which remains today: alphabetical by continent with Europe first, followed by Africa, North and Central America, South America, Asia and Australasia. On 1 January 1984 the Institute of Geological Sciences was renamed the British Geological Survey (BGS) and this was first reflected in the edition that covers the years 1978-1982. Trade statistics An issue that has always existed with trade statistics was mentioned in the volume published in 1948 and is described thus “… the trade figures are intended to represent imports for home consumption and exports of domestic produce. … however, many countries include a certain amount of ‘nationalised’ goods, i.e. goods originally imported, … and subsequently re-exported.” Although separation of ‘re-exports’ was attempted for several decades, this was discontinued because it was a difficult and complex task and the results were not always complete.

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The preface to the edition published in 1986 refers to the inclusion of an appendix to include ‘reconstructed’ trade for a selection of commodities for the Soviet Union. The explanation given is that “Some major trading countries, for example China, Soviet Union and other Eastern bloc countries, publish insufficient data to give a realistic picture of their trade in important mineral commodities. In these cases a reconstruction of either their imports or their exports can be made by searching the official publications of their trading partners that do give details by country.” This clearly involved a substantial amount of additional work for the compilers because the appendix included only 29 commodities and covered just trade with the Soviet Union. Subsequent editions provided similar data for China and for other groups of countries but the inclusion of a separate appendix ceased in 1990. Considerable improvements in the reporting of trade data, particularly by the United Nations through its online Commodity Trade database, have largely removed the laborious nature of this work. Trade data for a few countries and/or commodities remains problematic and today BGS undertakes selected reconstructions where necessary for its European Mineral Statistics publication. Changing patterns of supply and demand In the past 100 years the demand for most minerals and metals has escalated in response to global population growth and the spread of prosperity. In recent years this has led to unprecedented production levels for many minerals and metals, as illustrated in the infographic pages included in this volume. The production of commodities such as antimony, cobalt, platinum-group metals (PGM), lithium and several others which are essential to a range of new and ‘green’ technologies have grown rapidly in the last three decades. For example, since 1984, global production of the PGM has more than doubled as a result of their use in autocatalysts which were introduced in the late 1970s in Japan and USA and have since been widely adopted elsewhere. Growth in demand for cobalt has been even more marked with mine production increasing fivefold in the past thirty years as its use in rechargeable batteries and a wide range of alloys has grown. Just as production levels have increased in the past century, so there have been major changes in the patterns of supply and demand for many mineral raw materials. In the ‘colonial era’, minerals were either sourced locally or were produced in overseas colonies. In the Cold War of the 1960s and 1970s, a comparable situation prevailed with the USA and Soviet Union looking after their own mineral needs from cheap indigenous sources or from their allies. In the following two decades the main consuming nations ceased to be the major producers and the developed economies became increasingly dependent on abundant and cheap mineral supplies from less developed countries. Following economic stagnation in many developed economies in the 1990s, accelerated growth in the developing and emerging economies led to significant increases in demand and high commodity prices from around 2004 onwards. Many of these countries, such as Brazil, Russia, India and China (collectively referred to as the BRIC countries)but also others, began to demand a greater share of the proceeds of mining. This ‘resource nationalism’ has taken many forms in the past decade, from the imposition of trade barriers such as taxes and quotas, to increased state ownership and control of the industry. At the same time many mineral-producing nations have also attempted to increase the economic and social benefits derived from the extraction of indigenous resources by the development of value-added activities such as smelting and refining within their own territory. Consequently nations that had previously exported ores and concentrates of metals such as copper and aluminium became major importers of these materials and producers of metals. China soon became the world’s largest and fastest growing market for minerals. In 1995 China was the leading producer of 14 of the commodities in World Mineral Statistics. By 2012 it was the leading producer of 44 commodities listed in this volume (see figure opposite) and a top three producer of a further 12 commodities. Despite this China has been unable to meet all its mineral needs from domestic supplies and has pursued a vigorous policy of sourcing its requirements in the international market. At the same time governments elsewhere have become increasingly worried about the future availability of the mineral raw materials required to maintain growth and competitiveness in their economies. 6

7

The so-called ‘critical’ raw materials have been, and remain, a particular concern. These minerals and metals have hitherto been used in relatively small amounts but are essential to the function and performance of many new technologies, particularly those used for clean energy. The concentration of production in a few countries, combined with the lack of effective substitutes and low recycling rates, are characteristic of critical raw materials. The issue of security of supply came to international prominence in 2010 in regard to rare earth elements (REE). China produces more than 90 per cent of global REE production and it also has a near monopoly on the technology for their extraction and refining. Consequently many nations have developed strategies to mitigate the risks to the supply of REE and other critical raw materials. These have involved a range of measures including the opening of new mines, the development alternative materials and technologies, and increased recycling. Mankind is now using a greater variety of mineral raw materials in greater quantities than ever before. In order to ensure the long-term availability of secure, adequate and sustainable supplies, it is essential to maintain our knowledge of what we are using now and where it is coming from. Data storage, presentation and delivery For most of the 100-year run the publication was restricted to data tables and related explanatory notes. Simple line graphs of production against price were presented for selected commodities between 1985 and 1992. World production maps were introduced for a few commodities between 1996 and 2004. Short commentaries on certain commodities were also provided between 2008 and 2011. Since 1992 the World Mineral Statistics database has become firmly established and remains an invaluable tool for the compilers of the annual publications and for answering the multitude of enquiries received every year. In 2012 BGS began to add data for earlier years to this database to facilitate improvements in access to the historical data. This is a complicated process due, in part, to the sheer volume of statistical data that has been accumulated over the past century but also because of the numerous changes mentioned above that have to be accommodated. With the rapid growth in the use and power of computing technology and the internet, both the method of contacting data providers and delivering the finished tables to data users have dramatically changed. In the 1920s the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau relied on a large number of ‘technical committees’ and communicated by letter or ‘cable’. The organisations providing data are listed in some early annual reports from the Bureau and amount to less than 100 in number. Today more than 400 organisations are contacted annually, mostly by e-mail or via the internet, although we still use letters or faxes if necessary. In addition, each year we continue to receive several books in paper form and these are invaluable both as sources of data and for detailed reference. Although World Mineral Production is still available in book form, and we send out nearly 400 copies each year, data users can also download a copy from the ‘Commodities and Statistics’ pages of our MineralsUK website. Previous copies of this publication and all its predecessors, including the first edition covering 1913– 1920, can also be downloaded in pdf format from the World Archive section of the website. In addition, data for the more recent years can be extracted from the website into Microsoft Excel format via a new data download tool. For this special centenary volume we have included some infographics pages for 22 commodities. These include time trend graphs to demonstrate how global production has changed over the 100 years, pie charts to illustrate changes in production concentration between 1962 and 2012 and maps of the leading producing countries in 2012. These pages also provide additional information relating to the end uses of the commodities shown and, where appropriate, their ‘risk index’ from the BGS 2012 Risk List. 8

Sustaining the work In the 1995 Preface the BGS Director wrote “Funding constraints continue to make the future of this work uncertain but we shall endeavour to maintain a high standard of service to the international community. Indeed, given all the changes to earth science and mining institutions around the world, I believe it is vital to Britain and to many other nations that we continue to compile these statistics.” The funding of the mineral statistics work at the BGS in the 1990s and early 2000s was provided by the UK’s Department for Trade and Industry but this funding ceased on 31 March 2004. As the mineral statistics work was considered to be so important, BGS took the decision to continue funding it. However, a substantial reprioritisation of the work was required and the publication of World Mineral Statistics ceased, with the last volume covering the years 1998–2002. It was replaced with two new books: World Mineral Production containing mineral production statistics for more than 70 mineral commodities by country worldwide; and European Mineral Statistics containing statistics for production, imports and exports for Europe. Thus the legacy of mineral production data remains continuous from 1913 to the present day. Today we remain confident that BGS will continue to play a major role in the collation of world mineral statistics in the long term. There is some uncertainty as to whether the funds will be derived from the UK, Europe or elsewhere, but we are encouraged by current interest and ongoing EU funded programs. The security of supply of minerals has been an important consideration throughout the last century. This remains the same today and will continue to be so in the future. Mineral statistics, such as those contained in this long-running series, remain a vital part of the process. Teresa Brown Project Leader - Mineral Information & Analysis British Geological Survey February 2014

9

10

STATISTICAL INFORMATION AND INFOGRAPHIC PAGES

11

12

Production of bauxite

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1 018 333 101 700 2 174 000 511 337 671 811 5 675 000 818 928

555 820 129 700 1 935 000 317 000 45 779 5 300 000 406 700

827 909 93 100 1 902 000 365 000 61 205 5 035 000 855 000

707 712 80 800 2 324 000 277 800 158 614 5 380 000 * 600 000

800 316 69 500 1 816 000 255 000 — 5 166 000 * 600 000

Ghana Guinea Mozambique Sierra Leone Tanzania

796 000 17 682 330 5 443 954 370 20 601

440 000 14 774 240 3 600 742 820 122 920

512 208 16 427 300 8 600 1 089 131 * 31 000

400 069 17 593 100 10 400 1 457 507 * 30 000

752 771 17 400 000 8 600 734 480 * 45 000

Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico USA (a)

67 862 14 636 102 20 000 98 796

53 317 8 103 884 20 000 30 240

8 888 8 539 853 21 250 59 143

— 10 188 916 14 400 63 121

10 522 9 339 291 96 000 128 152

Brazil (b) Guyana Suriname Venezuela

28 097 500 2 092 237 5 333 031 4 192 014

26 074 400 1 484 935 3 388 419 3 610 859

32 028 000 1 082 512 3 096 650 3 126 242

33 624 600 1 818 399 3 236 111 2 454 769

34 955 800 2 213 972 2 904 509 * 2 500 000

25 176 900 15 460 202 * 18 000 000 520 000 4 928 5 160 000 295 176 35 759 — * 80 000

29 213 100 14 124 093 * 15 000 000 522 018 250 5 130 000 274 456 15 629 — * 80 000

36 837 200 12 722 820 * 27 000 000 681 235 3 350 5 310 000 124 274 11 131 — * 80 000

37 173 800 12 877 394 * 41 000 000 818 224 — 5 495 000 188 141 9 033 206 000 * 80 000

* 40 000 000 15 195 000 * 30 000 000 * 900 000 — 5 170 000 121 873 28 768 760 000 * 80 000

64 038 000

66 168 000

68 585 000

70 232 000

76 282 000

214 000 000

198 000 000

227 000 000

248 000 000

248 000 000

Bosnia & Herzegovina France Greece Hungary Montenegro Russia Turkey

China India (c) Indonesia Iran (d) Iraq Kazakhstan Malaysia Pakistan (e) Saudi Arabia Vietnam Australia World Total

Note(s) (1) This table includes production of refractory bauxite (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Data for Alabama only Including beneficiated and direct shipping ore Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated Years ended 30 June of that stated

13

Production of alumina

tonnes (Al2O3 content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

164 879 294 455 630 000 * 1 000 000 524 875 * 299 000 1 890 000 1 045 000 220 426 344 3 112 000 1 300 000 * 160 000 1 673 000

9 590 191 792 348 000 * 1 000 000 517 400 * 185 000 1 240 000 92 000 58 528 44 000 2 794 000 * 1 300 000 * 100 000 1 524 000

— 269 414 481 000 * 1 000 000 510 250 * 214 000 1 864 000 — — 414 000 2 857 000 * 1 300 000 * 160 000 1 534 000

6 188 261 874 470 000 * 1 000 000 526 305 * 250 000 1 922 000 — — 484 000 2 825 000 * 1 300 000 * 100 000 1 601 000

* 150 000 202 416 430 000 * 1 000 000 509 600 * 170 000 1 924 000 — — 414 000 2 719 000 * 1 100 000 * 100 000 1 429 000

593 000

530 000

597 000

574 000

245 000

Canada Jamaica USA

1 491 523 3 995 358 4 298 000

1 232 604 1 773 600 3 064 000

1 416 594 1 590 658 3 950 000

1 473 271 1 959 926 4 360 000

1 498 600 1 757 693 4 370 000

Brazil Suriname Venezuela

7 822 300 2 153 968 1 591 000

8 617 900 1 536 187 1 376 000

9 523 900 1 486 449 1 244 000

10 306 800 1 421 464 1 222 162

10 320 600 1 202 806 807 300

China India (a) Iran (b) Japan Kazakhstan

23 029 200 3 620 252 200 042 * 600 000 1 600 000

23 805 100 3 432 716 210 385 * 550 000 1 608 000

29 064 900 3 576 917 236 476 * 550 000 1 640 000

34 077 600 * 3 970 000 232 000 * 500 000 1 670 000

37 715 000 * 4 350 000 * 400 000 * 350 000 1 510 000

Australia

19 446 000

19 939 000

19 806 000

18 727 000

20 914 000

World Total

82 800 000

77 100 000

85 300 000

91 200 000

95 600 000

Azerbaijan Bosnia & Herzegovina France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland, Republic of Italy Montenegro Romania Russia Spain Turkey Ukraine Guinea

Note(s) (1) Where possible figures in this table show the alumina equivalent (Al2O3) of total hydrate produced, whether or not calcined (2) The figures in this table represent alumina produced from bauxite. Alumina-rich materials can also be derived from salt slags formed during the production of secondary aluminium (a) Years ended 31 March following that stated (b) Years ended 20 March following that stated

14

Production of primary aluminium Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

61 604 155 909 389 000 605 880 162 339 761 204 186 400 111 513 317 000 1 368 000 31 000 288 156 4 190 000 162 995 83 300 405 800 81 913 61 100 113 000 326 900

10 145 130 042 345 000 291 750 134 737 804 605 165 800 63 960 165 000 1 090 000 — 228 630 3 815 000 149 604 35 148 334 600 69 708 30 000 50 000 252 000

379 150 488 356 000 402 480 137 000 825 803 129 500 82 043 217 000 1 400 000 — 241 000 3 947 000 163 000 40 177 335 000 93 000 54 100 25 000 186 000

6 817 163 924 334 000 432 472 165 150 780 853 141 900 92 838 * 200 000 1 982 000 — 261 000 3 992 000 162 840 75 300 365 000 111 000 56 400 7 000 213 000

* 54 200 159 660 349 000 410 430 165 000 802 827 99 600 74 813 * 200 000 1 985 000 — 248 000 4 024 000 160 662 74 400 * 320 000 129 000 43 700 — 60 000

91 000 392 963 9 300 536 000 9 000 811 000

73 000 400 369 — 545 000 11 000 809 000

76 000 352 818 — 551 000 18 000 807 000

69 000 353 904 35 000 562 000 15 000 810 000

52 000 393 696 38 000 562 000 14 300 665 000

Canada USA

3 120 148 2 658 300

3 030 269 1 727 200

2 963 200 1 727 300

2 987 964 1 990 000

2 780 556 2 070 000

Argentina Brazil Venezuela

399 714 1 661 000 607 000

405 779 1 535 900 569 000

410 947 1 536 200 353 658

420 299 1 440 400 330 000

408 338 1 436 400 203 000

871 658 13 178 200 1 347 127 242 500 241 300 6 600 106 000 49 000 — 399 500 891 723

847 700 12 890 500 1 480 568 257 600 281 300 5 100 127 000 351 000 * 10 000 359 400 1 009 800

850 700 16 244 100 1 621 035 253 300 282 000 4 700 227 000 367 000 126 000 348 900 1 400 000

881 310 18 134 700 1 654 156 246 300 321 900 4 700 249 000 373 000 450 000 277 600 1 750 000

890 200 20 267 500 * 1 710 000 253 000 * 335 000 4 500 249 000 360 000 604 000 272 500 1 861 000

1 974 000 315 500

1 943 000 271 000

1 927 000 344 000

1 945 000 357 000

1 864 000 325 000

39 800 000

37 100 000

41 600 000

45 200 000

47 000 000

Azerbaijan Bosnia & Herzegovina France Germany Greece Iceland Italy Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Cameroon Egypt (a) Ghana Mozambique Nigeria South Africa

Bahrain China India (b) Indonesia Iran (c) Japan Kazakhstan Oman Qatar Tajikistan United Arab Emirates Australia New Zealand World Total

Note(s) (1) The figures in this table are for primary aluminium only. Aluminium can also be produced from secondary sources and may be recovered from salt slags (a) Years ended 30 June of that stated (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated (c) Years ended 20 March following that stated

15

16

Mine production of antimony Country

tonnes (metal content) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 3 000 * 1 300

* 3 000 * 1 300

6 039 * 1 300

6 348 * 1 300

* 6 400 * 1 300

3 674

2 090

2 257

2 391

3 044

132 — 380

64 — 74

69 — 71

68 — 5

* 65 62 —

3 905 531

2 990 145

4 980 —

3 947 —

5 081 —

China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Pakistan (b) Tajikistan Thailand

100 230 890 * 250 ... 245 3 700 422

112 000 597 918 887 75 4 200 555

129 831 785 * 900 530 25 8 500 705

123 900 * 800 * 900 1 456 — 6 600 442

128 600 * 750 * 900 1 042 12 6 600 672

Australia (b)

1 688

1 794

707

1 751

1 950

120 000

131 000

157 000

150 000

156 000

Russia Turkey South Africa Canada Guatemala Mexico Bolivia Peru (a)

World Total

Note(s) (1) This table includes antimony content of antimonial lead alloys (2) In addition, Hungary is believed to produce antimony (a) Including Sb content of antimonial lead plus Sb content of ores for export (b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of white arsenic

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Belgium Portugal Russia

* 1 000 * 15 * 1 500

* 1 000 * 15 * 1 500

* 1 000 * 15 * 1 500

* 1 000 * 15 * 1 500

* 1 000 * 15 * 1 500

Namibia

574

—

—

—

—

Bolivia Chile (a) Peru

74 * 10 000 4 822

115 * 11 000 300

155 * 11 000 —

99 * 10 000 —

* 100 * 10 000 —

China Iran (b) Japan

* 25 000 * 100 * 40

* 25 000 — * 40

* 25 000 *— * 40

* 25 000 *— * 40

* 26 000 *— * 40

Note(s) (1) This table includes calculated trioxide equivalent of arsenic metal produced except where this would involve double counting (2) In addition to the countries listed, Austria, Finland, Hungary, Spain and the United Kingdom are believed to produce arsenic (a) Exports (b) Orpiment and realgar concentrates

17

18

Production of barytes Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Germany Italy Poland Portugal Russia Slovakia Spain Turkey United Kingdom

54 40 100 78 941 * 5 000 308 171 * 64 000 20 000 11 100 150 000 43 000

30 14 300 45 606 * 3 500 — 1 078 * 64 000 30 000 5 212 213 187 36 000

57 500 55 887 * 3 500 — 15 * 64 000 17 000 2 050 225 000 34 099

13 200 55 342 * 3 500 — — * 64 000 13 000 — 225 000 31 000

28 — 52 030 * 3 500 — — * 64 000 21 000 — 250 000 30 000

Algeria Egypt Morocco Nigeria Tunisia

60 088 1 556 725 060 * 16 000 —

37 981 1 587 586 937 14 314 —

42 254 1 170 572 429 10 749 —

36 500 1 168 769 504 * 11 000 5 700

36 000 8 053 * 1 000 000 6 000 * 5 700

Canada Guatemala Mexico USA (a)

12 300 — 140 066 648 000

15 000 13 152 791 383 000

22 000 11 143 225 662 000

22 000 334 134 727 710 000

22 000 91 139 997 * 654 000

3 170 10 900 23 276 * 2 000 45 199

3 416 1 900 49 847 * 2 000 27 881

2 900 7 845 * 41 385 * 2 000 52 275

3 000 21 297 * 19 081 * 2 000 86 790

3 000 20 400 * 40 000 * 2 000 79 451

* 1 500 6 889 5 000 000 1 686 148 226 590 492 000 1 000 4 372 49 933 30 000 9 180 80 000

* 1 000 7 008 2 900 000 2 152 552 361 217 306 000 12 460 22 390 62 997 30 000 51 895 70 000

* 1 000 14 119 3 900 000 2 338 806 326 275 358 000 17 500 1 000 57 166 30 000 33 465 90 000

* 1 000 31 791 4 300 000 1 722 804 271 454 466 000 12 400 — 31 836 30 000 67 703 90 000

* 1 000 * 32 000 4 400 000 1 723 508 250 000 590 000 15 000 — 48 510 * 32 000 64 499 90 000

22 189

16 634

16 529

10 569

10 273

9 700 000

7 700 000

9 100 000

9 300 000

9 700 000

Argentina Bolivia Brazil (b) Colombia Peru Afghanistan Burma (c) China India (c) Iran (d) Kazakhstan Laos Malaysia Pakistan (e) Saudi Arabia Thailand Vietnam Australia World Total

Note(s) (1) This table may include small quantities of witherite (2) In addition to the countries listed, Cuba is believed to produce barytes (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Sold or used by producers Including beneficiated and directly shipped material Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated Years ended 30 June of that stated

19

Production of asbestos

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia Slovakia

1 020 000 200

* 1 000 000 —

* 1 000 000 —

* 1 000 000 —

* 1 000 000 —

Zimbabwe Chrysotile

11 489

4 971

2 031

—

614

Canada Chrysotile

* 160 000

* 150 000

* 100 000

* 50 000

*—

298 305 000

322 288 452

341 302 257

105 306 320

* 100 305 000

China India Amphibole (a) Kazakhstan

* 380 000

* 440 000

* 400 000

* 440 000

* 420 000

315 230 100

243 230 000

268 214 100

280 223 200

387 241 000

World Total

2 100 000

2 100 000

2 000 000

2 000 000

2 000 000

Argentina Brazil

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Romania is believed to produce asbestos (a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

20

Production of bentonite and fuller's earth Country Armenia Bentonite Azerbaijan Bentonite Bosnia & Herzegovina Bentonite (a) Bulgaria Bentonite Croatia Bentonite Cyprus Bentonite Czech Republic Bentonite Denmark Bentonite France Bentonite Germany Bentonite Greece Bentonite Hungary Bentonite Italy Bentonite Macedonia Bentonite Poland Bentonite Romania Bentonite Russia Bentonite Slovakia Bentonite Slovenia Bentonite Spain Bentonite Attapulgite Sepiolite Turkey Bentonite Sepiolite Ukraine Bentonite Algeria Bentonite Egypt Bentonite (b) Malawi Bentonite Morocco Bentonite Fuller's earth (c) Mozambique Bentonite Senegal Attapulgite South Africa Bentonite Attapulgite

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

50

238

1 397

835

4 987

40 683

10 581

18 100

20 679

* 22 000

30 504

16 042

314

—

—

178 700

108 400

99 700

53 900

77 900

19 759

—

—

—

—

155 125

152 722

162 969

160 625

160 180

235 000

177 000

183 000

160 000

221 000

22 458

24 040

23 832

38 300

30 330

...

25 000

25 000

20 000

28 000

414 336

326 461

362 623

375 332

366 220

1 580 000

1 500 000

844 804

1 250 000

1 300 000

6 220

5 298

17 200

22 931

* 22 000

124 419

114 212

104 279

105 952

144 710

13 689

9 033

7 084

8 918

2 355

3 000

2 800

2 000

900

800

16 638

13 756

21 637

19 864

19 241

* 460 000

* 460 000

* 460 000

* 460 000

* 460 000

145 000

109 000

153 000

213 000

177 000

160

104

135

168

98

154 534 27 348 737 659

147 090 21 110 573 937

157 001 27 841 557 862

110 371 26 021 566 270

135 445 23 537 748 863

683 253 * 10 000

753 155 * 10 000

718 260 * 10 000

379 917 * 10 000

* 370 000 * 10 000

200 000

195 000

185 000

211 000

219 000

30 595

31 612

34 126

29 000

26 000

28 320

35 384

28 865

33 132

17 709

7 023

8 050

1 020

* 1 000

* 1 000

50 125 140 875

84 097 132 110

110 703 82 570

97 071 103 682

* 100 000 * 100 000

614

577

459

493

* 500

166 900

180 900

204 300

179 900

180 500

44 067 69 876

40 340 52 103

82 341 57 606

120 417 14 448

120 566 15 850

21

Production of bentonite and fuller's earth Country Canada Bentonite (d) Cuba Bentonite Guatemala Bentonite Mexico Bentonite Fuller's earth USA Bentonite (e) Fuller's earth (e) Argentina Bentonite Brazil Bentonite Chile Bentonite Peru Bentonite Uruguay Bentonite Burma Bentonite (f) China Bentonite India Bentonite (f) Fuller's earth (f) Indonesia Bentonite Iran Bentonite (g) Iraq Bentonite Japan Bentonite Fuller's earth Korea (Rep. of) Bentonite Fuller's earth Pakistan Bentonite (b) Fuller's earth (b) Philippines Bentonite Thailand Bentonite Uzbekistan Bentonite Vietnam Bentonite

22

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

3 906

3 947

4 542

2 266

2 015

382

670

228

1 244

* 1 200

62 749

14 287

22 423

12 270

131 843

374 933 66 123

511 430 108 139

590 998 170 350

563 795 107 436

956 224 227 496

4 900 000 2 510 000

3 650 000 2 010 000

4 630 000 2 050 000

4 950 000 1 950 000

* 4 800 000 * 2 000 000

265 782

148 099

229 301

228 357

* 200 000

340 141

217 926

326 428

363 555

* 360 000

—

—

—

1 255

893

31 557

119 452

44 266

27 534

22 977

310

210

430

1 210

* 1 200

* 1 000

* 1 000

* 1 000

* 1 000

* 1 000

* 3 300 000

* 3 400 000

* 3 400 000

* 3 500 000

* 3 500 000

* 671 000 * 29 000

* 561 000 * 5 600

* 739 000 * 5 600

* 996 000 * 5 600

* 1 081 000 * 5 600

* 6 000

* 6 000

* 6 500

* 6 500

* 6 500

375 898

387 437

350 208

377 398

* 380 000

1 605

3 959

6 127

6 452

1 004

* 435 000 * 110 000

* 432 000 * 110 000

* 430 000 * 110 000

* 425 000 * 110 000

* 425 000 * 110 000

71 052 70 711

84 963 99 802

88 255 83 476

94 987 46 623

88 543 57 787

31 247 10 998

32 032 10 213

34 596 11 219

30 840 6 774

16 520 9 942

1 422

1 413

1 475

2 087

* 2 100

210

110

130

55 220

81 000

* 40 000

* 40 000

* 40 000

40 000

* 40 000

* 20 000

* 20 000

* 20 000

* 20 000

* 20 000

Production of bentonite and fuller's earth Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 85 800 * 10 000

* 124 400 * 10 000

* 126 600 * 10 000

* 72 000 * 14 300

* 60 100 * 16 900

753

880

1 216

—

2 263

15 700 000 4 000 000

14 100 000 3 300 000

14 900 000 3 400 000

15 700 000 3 100 000

16 200 000 3 500 000

Australia Bentonite (b) Fuller's earth New Zealand Bentonite World Total Bentonite World Total Fuller’s Earth (a)

tonnes (metric)

Note(s) (1) Bentonites consist of montmorillonite (one of the smectite group of clay minerals) and occur in two main varieties, calcium bentonite, the most commonly occurring, and sodium bentonite, industrially the more important (2) Calcium bentonite can be converted to sodium bentonite by a sodium-exchange process (3) In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, calcium bentonite is known as fuller's earth, a term which is also used to refer attapulgite, a mineralogically distinct clay mineral but exhibiting similar properties (4) In addition to the countries listed, Austria is believed to produce bentonite and France may produce fuller's earth (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Including attapulgite and sepiolite Years ended 30 June of that stated Smectite Sales Sold or used by producers Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of beryl Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 12 8 *4

* 12 45 *6

* 12 57 *6

* 12 58 *6

* 12 * 60 *6

USA (b)

4 410

3 030

* 4 460

* 4 500

* 4 500

China

* 500

* 500

* 550

* 550

* 550

Madagascar (a) Mozambique Zambia

Note(s) (a) Includes ornamental and industrial products (b) Includes bertrandite ore, calculated as equivalent to beryl containing 11% beryllium oxide

23

Mine production of bismuth

tonnes (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Bulgaria Russia

* 45 * 70

* 45 * 65

* 45 * 50

* 45 * 45

* 45 * 45

Canada Mexico

71 1 132

86 854

92 982

92 935

121 800

Bolivia Peru (a)

28 1 061

54 423

87 —

41 —

* 45 —

China Japan (a) Kazakhstan

1 453 480 * 150

1 688 423 *—

1 589 448 *—

1 544 476 *—

* 1 500 446 *—

World Total

4 500

3 600

3 300

3 200

3 000

Note(s) (1) The figures in this table are in some instances derived from reported bismuth content of refined and impure metal plus recoverable in ores and concentrates exported (2) Production for some countries may include bismuth produced from imported ores but it is thought that any resulting duplication is insignificant in the countries shown (3) In addition to the countries listed, Brazil is believed to produce bismuth (a) Metal production

Production of borates

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 400 000 2 139 224

* 400 000 1 687 102

* 400 000 1 910 000

* 400 000 2 711 831

* 400 000 * 2 700 000

* 1 150 000

* 1 200 000

* 1 200 000

* 1 250 000

* 1 300 000

789 954 66 249 590 999 349 891

505 983 93 829 613 135 187 221

622 968 109 922 503 609 292 855

648 806 138 767 491 421 —

* 600 000 * 150 000 449 572 104 072

* 280 000 1 020 * 30 000

* 190 000 388 * 30 000

* 200 000 * 500 * 30 000

* 200 000 * 1 044 * 30 000

* 200 000 * 1 000 * 30 000

Russia Turkey USA (a) Argentina Bolivia Chile Peru China Iran (b) Kazakhstan Note(s) (a) Sold or used by producers (b) Years ended 20 March following that stated

24

Production of bromine

kilograms

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia Ukraine

* 60 000 * 400 000

* 60 000 * 400 000

* 60 000 * 400 000

* 60 000 * 400 000

* 60 000 * 400 000

USA (a)

* 230 000 000

* 230 000 000

* 230 000 000

* 225 000 000

* 225 000 000

China India (b) Israel Japan Jordan

* 135 000 000 2 118 740 164 042 000 * 20 000 000 105 600 000

* 140 000 000 1 862 480 127 689 000 * 20 000 000 69 000 000

* 150 000 000 1 587 000 184 696 000 * 20 000 000 329 200 000

* 150 000 000 1 572 160 202 313 000 * 20 000 000 147 988 000

* 150 000 000 * 1 600 000 173 940 000 * 20 000 000 * 200 000 000

657 000 000

589 000 000

916 000 000

747 000 000

771 000 000

World Total

Note(s) (a) Elemental bromine sold as such or used in the preparation of bromine compounds by primary producers (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of cadmium

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Bulgaria Germany Netherlands Norway Poland Russia

376 420 530 178 603 * 800

413 * 400 * 490 249 534 * 700

389 * 400 * 560 300 451 * 700

427 * 400 * 570 309 526 * 700

363 * 400 * 560 * 310 370 * 700

Canada (a) Mexico USA (a)

1 409 1 550 777

1 299 1 510 633

1 357 1 464 637

1 203 1 485 600

1 286 1 482 * 600

Argentina Brazil Peru

38 * 200 371

36 * 200 289

32 * 200 357

* 31 * 200 572

* 30 * 200 684

China India (b) Japan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of

6 964 507 2 126 1 118 3 090 * 200

7 053 553 1 824 1 270 2 500 * 200

7 363 550 2 053 1 407 4 166 * 200

6 672 449 1 755 1 278 3 005 * 200

* 7 000 * 370 1 856 1 166 3 904 * 200

Australia

* 350

* 370

* 350

* 390

* 380

21 600

20 500

22 900

20 800

21 900

World Total

Note(s) (1) Data in this table excludes secondary metal unless otherwise stated (a) Including cadmium sponge and/or secondary metal (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

25

26

Production of chromium ores and concentrates

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Albania Finland Kosovo Russia Turkey

220 536 614 000 — 913 000 1 885 712

288 759 247 000 — 416 194 1 770 029

334 467 598 000 — * 400 000 2 461 314

187 788 693 000 — * 400 000 2 281 981

* 190 000 452 000 2 000 * 400 000 * 2 280 000

Madagascar South Africa Sudan Zimbabwe

112 600 9 682 640 27 094 442 584

131 800 6 864 938 14 087 193 674

134 500 10 871 095 56 823 516 776

66 700 10 721 360 64 130 599 079

100 500 11 310 223 * 65 000 119 409

664 000

365 210

520 129

542 512

423 982

6 491 * 220 000 4 073 479 268 586 4 207 000 859 748 * 390 000 15 268 31 000 * 55 100

6 000 * 220 000 3 425 580 274 511 4 678 000 636 482 * 300 000 14 322 — * 37 100

* 6 000 * 220 000 4 325 699 350 000 5 092 000 865 400 * 540 000 14 807 — * 58 600

* 6 000 * 220 000 3 764 120 417 554 5 059 000 616 700 * 450 000 25 483 — * 24 900

* 6 000 * 220 000 3 040 000 * 420 000 5 233 000 554 800 * 500 000 36 628 — * 1 800

142 000

182 000

181 200

323 800

452 300

24 800 000

20 100 000

27 500 000

26 500 000

25 800 000

Brazil Afghanistan China India (a) Iran (b)(c) Kazakhstan Oman Pakistan Philippines (b) United Arab Emirates Vietnam Australia World Total

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Bulgaria is believed to produce chromite (a) Years ended 31 March following that stated (b) Including foundry sand and/or lumpy ore (c) Years ended 20 March following that stated

27

28

Production of coal Country Albania Lignite Bosnia & Herzegovina Brown coal & lignite Bulgaria Lignite Brown coal Czech Republic Bituminous Lignite Brown coal Georgia Germany Anthracite & Bituminous Brown coal Greece Lignite Hungary Lignite Brown coal Kosovo Lignite Macedonia Lignite Montenegro Lignite Norway Bituminous (a) Poland Bituminous Lignite Romania Anthracite & Bituminous Lignite Brown coal Russia Serbia Bituminous Lignite (b) Brown coal Slovakia Lignite Brown coal Slovenia Lignite Brown coal Spain Anthracite Bituminous Sub-bituminous Turkey Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Ukraine Bituminous Lignite United Kingdom Bituminous (d) Botswana Congo, Democratic Republic Bituminous Egypt (e) Ethiopia Lignite Malawi

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1 500

2 000

3 000

100

* 100

11 221 305

11 515 138

10 976 163

12 738 225

12 311 623

26 007 800 2 643 200

25 014 800 2 243 800

27 148 300 2 321 200

34 496 200 2 743 500

31 040 700 * 2 700 000

12 197 000 416 000 47 456 000 12 000

10 621 000 262 000 45 354 000 213 188

11 193 000 — 43 931 000 267 664

10 967 000 — 46 848 000 352 872

10 796 000 — 43 710 000 424 998

19 143 000 175 313 020

14 971 000 169 857 142

14 110 000 169 402 544

12 960 000 176 502 048

11 560 000 185 432 000

64 521 000

61 800 000

53 600 000

58 400 000

62 368 000

8 041 168 1 386 140

8 026 587 944 139

8 202 859 813 403

8 800 783 699 129

8 438 000 875 944

7 842 000

7 839 173

7 958 090

8 212 103

8 028 397

7 669 103

7 395 915

6 583 074

7 902 084

7 309 546

1 740 076

957 164

1 937 847

1 972 671

1 706 302

3 429 000

2 437 000

1 685 000

1 640 000

1 583 000

84 345 443 59 668 166

78 064 462 57 108 304

76 727 802 56 510 125

76 447 604 62 841 269

79 854 904 64 279 772

— 34 529 000 205 000 326 000 000

— 28 460 152 63 458 298 000 000

— 28 774 244 62 448 317 000 000

2 121 574 33 779 130 46 071 334 000 000

1 876 062 31 529 377 17 700 354 000 000

66 000 (c) 31 332 000 ...

69 000 38 070 579 209 660

108 000 37 562 840 193 492

134 000 40 467 132 349 861

141 000 37 707 017 316 507

87 000 2 075 000

155 000 2 221 000

176 000 2 026 000

124 000 1 989 000

136 000 1 964 000

4 008 440 488 828

3 921 746 510 769

4 010 930 419 466

4 066 278 435 800

3 967 064 354 262

3 152 550 4 085 652 2 890 230

4 306 033 2 898 340 2 493 577

3 212 603 2 776 918 2 428 877

2 489 797 1 774 992 2 358 930

2 259 236 1 651 496 2 275 409

3 343 409 * 1 000 000 86 074 626

3 773 603 * 1 000 000 82 263 104

6 312 137 * 1 000 000 86 943 392

5 619 316 3 542 223 79 968 510

* 5 600 000 * 3 550 000 * 80 000 000

77 802 200 163 000

54 977 000 175 000

54 952 000 * 175 000

62 661 000 * 175 000

65 523 000 * 175 000

18 053 000

17 874 000

18 417 000

18 627 000

17 047 000

909 511

737 798

988 240

787 729

1 454 724

128 800 —

133 400 —

133 400 109 884

132 000 233 283

* 132 000 * 250 000

— 57 477

15 000 59 201

20 000 79 186

20 000 83 146

* 20 000 70 552

29

Production of coal Country Mozambique Bituminous Niger Nigeria Sub-bituminous South Africa Anthracite Bituminous Swaziland Anthracite Tanzania Bituminous Zambia Bituminous Zimbabwe Bituminous Canada Bituminous Sub-bituminous Lignite Mexico Bituminous USA Anthracite (f) Bituminous (f) Sub-bituminous Lignite Argentina Bituminous Brazil Bituminous & lignite (g) Chile Bituminous Lignite Colombia Bituminous Peru Anthracite & Bituminous Venezuela Bituminous Afghanistan Bituminous Bangladesh (e) Bhutan Burma (h) China India Bituminous (h) Lignite (h) Indonesia Anthracite & Bituminous Iran Bituminous (g) Japan Bituminous Kazakhstan Bituminous Lignite Korea (Rep. of) Anthracite Korea, Dem. P.R. of (h) Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia

30

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

37 700 182 912

25 924 225 072

35 737 246 558

82 920 225 000

54 432 225 000

* 30 000

* 40 000

44 148

* 44 000

* 44 000

2 207 304 250 006 054

1 657 860 248 923 814

2 073 889 255 131 918

2 553 635 250 203 209

3 005 136 255 570 657

174 807

129 647

145 903

121 050

152 284

15 242

16 500

179 500

82 856

78 672

* 14 000

* 14 000

—

—

—

1 509 080

1 667 346

2 668 183

2 562 054

1 593 600

32 839 000 24 988 000 9 921 000

27 959 000 24 425 000 10 550 000

33 704 000 23 927 000 10 264 000

34 621 000 22 762 000 9 731 000

35 375 000 21 694 000 9 496 000

15 038 557

13 555 680

16 318 120

20 967 630

16 276 556

1 542 000 503 768 000 489 072 000 68 675 000

1 724 000 457 320 000 450 334 000 65 772 000

1 633 000 444 074 000 467 027 000 70 943 000

2 082 940 454 054 000 441 167 731 73 440 875

* 2 000 000 * 454 000 000 * 435 000 000 * 73 500 000

207 983

181 474

140 000

178 000

* 180 000

6 518 733

5 947 364

5 611 467

5 985 489

6 440 998

212 375 321 417

118 305 517 769

106 018 512 775

131 430 522 672

141 120 570 594

73 502 075

72 807 412

74 350 133

85 803 229

89 024 321

136 435

156 372

91 960

164 392

226 908

5 053 700

3 258 146

2 630 820

* 2 600 000

* 2 600 000

314 702 677 098 123 704 241 299 2 802 000 000

453 592 857 648 48 545 231 271 2 973 000 000

657 618 730 866 87 814 235 743 3 235 000 000

* 658 000 666 635 148 244 351 770 3 520 000 000

* 658 000 861 072 98 731 * 350 000 3 660 000 000

492 757 000 32 421 000

532 042 000 34 071 000

532 694 000 37 733 000

539 852 000 42 897 000

557 020 000 46 520 000

240 249 968

256 181 000

275 164 196

353 270 937

* 380 000 000

2 520 000

2 180 810

* 2 500 000

2 499 495

* 2 500 000

* 1 300 000

* 1 100 000

* 1 000 000

* 900 000

* 900 000

106 295 600 4 776 700

95 770 000 5 084 000

103 646 000 7 283 000

108 081 000 8 368 000

112 780 000 7 748 000

2 772 544 * 25 060 000 491 800 379 273 1 166 525

2 518 940 * 36 000 000 606 900 466 082 2 138 390

2 083 972 * 41 000 000 575 000 501 600 2 397 340

2 084 474 * 41 000 000 830 700 511 700 2 915 788

2 094 000 * 41 000 000 1 106 700 510 100 2 951 124

Production of coal Country Mongolia Anthracite & semi-bituminous Brown coal & lignite Nepal Sub-bituminous (k) Pakistan (e) (l) Philippines Bituminous Tajikistan Thailand Lignite Uzbekistan Bituminous Lignite Vietnam Anthracite Australia Bituminous (m) Brown coal (e) New Zealand Bituminous Sub-bituminous Lignite World Total

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

5 228 000 4 843 900

... (j) 14 365 500

... (j) 25 161 900

... (j) 32 029 700

... (j) 28 561 000

13 845 4 066 409

14 819 3 679 185

11 799 3 535 828

13 165 3 291 617

9 406 3 178 986

3 609 316 198 500

4 687 277 178 300

6 650 357 199 700

6 881 474 236 400

7 348 647 412 000

18 095 335

16 360 261

18 399 399

21 324 406

18 652 557

197 766 3 091 685

100 698 3 553 443

197 766 3 101 665

* 198 000 * 3 100 000

* 198 000 * 3 100 000

39 777 000

44 078 000

44 835 000

46 611 000

42 383 000

333 000 000 66 033 000

350 000 000 68 252 000

357 000 000 68 751 000

350 000 000 66 733 000

380 000 000 * 67 000 000

2 476 848 2 179 081 253 492

2 085 486 2 218 143 259 704

2 597 400 2 438 200 294 900

2 330 400 2 294 200 320 100

2 276 300 2 324 000 325 900

6 812 000 000

6 887 000 000

7 250 000 000

7 691 000 000

7 924 000 000

Note(s) (1) There is no international agreement as to the separate definition of lignite and brown coal. In some cases they are distinguished. Elsewhere both may be aggregated under one or other term (a) Spitzbergen: not including production from mines controlled by Russia (b) Excluding production in Kosovo (c) Including brown coal (d) Including anthracite (e) Years ended 30 June of that stated (f) Includes a small amount of refuse recovery (g) Including beneficiated and directly shipped material (h) Years ended 31 March following that stated (i) Years ended 20 March following that stated (j) Coal; all forms (k) Years ended 15 July of that shown (l) Including lignite (m) Including sub-bituminous

31

32

Mine production of cobalt

tonnes (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Finland Russia (a)

* 100 2 502

* 27 2 352

* 140 2 460

480 2 337

* 1 381 2 186

337 42 461 — 1 791 244 663 4 041 28

342 56 258 — 1 600 238 673 1 535 39

272 97 693 — 1 582 840 624 5 134 58

149 99 475 — 1 518 862 661 5 956 174

195 86 433 493 1 314 1 102 556 5 665 121

Canada Cuba

8 953 3 175

3 919 * 3 500

4 636 3 721

7 071 3 850

3 652 * 3 700

Brazil

2 631

2 075

3 139

3 150

3 650

6 630 * 650 * 1 200

6 003 * 650 * 1 500

6 382 * 650 * 1 500

6 843 * 650 * 1 500

* 7 000 * 650 * 2 269

5 770 869 —

5 365 913 —

4 838 1 735 —

4 254 2 404 —

5 413 2 631 473

82 000

87 000

135 000

141 000

128 000

Botswana Congo, Democratic Republic Madagascar Morocco (a) South Africa (a) Uganda (a) Zambia (a) Zimbabwe

China Indonesia Philippines Australia (b) New Caledonia Papua New Guinea World Total

Note(s) (1) There is frequently a considerable disparity between the cobalt content of ore raised and cobalt actually recovered (2) Figures in this table relate where possible to cobalt recovered. The principal exceptions to this are Brazil and New Caledonia, the figures for which relate to cobalt in ore raised (a) Metal (b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

33

Production of cobalt metal

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Belgium (a) Finland France Norway Russia

3 020 9 645 311 3 719 2 502

2 150 8 970 368 3 510 2 352

2 600 9 429 302 3 208 2 460

3 187 10 627 354 3 067 2 337

4 200 10 562 326 2 969 2 186

Congo, Democratic Republic (b) Morocco South Africa (c) Uganda Zambia

1 049 1 791 244 663 4 041

2 950 1 600 238 673 1 535

4 182 1 582 840 624 5 134

3 083 1 518 862 661 5 956

2 999 1 314 1 102 556 5 665

Canada (d)

5 637

4 918

4 711

6 038

5 981

994

1 012

1 369

1 613

1 750

China (a) India Japan

18 239 858 1 071

25 544 1 001 1 332

35 929 1 187 1 935

34 969 1 299 2 007

29 784 800 2 542

Australia

3 618

4 050

4 117

4 722

4 769

57 400

62 200

79 600

82 300

77 500

Brazil

World Total

Note(s) (1) In addition to the production listed above, several countries, including the United Kingdom, Finland and France, are known to produce substantial amounts of cobalt compounds (a) (b) (c) (d)

34

Some metal production in China is recorded in Belgium Excludes white alloy and matte which are believed to be further processed in Belgium and elsewhere Includes metal and metal contained in sulphate Including oxides

This page is intentionally left blank.

35

36

Mine production of copper

tonnes (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Albania Armenia Bulgaria (a) Cyprus Finland Georgia Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Turkey

3 633 18 754 107 195 2 986 13 300 18 700 8 051 429 687 89 026 308 705 000 17 600 7 071 57 688 82 400

2 596 23 233 110 652 2 380 14 600 16 600 7 440 439 365 86 462 3 129 675 700 19 400 17 663 55 414 72 400

2 672 31 062 112 904 2 595 14 700 11 300 7 912 425 725 74 011 5 127 702 700 22 500 54 335 76 514 79 900

4 378 33 597 114 603 3 660 14 000 10 200 7 555 426 665 79 686 6 355 713 100 25 800 68 511 82 967 92 500

6 400 40 441 118 255 4 328 25 446 7 100 9 506 427 064 74 043 5 902 720 000 32 205 97 636 82 422 101 700

Botswana Congo, Democratic Republic Mauritania Morocco Namibia South Africa Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

23 146 239 200 33 073 5 929 8 800 108 700 2 852 567 700 2 827

24 382 299 300 36 608 11 830 — 107 600 3 079 601 200 3 572

48 026 378 300 36 969 14 986 — 102 600 6 400 731 700 4 629

31 929 480 000 35 281 12 076 3 366 96 600 6 748 739 759 6 555

35 768 608 400 37 670 18 500 5 304 81 000 5 840 629 020 4 724

Canada Dominican Republic Mexico USA

607 957 2 109 246 593 1 310 000

484 605 12 937 240 648 1 180 000

525 129 10 015 270 136 1 110 000

566 124 11 777 443 621 1 120 000

578 586 11 737 500 275 1 170 000

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Peru

156 900 567 218 295 5 327 600 1 050 1 267 867

143 084 620 211 692 5 394 400 1 140 1 276 249

140 300 2 100 213 548 5 418 900 711 1 247 184

116 700 4 176 213 760 5 262 800 808 1 235 345

135 700 8 653 219 600 5 433 900 781 1 298 564

Burma China India (b) Indonesia Iran Kazakhstan Korea, Dem. P.R. of Laos Malaysia Mongolia Oman Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Uzbekistan Vietnam

6 900 1 092 700 30 528 650 100 248 100 467 000 * 2 400 89 004 — 129 600 18 728 18 700 21 235 1 465 * 80 000 11 520

9 800 1 062 000 28 491 995 500 262 500 456 000 * 2 100 121 581 240 132 300 19 659 19 600 49 060 1 719 * 80 000 12 935

* 12 000 1 179 500 31 696 862 500 256 600 427 000 * 4 600 132 047 — 127 600 20 880 19 400 58 412 1 603 * 80 000 12 260

* 12 000 1 294 700 30 214 538 300 259 100 417 000 * 7 000 138 756 — 124 000 26 736 * 20 600 63 835 1 954 * 80 000 11 252

* 12 000 1 642 300 28 950 398 100 245 200 424 000 * 6 700 149 580 — 123 900 24 864 * 24 000 65 444 * 2 150 * 80 000 11 266

Australia Papua New Guinea

886 000 159 650

856 000 166 669

871 000 159 821

959 000 130 456

914 000 125 348

15 600 000

15 900 000

16 100 000

16 200 000

16 800 000

World Total

Note(s) (a) Metal content of ore (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

37

Smelter production of copper Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Armenia Bulgaria Finland Germany Norway Poland Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Turkey

6 480 257 100 142 154 295 000 37 000 492 942 616 800 31 900 259 897 203 700 38 000

6 858 256 200 110 479 251 000 33 900 457 510 620 700 27 000 264 971 183 400 —

7 644 265 000 112 687 378 700 36 200 469 656 647 100 20 000 259 119 181 500 —

8 876 285 000 116 455 346 200 36 000 481 875 652 200 28 200 260 730 206 100 * 25 000

10 075 264 200 124 527 352 400 38 000 466 715 633 200 36 800 295 200 207 300 * 25 000

Botswana Namibia South Africa Zambia (a)

25 000 16 693 94 800 232 000

24 700 21 500 86 900 334 000

22 823 31 900 75 900 487 000

16 105 36 100 82 400 511 200

17 625 31 900 62 300 519 200

Canada Mexico USA

443 710 230 056 573 800

316 510 178 672 597 400

318 006 168 861 601 200

304 724 336 739 538 400

310 400 367 852 485 300

Brazil Chile Peru

227 800 1 369 200 306 583

204 500 1 522 300 325 788

208 800 1 559 800 312 968

223 500 1 522 300 299 004

190 000 1 342 400 290 088

China India Indonesia Iran Japan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Oman Pakistan (b) Philippines Uzbekistan Vietnam

2 453 400 651 000 253 300 179 800 1 335 846 430 000 502 000 * 10 000 11 906 16 201 239 700 90 100 * 2 200

2 693 900 705 100 295 900 192 700 1 302 120 369 000 455 400 * 10 000 11 830 17 799 230 100 * 90 000 * 6 000

2 825 600 653 900 276 800 188 200 1 356 289 370 900 475 900 * 10 000 8 815 18 121 216 200 * 90 000 * 8 000

3 036 700 671 200 260 000 185 200 1 173 275 375 900 449 200 * 10 000 7 515 15 672 205 000 * 90 000 * 8 000

3 438 000 695 400 210 000 179 400 1 274 690 341 700 477 300 * 10 000 12 000 17 931 97 000 * 90 000 * 8 000

449 000

422 000

410 000

441 000

422 000

12 500 000

12 600 000

13 100 000

13 200 000

13 300 000

Australia World Total

Note(s) (1) This table shows primary metal in the form of blister and anode produced from concentrates, and may include copper produced from scrap but this is excluded when it can be separately identified (a) Including leach cathodes (b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

38

Production of refined copper

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Finland Germany Italy Norway Poland Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine

106 700 395 800 126 700 2 986 131 249 689 763 24 200 37 000 526 808 15 300 876 800 33 800 319 050 227 774 88 000 21 700

96 200 373 600 196 900 2 380 105 411 668 945 6 500 33 900 502 462 4 600 855 000 27 400 329 356 205 759 33 500 20 000

113 700 389 000 216 000 2 595 112 687 704 300 1 800 36 200 547 074 — 899 600 22 200 347 518 190 497 47 300 23 400

112 500 393 600 226 100 3 660 124 360 708 800 7 600 36 000 571 041 — 912 000 25 300 353 790 219 316 85 000 20 000

95 000 401 600 226 000 4 328 129 256 685 700 7 700 38 000 565 834 — 890 900 34 700 406 600 214 050 86 300 24 000

Congo, Democratic Republic Egypt (a) South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe

57 700 2 664 92 700 575 000 3 100

169 900 2 842 85 330 689 600 3 000

258 600 2 620 81 129 767 000 4 500

354 800 2 789 86 166 739 800 4 400

453 400 * 2 800 66 416 700 100 5 000

Canada Mexico USA

442 050 295 000 1 280 300

335 896 260 700 1 161 200

319 619 247 300 1 093 400

273 761 400 000 1 040 000

275 990 370 300 1 000 000

Argentina Brazil Chile Peru

* 16 000 255 808 3 057 600 463 933

* 16 000 252 399 3 276 600 423 393

* 16 000 245 297 3 243 900 393 638

* 16 000 245 300 3 092 400 367 554

* 16 000 199 000 2 902 000 311 200

Burma China India (b) Indonesia Iran Japan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Laos Mongolia Oman Philippines Thailand Uzbekistan Vietnam

6 900 3 794 600 513 640 253 400 200 600 1 539 957 398 411 537 925 * 12 000 64 075 2 587 11 906 174 600 438 70 400 2 200

9 800 4 051 300 532 865 284 800 210 300 1 439 843 312 767 531 701 * 12 000 67 562 2 470 11 830 178 000 490 82 500 * 6 000

* 10 000 4 540 300 512 124 277 500 219 800 1 548 688 323 368 564 600 * 12 000 64 241 2 746 8 815 176 000 529 82 500 * 8 000

* 10 000 5 163 100 504 677 274 900 227 200 1 328 288 338 524 595 447 * 12 000 78 859 2 389 7 515 164 000 459 90 000 * 8 000

* 10 000 5 823 500 * 695 000 188 600 226 800 1 516 354 367 161 591 000 * 12 000 86 295 2 282 * 8 000 90 400 486 * 90 000 * 8 000

503 000

446 000

424 000

477 000

461 000

18 300 000

18 300 000

19 100 000

19 700 000

20 300 000

Australia World Total

Note(s) (1) Figures relate to both primary and secondary refined copper, whether electrolytic or fire refined. Metal recovered from secondary materials by remelting alone is excluded (2) In addition to the countries listed, Albania and Colombia produce refined copper (a) Years ended 30 June of that stated (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

39

40

Production of diamond

Carats

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia

36 925 150

34 759 400

34 856 600

35 139 800

34 927 650

Angola Botswana Cameroon (a) Central African Republic Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Ghana Guinea Lesotho Liberia Namibia Sierra Leone South Africa Tanzania Togo Zimbabwe

8 906 974 32 595 000 * 12 000 372 754 110 000 33 401 928 598 042 3 098 490 253 054 46 963 2 435 195 371 290 12 901 018 237 676 8 787 797 198

13 827 609 17 734 000 * 12 000 310 469 68 000 21 298 459 354 443 696 732 91 816 36 828 939 916 400 480 6 118 974 181 874 125 963 502

8 362 139 22 019 000 * 12 000 301 558 381 242 20 166 220 308 679 374 096 108 827 22 018 1 521 625 437 552 8 870 967 80 498 96 8 435 224

8 328 519 22 903 000 * 10 000 323 576 76 548 19 249 057 283 369 235 400 224 180 39 865 1 344 932 355 890 7 046 644 40 691 71 8 502 648

8 330 996 20 478 000 * 10 000 365 917 51 588 20 140 000 215 118 266 800 478 926 34 271 1 667 000 532 560 7 245 403 127 174 456 12 060 163

Canada

14 802 699

10 946 098

11 773 000

10 795 000

10 529 215

80 226 168 926 9 381

21 153 143 982 7 730

25 394 49 920 2 099

45 536 52 273 —

46 292 40 763 —

China India (b) Indonesia

* 1 100 000 536 27 688

* 1 100 000 16 891 —

* 1 100 000 11 222 —

* 1 100 000 18 489 —

* 1 100 000 32 065 —

Australia

15 670 000

10 795 000

9 998 000

7 562 000

8 626 000

164 900 000

120 800 000

129 200 000

123 700 000

127 300 000

Brazil Guyana Venezuela

World Total

Note(s) (1) This table does not show production of synthetic diamond (2) So far as possible the amounts shown include estimates for illegal production (3) Production of diamond from Ivory Coast has been under United Nations sanctions since 2004. It is believed illegal production continues but it is not possible to estimate the quantity involved. (a) Including artisanal production (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

41

Production of diatomite Country Czech Republic Denmark Moler (a) France Hungary Poland Spain (b) Algeria Ethiopia (c) Kenya Mozambique Costa Rica Mexico USA (d) Argentina Brazil Chile Peru China Iran (e) Japan Korea (Rep. of) Saudi Arabia Thailand Vietnam Australia (f) New Zealand World Total

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

31 000

—

32 000

46 000

43 000

158 000 * 75 000 — 600 46 192

126 000 * 75 000 1 277 670 29 194

124 000 * 75 000 1 197 1 000 64 346

126 000 * 75 000 1 309 580 83 624

111 000 * 75 000 * 1 300 600 60 777

1 677 — 72 379

1 847 4 104 231 213

2 231 4 104 * 250 123

2 000 * 4 100 * 250 49

2 000 * 4 000 * 250 *—

14 700 128 536 764 000

24 500 80 807 575 000

29 900 91 710 595 000

8 700 84 231 813 000

... 84 537 820 000

36 996 12 100 25 497 12 200

62 270 7 500 23 027 9 946

54 467 9 300 30 925 18 886

60 651 4 415 22 938 54 163

* 70 000 * 4 500 23 021 93 786

* 440 000 2 000 * 115 000 2 540 * 1 000 4 075 * 10 000

* 440 000 — * 110 000 2 440 * 1 000 5 600 * 10 000

* 400 000 — * 110 000 2 200 * 1 000 7 100 * 10 000

* 440 000 *— * 100 000 5 150 * 1 000 38 130 * 10 000

* 440 000 *— * 100 000 6 000 * 1 000 8 500 * 10 000

* 21 000 —

* 14 000 10

* 13 000 95

* 12 000 —

* 12 000 —

1 903 000

1 605 000

1 678 000

1 993 000

1 971 000

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Egypt and Turkey are believed to produce diatomite (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Moler is an impure diatomite containing a large proportion of clay Including Tripoli Years ended 7 July of that stated Sold or used by producers Years ended 20 March following that stated Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of feldspar Country Bulgaria Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Italy Macedonia Norway

42

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 90 000 488 000 45 250 * 650 000 161 416 62 000 4 727 000 28 920 62 000

* 80 000 431 000 23 120 * 550 000 106 837 55 737 * 4 700 000 19 377 48 000

* 80 000 388 000 28 013 * 650 000 * 204 000 23 050 * 4 700 000 23 188 56 000

* 80 000 407 000 26 292 * 600 000 * 218 000 10 200 * 4 700 000 25 032 25 271

* 80 000 445 000 43 124 600 000 * 220 000 — * 4 700 000 17 168 —

Production of feldspar

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

599 100 230 427 22 995 * 160 000 * 200 10 000 690 256 22 000 6 500 000 83 420 430

445 500 210 266 14 317 * 160 000 149 13 000 597 496 18 000 4 000 000 84 757 —

513 700 169 722 6 049 * 160 000 253 — 691 894 22 000 6 281 597 146 016 —

538 800 187 159 3 814 * 160 000 23 586 — 662 418 30 000 7 076 068 178 614 —

487 200 167 287 4 112 * 160 000 19 927 — 530 238 27 000 * 8 000 000 146 286 *—

Algeria Egypt Ethiopia (c) Morocco Nigeria South Africa

115 938 168 673 424 30 080 ... 105 815

131 046 353 700 199 * 35 000 13 631 101 394

163 939 405 600 199 * 40 000 1 616 94 307

132 000 406 000 441 43 889 * 1 600 101 559

162 000 * 400 000 * 400 * 45 000 * 1 600 94 458

Cuba Guatemala Mexico USA

4 300 45 854 445 519 680 000

4 700 5 672 347 510 550 000

2 800 15 720 398 849 670 000

3 100 7 516 382 497 650 000

* 3 000 19 356 380 441 * 630 000

Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Uruguay Venezuela

220 234 122 000 17 834 * 86 000 * 60 000 13 333 1 920 96 783

213 551 115 264 9 079 * 85 000 * 60 000 5 154 910 100 451

217 213 276 448 7 723 * 85 000 * 60 000 3 589 — 57 760

216 721 333 352 7 563 * 85 000 * 60 000 11 645 — * 100 000

* 220 000 * 300 000 6 399 * 85 000 * 60 000 26 359 — * 100 000

* 2 400 000 534 032 * 26 000 501 821 * 700 000 2 950 344 257 457 377 18 737 15 838 55 000 55 212 4 379 670 618 * 4 300 * 200 000

* 2 400 000 496 997 10 730 634 503 * 700 000 — 622 770 410 053 37 881 16 394 55 000 73 365 — 718 692 * 4 300 * 200 000

* 2 400 000 546 472 * 20 000 652 020 * 650 000 — 496 511 455 497 54 198 15 882 42 300 75 405 20 641 900 * 4 300 * 200 000

* 2 400 000 660 371 * 18 000 576 643 * 650 000 — 384 221 379 629 23 254 22 050 * 43 000 53 337 50 1 041 152 * 4 300 * 200 000

* 2 400 000 998 309 * 18 000 * 570 000 * 600 000 — 360 413 482 906 53 235 * 22 100 * 43 000 * 55 000 40 1 100 619 * 4 300 * 200 000

Australia (f)

* 102 000

* 100 000

* 103 000

* 94 000

* 87 000

World Total

22 941 000

20 171 000

23 002 000

24 045 000

25 176 000

Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom (a)(b)

China India (d) Indonesia Iran (e) Japan (b) Jordan Korea (Rep. of) Malaysia Pakistan (f) Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Uzbekistan Vietnam

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Slovakia is believed to produce feldspar (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

China stone Including weathered granite feldspar Years ended 6 July of that stated Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated Years ended 30 June of that stated

43

44

Production of fluorspar

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

— 48 519 * 269 000 148 736 36 801

32 49 962 * 140 000 122 533 18 536

10 59 086 * 125 000 132 341 26 420

31 800 65 619 * 110 000 117 063 —

69 700 54 202 * 100 000 113 570 —

9 115 98 248 56 724 118 263 299 000

4 343 15 667 72 096 80 857 * 204 000

5 953 40 800 89 680 104 494 * 160 000

3 808 95 100 79 207 94 032 * 240 000

* 4 000 * 95 000 * 78 000 90 834 * 240 000

1 057 649

1 045 940

1 067 386

1 206 907

1 237 091

15 098 63 241

13 424 43 964

17 657 24 447

25 099 25 040

* 18 000 * 25 000

* 4 200 000 9 990 61 592 66 300 * 12 500 * 4 000 334 800 2 612 29 529 * 4 000

* 3 800 000 13 781 71 409 * 66 000 * 12 500 * 4 000 459 500 493 119 840 * 4 000

* 4 600 000 7 544 * 70 000 * 66 000 * 12 500 * 4 000 367 000 222 30 487 * 4 000

* 4 200 000 * 8 000 55 976 * 66 000 * 12 500 * 4 000 404 000 3 156 5 093 * 4 000

* 4 400 000 * 8 000 * 55 000 * 66 000 * 12 500 * 4 000 428 900 6 866 9 602 * 4 000

6 900 000

6 400 000

7 000 000

6 900 000

7 100 000

Bulgaria Germany Russia Spain United Kingdom Egypt (a) Kenya Morocco Namibia South Africa Mexico Argentina Brazil (b) China India (c) Iran (d) Kazakhstan Korea, Dem. P.R. of Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Pakistan (a) Thailand Vietnam World Total

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Bulgaria is believed to produce fluorspar (2) In addition, the USA produced the following amounts of fluorspar equivalent in fluorosilicic acid derived from processing phosphate rock ('000 t): 2008: 92; 2009: 97; 2010: 128; 2011: 70; 2012: 130 (a) (b) (c) (d)

Years ended 30 June of that stated Including beneficiated and directly shipped material Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of primary gallium Accurate data for gallium is difficult to obtain because it is produced only as a by-product of bauxite or zinc processing using proprietary techniques and the majority of producers do not report production figures. The leading producing countries are believed to be China, Germany, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, with smaller quantities produced in the Republic of Korea, Russia, Hungary and Japan. The following table provides the currently available information but this is incomplete. The United States Geological Survey estimates total world primary production as: 2008, 95 tonnes; 2009, 78 tonnes; 2010, 182 tonnes; 2011, 292 tonnes and 2012, 273 tonnes. There is also believed to be significant production of refined gallium from scrap recycling, particularly in China, Japan, United Kingdom and USA. tonnes (metric) Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia

* 13

* 13

13

* 13

* 13

7 19

7 19

5 19

5 19

8 16

Japan Kazakhstan

45

46

Mine production of gold Country

kilograms 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Finland Georgia Greenland Poland (a) Romania Russia Serbia (a) Slovakia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom

* 565 — 4 160 4 148 * 3 100 1 648 902 500 184 488 * 712 198 — 4 953 11 016 163

682 333 4 482 5 749 * 3 100 — 814 * 500 205 236 818 346 — 5 542 14 450 187

1 033 2 093 4 489 7 628 * 3 100 — 776 * 500 201 300 856 534 — 6 285 16 400 177

1 056 1 775 5 302 8 461 * 3 100 103 704 * 500 185 263 1 534 398 290 5 994 23 248 202

1 941 1 424 7 058 10 814 * 3 100 307 916 * 500 182 580 1 400 546 1 333 6 015 27 884 102

Algeria Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Congo, Democratic Republic Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia (b) Gabon Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Liberia Madagascar Mali Mauritania Morocco (a) Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan (c) Tanzania Togo Uganda (c) Zambia (d) Zimbabwe

647 3 176 6 033 2 170 * 600 3 300 — 32 3 631 300 80 503 17 981 4 205 340 624 50 41 160 5 528 587 298 2 115 2 314 2 890 * 600 196 212 744 7 508 36 434 11 835 2 055 1 693 3 579

998 1 626 11 581 980 * 600 2 000 — * 30 4 005 300 91 143 21 402 6 947 1 055 524 17 42 364 7 838 470 511 2 057 2 067 1 350 5 655 157 197 628 14 914 39 113 12 955 931 3 108 4 966

723 1 774 22 926 293 * 600 3 500 4 675 * 30 6 003 300 92 380 24 836 5 316 2 035 666 46 38 524 8 326 650 106 2 683 1 929 3 718 5 354 270 188 702 26 317 39 448 10 452 918 3 410 9 620

340 1 562 31 720 1 052 * 600 3 500 6 305 11 788 10 322 * 300 90 959 15 779 10 685 * 2 100 469 1 40 415 8 211 520 103 2 112 1 453 * 3 700 4 089 164 180 184 23 739 40 390 16 469 163 3 493 12 993

264 1 096 28 900 2 * 600 2 422 8 175 9 735 12 581 680 98 489 14 723 9 831 * 1 600 641 157 50 272 7 647 * 520 * 100 2 402 1 549 * 4 000 6 666 141 154 178 46 133 39 012 18 551 * 150 4 232 8 112

Canada Costa Rica Dominican Republic Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama (e) USA

96 501 * 154 41 7 448 1 846 50 365 2 960 — 233 327

97 235 * 205 425 8 484 2 127 62 439 2 590 800 223 323

102 693 * 300 533 9 213 2 200 79 376 4 924 868 231 000

100 379 * 500 495 11 898 1 893 88 649 6 395 1 728 234 000

104 644 * 500 4 106 6 473 1 859 102 802 6 292 2 116 235 000

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Peru

42 046 8 431 54 000 39 162 34 321 4 133 1 941 8 131 179 870

46 588 7 217 60 330 40 834 47 838 5 392 1 250 9 326 182 390

63 139 6 400 62 047 39 494 53 606 4 753 1 140 9 593 164 070

61 964 6 513 65 200 45 137 55 908 4 149 * 1 300 11 293 166 168

56 829 6 973 31 300 49 936 66 178 * 3 400 * 1 000 13 643 161 522

47

Mine production of gold Country

kilograms 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

10 290 2 429 10 815

12 800 2 010 12 232

12 933 1 704 6 991

11 975 1 899 * 7 000

11 881 1 881 * 7 000

Burma (a) China (a) India (f) Indonesia Iran (a) Japan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Mongolia Oman Philippines Saudi Arabia Tajikistan Thailand Uzbekistan Vietnam

* 100 285 000 2 438 64 390 * 300 6 868 20 825 175 * 2 000 18 200 4 333 2 490 15 184 118 35 568 4 527 1 672 2 721 73 000 * 3 000

* 100 313 980 2 084 140 488 * 350 7 709 22 839 274 * 2 000 17 100 5 021 2 794 9 803 93 37 047 4 857 1 361 5 400 73 000 * 3 000

* 100 340 880 2 399 119 726 * 350 8 223 30 272 235 * 2 000 18 500 5 138 3 766 6 037 82 40 847 4 400 2 049 5 300 73 000 * 3 000

* 100 360 960 2 192 76 764 * 1 000 8 692 38 247 209 * 2 000 18 900 3 984 4 219 5 703 40 31 120 4 611 2 240 5 568 * 73 000 * 3 000

* 100 403 050 1 589 * 66 000 * 1 000 7 232 42 561 336 * 2 000 10 300 6 415 4 625 5 995 19 15 762 4 285 2 400 9 245 * 73 000 * 3 000

Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands

215 000 700 13 403 67 466 141

223 000 1 091 13 442 68 173 130

261 000 1 903 13 469 66 901 130

258 000 1 572 11 761 62 271 1 588

253 000 1 439 10 164 55 839 2 109

2 300 000

2 500 000

2 620 000

2 630 000

2 640 000

Suriname Uruguay Venezuela

World Total

Note(s) (1) In several countries substantial amounts of gold produced in small operations are not recorded in the official statistics used when compiling this table (2) In addition to the countries listed, Greece, Benin, Central African Republic, Congo, Rwanda and Taiwan produce less than 100 kg gold per year (3) Greece and Norway are believed to produce gold (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

48

Metal production Years ended 7 July of that stated Exports Contained in blister copper, refinery muds and electrolytic copper Fiscal years ending 31 May of the year following that stated Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of germanium metal

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Finland

—

—

12

12

16

USA (a)

5

5

3

3

*3

* 100 *2

* 100 *2

* 100 *2

* 100 *2

* 100 *2

China Japan

Note(s) (1) Germanium is also believed to be recovered from imported or domestic material in Belgium, Canada, Russia and Ukraine (a) Including production of secondary metal

49

50

Production of graphite Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

250 272 084 3 000 — 4 100 — * 14 000 3 236 11 300

750 133 819 — — 4 562 24 352 * 14 000 2 400 4 300

420 45 079 — — 6 270 6 633 * 14 000 — 2 800

925 — — — 7 789 — * 14 000 — 600

219 — — 109 6 992 — * 14 000 — 4 600

4 900 5 134

3 400 2 463

3 654 741

3 951 7 252

3 300 4 421

Canada Mexico

20 000 7 229

* 7 000 5 105

* 20 000 6 628

* 20 000 7 348

* 20 000 7 520

Brazil (b)

80 500

59 425

92 364

105 188

80 000

* 1 800 000 117 767 73 * 30 000 — 6 615

* 1 800 000 124 625 48 * 30 000 700 3 171

* 1 800 000 115 697 34 * 30 000 950 3 437

* 1 800 000 148 974 — * 30 000 1 268 3 357

* 1 800 000 129 765 — * 30 000 — * 3 400

2 400 000

2 200 000

2 100 000

2 200 000

2 100 000

Austria (a) Bosnia & Herzegovina Czech Republic Germany Norway Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine Madagascar Zimbabwe

China (c) India (a)(d) Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Pakistan (e) Sri Lanka World Total

Note(s) (1) This table includes all forms of amorphous and crystalline graphite but excludes synthetic material (2) In addition to the countries listed, Egypt, Namibia and the USA are believed to produce graphite (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Crude Including beneficiated and directly shipped material Including flake graphite Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 30 June of that stated

51

Production of Gypsum Country Armenia Austria (a) Azerbaijan Bosnia & Herzegovina (a) Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic France (a) Germany (a) Greece (a) Hungary (a) Ireland, Republic of Italy Latvia (a) Macedonia (a) Moldova (b) Norway (a)(c) Poland (a) Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia (a) Spain Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Algeria Angola Egypt (a) Eritrea Ethiopia (d) Kenya (a) Libya Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Niger Nigeria Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Canada (a) Cuba Dominican Republic Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua USA Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru

52

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

45 900 1 087 259 27 898 150 039 21 200 * 250 000 412 000 35 000 2 338 910 2 112 000 1 000 000 15 940 * 600 000 * 1 600 000 349 000 242 400 * 700 000 70 013 1 499 901 372 731 832 248 * 3 600 000 152 000 11 955 753 * 300 000 7 338 127 1 160 910 * 1 700 000

40 100 910 945 44 413 74 302 127 600 318 139 317 000 13 000 1 887 260 1 898 000 730 000 19 766 * 400 000 * 1 600 000 175 870 154 550 * 200 000 68 103 1 326 928 335 189 720 713 * 2 900 000 131 000 8 181 315 * 300 000 4 369 589 711 490 * 1 700 000

* 40 000 872 273 48 887 64 570 109 200 248 675 333 000 5 000 2 065 814 1 822 000 * 600 000 20 000 * 300 000 * 1 600 000 176 510 143 118 * 300 000 36 395 1 398 500 336 755 639 010 * 2 900 000 87 000 6 990 249 * 300 000 2 850 601 678 610 * 1 700 000

* 40 000 815 438 * 50 000 71 870 114 800 231 008 335 000 11 000 2 452 204 2 021 000 587 000 3 000 * 300 000 * 1 600 000 216 000 162 984 * 400 000 88 953 1 225 600 337 272 * 660 000 * 3 000 000 88 000 7 825 747 * 350 000 991 415 675 950 * 1 700 000

* 40 000 791 961 * 50 000 73 365 113 700 182 557 327 800 14 000 * 2 500 000 1 949 000 746 000 — * 200 000 * 1 600 000 252 714 157 844 375 900 85 296 1 227 900 264 427 * 600 000 * 3 100 000 88 000 * 6 600 000 * 320 000 * 1 000 000 2 224 300 * 1 700 000

1 671 651 — 2 443 000 * 800 32 989 * 11 000 * 250 000 * 300 44 428 * 600 000 8 661 * 380 000 * 1 500 571 343 12 705 55 730 177 000 84

1 756 781 120 000 1 035 300 * 800 * 36 000 * 10 000 * 250 000 156 36 928 * 600 000 19 737 * 160 000 * 1 500 597 571 30 000 8 105 360 000 —

1 609 605 200 000 * 1 668 000 * 800 * 36 000 * 11 000 * 250 000 127 65 245 * 600 000 7 559 — * 1 500 1 026 620 31 000 26 918 435 000 —

1 800 000 * 200 000 * 2 138 000 * 800 * 36 000 * 11 000 * 125 000 * 120 72 153 * 600 000 * 8 000 *— * 1 500 476 118 * 32 000 38 659 * 435 000 —

2 000 000 * 200 000 * 2 193 000 * 800 * 36 000 * 11 000 * 75 000 * 100 * 72 000 * 600 000 * 8 000 *— * 1 500 558 242 * 32 000 91 610 * 435 000 —

5 797 000 110 000 369 592 127 387 * 5 500 238 274 6 933 279 49 900 14 400 000

3 540 000 77 800 77 201 18 733 * 5 500 156 877 7 542 721 37 400 9 400 000

2 717 000 111 300 85 880 58 924 * 5 500 147 143 6 477 590 20 300 8 840 000

2 555 000 131 400 61 161 77 009 * 5 500 79 521 6 463 861 29 700 8 900 000

2 550 000 * 130 000 * 60 000 99 628 * 5 500 57 400 9 456 478 32 000 * 9 900 000

1 257 310 3 100 000 773 749 * 200 000 * 4 500 463 134

1 356 025 2 348 390 723 928 * 190 000 * 4 500 321 012

1 346 535 2 638 096 758 011 * 200 000 * 4 500 313 025

* 1 350 000 3 228 931 917 759 * 200 000 * 4 500 479 950

* 1 350 000 * 3 000 000 799 064 * 200 000 * 4 500 390 705

Production of Gypsum Country Afghanistan Bhutan Burma (e) China India (e)(f) Indonesia Iran (g) Iraq Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Laos Mongolia Oman Pakistan (h) Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Gypsum Anhydrite Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen, Republic of Australia (b) World Total

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

44 180 248 445 91 013 * 38 000 000 3 876 671 * 6 000 11 251 070 1 279 000 9 975 231 771 696 900 337 304 * 60 000 179 800 660 473 * 750 000 617 572 886 45 000

42 120 299 735 84 516 * 37 000 000 3 370 322 8 133 13 615 547 5 026 495 9 152 304 356 * 700 000 761 331 * 60 000 333 400 800 084 * 750 000 358 403 137 26 400

57 243 344 034 76 391 * 37 000 000 4 924 906 * 7 000 11 913 979 8 276 733 99 730 292 340 * 700 000 553 300 * 60 000 653 200 853 590 * 750 000 104 * 405 000 14 600

* 57 250 352 234 76 669 * 37 000 000 3 202 081 * 7 500 14 657 191 11 350 170 20 437 254 860 * 700 000 686 100 * 60 000 1 254 100 885 368 * 750 000 542 * 405 000 11 300

* 57 250 313 173 * 76 000 * 37 000 000 3 529 000 * 7 500 * 14 000 000 9 424 214 45 407 * 250 000 * 700 000 619 300 * 60 000 1 915 300 1 260 021 * 750 000 * 500 * 405 000 13 700

8 500 401 488 681 * 80 000 * 5 000 104 000

8 631 797 633 820 * 80 000 * 5 000 * 100 000

10 172 629 536 120 * 80 000 * 5 000 * 100 000

10 994 074 614 148 * 80 000 * 5 000 * 100 000

9 876 938 857 172 * 80 000 * 5 000 * 100 000

4 136 300

3 708 700

3 567 800

3 294 400

* 3 013 000

151 700 000

137 200 000

137 800 000

143 600 000

147 100 000

Note(s) (1) Some countries produce large quantities of synthetic gypsum. Where possible, this output is excluded from the table (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Including anhydrite Excluding output from the region east of the River Nistru and the Municipality of Bender Sales Years ended 7 July of that stated Years ended 31 March following that stated Including selenite Years ended 20 March following that stated Years ended 30 June of that stated

53

Refinery production of indium Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Belgium Germany Italy Netherlands Russia United Kingdom

* 30 * 10 *5 5 * 10 *5

* 30 * 10 *5 *5 *4 *5

* 30 * 10 *5 *5 *4 *5

* 30 * 10 *5 *5 *4 *5

* 30 * 10 *5 *5 *4 *5

Canada

* 57

* 50

* 67

* 75

* 75

... 6

*5 2

*5 —

*5 *2

*5 * 11

* 340 * 65 * 100

* 330 * 67 * 100

* 340 * 70 * 100

* 380 * 70 * 100

* 390 * 70 * 100

Brazil Peru China Japan Korea (Rep. of)

54

Production of iodine Country

kilograms 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

116 400 * 105 000

148 700 * 105 000

191 300 * 105 000

200 000 * 105 000

350 000 * 105 000

USA

* 1 200 000

* 1 250 000

* 1 250 000

* 1 270 000

* 1 270 000

Chile

15 503 000

17 399 000

15 793 000

16 000 000

17 494 000

* 570 000 * 75 000 9 500 000 * 270 000 * 2 000

* 580 000 * 75 000 8 232 000 * 270 000 * 2 000

* 590 000 * 75 000 9 216 000 * 270 000 * 2 000

* 590 000 * 75 000 9 277 000 * 270 000 * 2 000

* 600 000 * 75 000 * 9 300 000 * 270 000 * 2 000

27 300 000

28 100 000

27 500 000

27 800 000

29 500 000

Azerbaijan Russia

China Indonesia Japan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan World Total

55

56

Production of iron ore

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Austria (a) Azerbaijan Bosnia & Herzegovina Germany (b)(c) Norway Russia Slovakia Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom

2 032 671 28 100 2 667 359 455 100 746 000 99 900 000 392 000 23 888 000 3 990 110 72 688 000 145

2 002 131 30 000 2 727 452 363 699 896 000 92 000 000 — 17 677 000 4 169 972 66 452 000 —

2 068 853 57 800 1 401 000 390 353 3 266 000 95 500 000 — 25 292 000 5 378 455 78 541 000 —

2 206 910 214 300 1 891 000 489 091 2 532 100 104 000 000 — 26 113 000 6 308 448 80 900 000 —

2 142 255 213 600 2 075 732 447 515 3 421 000 104 000 000 — 26 540 000 * 7 000 000 67 149 000 —

Algeria Egypt (d) Mauritania Morocco Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa (e) Swaziland Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe

2 077 000 773 000 10 968 000 22 878 62 000 — 48 982 537 — 108 300 1 740 2 919

1 307 000 1 780 162 10 275 049 30 523 99 424 — 55 313 053 — 151 200 972 —

1 474 279 2 314 425 11 109 000 44 665 50 000 — 58 709 330 — 180 500 3 795 28

1 700 000 3 320 878 11 176 000 78 926 70 000 339 330 58 056 897 79 553 171 200 2 134 —

1 700 000 3 930 002 11 500 000 * 100 000 * 70 000 5 203 490 67 100 474 1 032 230 223 000 * 3 229 —

Canada (f) Guatemala Mexico USA

32 102 000 452 17 709 000 53 600 000

31 699 000 5 463 17 693 000 26 700 000

37 001 000 1 604 21 210 000 49 500 000

33 573 000 1 160 19 403 000 54 700 000

39 427 100 10 808 22 600 000 * 53 200 000

Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Venezuela

351 200 000 9 315 580 473 273 6 348 000 19 332 299

331 000 000 8 242 300 280 773 5 435 000 14 206 621

372 300 000 9 129 500 77 048 7 432 000 14 330 761

460 400 000 12 624 600 174 459 8 623 000 * 20 000 000

400 600 000 17 330 000 391 503 8 221 983 * 16 000 000

Bhutan China India (g) Indonesia Iran (h) Iraq Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Malaysia (h) Mongolia Pakistan (d) Philippines Thailand Vietnam

— 824 011 100 212 960 000 4 455 259 31 225 935 3 000 44 847 000 365 883 * 5 316 000 981 932 1 387 400 286 255 — 1 709 750 1 371 600

— 880 171 400 218 553 000 4 561 059 31 993 513 — 46 248 000 455 405 * 5 300 000 1 470 186 1 379 000 320 214 — 616 399 1 904 500

— 1 077 705 100 207 157 000 8 975 507 35 548 974 — 50 190 000 512 642 * 5 300 000 3 557 813 3 203 200 447 541 — 976 937 1 972 100

— 1 326 942 000 167 289 000 11 814 544 44 355 304 26 639 51 742 000 541 539 * 5 300 000 8 077 879 5 678 300 329 100 292 608 489 359 2 371 000

3 742 1 309 637 000 136 518 000 * 12 000 000 * 48 000 000 — 52 614 000 592 743 * 5 300 000 10 277 849 7 561 400 384 893 216 176 256 333 1 523 000

Australia New Zealand

342 435 000 2 020 227

394 069 000 2 092 640

433 452 000 2 438 641

477 332 000 2 357 440

519 693 000 2 394 848

2 233 000 000

2 280 000 000

2 628 000 000

3 014 000 000

2 969 000 000

World Total

Note(s) (a) Including micaceous iron oxide (b) Including manganiferous iron ore (c) Used as aggregate in the construction industry (d) Years ended 30 June of that stated (e) Including by-product magnetite (f) Including by-product iron ore (g) Years ended 31 March following that stated (h) Years ended 20 March following that stated

57

Production of pig iron Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

5 795 000 6 977 000 243 000 441 000 4 737 000 2 942 946 11 371 879 29 105 000 1 288 758 10 400 000 6 130 000 * 100 000 4 933 781 2 957 715 48 300 000 1 582 000 3 529 000 3 784 000 3 708 000 6 697 372 30 991 000 10 136 800

4 353 000 3 087 000 482 469 — 3 483 000 2 042 000 8 104 318 20 104 000 1 050 000 5 670 000 4 655 000 * 100 000 2 983 500 1 576 679 43 900 000 964 607 3 019 000 2 920 000 1 966 000 6 913 325 25 683 000 7 671 100

5 621 000 4 688 000 620 935 — 3 987 000 2 564 000 10 136 827 28 560 000 1 325 000 8 555 000 5 799 000 * 100 000 3 637 995 1 723 418 48 200 000 1 158 628 3 649 000 3 572 000 3 447 000 16 362 115 27 366 000 7 233 000

5 815 000 4 700 000 684 734 — 4 137 000 2 600 000 9 697 535 27 943 000 1 315 000 9 824 000 5 943 000 * 100 000 3 974 930 1 595 000 48 200 000 1 197 693 3 346 000 3 540 000 3 240 000 14 877 155 28 878 000 6 625 000

5 751 000 4 073 000 749 539 — 3 935 207 2 461 000 9 531 844 27 046 000 1 229 000 9 417 000 5 909 000 * 100 000 3 943 968 1 580 000 50 500 000 318 651 3 519 755 3 081 000 2 805 000 8 613 000 28 487 000 7 183 100

690 000 3 543 000 1 569 000 6 540 000 1 000

680 000 3 851 000 1 077 000 5 784 000 —

696 000 3 565 000 1 270 000 6 386 000 —

360 000 3 532 000 165 000 6 165 000 —

* 366 000 3 618 000 508 000 6 421 000 —

Canada Mexico Trinidad & Tobago USA

9 474 000 10 461 858 1 601 000 33 729 000

5 615 000 8 065 305 1 181 700 19 018 000

8 266 000 10 074 620 1 751 800 26 843 000

8 025 000 10 462 912 1 705 600 30 233 000

8 496 000 10 199 048 1 684 300 32 113 000

Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru Venezuela

4 428 000 34 871 000 1 109 000 308 100 95 000 466 000 6 827 200

2 849 000 25 135 000 923 000 342 000 71 000 100 000 5 508 000

4 098 500 30 898 000 635 000 327 000 81 000 100 000 3 760 000

4 470 900 * 32 460 000 1 130 000 295 000 45 000 95 000 4 470 000

3 683 000 * 32 600 000 1 065 000 345 000 68 000 95 000 4 594 000

478 244 200 58 229 000 1 209 000 9 600 000 86 171 136 3 105 548 31 042 782 * 250 000 1 958 000 993 371 1 637 778 4 500 000 9 823 000 255 000

552 834 600 61 677 000 1 119 000 10 760 000 66 942 610 2 997 000 27 474 604 * 250 000 2 388 000 791 052 2 096 282 4 623 000 7 939 000 275 000

597 333 400 64 987 000 1 274 000 10 532 000 82 283 358 2 864 000 35 064 568 * 250 000 2 390 000 483 298 2 040 037 4 937 000 9 358 000 500 000

629 693 000 66 460 000 1 228 000 12 670 000 81 028 352 3 141 000 42 212 717 * 250 000 2 900 000 433 104 2 212 999 5 153 000 12 940 000 600 000

657 905 000 62 057 000 * 1 300 000 13 725 000 81 405 470 2 707 000 41 718 000 * 250 000 * 2 900 000 231 910 2 420 000 4 976 000 11 784 000 * 600 000

6 057 000 622 000

4 370 000 608 000

6 259 000 667 000

5 296 000 659 000

3 710 000 670 000

1 006 000 000

978 000 000

1 108 000 000

1 159 000 000

1 174 000 000

Austria Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Czech Republic Finland France Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Algeria Egypt Libya South Africa Zimbabwe

China India Indonesia Iran Japan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Malaysia Pakistan (a) Qatar Saudi Arabia Taiwan Vietnam Australia New Zealand World Total

Note(s) (1) The data in this table include sponge iron and direct reduced iron (DRI), where these have been separately identified (a) Years ended 30 June of that stated

58

Production of crude steel Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

250 000 7 594 000 278 100 2 478 131 10 673 000 587 878 1 330 000 121 759 6 387 000 — 4 416 792 17 879 161 45 832 000 2 477 000 2 097 000 30 590 000 635 000 2 582 000 344 866 885 000 201 623 6 853 000 560 000 9 727 325 1 630 000 5 035 164 68 700 000 1 662 000 4 489 000 642 000 18 640 000 5 197 600 1 312 000 26 809 050 38 136 117 13 520 500

221 000 5 662 000 150 300 2 329 694 5 635 000 495 150 726 000 54 266 4 594 000 — 3 066 000 12 840 108 32 670 000 2 000 000 1 403 000 19 848 000 692 000 2 141 000 299 332 380 000 90 404 5 194 000 595 000 7 128 482 1 557 000 2 772 679 59 200 000 1 054 336 3 747 000 430 000 14 358 000 2 803 700 934 000 25 303 741 30 301 844 10 074 500

390 000 7 206 000 129 125 2 530 829 7 973 000 590 952 744 000 103 429 5 180 000 — 4 029 000 15 413 577 43 830 000 1 821 000 1 678 000 25 750 000 655 000 2 548 000 344 866 240 000 48 272 6 651 000 520 000 7 993 025 1 504 000 3 720 775 66 300 000 1 254 386 4 580 000 606 000 16 343 000 4 845 600 1 320 000 29 029 789 33 345 586 9 708 000

464 000 7 474 000 234 002 2 778 792 8 026 000 649 085 835 000 162 709 5 583 000 1 3 989 000 15 780 639 44 284 000 1 934 000 1 733 000 28 735 000 568 000 2 521 000 348 576 313 000 61 164 6 937 000 620 000 8 776 458 1 871 000 3 835 000 68 400 000 1 304 954 4 242 000 648 000 15 504 000 4 867 000 * 1 400 000 34 103 000 35 512 156 9 478 000

* 500 000 7 421 000 * 234 000 2 869 373 7 301 000 700 341 633 000 1 016 5 072 082 185 3 759 000 15 607 227 42 661 000 1 247 000 1 543 000 27 257 000 804 000 2 214 000 225 224 329 000 28 161 6 879 000 683 000 8 539 302 1 908 000 3 780 000 70 400 000 346 000 4 403 447 632 000 13 639 000 4 326 000 * 1 400 000 35 885 000 33 509 180 9 579 100

646 000 6 198 000 150 000 25 000 1 137 000 478 000 * 100 000 8 550 000 82 200

543 000 5 541 000 150 000 25 000 914 000 479 000 * 100 000 7 484 000 99 500

688 000 6 676 000 150 000 25 000 825 000 455 000 * 100 000 7 617 000 115 100

440 000 6 486 000 130 000 25 000 100 000 290 000 * 100 000 6 650 000 150 000

* 507 000 6 627 000 * 130 000 25 000 315 000 539 000 * 100 000 7 119 000 * 150 000

Canada Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Trinidad & Tobago USA

14 845 000 275 584 * 68 000 71 000 250 000 17 209 020 489 600 91 350 000

9 286 000 267 752 * 67 000 56 000 224 000 14 131 810 417 000 58 196 000

13 009 000 279 040 * 60 000 51 000 274 000 16 869 675 571 600 80 495 000

12 891 000 283 982 * 76 000 100 000 445 000 18 110 111 603 400 86 000 000

13 507 000 317 000 * 56 000 102 000 334 000 18 094 966 623 800 88 598 000

Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela

5 541 400 33 716 000 1 549 000 1 053 000 128 000 82 800 1 001 000 85 700 4 224 500

4 013 000 26 506 000 1 308 000 1 052 000 259 000 54 000 718 000 57 000 3 808 000

5 138 500 32 948 000 1 011 000 1 207 000 357 000 59 000 867 000 65 000 2 207 000

5 610 500 35 220 000 1 768 000 1 244 000 463 000 28 000 882 000 81 000 2 980 000

4 996 000 34 524 000 1 683 000 1 324 000 473 000 * 37 000 973 000 121 000 2 526 000

Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova (a) Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Libya Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia

59

Production of crude steel Country Burma China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Kuwait Malaysia Mongolia Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Australia New Zealand World Total

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 25 000 503 057 500 57 791 000 3 915 000 9 964 000 * 300 000 118 739 328 * 150 000 4 243 582 53 322 000 * 300 000 * 500 000 6 423 000 84 900 * 1 000 000 710 669 1 434 652 4 667 000 764 000 * 70 000 19 882 000 5 211 212 * 90 000 682 000 2 250 000

* 25 000 572 182 300 63 527 000 3 501 000 10 873 000 * 300 000 87 534 137 * 150 000 4 146 000 48 572 000 * 250 000 * 500 000 5 354 000 53 000 * 800 000 824 009 1 472 612 4 690 000 664 000 * 70 000 15 873 000 3 645 586 * 90 000 716 000 2 700 000

* 25 000 637 229 900 68 321 000 3 664 000 11 995 000 * 300 000 109 598 507 * 150 000 4 220 000 58 914 125 * 250 000 * 500 000 5 694 000 68 000 * 800 000 1 050 000 1 974 937 5 015 000 728 000 * 70 000 20 498 146 4 144 908 * 500 000 716 000 4 314 000

* 25 000 683 883 000 72 200 000 3 621 000 13 040 000 * 300 000 107 601 194 * 150 000 4 699 000 68 519 191 * 250 000 * 500 000 5 900 000 63 600 * 850 000 1 200 000 2 010 000 5 275 000 752 000 * 70 000 22 879 000 4 238 000 * 2 000 000 733 000 4 900 000

* 25 000 716 542 000 76 715 000 * 3 700 000 14 463 000 * 300 000 107 232 297 * 150 000 3 851 000 69 073 000 * 250 000 * 500 000 * 6 000 000 72 400 * 850 000 1 260 000 2 100 000 5 203 000 688 000 * 70 000 19 932 000 3 328 000 * 2 800 000 736 000 4 900 000

7 724 000 799 000

5 135 000 765 000

7 408 000 853 000

6 538 000 844 000

4 893 000 912 000

1 334 000 000

1 231 000 000

1 430 000 000

1 518 000 000

1 547 000 000

Note(s) (1) Unless otherwise indicated, these figures include production from scrap (2) Small amounts of steel are believed to be produced in DR Congo, Kenya, Mauritania, Sri Lanka and Uganda (a) Production from the region east of the River Nistru

60

Production of ferro-alloys Country Albania Ferro-chrome Armenia Ferro-molybdenum Austria Ferro-molybdenum Ferro-nickel Ferro-vanadium Bosnia & Herzegovina Ferro-alloys Bulgaria Ferro-silicon Czech Republic Ferro-vanadium Finland Ferro-chrome France Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Silicon metal Georgia Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Germany Ferro-chrome Other ferro-alloys Silicon metal Greece Ferro-nickel Iceland Ferro-silicon Italy Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Macedonia Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-nickel Ferro-silicon Norway Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Other ferro-alloys Silicon metal Poland Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Other ferro-alloys Romania Ferro-chrome Ferro-silico-manganese Russia Spiegeleisen Ferro-chrome Ferro-silico-chrome Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-molybdenum Ferro-nickel Ferro-silicon Ferro-vanadium Other ferro-alloys Silicon metal

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

16 315

5 705

23 233

28 433

* 30 000

5 323

5 154

5 126

5 525

5 836

4 500 2 000 6 300

4 000 2 500 6 200

4 000 2 500 8 000

4 000 2 500 8 000

4 000 2 500 8 000

14 216

10 242

17 972

17 527

15 874

6 000

* 3 000

—

—

—

* 2 800

* 1 900

* 3 400

* 4 600

* 5 700

233 550

123 310

238 000

231 000

229 000

46 600 60 200 * 30 000 * 118 000

46 000 54 100 * 18 300 * 80 000

138 100 62 400 * 27 000 * 112 000

130 500 63 400 * 59 000 * 128 000

* 131 000 * 64 000 * 60 000 * 130 000

* 5 000 123 468

* 4 500 112 016

* 4 500 203 791

* 4 500 242 746

* 4 500 257 421

26 960 * 5 000 29 092

13 667 6 336 27 620

* 17 300 * 9 200 30 105

* 17 800 * 9 000 30 134

* 17 800 * 9 000 28 574

83 200

42 400

69 600

94 000

96 435

107 882

112 992

114 230

120 076

131 818

* 30 000 87 000

* 20 000 56 000

* 25 000 108 000

* 25 000 145 000

* 27 000 110 000

54 931 15 026 42 674

— 12 000 7 657

36 705 14 413 30 044

50 756 17 292 56 167

14 179 19 247 42 402

* 130 000 273 485 185 344 * 60 000 180 135

* 130 000 247 615 233 974 * 150 000 169 643

* 130 000 281 266 * 200 000 * 150 000 * 170 000

* 130 000 248 700 170 102 * 150 000 * 170 000

* 130 000 266 000 203 886 * 150 000 * 170 000

8 475 25 061 56 031 2 948

1 736 72 9 673 4 190

800 100 53 206 200

800 400 72 668 300

800 200 79 400 300

6 179 9 979

15 377 —

14 353 20 605

— * 30 000

— * 30 000

* 7 000 475 686 72 050 * 110 000 * 40 000 5 838 31 411 850 000 10 673 * 34 000 * 54 000

* 7 000 378 000 8 285 88 000 98 700 6 726 31 529 745 000 8 029 * 34 000 23 900

* 7 000 414 000 4 200 171 000 147 900 6 491 34 363 916 000 13 507 * 34 000 48 700

* 7 000 * 414 000 * 4 200 * 170 000 * 148 000 6 917 * 34 400 * 916 000 16 683 * 34 000 * 48 700

* 7 000 * 414 000 * 4 200 * 170 000 * 148 000 7 018 * 34 000 * 916 000 14 381 * 34 000 * 48 000

61

Production of ferro-alloys Country Slovakia Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Other ferro-alloys Spain Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Silicon metal Sweden Ferro-chrome Turkey Ferro-chrome Ferro-silico-chrome Ukraine Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-nickel Ferro-silicon Other ferro-alloys Egypt Ferro-silicon (a) Other ferro-alloys (a) South Africa Ferro-chrome Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Ferro-vanadium Silicon metal Zimbabwe Ferro-chrome Ferro-silicon Canada Ferro-niobium Ferro-silicon Silicon metal Dominican Republic Ferro-nickel Mexico Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese USA Ferro-silicon Silicon metal Argentina Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Brazil Ferro-chrome Ferro-silico-chrome Ferro-silico-magnesium Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-nickel Ferro-niobium Ferro-silicon Other ferro-alloys Silicon metal Colombia Ferro-nickel

62

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

59 940 10 844 61 194

32 000 4 600 22 250

34 960 26 419 38 860

25 036 32 304 18 575

50 089 32 726 12 862

* 161 000 * 158 000 * 74 000 * 33 000

* 60 100 * 59 200 * 44 000 * 23 000

* 134 000 * 132 000 * 64 400 * 32 500

* 108 000 * 164 000 * 57 000 * 43 000

* 108 000 * 165 000 * 57 000 45 000

118 700

31 100

64 400

80 140

35 800

75 840 6 094

41 028 2 903

* 60 000 * 3 000

* 60 000 * 3 000

* 60 000 * 3 000

361 501 958 667 97 848 201 706 43 127

135 339 771 950 76 487 193 034 23 882

285 643 1 000 329 102 940 253 801 28 546

187 897 930 337 89 903 186 306 25 126

163 921 823 131 119 652 150 265 22 115

59 192 * 30 000

78 355 * 30 000

47 205 37 194

25 516 * 30 000

52 421 * 30 000

3 268 659 * 498 000 * 263 000 * 137 000 * 19 000 * 49 146

2 346 132 * 265 000 * 140 000 * 110 000 * 13 000 * 39 000

3 607 132 * 517 000 * 273 000 * 128 000 * 19 000 * 46 000

3 421 911 * 696 000 * 368 000 * 135 000 * 18 000 * 48 000

* 3 000 000 * 654 000 * 346 000 * 133 000 * 16 000 * 47 000

145 430 1 612

72 223 603

154 336 —

161 839 —

60 205 —

* 4 384 35 000 * 50 000

4 620 25 820 * 30 000

4 620 36 786 * 30 000

4 620 31 039 * 30 000

* 4 600 * 31 000 * 30 000

47 408

—

—

34 576

* 39 000

97 366 114 320

42 492 85 065

81 019 134 470

73 684 139 047

61 939 161 336

248 000 * 143 000

194 000 * 143 000

370 000 * 143 000

* 294 000 * 143 000

* 294 000 * 143 000

9 172 * 10 400

6 644 * 11 300

10 900 * 11 000

21 000 * 11 000

* 20 000 * 11 000

209 273 13 674 30 800 149 900 238 000 26 300 81 600 183 000 47 800 219 600

108 893 1 750 18 300 44 600 109 500 31 600 48 900 175 000 21 200 154 000

172 800 13 100 33 600 87 200 218 700 23 800 77 200 247 300 36 650 184 100

145 000 11 600 20 900 77 000 218 600 45 600 81 900 210 900 32 700 210 400

165 500 * 12 000 * 20 000 * 80 000 * 220 000 94 400 50 400 204 000 * 35 000 * 200 000

126 638

153 628

145 239

103 371

138 966

Production of ferro-alloys

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

20 000 52 000 42 300 88 000

15 800 45 800 40 113 52 100

5 300 16 500 45 200 76 800

12 000 24 000 51 800 70 000

* 12 000 * 24 000 * 50 000 * 70 000

* 30 800

* 90 800

* 97 500

* 96 700

* 97 300

1 505 800 72 300 16 722 000 * 1 100 000

1 813 000 116 000 20 171 000 * 993 000

(b) ... (b) ... * 26 100 000 * 1 140 000

(b) ... (b) ... * 28 400 000 * 1 050 000

(b) ... (b) ... * 30 000 000 * 1 050 000

8 170 817 239 13 400 384 577 891 458 2 162 99 595 1 661 1 501 541

7 017 892 923 17 132 356 123 1 116 047 2 822 97 682 1 929 1 389 569

7 538 1 003 598 19 079 402 017 1 242 139 3 090 115 164 2 172 1 521 595

7 393 906 556 24 452 446 733 1 478 403 4 362 127 092 2 217 2 459 730

* 7 400 * 900 000 * 25 000 * 450 000 * 1 500 000 * 4 100 * 130 000 * 2 200 * 2 500 * 700

* 12 000 * 7 000 17 566

* 12 000 * 7 000 12 550

* 12 000 * 8 000 18 688

* 12 000 * 8 000 19 690

* 12 000 * 8 000 18 372

* 8 000 * 50 000

* 8 000 * 50 000

* 8 000 * 50 000

* 8 000 * 50 000

* 8 000 * 50 000

13 888 431 181 58 884 4 554 301 361 3 477 14 478

7 698 361 375 49 205 3 598 284 884 2 560 12 957

16 208 453 265 49 865 4 615 348 420 4 190 16 374

17 217 456 798 49 798 5 167 279 944 3 980 20 913

19 392 436 171 52 287 4 616 371 913 4 403 19 364

1 220 315 133 828 179 939 54 964 1 473

1 173 286 60 829 200 374 33 100 1 205

1 311 302 159 765 224 627 4 813 1 283

1 289 917 143 296 232 039 1 683 1 754

1 305 343 164 853 251 530 464 1 845

251 125 76 184 ...

182 308 148 509 3 921

286 259 120 779 4 059

355 047 195 650 4 162

* 355 000 * 196 000 * 4 200

* 10 000

* 10 000

* 10 000

* 10 000

* 10 000

212 000 * 36 000

219 000 * 37 000

267 000 * 34 000

198 000 * 43 000

156 553

165 506

169 513

184 476

Venezuela Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-nickel Ferro-silicon Bhutan Ferro-silicon China Ferro-chrome Ferro-silico-chrome Other ferro-alloys Silicon metal India Ferro-aluminium (c) Ferro-chrome (c) Ferro-silico-magnesium (c) Ferro-manganese (c) Ferro-silico-manganese (c) Ferro-molybdenum (c) Ferro-silicon (c) Ferro-titanium (c) Ferro-vanadium (c) Other ferro-alloys (c) Indonesia Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-nickel Iran Ferro-chrome (d) Ferro-silicon (d) Japan Ferro-chrome Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-molybdenum Ferro-nickel Ferro-vanadium Other ferro-alloys Kazakhstan Ferro-chrome Ferro-silico-chrome Ferro-silico-manganese Ferro-silicon Other ferro-alloys Korea (Rep. of) Ferro-manganese Ferro-silico-manganese Other ferro-alloys Korea, Dem. P.R. of Ferro-alloys Ferro-Alloys

Australia Ferro-manganese & ferro-silico-manganese (g) 254 000 Silicon metal * 33 000 New Caledonia Ferro-nickel 148 960 Note(s) (a) Years ended 30 June of that stated (b) Included with 'other ferro-alloys' (c) Years ended 31 March following that stated (d) Years ended 20 March following that stated

63

64

Production of kaolin Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Austria Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Czech Republic (a) France Germany (b) Greece Italy Poland (c) Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Spain (c) Turkey Ukraine (a) United Kingdom

16 460 * 300 000 259 325 * 220 000 664 000 335 520 3 622 159 4 360 * 180 000 165 615 217 434 3 060 * 45 000 398 917 44 000 355 739 232 746 240 000 1 355 365

18 148 * 300 000 148 384 * 140 000 488 000 350 000 4 513 753 — * 180 000 136 561 274 925 651 * 45 000 163 616 10 000 270 298 234 614 * 100 000 1 059 848

18 914 * 300 000 41 808 * 190 000 636 000 350 000 4 578 097 3 493 * 180 000 125 000 273 890 326 * 45 000 76 197 — 310 993 787 287 * 100 000 * 1 140 000

18 897 * 300 000 232 147 * 250 000 660 000 310 000 4 898 516 7 250 * 180 000 163 600 322 041 — * 45 000 90 472 4 000 384 179 1 229 352 * 100 000 * 1 290 000

* 14 000 * 300 000 149 495 * 240 000 624 000 308 000 4 398 796 5 583 * 180 000 137 800 317 489 — * 45 000 69 487 3 000 331 707 * 1 300 000 * 100 000 * 1 150 000

Algeria Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia (d) Kenya Madagascar Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tanzania Uganda

50 788 523 327 * 200 177 940 *— * 100 000 39 506 87 151 13 926 3 738

87 766 523 300 * 175 1 613 * 850 90 * 100 000 31 048 36 799 18 624 4 721

71 065 304 200 * 200 1 613 * 900 259 * 100 000 29 929 32 696 42 649 27 237

108 000 304 000 * 200 4 498 * 900 *— * 100 000 15 220 * 33 000 * 43 000 20 883

100 000 * 300 000 * 200 * 4 000 900 *— * 100 000 20 499 * 33 000 * 45 000 * 39 806

Cuba Guatemala Mexico USA (e)

— 2 803 690 366 6 750 000

— 1 879 406 421 5 290 000

100 2 143 516 850 5 370 000

— 1 620 372 506 5 480 000

— 1 866 514 730 5 900 000

Argentina Brazil (a) Chile Ecuador Paraguay Peru Venezuela

73 838 2 667 000 63 526 15 000 * 66 000 13 215 1 896

78 792 1 987 000 48 354 * 15 000 * 66 000 9 655 300

78 722 1 900 000 62 226 * 15 000 * 66 000 16 446 9 444

54 166 2 200 000 59 912 * 15 000 * 66 000 18 169 * 10 000

* 50 000 1 800 000 60 429 * 15 000 * 66 000 34 585 * 10 000

* 6 500 * 3 000 000 96 344 * 150 000 1 274 092 1 524 * 12 000 181 018 1 182 199 506 462 31 512 2 391 5 560 10 039 33 745 162 215 * 150 000 * 650 000

— * 3 000 000 79 963 * 186 000 907 487 1 980 * 12 000 177 471 890 157 487 632 17 169 2 389 4 166 9 538 18 413 131 131 * 150 000 * 650 000

— * 3 000 000 76 498 * 170 000 1 480 291 2 606 * 12 000 114 931 962 275 530 331 22 769 2 490 66 166 8 207 18 097 156 827 * 150 000 * 650 000

— * 3 000 000 67 130 * 175 000 * 1 500 000 — * 13 000 89 903 1 051 772 442 550 16 055 3 529 70 000 11 157 16 936 175 881 * 150 000 * 650 000

*— * 3 000 000 * 61 000 * 175 000 * 1 500 000 — * 13 000 70 000 796 603 438 923 21 555 * 3 600 80 000 * 10 000 26 376 175 464 * 150 000 * 650 000

Bangladesh (f) China India (g)(h) Indonesia Iran (i) Iraq Japan Jordan Korea (Rep. of) Malaysia Pakistan (f) Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand (a) Uzbekistan (g) Vietnam

65

Production of kaolin Country Australia (f) New Zealand World Total

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

181 655 12 761

120 013 9 016

114 157 107 761

46 388 21 545

* 49 000 11 578

27 500 000

24 000 000

25 500 000

26 900 000

26 000 000

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed Denmark is believed to produce kaolin (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

66

Beneficiated Washed and dried Washed Years ended 7 July of that stated Sold or used by producers Years ended 30 June of that stated Beneficiated; excludes directly used natural kaolin Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated

Mine production of lead Country

tonnes (metal content) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria (a) Greece Ireland, Republic of Kosovo Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom

3 316 14 577 14 000 50 200 — 49 877 67 070 — — 60 000 1 600 — 63 489 31 800 * 300

2 080 12 981 10 000 49 500 3 000 46 788 62 910 — * 3 000 72 000 1 800 1 000 69 293 21 600 243

3 196 12 705 12 200 39 100 5 700 41 293 48 050 — * 3 000 97 000 1 800 229 67 697 38 500 251

3 656 14 369 13 400 50 700 4 530 37 295 40 492 — * 3 000 123 000 2 100 5 705 62 028 39 500 280

3 700 15 949 13 300 47 400 5 295 39 184 73 231 87 * 5 500 138 000 2 500 6 800 63 551 * 57 017 61

Morocco Namibia Nigeria South Africa

33 477 14 062 3 500 46 440

34 517 10 129 5 200 49 149

32 647 10 140 3 300 50 625

30 850 8 330 9 100 54 460

* 31 000 9 270 11 300 52 489

Canada Guatemala Honduras Mexico USA

99 810 — 12 545 141 173 410 100

68 839 — 14 471 143 838 405 800

64 844 — 16 954 192 062 369 000

54 797 — 13 100 223 717 342 000

61 224 7 985 12 400 238 091 345 000

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Peru

20 788 81 602 15 000 3 985 345 109

24 753 84 538 8 917 1 511 302 459

22 600 72 803 12 832 695 261 990

26 100 100 051 8 545 841 230 199

* 26 000 81 100 9 000 410 249 179

* 1 000 1 402 700 82 053 26 905 38 800 225 * 33 000 710 — 347 — *—

* 5 000 1 604 100 82 629 39 254 34 000 1 032 * 22 000 400 — 685 2 400 * 6 000

* 7 000 1 981 300 84 825 * 40 000 35 000 584 * 26 000 542 1 000 543 3 900 * 3 700

* 8 700 2 405 700 92 601 * 35 000 38 800 1 289 * 32 000 544 2 200 400 8 900 * 4 100

* 9 800 2 838 400 106 005 * 40 000 38 000 1 434 * 40 000 66 800 * 1 000 16 000 * 300

650 000

566 000

712 000

621 000

622 000

3 800 000

3 900 000

4 400 000

4 800 000

5 300 000

Burma China India (b) Iran (c) Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Laos Pakistan Saudi Arabia Tajikistan Vietnam Australia World Total Note(s) (a) Metal content of ore (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated (c) Years ended 20 March following that stated

67

Production of refined lead Country Austria Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia France Germany Greece Ireland, Republic of Italy Kosovo Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Algeria Kenya Morocco Nigeria South Africa Zambia Canada Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico USA (a) Argentina Brazil Colombia Peru Venezuela Burma China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Malaysia Pakistan (b) Philippines Saudi Arabia Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates

68

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

26 900 104 000 46 90 900 36 000 10 000 82 100 415 100 * 11 000 20 000 199 900 900 * 16 000 108 300 5 000 39 596 112 000 15 000 145 000 56 812 * 8 000 * 6 000 54 700 283 000

22 200 109 000 35 83 100 29 000 10 000 62 000 390 600 * 11 000 19 000 149 000 * 1 000 * 21 000 100 400 4 000 8 687 90 000 14 000 138 000 51 574 800 * 6 000 60 600 301 865

25 500 121 000 4 474 80 600 30 000 10 000 71 000 405 400 * 11 000 19 000 150 000 * 1 000 * 20 000 120 300 4 000 11 263 96 000 14 000 165 000 59 179 — * 6 000 71 500 297 453

26 200 119 000 3 370 71 000 34 000 10 000 80 000 429 100 * 11 000 18 000 146 500 * 1 000 * 21 000 135 500 4 000 6 854 103 000 15 000 177 000 52 438 — 8 230 55 300 274 055

24 504 119 000 3 327 66 000 30 000 8 000 75 000 423 000 * 6 000 16 000 138 400 * 1 000 * 22 000 141 000 5 000 * 13 000 115 000 12 000 160 000 61 528 — * 10 000 43 200 311 930

6 000 * 1 000 37 400 8 000 62 000 * 500

6 000 * 1 000 20 100 8 000 58 000 * 800

9 000 * 1 000 38 237 11 000 51 000 * 2 400

9 000 * 1 000 36 469 9 000 56 000 * 3 100

6 000 * 1 000 23 400 9 000 54 000 * 2 000

259 074 — 11 000 12 000 — 206 364 1 280 500

258 854 — — 17 000 — 200 411 1 214 100

272 937 — — 22 000 — 225 980 1 256 000

282 268 4 000 — 24 000 956 251 729 1 250 000

278 065 4 000 — 10 000 — 262 431 1 221 000

62 500 144 000 10 000 114 259 * 37 000

83 000 155 000 10 000 26 082 * 31 000

87 400 172 000 10 000 *— * 31 000

83 100 184 000 10 000 *— * 26 000

* 81 000 188 000 * 10 000 — * 25 000

* 200 3 451 800 294 000 * 42 000 75 000 27 000 278 071 105 766 268 000 * 6 000 39 000 — * 34 000 38 000 38 000 73 303 * 2 000

* 200 3 772 900 337 000 * 45 000 72 000 26 000 247 634 80 994 329 000 * 4 000 54 000 385 * 32 000 37 000 36 000 55 504 * 2 000

* 200 4 157 500 380 000 * 45 000 75 000 27 000 267 206 103 400 321 000 * 3 000 26 000 1 545 * 30 000 39 000 35 000 55 504 * 2 000

* 200 4 603 600 426 000 * 47 000 82 000 27 000 252 562 111 518 416 900 * 3 000 44 000 1 569 * 34 000 35 000 36 000 42 223 * 2 000

* 200 4 645 700 463 000 * 45 000 81 000 26 000 258 527 88 099 460 000 * 3 000 32 000 1 414 * 32 000 39 000 35 000 86 507 * 2 000

Production of refined lead

tonnes (metric)

Country Australia New Zealand World Total

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

260 000 * 11 000

234 000 * 11 000

213 000 * 11 000

232 000 * 11 000

207 000 * 3 000

9 100 000

9 100 000

9 800 000

10 400 000

10 500 000

Note(s) (1) Figures relate to both primary and secondary refined lead and include the lead content of antimonial lead (a) Excluding lead content of primary antimonial lead (b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

69

70

Production of lithium minerals Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

34 888

37 359

40 109

37 534

20 698

9 342

4 270

7 824

—

—

* 22 000 * 1 500

* 10 000 * 1 500

*— * 1 500

*— * 1 500

*— * 1 500

17 691

17 570

12 853

14 706

* 15 000

14 460 56 881

15 929 30 538

15 733 52 851

7 820 69 597

* 8 000 71 594

China

* 46 000

* 53 000

* 55 000

* 58 000

* 60 000

Australia Spodumene

239 528

197 482

303 729

421 228

452 921

22 000

16 300

21 600

27 000

27 800

Portugal Lepidolite Spain Lepidolite Canada USA (a) Argentina (b)(c) Brazil Spodumene Chile (b)

World Total (Li content)

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Russia has also produced lithium minerals in the past. (a) Li content (b) Carbonate (c) Chloride

71

72

Production of magnesite Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

837 476 361 165 316 264 60 000 * 2 600 000 806 500 442 339 2 143 047

544 716 380 834 183 256 47 000 * 2 600 000 477 600 390 311 861 180

757 063 396 497 236 053 63 000 * 2 600 000 650 100 462 959 1 541 860

867 912 393 880 274 877 75 350 * 2 600 000 751 700 577 725 * 1 000 000

778 810 349 998 290 873 84 000 * 2 600 000 618 400 649 977 * 1 000 000

South Africa Zimbabwe

83 900 2 549

* 80 000 449

* 80 000 —

* 80 000 169

* 80 000 —

Canada (b) Guatemala Mexico

* 140 000 11 757 —

* 140 000 17 247 —

* 150 000 — —

* 150 000 311 —

* 150 000 27 132 100 724

421 300 38 000

409 909 *—

483 882 *—

476 805 *—

* 470 000 —

* 15 600 000 252 880 115 987 108 852 * 150 000 3 940 3 976

* 13 000 000 301 070 130 575 132 636 * 150 000 2 639 3 872

* 14 000 000 235 762 126 702 135 930 * 150 000 5 159 4 186

* 19 000 000 217 662 * 172 697 126 988 * 150 000 4 908 4 784

* 16 000 000 215 038 * 170 000 105 610 * 150 000 5 444 * 4 800

147 698

366 188

301 142

671 073

* 617 000

24 600 000

20 200 000

22 400 000

27 600 000

24 500 000

Austria Greece Netherlands (a) Poland Russia Slovakia Spain Turkey

Brazil (c) Colombia China India (d) Iran (e) Israel (f) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Pakistan (g) Philippines Australia (g) World Total

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Bulgaria is believed to produce magnesite (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Chloride produced from solution mining Officially described as magnesitic dolomite and brucite Including beneficiated and directly shipped material Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated Magnesium chloride Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of primary magnesium metal

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia Ukraine

* 30 000 * 2 000

* 30 000 * 2 000

* 30 000 * 2 000

* 30 000 * 2 000

* 30 000 * 2 000

USA

* 40 000

* 40 000

* 40 000

* 40 000

* 40 000

Brazil

* 5 000

* 5 000

* 5 000

* 5 000

* 5 000

630 700 * 200 32 051 * 21 000

525 600 * 200 19 405 * 21 000

650 800 * 200 23 309 * 21 000

674 900 * 200 26 284 * 21 000

698 300 * 200 27 292 * 21 000

China India Israel Kazakhstan (a)

Note(s) (a) Not marketed as metal but used in titanium production

73

Production of manganese ore Country Bulgaria Georgia (a) Hungary Romania Ukraine

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

39 100 * 370 000 49 579 43 590 (a) 1 447 000

28 300 * 370 000 43 000 20 304 (a) 932 000

106 000 * 370 000 55 000 13 120 (a) 1 589 000

85 600 * 370 000 58 000 3 180 1 391 228

39 100 * 370 000 * 51 000 8 993 1 234 007

— 16 912 3 250 000 1 089 025 148 120 102 285 28 237

— * 12 500 1 992 060 1 012 941 * 100 000 51 788 51 471

57 355 6 508 3 200 570 1 194 074 * 80 000 75 614 35 728

49 715 37 194 3 562 330 1 827 692 * 60 000 58 000 41 876

* 50 000 62 388 * 3 600 000 1 490 634 * 50 000 45 400 * 42 000

6 798 187 9 327 —

4 564 855 10 911 500

7 156 338 15 407 378 990

8 635 863 15 979 * 380 000

8 931 472 11 943 * 400 000

477 147

330 328

466 649

437 264

510 942

2 400 000 5 096

2 320 000 1 642

3 125 000 —

3 483 000 —

2 400 000 —

* 356 000 * 11 000 000 2 789 025 115 199 2 485 000 536 675 111 000

* 607 000 * 12 000 000 2 491 950 125 506 2 457 400 567 963 64 930

* 754 000 * 13 000 000 3 056 385 131 561 3 045 000 899 703 50 450

* 586 000 * 14 000 000 2 349 300 194 428 2 963 000 597 917 398

* 286 000 * 15 000 000 2 294 000 * 195 000 2 975 000 1 099 585 8 151

4 819 000

4 444 000

6 474 000

6 961 000

7 172 000

38 500 000

34 600 000

45 300 000

48 100 000

48 300 000

Burkina Faso Egypt (b) Gabon Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Namibia South Africa Metallurgical Chemical Sudan Mexico Brazil Chile Burma China India (c) Iran (d) Kazakhstan Malaysia Thailand Australia World Total

tonnes (metric)

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Colombia, Cuba and Vietnam are believed to produce manganese ore (a) (b) (c) (d)

74

Marketable Fiscal years ending 30 June of that stated Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of mercury

kilograms

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Finland Russia

33 120 * 50 000

6 210 * 50 000

9 000 * 50 000

5 000 * 50 000

— * 50 000

17 400

* 18 000

* 20 000

* 20 000

* 20 000

Mexico (a) USA

* 43 100 * 15 000

* 10 600 * 15 000

* 11 000 * 15 000

* 120 300 * 15 000

* 261 800 * 15 000

Argentina Chile (b)

1 200 * 50 000

9 468 * 88 000

24 600 * 176 000

11 000 * 89 200

* 10 000 * 48 600

China Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

1 333 000 270 000 * 30 000

1 425 000 140 000 30 000

1 585 000 99 000 30 000

1 493 000 112 000 30 000

1 347 000 74 000 32 000

World Total

1 800 000

1 800 000

2 000 000

1 900 000

1 900 000

Morocco

Note(s) (1) Several countries are believed to have unrecorded production of mercury from copper electrowinning processes and by recovery from effluents (a) BGS estimates based on net exports (b) From copper solvent extraction and electrowinning processes

75

Production of mica Country Finland France (a) Russia Spain (a) Turkey Egypt Madagascar South Africa Sudan Canada Mexico USA (b)(a) Argentina Brazil China (c) India (d) Iran (e) Korea (Rep. of) (f) Malaysia (g) Sri Lanka Taiwan World Total

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

10 706 * 20 000 * 10 000 4 254 8 392

7 855 * 18 000 * 9 000 3 655 4 172

13 809 * 19 000 * 9 000 4 034 * 4 500

12 896 * 19 000 * 9 000 3 775 * 4 500

12 112 * 18 000 * 9 000 3 515 * 4 500

50 1 233 393 66

* 50 358 299 100

* 50 947 904 10

* 50 1 165 633 378

* 50 * 1 200 400 324

* 17 000 5 000 85 000

* 15 000 5 000 51 000

* 15 000 160 53 000

* 17 000 — 50 000

* 16 000 160 * 44 000

8 790 4 000

8 668 4 379

9 638 4 709

10 226 6 193

* 10 000 * 6 000

* 139 000 1 462 1 510 49 474 5 593 2 364 3 179

* 91 000 1 061 6 797 27 078 4 324 2 347 557

* 126 000 1 333 2 860 36 486 4 515 2 095 —

* 132 000 1 807 * 2 900 31 260 4 245 2 927 1 455

* 149 000 1 315 * 3 000 25 594 3 966 2 200 6 844

377 000

261 000

308 000

311 000

317 000

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Romania is believed to produce mica (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

76

Including mica recovered from mica schists and/or kaolin beneficiation Sold or used by producers Conservative BGS estimates, based on exports Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ended 20 March following that stated Mainly sericite Sericite

Mine production of molybdenum

tonnes (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Armenia Russia

4 472 * 4 800

4 365 * 4 800

4 377 * 4 800

4 817 * 4 800

5 446 * 4 800

Canada Mexico USA

8 602 7 812 55 900

8 721 10 167 47 800

8 648 10 849 59 400

8 326 10 787 63 700

8 849 11 366 * 57 000

Argentina Brazil Chile Peru

228 760 33 639 16 721

1 148 262 34 786 12 297

468 337 37 044 16 963

1 708 263 40 698 19 141

3 233 * 250 34 793 16 790

China Iran (a) Kazakhstan Mongolia

* 81 000 3 628 400 1 900

90 270 3 882 — 2 410

96 615 3 676 — 2 198

103 320 3 365 — 1 957

* 105 000 * 3 300 — 1 904

World Total

220 000

221 000

245 000

263 000

253 000

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Australia, Georgia, India, Democratic P.R. of Korea, Romania and Tajikistan are believed to produce molybdenum (a) Years ended 20 March following that stated

Production of nepheline syenite Country Norway Russia Nepheline syenite Nepheline concentrates Canada

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

346 000

270 000

327 000

330 000

320 000

4 760 000 ...

4 400 000 500 000

4 900 000 1 000 000

4 608 000 997 000

4 947 000 1 056 700

646 000

513 000

581 000

610 000

592 000

77

78

Mine production of nickel Country

tonnes (metal content) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

3 500 6 200 18 600 3 655 15 000 377 266 800 8 136 * 1 500 * 8 000

550 1 600 9 600 10 565 12 000 336 261 900 8 029 1 199 —

1 954 12 100 16 100 9 100 14 200 348 270 000 6 296 * 1 900 —

914 18 800 21 700 7 728 25 600 339 270 000 — * 4 300 *—

700 19 568 21 600 4 436 19 200 351 268 700 2 398 * 3 200 *—

28 940 — 100 31 700 800 6 354

29 616 — 733 34 610 1 500 4 858

24 931 — 317 39 960 2 809 6 133

15 675 — 217 43 321 2 869 7 992

17 948 5 695 47 45 945 — 5 716

259 651 67 300 18 782

135 037 60 000 —

158 376 66 000 —

219 612 66 000 13 528

204 461 68 300 15 186

Brazil Colombia Venezuela

67 116 41 638 10 886

56 950 51 802 13 749

66 200 49 433 12 063

74 000 37 800 13 400

87 300 51 595 8 100

China Indonesia Kazakhstan Philippines

79 500 223 000 * 1 600 80 645

84 800 183 900 — 137 350

79 800 217 300 — 184 330

89 800 226 300 *— 319 354

93 300 253 400 *— 317 621

Australia New Caledonia Papua New Guinea

200 000 105 883 —

166 000 95 649 —

169 000 131 309 —

215 000 128 732 —

244 000 131 693 4 758

1 556 000

1 362 000

1 540 000

1 823 000

1 895 000

Albania Finland Greece Kosovo Macedonia Norway Russia Spain Turkey Ukraine Botswana Madagascar Morocco South Africa (a) Zambia Zimbabwe Canada Cuba Dominican Republic

World Total

Note(s) (a) Includes metal and metal content of sulphate and concentrates

79

Smelter/refinery production of nickel Country

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

500 51 963 13 700 16 640 5 777 15 000 88 700 257 700 24 700 40 800

700 41 556 13 900 8 269 6 365 12 000 88 577 244 800 15 800 17 800

1 000 49 772 14 400 13 960 7 200 14 400 92 185 262 300 21 900 31 600

1 000 49 823 13 700 18 530 7 500 17 292 92 000 265 700 17 100 37 400

1 000 46 275 14 500 18 630 9 000 19 200 92 000 252 500 20 800 34 300

— 38 200 11 300

— 39 900 9 200

— 40 300 4 400

— 41 500 * 3 500

5 695 43 300 * 2 400

167 732 35 600 18 782

116 909 33 000 —

105 413 33 000 —

142 445 33 600 13 528

139 800 27 000 15 186

36 000 41 638 10 886

32 800 51 802 10 400

41 900 49 443 11 700

43 100 37 817 13 400

66 300 51 595 8 100

China Indonesia Japan Korea (Rep. of)

200 300 17 566 156 500 7 113

253 800 12 550 143 500 19 333

332 300 18 688 166 100 21 461

435 200 19 690 156 900 18 580

519 200 18 372 168 900 21 769

Australia New Caledonia

108 000 37 467

131 000 38 230

102 000 39 802

110 000 40 513

129 000 43 030

1 403 000

1 342 000

1 475 000

1 630 000

1 768 000

Austria Finland France Greece Kosovo Macedonia Norway Russia Ukraine United Kingdom Madagascar South Africa Zimbabwe Canada Cuba Dominican Republic Brazil Colombia Venezuela

World Total

Note(s) (1) Data relate to refined nickel plus the nickel content of ferro-nickel, nickel oxide and nickel salts

80

Production of perlite

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Armenia Bulgaria Greece Hungary Italy Russia Slovakia Turkey Ukraine

* 35 000 7 400 1 000 000 132 000 * 60 000 * 45 000 25 000 551 266 * 36 000

* 35 000 14 800 862 935 82 058 * 60 000 * 45 000 25 000 522 832 * 36 000

* 35 000 — 760 000 70 990 * 60 000 * 45 000 23 000 737 077 * 36 000

* 35 000 — 720 000 70 900 * 60 000 * 45 000 23 000 642 657 * 36 000

* 35 000 3 700 680 000 * 70 000 * 60 000 * 45 000 24 000 * 650 000 * 36 000

* 400

* 400

* 400

* 400

* 400

43 180 434 000

51 395 348 000

31 779 414 000

30 750 420 000

29 950 * 424 000

26 545

21 802

27 182

27 446

* 27 000

* 700 000 * 47 000 * 230 000 10 100 7 000

* 700 000 753 183 * 220 000 10 100 13 500

* 700 000 547 617 * 210 000 10 500 14 700

* 700 000 * 550 000 * 200 000 13 800 26 500

* 700 000 * 550 000 * 200 000 * 14 000 41 400

6 942 —

7 649 8 848

6 616 5 088

2 362 —

940 3 598

South Africa Mexico USA Argentina China Iran (a) Japan Philippines Thailand Australia (b) New Zealand

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Algeria, Canada, Djibuti, Iceland, Mozambique and former Yugoslavia are believed to produce perlite (a) Years ended 20 March following that stated (b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

81

Production of crude petroleum Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia (a) France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom

577 301 861 639 42 074 700 1 740 020 23 000 867 027 236 000 14 338 000 1 869 500 975 000 51 660 3 053 998 66 000 811 000 5 219 751 127 658 2 163 000 121 611 000 754 907 4 528 000 488 000 000 636 383 21 000 174 127 542 2 222 594 4 328 000 66 745 000

576 739 905 031 48 353 700 1 720 010 23 800 807 424 217 000 13 045 000 1 733 000 971 000 52 731 2 800 063 87 000 796 000 4 550 816 114 956 1 704 000 115 612 000 686 992 4 388 940 494 000 000 663 005 19 000 138 106 817 2 489 914 3 960 000 64 001 000

742 012 875 969 48 580 900 1 700 140 22 400 748 791 173 000 12 090 000 2 080 000 903 000 50 413 2 511 174 86 000 735 900 5 080 498 114 464 1 414 000 105 146 000 686 487 4 172 411 505 000 000 865 499 16 000 233 121 528 2 602 114 3 549 000 63 903 000

894 530 838 052 43 195 200 1 681 470 21 400 664 440 163 000 10 908 900 2 173 132 901 000 48 942 2 677 136 87 126 657 000 5 286 042 113 895 1 464 000 100 343 000 618 163 4 081 979 509 000 000 1 020 490 18 000 263 99 925 2 383 000 3 363 000 52 650 000

876 000 837 561 43 400 000 1 660 000 22 900 597 246 150 000 10 086 000 2 180 313 888 000 42 194 2 621 352 83 143 700 931 5 376 629 101 644 1 467 000 94 497 000 677 664 3 992 011 517 000 000 1 124 794 14 000 279 143 526 2 334 000 3 345 000 45 431 000

Algeria Angola Cameroon Chad Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Ghana Ivory Coast Libya Mauritania Morocco Niger Nigeria Senegal South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tunisia

85 600 000 93 100 000 4 300 000 6 700 000 11 558 259 995 000 34 700 000 17 200 000 12 000 000 301 000 2 964 000 85 500 000 592 679 9 000 — 105 300 000 13 400 403 000 — 23 700 000 4 146 000

77 800 000 87 600 000 3 700 000 6 200 000 13 335 006 1 100 000 35 300 000 15 200 000 11 829 000 301 000 2 897 000 77 400 000 550 143 9 300 — 101 500 000 33 600 270 000 — 23 400 000 3 902 000

75 500 000 90 500 000 3 200 000 6 400 000 15 581 948 1 050 000 35 000 000 13 600 000 12 431 000 360 000 2 197 000 77 700 000 412 465 10 400 — 117 200 000 53 800 316 000 — 22 900 000 3 731 400

74 300 000 83 800 000 3 200 000 6 000 000 14 828 348 1 010 000 35 300 000 12 500 000 12 170 000 383 000 1 984 000 22 500 000 385 234 9 600 350 000 117 400 000 54 500 179 000 — 22 300 000 3 203 300

73 000 000 86 900 000 3 200 000 5 300 000 13 250 062 1 002 059 35 400 000 13 200 000 12 300 000 393 000 1 898 902 71 100 000 327 447 * 9 500 1 042 857 116 200 000 7 700 137 000 (n) 1 500 000 (n) 4 100 000 3 160 400

Barbados Canada Cuba Guatemala Mexico Trinidad & Tobago USA

39 760 135 500 000 3 003 100 715 400 163 220 000 5 904 500 309 706 456

38 030 134 600 000 2 731 300 523 700 153 600 000 5 056 600 334 637 399

42 069 140 400 000 3 024 800 605 100 152 670 000 5 061 410 346 213 286

40 179 149 000 000 3 110 000 554 100 151 842 000 4 736 250 360 155 048

37 369 158 900 000 2 949 000 537 620 150 601 000 4 222 897 324 402 030

32 365 564 1 806 400 98 500 000 137 000 29 236 400 25 767 000 5 921 000 952 000 15 100 000

31 930 560 1 565 000 105 000 000 192 000 33 288 500 24 747 000 7 175 000 945 300 149 900 000

31 170 941 1 599 700 110 600 000 217 750 38 990 438 24 810 000 7 753 000 953 300 142 500 000

29 356 595 1 644 800 113 400 000 246 810 45 433 683 25 487 000 7 533 000 966 300 139 600 000

29 149 460 1 925 800 111 470 000 321 305 49 900 000 25 686 000 7 494 774 958 219 139 700 000

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Suriname Venezuela

82

Production of crude petroleum Country Afghanistan Bahrain Brunei Burma (b) China (c) East Timor India (b) Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait (f) Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mongolia Oman Pakistan (g) Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia (f) Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam (e) Yemen, Republic of Australia New Zealand (e) Papua New Guinea World Total

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 3 000 1 636 000 8 680 000 973 000 190 430 600 (d)* 3 000 000 33 506 000 48 973 000 209 800 000 115 411 000 2 200 899 000 2 200 70 671 000 137 300 000 71 000 32 900 000 162 000 37 700 000 3 413 700 902 000 60 800 000 515 300 000 18 900 559 16 134 25 800 12 400 000 10 200 000 142 900 000 4 800 000 15 100 000 14 400 000

* 3 000 1 603 000 8 291 000 983 000 189 489 600 (d) 3 066 000 33 691 000 47 440 000 202 400 000 117 533 000 2 010 840 000 1 300 76 482 000 121 300 000 77 300 31 500 000 257 000 40 500 000 3 204 400 1 150 000 57 900 000 459 500 000 18 853 258 15 995 26 200 12 900 000 10 200 000 126 300 000 4 500 000 16 579 500 14 000 000

* 3 000 1 646 984 8 448 000 958 000 203 014 000 (d) 2 760 000 37 712 000 47 245 000 207 100 000 120 400 000 1 791 796 000 1 300 79 684 000 122 500 000 82 800 30 500 000 300 000 43 100 000 3 160 800 1 092 000 65 700 000 466 600 000 19 100 000 14 477 27 000 13 000 000 10 700 000 130 800 000 3 600 000 15 562 700 18 000 000

* 3 000 2 393 357 8 248 000 935 000 203 646 000 (e) 3 095 000 38 088 000 45 105 000 205 800 000 136 900 000 4 638 759 000 * 1 300 80 060 900 139 700 000 90 300 27 200 000 351 000 44 100 000 3 205 500 1 016 000 78 200 000 525 800 000 16 500 000 11 344 28 300 12 100 000 10 700 000 151 300 000 3 600 000 15 769 100 14 600 000

* 3 000 * 2 400 000 7 955 925 * 900 000 207 478 000 (e) 3 661 000 37 809 000 43 105 000 174 900 000 152 400 000 4 384 724 000 * 1 300 79 225 000 152 500 000 83 600 28 000 000 500 137 45 803 815 3 276 442 876 596 83 300 000 547 000 000 8 200 000 11 379 29 800 * 12 950 000 11 000 000 154 100 000 3 200 000 17 305 300 13 200 000

21 569 000 2 724 580 1 950 000

22 527 000 2 574 440 1 813 000

24 796 000 2 462 220 1 683 000

21 967 000 2 109 720 1 424 000

21 814 000 1 851 660 1 346 000

3 799 000 000

3 840 000 000

3 931 000 000

3 985 000 000

4 008 000 000

Note(s) (1) The figures shown in this table include natural gas liquids (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

From oil shale Years ended 31 March following that stated Including oil from shale and coal Entirely natural gas liquids Including natural gas liquids Including shares of production from the Neutral Zone Years ended 30 June of that stated

83

Production of natural gas Country

million cubic metres 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

12 1 544 16 337 203 218 2 729 168 9 562 925 14 16 547 14 2 703 506 9 070 79 325 99 300 5 382 11 520 664 000 282 111 3 46 894 21 444 74 937

9 1 559 16 325 205 15 2 591 180 7 980 813 12 15 554 11 2 748 414 7 909 74 659 104 800 5 537 11 273 584 000 279 114 3 19 660 24 189 63 031

2 1 713 16 673 213 74 2 727 201 7 792 736 8 13 666 7 2 600 402 8 265 83 944 107 800 5 666 11 138 649 000 423 106 7 58 626 20 382 59 684

2 1 591 16 361 222 443 2 471 187 6 263 623 6 12 952 6 2 315 361 8 339 76 429 101 697 5 921 11 164 669 000 616 106 2 58 756 20 646 47 790

*1 1 729 15 600 218 390 2 013 204 5 617 510 5 11 784 6 2 205 380 8 511 76 020 114 918 5 871 11 095 653 000 672 106 1 65 * 760 20 491 40 603

Algeria Angola Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Ivory Coast Libya Morocco Mozambique Nigeria South Africa Tunisia

85 800 680 368 59 000 6 670 * 170 1 300 14 300 50 3 300 35 000 1 500 2 596

79 600 690 538 62 700 5 900 * 170 1 300 14 300 41 3 600 24 800 1 200 3 056

80 400 733 934 61 300 6 136 * 170 1 352 15 100 50 3 744 36 600 1 600 3 402

78 000 752 1 161 61 400 6 235 * 110 1 317 7 100 53 3 548 39 900 1 400 2 935

81 500 * 760 * 1 200 60 900 * 6 800 * 110 * 1 500 11 000 * 50 * 3 500 43 200 1 186 2 826

Barbados Canada Cuba Mexico Trinidad & Tobago USA (b)

21 167 515 1 161 53 400 41 842 571 000

19 156 046 1 155 59 400 43 221 584 001

20 151 023 1 073 57 600 44 624 603 596

20 145 285 1 020 58 300 42 883 648 506

* 20 141 274 * 1 000 58 500 42 604 681 382

50 509 14 895 15 510 1 828 9 100 255 3 386 30 000

48 416 12 786 13 370 1 889 10 378 296 3 470 28 700

47 097 14 923 16 152 1 792 10 599 340 7 149 30 200

45 524 15 790 18 280 1 440 10 810 224 12 034 31 200

44 124 18 700 20 845 1 207 12 000 * 300 5 170 32 800

155 12 320 17 015 11 665 11 476 80 299 5 986 32 849 74 129 116 300

142 12 475 18 511 10 733 12 441 85 269 5 063 47 510 77 427 131 200

142 12 785 19 919 12 283 12 746 94 848 4 710 52 222 86 342 146 200

* 142 19 638 20 075 12 797 12 888 102 500 4 982 46 576 81 896 151 800

* 142 14 200 21 056 12 565 12 700 107 200 4 776 39 733 71 100 160 500

Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland, Republic of (a) Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh (c) Brunei Burma (d) China East Timor India (d) Indonesia Iran

84

Production of natural gas Country

million cubic metres 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait (e) Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Oman Pakistan (c) Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia (e) Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam

1 900 3 436 3 735 250 32 889 12 700 17 60 820 25 968 41 178 3 883 77 000 80 440 7 574 357 16 27 559 66 100 50 240 62 200 7 499

1 200 2 825 3 539 220 35 942 11 200 15 59 970 24 800 41 367 3 910 89 300 77 500 7 948 351 20 26 347 36 400 59 100 60 000 8 010

1 300 3 234 3 396 185 37 406 11 600 23 61 250 29 279 41 995 3 683 116 700 87 700 7 700 290 23 29 565 42 400 60 500 59 600 9 402

900 4 320 3 298 * 185 39 531 13 500 27 61 260 30 848 41 676 3 976 145 300 99 200 8 300 330 19 29 041 59 500 52 300 49 100 8 480

800 2 558 3 276 * 185 40 299 14 500 29 62 050 37 919 44 151 3 905 157 000 102 800 7 600 442 11 * 32 700 64 400 51 700 47 900 9 403

Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea

38 256 4 052 151

42 813 4 168 156

52 081 4 420 151

53 958 3 995 158

59 661 4 277 149

3 159 000

3 084 000

3 298 000

3 384 000

3 439 000

World Total

Note(s) (1) So far as possible the figures in this table exclude flared or reinjected gas (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Sales Dry gas Years ended 30 June of that stated Years ended 31 March following that stated Including one-half of the output of the Neutral Zone

85

86

Production of phosphate rock

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Finland Russia

780 000 9 810 200

658 347 9 537 800

817 289 10 843 500

869 694 10 304 300

858 005 10 282 400

Algeria Burkina Faso Egypt (a) Malawi Morocco Senegal South Africa Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zimbabwe

1 805 000 * 2 400 2 356 523 — 24 861 000 645 000 2 286 794 28 684 842 508 7 691 700 21 051

1 017 000 * 2 400 6 227 424 — 18 307 000 948 600 2 237 128 18 000 725 547 7 409 000 32 100

1 525 234 * 2 400 3 021 335 — 26 603 000 976 200 2 493 904 17 180 695 123 8 148 500 56 656

1 281 100 * 2 400 1 392 990 — 28 052 000 1 411 000 2 564 820 17 000 865 616 2 479 400 46 047

1 250 300 * 2 400 2 456 562 12 403 27 000 000 1 380 900 2 242 213 8 500 1 100 000 2 762 300 34 600

Canada Mexico USA

983 000 969 094 30 200 000

901 388 1 421 823 26 400 000

826 858 1 507 402 25 800 000

851 308 1 690 606 28 100 000

516 000 1 724 662 * 29 200 000

6 730 000

6 084 000

6 192 000

6 738 000

6 500 000

41 186 2 892 * 48 000 — 213 981

13 292 1 649 * 48 000 — 362 753

50 528 845 * 50 000 1 134 086 85 240

15 929 1 625 * 50 000 8 889 295 81 500

15 601 1 266 * 50 000 10 345 925 159 400

50 740 600 * 700 000 1 803 954 42 097 — 3 088 000 6 266 000 2 470 600 * 300 000 6 580

60 208 900 563 000 1 605 489 61 231 45 000 2 697 000 5 280 693 1 204 700 * 100 000 17 625

68 070 000 566 645 2 097 490 * 62 000 55 000 2 777 200 6 528 708 1 755 000 * 100 000 47 385

81 223 000 616 000 2 326 876 98 081 52 720 3 021 955 7 643 228 1 716 200 * 100 000 30 950

95 296 000 653 000 2 136 000 * 100 000 100 000 2 488 496 * 8 000 000 1 868 200 * 100 000 69 400

2 271 254 41 947 3 221 379 3 675 700 000 2 100 700

2 257 251 36 347 2 466 150 658 700 000 2 047 400

2 308 272 47 778 3 764 900 35 783 657 900 2 324 500

2 778 310 58 254 3 541 900 3 300 652 600 2 395 300

* 2 800 * 320 * 59 000 1 780 300 1 990 664 300 2 364 500

2 156 848 497 469

1 962 893 146 816

2 135 801 407 654

2 388 038 436 563

884 643 521 491

164 000 000

161 000 000

182 000 000

202 000 000

215 000 000

Brazil (b) Chile Phosphate Guano Colombia Peru Venezuela China Christmas Island (a)(c)(d) India (e) Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Korea, Dem. P.R. of Pakistan (a) Philippines Phosphate Guano Sri Lanka Syria Thailand Uzbekistan Vietnam Australia (a) Nauru (c) World Total

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Indonesia and Nigeria are believed to produce phosphate rock (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Years ended 30 June of that stated Including beneficiated and directly shipped material Exports Including phosphate dust Years ended 31 March following that stated

87

88

Mine production of platinum group metals Country Finland Platinum Palladium Poland Platinum Palladium Russia Platinum (a) Palladium (a) Other platinum metals (a) Serbia Platinum Palladium Botswana Platinum Palladium Ethiopia Platinum (b) South Africa Platinum Palladium Other platinum metals Zimbabwe Platinum Palladium Other platinum metals Canada Platinum Palladium Other platinum metals USA Platinum Palladium Colombia China Platinum Palladium Australia Palladium (c) World Total

kilograms (metal content)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

— —

— —

— —

— —

429 379

30 20

30 20

30 20

* 30 * 20

* 30 * 20

25 000 113 800 2 600

24 400 113 100 2 200

26 500 115 700 2 200

26 500 107 500 2 100

24 900 89 900 2 800

— 70

12 38

— 22

— 20

6 4

591 2 955

746 4 728

498 2 830

373 2 115

435 2 613

10

8

1

1

*1

146 141 75 537 54 089

140 819 75 118 55 456

147 790 82 222 57 292

148 008 82 731 58 111

128 590 74 738 51 010

5 495 4 274 928

6 849 5 354 1 190

8 639 6 916 1 536

10 827 8 422 2 162

7 664 5 901 2 090

* 8 500 * 14 700 * 1 000

* 4 000 * 6 900 * 500

* 3 600 * 6 200 * 400

* 8 000 * 14 000 * 900

* 7 000 * 12 000 * 800

3 577 11 944

3 826 12 659

3 450 11 600

3 700 12 400

* 3 700 * 12 200

1 370

929

997

1 231

1 460

* 1 400 * 700

* 1 400 * 700

* 1 400 * 700

* 1 400 * 700

* 1 400 * 700

710

1 034

781

445

706

475 000

462 000

481 000

492 000

431 000

Note(s) (1) Wherever possible, figures relate to quantities of platinum group metals thought to be recovered from ores originating in the country stated (2) Figures for metal production are only given for countries where recovery is thought to be based predominantly on domestic materials or on imported materials which have not been recorded as mine production elsewhere in the table (3) In addition to the production listed, concentrates produced in Spain, and possibly other countries, are believed to be processed in China to recover platinum group metals (a) Sales from mine production and stocks (b) Years ending 7 July of that stated (c) Platinum group metals; all forms

89

Production of potash

tonnes (K2O content)

Country Belarus Germany Potassic salts Russia Spain Chloride United Kingdom Chloride Canada Chloride USA Potassic salts Brazil Chloride Chile Chloride China Israel Chloride Jordan World Total

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

4 967 000

2 485 400

5 222 600

5 305 800

4 830 700

3 280 467 5 935 400

1 825 139 3 690 900

3 023 941 6 128 100

3 214 696 6 526 300

3 149 386 5 403 300

472 952

481 455

418 778

436 026

421 652

403 800

* 403 800

* 403 800

* 462 000

* 462 000

10 379 000

4 318 000

9 788 000

11 005 000

8 962 717

1 100 000

700 000

930 000

1 000 000

* 900 000

383 000

452 698

417 990

423 850

548 500

578 000

713 000

961 000

864 000

1 062 437

1 980 000

2 062 000

2 344 500

2 598 800

2 559 000

2 134 000 1 200 000

2 446 200 1 199 400

2 041 342 1 284 791

1 789 721 1 355 160

2 115 468 1 094 400

32 800 000

20 800 000

33 000 000

35 000 000

31 500 000

Production of rare earth oxides

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia

2 470

* 2 500

* 2 500

* 2 500

* 2 500

—

—

—

—

* 4 200

540

200

160

* 188

* 190

* 124 500 22 150

* 129 400 16 20

* 118 900 — 471

* 105 000 — 498

* 95 000 — 114

—

—

—

2 188

2 612

USA Brazil China (a) India (b)(c) Malaysia Australia

Note(s) (1) All the figures in this table are either reported as rare earth oxides or are calculated to rare earth oxide equivalent. (2) Prior to the 2005-2009 edition of this book, a table for the production of 'rare earth minerals' was included rather than the current 'rare earth oxides'. Users should exercise caution when comparing statistics over longer time periods. (3) Although rare earth minerals are believed to be extracted in other countries, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that rare earth oxides are produced in those countries. (a) Includes production from iron ore extraction, bastnasite concentrates and ion absorption clays (b) Years ending 31 March following that stated (c) May include small quantities of other rare earth compounds

90

Production of rhenium

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Armenia Poland Russia

*0 5 *2

*0 4 *2

*0 4 *2

*1 5 *1

*1 *5 *1

USA

8

6

6

9

*9

Chile Peru

* 28 *5

* 25 *5

* 25 *5

* 27 *—

* 27 *—

*1 *6 *1

*1 *3 *0

*1 *2 *0

*1 *3 *0

*1 *3 *0

China Kazakhstan Uzbekistan

Production of salt Country Albania Sea salt Armenia Austria Rock salt Salt in brine Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Denmark France (a) Germany Rock salt Brine salt Salt in brine Greece Italy Rock salt & brine salt Montenegro Sea salt Netherlands Poland Rock salt Brine salt Other salt Portugal Rock salt Sea salt Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Rock salt Sea salt Other salt Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 47 000 37 334

* 47 000 29 402

* 47 000 29 440

* 47 000 35 570

* 47 000 37 798

503 866 674 7 527 1 866 499 538 357 2 100 000 54 937 496 593 * 6 100 000

50 1 035 044 5 466 2 089 282 556 089 1 300 000 57 186 511 063 * 6 100 000

95 1 071 842 4 449 2 411 683 566 101 1 900 000 66 835 601 046 * 6 100 000

169 1 150 474 18 848 2 617 565 721 046 2 200 000 53 963 * 600 000 * 6 100 000

222 3 193 216 * 19 000 2 176 650 743 807 2 100 000 45 992 * 600 000 * 6 100 000

5 545 438 989 208 7 306 745 * 220 000

7 709 844 1 862 630 * 7 300 000 * 189 000

9 992 156 2 118 484 * 4 500 000 * 190 000

8 765 168 2 217 205 * 6 500 000 * 190 000

5 938 855 2 182 440 * 10 900 000 * 190 000

5 412 449

3 678 234

4 006 882

2 912 128

2 862 440

25 200 6 200 000

17 000 5 967 000

11 200 5 982 000

10 000 6 866 000

16 000 6 513 000

618 111 2 783 198 706 618

988 545 2 533 413 763 385

1 221 700 2 464 363 763 515

1 254 000 2 633 300 768 000

793 000 2 732 200 724 000

606 545 69 249 2 526 774 1 800 000 30 115 109 510 535

594 578 72 325 2 072 744 1 600 000 28 782 41 000 2 924

618 961 44 574 2 388 357 * 2 000 000 30 816 — 59

631 295 47 267 2 248 940 * 2 000 000 23 334 — 4 291

520 284 88 693 1 888 516 * 2 000 000 16 506 — 5 684

2 909 907 1 290 672 102 149 368 000 3 271 009 4 425 317 5 565 000

2 763 081 1 338 789 99 853 554 000 3 765 564 5 394 512 6 166 000

3 115 940 1 242 718 92 644 643 000 3 134 749 4 908 186 6 666 000

3 096 383 1 314 529 92 850 478 324 * 4 000 000 5 938 000 6 060 000

2 785 959 1 155 475 100 643 * 528 000 * 4 000 000 6 181 415 * 6 100 000

91

Production of salt Country Algeria Brine salt & sea salt Angola Botswana Burkina Faso Djibouti Egypt (b) Eritrea Ethiopia (c) Ghana Guinea Kenya (d) Libya Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mauritius (e) Morocco Mozambique (e) Namibia Niger Senegal Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Tunisia (e) Bahamas Bonaire Canada Rock salt Other salt (f) Cuba Dominican Republic Sea salt El Salvador (e) Guatemala (e) Honduras Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua (e) Panama (e) USA Rock salt (g) Salt in brine (g) Evaporated salt (g) Argentina Brazil Rock salt Sea salt Chile Colombia Rock salt Sea salt Ecuador Peru Venezuela (e)

92

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

201 603 * 35 000 170 994 * 5 000 — 1 879 351 26 071 30 414 238 727 * 15 000 24 345 * 40 000 * 70 000 * 6 000 570 5 042 219 187 * 110 000 732 000 * 1 300 240 600 * 1 000 415 996 10 581 25 897 1 063 500

269 255 * 35 000 241 114 * 5 000 — 2 951 636 * 26 000 41 847 * 250 000 * 15 000 24 125 * 40 000 * 70 000 * 6 000 455 2 301 310 376 * 110 000 807 348 * 1 300 222 500 * 1 000 408 422 35 793 27 393 1 260 100

187 160 * 50 000 364 761 * 5 000 30 000 2 703 250 * 26 000 31 401 * 85 000 * 15 000 * 24 000 * 40 000 * 70 000 * 6 000 391 3 000 503 351 * 110 000 783 036 * 1 300 231 400 * 1 000 394 493 141 840 34 455 1 804 000

245 000 * 40 000 446 525 * 5 000 30 000 2 460 462 * 26 000 125 087 * 100 000 * 15 000 * 24 000 * 20 000 * 70 000 * 6 000 690 4 000 720 814 * 110 000 792 000 * 1 300 258 200 * 1 000 381 177 150 000 32 297 1 180 500

178 000 * 40 000 389 481 * 5 000 * 30 000 2 883 577 * 26 000 * 100 000 * 150 000 * 15 000 * 24 000 * 10 000 * 70 000 * 6 000 * 700 3 800 * 720 000 * 110 000 738 000 * 1 300 237 300 * 1 000 399 135 150 000 34 016 1 131 200

1 024 400 —

1 043 000 —

1 183 300 —

* 1 000 000 * 300 000

* 1 000 000 * 400 000

13 323 350 1 086 787 157 300

13 644 520 1 006 375 265 700

9 536 288 1 001 200 271 800

11 629 830 994 718 280 800

9 820 792 1 023 832 * 280 000

* 50 000 88 650 * 60 000 * 40 000 8 808 714 343 457 * 30 000 21 053

* 50 000 87 300 * 50 000 * 40 000 7 445 025 303 565 * 30 000 19 548

* 50 000 114 100 * 50 000 * 40 000 8 634 098 337 321 * 30 000 27 587

* 50 000 98 200 * 50 000 * 40 000 9 361 454 — * 30 000 16 577

* 50 000 103 100 * 50 000 * 40 000 10 100 935 — * 30 000 15 596

19 800 000 18 900 000 8 580 000

20 700 000 17 480 000 8 280 000

19 052 000 16 454 000 7 794 000

19 360 000 16 720 000 7 920 000

14 472 000 18 894 000 6 834 000

1 681 313

1 477 532

1 532 124

1 884 899

* 1 900 000

1 528 000 5 200 000 6 431 029

1 443 000 4 462 000 8 382 215

1 415 373 5 614 959 7 694 879

1 300 000 4 800 000 9 966 038

* 1 300 000 * 5 000 000 8 057 130

245 170 386 461 * 75 000 1 276 274 * 350 000

255 332 356 797 * 75 000 1 567 279 * 350 000

288 676 139 810 * 75 000 1 228 900 * 350 000

305 706 116 265 * 75 000 1 468 266 * 350 000

308 547 211 721 * 75 000 1 242 765 * 350 000

Production of salt Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Afghanistan Bangladesh (b) Burma (a)(h) Cambodia (i) China India Rock salt (h) Sea salt (h) Other salt (h) Indonesia Iran (j) Iraq Israel (e) Japan (h) Jordan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Kuwait Laos Lebanon Mongolia Oman Pakistan Rock salt (b) Sea salt (b) Philippines (e) Saudi Arabia Rock salt & brine salt Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Rock salt Other salt Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen, Republic of

145 532 1 349 000 242 088 * 78 000 66 644 300

163 641 1 368 323 408 767 * 30 000 66 627 900

168 827 1 388 557 125 218 * 170 000 70 377 600

* 169 000 1 409 239 162 319 * 95 000 64 294 000

* 169 000 1 430 329 223 747 * 80 000 62 158 000

2 100 13 970 500 5 178 600 * 700 000 2 158 280 108 870 420 809 1 132 000 25 400 438 047 384 304 * 500 000 * 50 000 25 100 * 15 000 1 177 10 400

2 300 17 478 600 6 470 400 585 000 2 816 235 113 130 356 889 1 095 000 2 500 222 942 382 270 * 500 000 * 50 000 27 700 * 15 000 1 402 30 600

1 200 14 202 300 4 406 600 * 600 000 3 291 063 102 000 420 749 1 122 000 32 542 276 131 222 509 * 500 000 * 50 000 32 240 * 15 000 1 862 12 300

— 18 188 300 3 990 800 * 650 000 2 714 735 136 007 399 649 978 000 — 364 222 372 230 * 500 000 * 50 000 35 100 * 15 000 2 183 12 400

— (a) 24 500 000 ... * 650 000 * 2 800 000 143 441 414 984 925 000 — 463 960 308 847 * 500 000 * 50 000 47 600 * 15 000 2 461 12 800

1 849 199 240 269 510 059

1 917 486 31 293 516 066

1 943 527 174 786 557 644

1 953 711 286 697 720 146

2 135 760 292 135 * 725 000

1 600 000 65 972 88 600 118 046 47 446

1 600 000 102 500 78 263 171 583 49 772

1 800 000 104 000 * 80 000 262 594 50 365

1 900 000 87 256 * 80 000 104 854 26 994

* 2 000 000 * 85 000 * 80 000 70 750 27 954

1 211 581 * 100 000 * 215 000 * 60 000 717 500 69 000

1 376 037 * 100 000 * 215 000 * 60 000 679 000 * 70 000

1 405 406 * 100 000 * 215 000 * 60 000 975 300 * 70 000

1 359 493 * 100 000 * 215 000 * 60 000 862 000 * 70 000

1 363 539 * 100 000 * 215 000 * 60 000 1 177 900 * 70 000

Australia New Zealand

11 160 000 67 000

10 316 000 67 000

12 054 000 60 000

11 403 000 70 000

10 821 000 88 000

271 800 000

279 300 000

276 900 000

280 800 000

276 500 000

World Total

Note(s) (1) This table does not include production of refined salt (2) Salt is known to be produced in many countries for which statistics are not available. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

Salt; all forms Years ended 30 June of that stated Years ended 7 July of that stated Lake salt Sea salt Including salt in brine Sold or used by producers Years ended 31 March following that stated Seasons beginning in November and ending in May of the year stated. Years ended 20 March following that stated

93

Production of selenium metal

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Belgium Finland Germany Poland Russia Sweden

* 200 65 * 250 82 * 170 139

* 200 59 * 230 80 * 160 129

* 200 73 * 250 79 * 170 72

* 200 86 * 250 85 * 265 * 70

* 200 93 * 250 90 * 172 * 70

191 —

173 —

97 62

35 95

144 95

60

61

59

54

42

* 65 754 * 130 * 65 * 20

* 65 709 * 120 * 65 * 20

* 65 754 * 130 * 65 * 20

* 65 809 * 130 * 65 * 20

* 65 820 * 130 * 70 * 20

Canada Mexico Peru China Japan Kazakhstan Philippines Uzbekistan

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Australia, Chile, the Republic of Korea and Zimbabwe are believed to produce selenium

Production of sillimanite minerals Country

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

France Andalusite

* 65 000

* 65 000

* 65 000

* 65 000

* 68 000

South Africa Andalusite

216 667

* 245 000

* 245 000

* 295 000

* 265 000

USA Kyanite (a)

97 200

71 000

93 000

98 000

* 95 000

Brazil Kyanite (b)

* 200

* 200

* 200

* 200

* 200

4 620 33 702

5 495 33 687

5 954 48 784

4 064 58 043

1 061 43 867

15

10

* 24

25

29

India Kyanite (c) Sillimanite (c) Nepal Kyanite (d)

Note(s) (1) A number of other countries produce sillimanite minerals but details of output are not reported (2) In addition to the countries listed above as producing sillimanite minerals, synthetic mullite is believed to be produced in Brazil, Germany and Hungary. (3) Production capacity for synthetic mullite also exists in China, India, Japan, USA and United Kingdom but output is believed to be zero. (a) (b) (c) (d)

94

Including related minerals Including beneficiated and directly shipped material Years ended 31 March following that stated Years ending 15 July of that stated

Mine production of silver Country

kilograms (metal content) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

9 200 — * 55 000 69 906 33 500 — 7 172 * 40 000 1 221 000 26 273 * 18 000 1 132 200 2 300 198 — 293 068 * 294 000 398

9 000 — * 55 000 70 062 27 500 — 5 267 * 35 000 1 221 000 20 483 * 18 000 1 312 600 4 424 201 2 200 288 590 351 600 514

16 400 1 400 * 55 000 64 596 29 000 — 3 818 * 32 000 1 183 000 20 561 * 18 000 1 144 600 4 384 320 20 800 302 145 348 000 506

16 100 3 805 * 55 000 73 081 * 29 000 9 6 109 * 30 000 1 167 000 28 027 * 18 000 1 134 000 7 380 330 29 900 301 959 292 400 531

14 000 3 700 * 55 000 128 200 * 31 000 27 9 454 * 31 000 1 149 000 29 890 * 18 000 1 399 600 8 388 441 32 603 309 337 236 400 230

114 34 100 2 714 3 200 201 195 (a) 1 215 289 75 199 — 10 388 500

200 — 771 3 928 210 000 (a) 700 256 77 780 413 8 231 —

147 5 875 771 * 3 900 243 000 — 326 79 315 631 12 040 —

70 9 187 715 * 3 900 227 100 1 841 * 300 73 180 * 700 13 524 —

42 12 342 25 078 * 3 900 230 200 2 376 * 300 67 304 700 11 227 —

Canada Dominican Republic Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua USA

755 103 2 934 99 131 58 936 3 236 312 3 720 1 250 000

617 777 23 120 127 836 57 698 3 553 841 4 491 1 245 000

591 482 22 816 190 973 58 158 4 410 749 6 995 1 270 000

572 333 18 169 272 771 48 365 4 777 710 7 928 1 120 000

705 392 27 296 204 555 50 605 5 358 195 9 082 1 055 000

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru

355 596 1 114 000 17 412 1 405 020 9 162 300 3 685 931

415 235 1 325 730 14 590 1 301 018 10 827 100 3 922 708

693 600 1 259 000 14 630 1 286 688 15 300 1 200 3 640 444

702 000 1 215 586 15 238 1 291 272 24 045 1 400 3 418 862

750 000 1 207 000 * 15 200 1 194 521 19 368 * 1 500 3 480 587

* 2 800 000 105 284 226 051 * 40 000 3 726 645 627 1 500 * 50 000 6 706 349 19 954 2 140 14 224 8 233 3 100 5 465 74 600

* 2 900 000 138 780 359 451 * 40 000 4 469 613 544 1 700 * 50 000 14 726 367 20 397 2 162 33 808 8 527 3 100 15 300 52 900

3 085 441 148 303 335 040 * 40 000 4 981 552 060 2 025 * 50 000 17 234 436 19 641 1 290 41 004 7 600 3 100 15 300 59 100

3 231 626 207 142 227 173 * 40 000 4 486 650 649 2 649 * 50 000 17 976 459 19 107 1 979 45 530 5 800 1 800 16 423 * 60 000

3 639 100 * 328 000 * 200 000 * 40 000 3 536 963 182 2 925 * 50 000 20 221 1 627 19 118 486 67 477 * 5 500 1 800 24 524 * 60 000

Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Finland Greece Greenland Ireland, Republic of Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Russia (a) Serbia (a) Slovakia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom Algeria Congo, Democratic Republic Ethiopia (b) Ghana Morocco Namibia Niger South Africa Sudan Tanzania Zimbabwe

China India (c) Indonesia Iran Japan Kazakhstan (a) Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Laos Malaysia Mongolia Oman Philippines Saudi Arabia Tajikistan Thailand Uzbekistan

95

Mine production of silver

kilograms (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1 926 000 265 18 269 48 062 —

1 631 000 313 14 264 55 082 —

1 880 000 328 17 136 83 957 —

1 725 000 418 14 324 90 055 592

1 757 000 342 5 630 81 332 902

21 524 000

22 304 000

23 417 000

23 422 000

25 161 000

Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands World Total

Note(s) (a) Smelter and/or refinery production (b) Years ended 7 July of that stated (c) Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of natural sodium carbonate Country Botswana Ethiopia (a) Kenya USA

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

263 566 3 707 502 846

215 188 4 046 404 904

240 898 4 046 473 689

257 851 3 650 499 100

248 629 * 4 000 * 500 000

11 300 000

9 310 000

10 600 000

10 700 000

* 10 900 000

Note(s) (a) Years ended 7 July of that stated

Production of strontium minerals Country

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

138 590 * 1 600

57 466 —

83 035 —

97 102 —

84 818 —

Morocco

* 2 700

* 2 600

* 2 500

* 2 500

* 2 500

Mexico

29 621

36 127

31 429

40 669

46 190

Argentina (a)

14 910

8 169

8 512

1 056

* 1 000

* 700 000 — 1 310

* 700 000 15 396 470

* 700 000 * 15 500 160

* 700 000 40 000 —

* 700 000 * 40 000 —

Spain Turkey

China Iran Pakistan (b)

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Germany and Poland are believed to produce strontium minerals (a) May contain unbeneficiated material (b) Years ended 30 June of that stated

96

Production of sulphur and pyrites Country Austria Recovered (a) Belarus Recovered (a) Denmark Recovered (a) Finland Pyrites Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Germany Recovered (a) Recovered (c) Lithuania Recovered (a) Norway Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Poland Frasch Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Russia Pyrites Recovered (a) Recovered (c) Sulphur ore Spain Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Sweden Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Other Europe (d) South Africa Pyrites Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Zimbabwe Pyrites Other Africa (d) Canada Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Mexico Recovered (b) Recovered (a) USA Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Other North and Central America (d) Brazil Pyrites Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Chile Recovered (b) Colombia Recovered (a) Sulphur ore Other South America (d)

tonnes (sulphur content)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

48 024

48 624

40 512

48 612

47 572

44 016

47 188

41 606

45 625

58 322

3 467

4 200

3 246

3 045

3 925

226 000 331 000 117 000

153 600 273 600 127 000

250 000 270 000 122 000

338 000 940 000 133 300

375 000 990 000 * 140 000

1 578 000 39 000

1 504 000 565 000

1 455 000 513 000

1 465 000 542 210

* 1 460 000 493 169

73 870

69 722

73 470

76 699

73 040

* 95 000 28 000

* 90 000 25 000

* 96 000 22 000

* 96 000 19 000

* 96 000 * 20 000

762 119 294 000 215 000

262 769 257 000 214 382

516 742 253 000 250 075

657 100 310 500 259 000

676 500 * 300 000 285 000

161 000 6 513 000 752 000 * 50 000

71 000 5 514 000 703 000 * 50 000

* 71 000 6 406 000 898 700 * 50 000

* 71 000 6 557 000 915 000 * 50 000

* 71 000 * 6 600 000 * 920 000 * 50 000

551 000 * 100 000

533 000 * 100 000

547 000 * 100 000

490 000 * 100 000

* 450 000 * 100 000

199 600 84 456 3 628 000

186 100 83 646 3 606 000

179 833 83 947 3 571 000

202 289 92 973 3 674 000

194 279 93 442 3 625 000

61 278 187 000 323 000

60 244 185 000 291 000

30 309 165 000 262 000

— * 109 000 * 229 000

— * 100 000 * 230 000

30 308 381 000

— 436 000

— 475 000

— 358 000

— 330 000

1 147 732 7 007 706

890 899 6 570 503

979 232 6 492 699

638 000 5 970 000

638 000 5 545 000

441 000 1 040 546

412 000 1 114 028

425 000 991 802

523 000 959 463

* 520 000 1 010 900

753 000 8 550 000 156 000

749 000 8 190 000 79 000

791 000 8 290 000 38 000

720 000 8 210 000 89 000

* 650 000 * 8 400 000 61 000

18 200 359 586 135 354

25 110 275 593 143 599

24 803 286 875 143 147

17 744 290 000 170 136

* 20 000 * 300 000 * 170 000

1 541 000

1 601 000

1 601 000

1 650 000

* 1 650 000

6 277 56 892 1 205 000

7 311 54 367 1 047 000

7 013 59 556 868 000

6 375 58 073 947 000

7 138 63 790 948 000

97

Production of sulphur and pyrites Country Abu Dhabi Recovered (a) Bahrain Recovered (a) China Pyrites Recovered Sulphur ore India Recovered (b) Recovered (a)(c) Iran Recovered (a) Japan Recovered (b)(e) Recovered (a) Jordan Recovered (a) Kazakhstan Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Korea (Rep. of) Recovered (b) Recovered (a) Oman Recovered (a) Pakistan Recovered (f) Qatar Recovered (a) Saudi Arabia Recovered (a) Syria Recovered (a) Taiwan Recovered Other Asia (d) Australasia (d) World Total Pyrites Frasch Recovered Sulphur Ore

tonnes (sulphur content)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1 900 000

1 760 000

1 800 000

1 875 000

* 1 880 000

80 000

108 439

138 477

125 648

* 130 000

6 022 000 5 268 000 1 537 000

4 946 000 5 843 000 1 700 000

6 342 900 6 403 900 3 200 000

6 964 300 7 026 100 4 000 000

* 7 000 000 * 7 000 000 * 4 000 000

1 103 000 1 101 000

1 078 000 1 451 000

1 143 800 1 600 000

1 209 100 1 600 000

* 1 200 000 * 1 600 000

1 629 000

1 429 000

1 500 000

1 575 000

* 1 600 000

1 797 000 2 034 000

1 675 000 1 863 596

1 818 600 1 891 875

1 626 500 1 755 329

* 1 700 000 1 747 246

* 310 000

* 310 000

* 310 000

* 310 000

* 310 000

392 000 1 732 600

490 000 2 250 000

522 900 2 350 000

549 000 2 450 000

* 550 000 * 2 450 000

990 000 * 660 000

899 000 * 660 000

1 029 400 * 660 000

1 078 400 * 660 000

* 1 100 000 * 660 000

* 30 000

* 30 000

* 30 000

* 30 000

* 30 000

29 485

25 784

26 641

27 645

25 560

526 666

657 954

1 124 210

1 655 937

1 724 117

3 100 000

3 214 000

3 200 000

3 250 000

* 3 200 000

40 491

40 000

50 000

60 000

* 60 000

211 869 2 576 000

252 392 2 495 000

231 700 2 530 000

219 975 2 640 000

231 296 2 626 000

964 000

1 024 000

1 026 000

1 026 000

1 025 000

6 600 000 800 000 64 200 000 1 800 000

5 400 000 300 000 63 300 000 1 900 000

6 800 000 500 000 65 900 000 3 400 000

7 500 000 700 000 67 400 000 4 200 000

7 600 000 700 000 67 200 000 4 200 000

Note(s) (1) Other Europe includes: Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom (2) Other Africa includes: Algeria, Egypt, Libya and Zambia (3) Other North and Central America includes: Aruba, Cuba, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad and Tobago (4) Other South America includes: Argentina, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (5) Other Asia includes: Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Korea (Dem. P.R. of), Kuwait, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Uzbekistan (6) Australasia includes: Australia and New Zealand (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

98

From petroleum refining and/or natural gas From metal sulphide processing Other Sulphur; all forms Including S content of sulphur ore Years ended 30 June of that stated

Production of talc Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

154 577 527 686 * 420 000 * 200 * 110 000 977 * 30 000 11 657 1 843 * 150 000 —

111 388 375 302 400 000 * 200 * 110 000 682 23 350 11 567 570 * 150 000 —

138 367 419 345 400 000 * 200 * 110 000 1 292 6 392 11 981 296 * 150 000 7 000

132 018 429 494 400 000 * 200 * 110 000 547 8 191 15 462 131 * 150 000 7 000

134 665 396 332 * 400 000 * 200 * 110 000 286 7 983 15 131 13 * 150 000 2 000

59 299 — 4 000 2 410

47 218 — 4 000 2 861

51 897 — 4 000 2 633

11 957 5 600 3 000 3 708

8 857 * 5 000 — 3 667

68 806

72 090

35 474

12 934

21 516

220 25 782

— 33 442

— 27 066

516 4 613

* 500 * 4 600

5 145 80 704 4 667

4 718 114 666 1 167

3 150 122 511 —

4 453 121 368 *—

4 765 18 734 *—

Canada Guatemala Mexico USA

64 000 1 030 16 405 706 000

44 000 6 355 33 421 511 000

100 000 2 175 870 604 000

147 000 3 273 51 221 616 000

154 000 2 449 463 214 * 623 000

Argentina (b) Brazil (b) Chile Peru Talc Pyrophyllite Uruguay

22 218 513 433 961

22 762 442 663 790

24 820 412 359 238

24 379 443 533 —

* 25 000 * 450 000 —

18 003 — 890

13 359 — 1 070

19 767 — 830

28 296 — 54 880

31 559 30 399 * 50 000

56 077 * 2 200 000

64 948 * 2 300 000

26 302 * 2 000 000

8 562 * 2 200 000

16 063 * 2 200 000

255 699 888 470 89 110

240 747 876 548 66 383

240 082 902 686 95 767

239 811 958 746 58 987

243 825 * 950 000 * 60 000

* 26 000 * 350 000

* 25 000 * 340 000

* 24 000 * 340 000

* 24 000 * 350 000

* 25 000 * 340 000

6 438 892 625 * 50 000 7 996 37 999 —

5 997 617 411 * 50 000 6 601 13 923 —

5 729 673 936 * 50 000 5 674 53 991 360

15 068 510 708 * 50 000 3 556 47 561 659

21 625 483 133 * 50 000 6 935 55 515 778

3 264 106 600

504 124 384

672 2 205

2 304 5 300

5 856 35 000

* 16 000

* 16 000

* 16 000

* 16 000

* 16 000

Austria Finland France Greece Italy Macedonia Norway Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Spain Talc Pyrophyllite Sweden United Kingdom Egypt (a) Morocco Talc Pyrophyllite South Africa Talc Pyrophyllite Sudan

Bhutan China India Pyrophyllite (c) Steatite (c) Iran (d) Japan Talc Pyrophyllite Korea (Rep. of) Talc Pyrophyllite Korea, Dem. P.R. of Nepal (e) Pakistan (a) Taiwan Thailand Talc Pyrophyllite Vietnam Pyrophyllite

99

Production of talc Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Australia (a)

* 130 000

* 92 000

* 80 000

* 99 000

* 135 000

World Total

8 100 000

7 400 000

7 200 000

7 400 000

7 800 000

Note(s) (a) Years ended 30 June of that stated (b) Including talc, agalmatolite and pyrophyllite (c) Years ended 31 March following that stated (d) Years ended 20 March following that stated (e) Years ended 15 July of that stated

Production of tantalum and niobium minerals Country Burundi Columbite-tantalite Congo, Democratic Republic Columbite-tantalite Ethiopia Tantalite (a) Madagascar Columbite Mozambique Tantalite Nigeria Tantalite Columbite Rwanda Columbite-tantalite Canada Pyrochlore Tantalite Brazil Pyrochlore Columbite-tantalite China Columbite-tantalite Malaysia Struverite Australia Tantalite World Total concentrates Nb content Ta content

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

117

44

67

159

229

509

490

279

383

261

183

206

400

207

* 200

—

—

21

8

*8

396

405

55

139

* 150

... 335

83 * 300

... 128

... * 128

... * 128

922

952

560

829

* 900

* 10 200 161

* 9 500 266

* 10 100 —

* 10 800 —

* 10 900 —

* 241 000 * 440

* 276 000 * 250

* 276 000 * 310

* 248 000 * 380

* 244 000 ...

* 350

* 350

* 350

* 350

* 350

216

176

84

110

262

* 940

* 140

—

* 240

* 300

256 000 * 106 000 * 1 300

289 000 * 120 500 * 900

288 000 * 120 600 * 600

262 000 * 123 400 * 700

258 000 * 123 500 * 800

Note(s) (1) Niobium and tantalum minerals are believed to be produced in Namibia, Russia and South Africa. (2) The figures in this table refer to gross tonnage of tantalum and niobium concentrates (3) Tantalum is also recovered from tin slags and is believed to have accounted for approximately 20% of raw material supplied. (a) Years ended 7 July of that stated

100

Production of tellurium metal

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Canada USA

20 50

16 50

8 50

6 * 50

11 * 50

Peru

28

7

—

—

—

* 47

* 49

47

47

43

Japan

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Germany is believed to produce tellurium metal

101

102

Mine production of tin

tonnes (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Portugal Russia (a) Spain

29 1 500 —

34 1 200 —

22 1 000 —

39 600 9

42 600 69

Burundi Congo, Democratic Republic Niger Nigeria Rwanda Uganda

96 10 845 * 10 1 800 2 135 40

20 8 532 6 1 800 3 154 —

29 7 378 6 1 300 3 970 24

52 3 746 — 1 800 4 508 0

69 2 462 — * 1 800 * 3 500 0

Bolivia Brazil Peru (b)

17 320 13 899 39 037

19 575 9 500 37 503

20 190 10 400 33 848

20 373 10 725 28 882

19 700 10 800 26 105

* 500 121 200 * 96 000 358 2 605 45 235 * 5 400

* 600 * 128 000 * 84 000 389 2 410 8 166 * 5 400

* 400 129 600 * 84 000 723 2 668 7 291 * 5 400

* 500 127 400 * 78 000 434 3 340 42 282 * 5 400

* 700 115 900 * 91 000 965 3 726 ... 199 * 5 400

1 783

13 269

18 646

14 637

6 158

315 000

316 000

320 000

301 000

289 000

Burma China Indonesia Laos Malaysia Mongolia Thailand Vietnam Australia World Total Note(s) (a) Metal (b) Recoverable

103

Smelter production of tin

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Belgium Russia

9 200 1 700

8 700 1 300

9 900 1 800

10 000 1 200

11 400 1 400

Bolivia (a) Brazil Peru

12 666 11 020 38 865

14 715 8 311 34 388

15 000 9 098 36 451

14 500 9 382 32 290

14 300 9 600 24 811

China India (b) Indonesia Japan Malaysia Thailand Vietnam

139 900 27 54 830 956 31 691 21 860 3 583

140 400 27 50 859 757 35 443 19 423 2 747

149 000 24 49 810 841 38 771 23 551 3 042

155 500 23 53 428 947 40 281 20 670 3 900

148 100 — * 50 000 1 133 37 822 19 996 * 4 000

World Total

326 000

317 000

337 000

342 000

323 000

Note(s) (1.) Figures relate to both primary and secondary metal (2.) In addition to the countries listed, many countries produce small amounts of secondary metal (a) Refined, including alloys (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated

Production of titanium minerals Country Norway Ilmenite Ukraine Ilmenite Rutile

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

915 000

671 000

864 000

870 000

831 000

* 600 000 * 100 000

* 600 000 * 100 000

* 600 000 * 100 000

* 600 000 * 100 000

* 600 000 * 100 000

88 000

88 000

11 000

11 000

*—

—

54 655

69 940

—

*—

— —

160 000 * 3 200

* 273 000 9 600

489 900 17 000

529 800 * 20 000

328 875 6 552

471 524 1 800

678 400 4 700

636 800 6 500

574 500 * 6 500

Egypt Ilmenite Gambia Ilmenite Madagascar Ilmenite Rutile Mozambique Ilmenite Rutile Sierra Leone Ilmenite Rutile South Africa Ilmenite (a) Rutile

17 260 78 910

15 200 63 860

18 206 68 198

14 576 67 970

21 400 94 490

* 1 360 000 132 000

* 1 445 000 134 000

* 1 200 000 135 000

* 1 369 000 129 000

* 1 400 000 * 130 000

Canada Ilmenite (a)(b) USA

* 2 600 000 * 200 000

* 2 000 000 * 200 000

* 2 400 000 * 200 000

* 2 500 000 * 300 000

* 2 700 000 * 300 000

110 000 3 000

39 000 3 000

123 000 3 000

69 000 2 000

* 70 000 * 2 000

Brazil Ilmenite Rutile

104

Production of titanium minerals Country China Ilmenite India Ilmenite (c) Rutile (c) Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Ilmenite Malaysia Ilmenite Rutile Sri Lanka Ilmenite Rutile Vietnam Ilmenite (d) Rutile Australia Ilmenite Rutile Leucoxene World Total Ilmenite (wt of concs) Rutile (wt of concs) All forms (TiO2 content)

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

* 1 080 000

* 900 000

* 1 000 000

* 1 100 000

* 1 100 000

588 127 19 098 * 16 000

713 605 18 573 * 17 000

663 217 26 594 * 17 000

* 700 000 * 27 000 * 17 000

* 700 000 * 27 000 * 17 000

226 069

120 236

—

—

—

36 779 1 834

15 983 1 502

19 036 7 567

28 782 10 810

22 275 20 008

56 824 3 405

122 424 2 276

52 637 2 568

62 955 1 970

44 707 1 590

* 710 000 681

* 700 000 631

* 881 000 592

* 870 000 * 600

* 1 164 000 * 600

2 060 000 318 000 126 000

1 626 000 302 000 137 000

1 339 000 438 000 160 000

1 277 000 474 000 225 000

1 344 000 439 000 228 000

11 000 000 700 000 * 5 900 000

10 000 000 600 000 * 5 400 000

10 400 000 800 000 * 5 700 000

10 900 000 800 000 * 6 100 000

11 400 000 800 000 * 6 300 000

Note(s) (1) The figures in this table refer to gross tonnage of titanium concentrates (2) Some ilmenite is converted to synthetic rutile in Australia, India, Japan, Taiwan and USA (3) In 2012 South Africa produced an estimated 800 000 tonnes of slag (85% TiO2) and Canada produced an estimated 1 200 000 tonnes of slag (80-95% TiO2) (a) (b) (c) (d)

It is believed that the majority of this is processed into slag. Canada produces some ilmenite which is sold as such and not processed into slag, but tonnages are small Years ended 31 March following that stated BGS estimates, based on known imports into certain countries

105

106

Mine production of tungsten Country

tonnes (metal content) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1 122 981 * 4 000 194

887 823 * 5 500 284

975 799 * 3 000 303

861 818 * 4 200 425

706 763 * 4 200 496

Burundi Congo, Democratic Republic Rwanda Uganda

230 372 1 037 48

100 190 690 7

* 100 40 630 44

* 100 23 950 8

* 100 4 1 105 * 21

Canada

2 795

2 501

364

2 368

2 505

Bolivia Brazil (b) Peru

1 148 408 456

1 023 192 634

1 203 166 716

1 418 * 300 546

* 1 500 * 300 365

136 * 50 000 * 270 * 100 97 718 * 300

87 49 432 * 100 * 100 27 274 * 300

163 51 287 * 100 * 100 13 481 * 300

140 61 802 * 100 * 100 13 229 * 300

* 140 * 62 000 * 100 100 8 107 * 300

11

17

11

40

22

64 400

63 200

60 800

74 700

74 800

Austria Portugal (a) Russia Spain

Burma (c) China Korea, Dem. P.R. of Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Thailand (a) Uzbekistan Australia (d)(e) World Total

Note(s) (a) Wolframite and scheelite (b) Mainly scheelite (c) Including tungsten content of tin-wolframite concentrates (d) Scheelite (e) Years ended 30 June of that stated

107

108

Mine production of uranium

tonnes (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Czech Republic Germany Romania Russia Ukraine

290 — * 77 3 521 * 800

286 — * 75 3 565 840

259 *8 * 77 3 563 850

252 52 * 77 2 993 890

222 50 * 90 2 862 * 960

Malawi Namibia Niger South Africa

— 4 371 2 993 654

90 4 631 3 241 629

671 4 500 4 198 583

785 3 262 4 159 656

1 505 4 249 4 667 551

Canada USA

9 001 1 503

10 176 1 428

9 518 1 628

8 923 1 537

9 576 1 596

330

345

148

265

231

China India Kazakhstan Pakistan Uzbekistan

* 769 * 271 8 521 * 45 2 338

* 750 * 290 13 900 * 50 2 429

* 827 * 400 17 803 * 45 2 400

* 1 500 * 400 19 451 * 45 3 000

* 1 500 * 385 21 317 * 45 3 000

Australia

8 471

7 942

5 971

5 961

6 987

44 000 51 900

50 700 59 800

53 400 63 000

54 200 63 200

59 800 70 600

Brazil

World Total World Total (U3O8 equivalent)

Note(s) (1) Excluding uranium production from decommissioning operations in France, Germany and Spain

Mine production of vanadium Country

tonnes (metal content) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia

10 591

13 106

12 293

12 860

14 856

South Africa

20 295

14 353

22 606

21 652

19 500

520

230

1 060

590

* 270

China Kazakhstan

* 26 000 * 1 000

* 29 000 * 1 000

* 32 000 * 1 000

* 36 000 * 1 000

* 39 000 * 1 000

World Total

58 000

58 000

69 000

72 000

75 000

USA

Note(s) (1) This table includes vanadium in slag products but excludes vanadium recovered as a by-product of the refining and burning of heavy oils

109

Production of vermiculite Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia

* 30 000

* 30 000

* 30 000

* 30 000

* 30 000

Egypt South Africa Uganda Zimbabwe

7 560 199 764 — 16 123

4 650 193 334 — 3 211

— 199 285 1 121 —

2 865 170 571 7 960 —

2 093 132 886 3 087 —

132 * 100 000

291 * 110 000

98 * 100 000

241 * 100 000

500 * 100 000

1 813 32 503

2 150 50 438

2 500 49 976

1 000 54 970

* 1 000 * 55 000

* 120 000 12 647 * 6 000

* 120 000 11 662 * 6 000

* 120 000 19 234 * 6 000

* 120 000 9 746 * 6 000

* 120 000 7 574 * 6 000

8 319

6 548

7 922

8 297

9 256

Mexico USA (a) Argentina Brazil China India (b) Japan Australia (c)

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed Malawi is believed to produce vermiculite (a) Sold or used by producers (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated (c) Years ended 30 June of that stated

110

Production of wollastonite

tonnes (metric)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Finland Spain

15 600 10 100

9 200 7 000

12 100 6 000

11 500 7 417

* 11 500 10 918

* 55

—

—

—

—

46 844 * 90 000

29 728 * 65 000

46 548 * 67 000

47 523 * 70 000

55 204 * 70 000

* 325 000 111 581

* 300 000 132 385

* 300 000 183 381

* 300 000 184 445

* 300 000 148 567

Namibia Mexico USA China India (a)

Note(s) (1) In addition to the countries listed, Turkey is believed to produce wollastonite (a) Years ended 31 March following that stated

111

112

Mine production of zinc

tonnes (metal content)

Country

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Armenia Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria (a) Finland Greece Ireland, Republic of Kosovo Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Turkey

3 880 4 727 12 819 27 800 24 200 398 200 — 38 737 132 400 37 900 14 204 000 2 400 — 187 987 126 800

3 564 3 425 9 339 30 233 17 800 385 700 2 500 38 648 115 500 501 * 3 000 214 000 2 700 5 900 192 502 136 300

7 468 5 514 9 904 55 562 18 400 342 500 4 100 32 872 107 700 6 422 * 7 700 235 000 2 600 17 323 198 687 196 400

8 106 6 862 10 977 64 115 21 200 344 000 2 872 28 132 87 200 4 227 * 9 000 243 000 3 100 33 197 194 021 158 300

8 431 7 600 12 116 52 200 20 800 337 000 3 817 28 037 76 700 30 006 * 8 400 246 000 7 500 28 634 188 325 195 793

Congo, Democratic Republic Morocco Namibia South Africa

7 733 80 747 193 000 29 002

9 848 44 800 198 000 28 200

4 612 43 680 204 200 36 142

7 379 45 065 192 500 36 629

* 5 286 40 000 193 600 37 034

Canada Honduras Mexico USA

750 502 28 462 453 588 778 100

699 145 36 370 489 766 735 700

648 905 33 839 570 004 748 000

611 577 26 000 631 859 769 000

641 260 26 000 660 349 738 000

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Peru

30 349 383 618 173 933 40 519 1 602 597

31 869 430 879 172 688 27 801 1 512 931

32 600 411 409 211 203 27 662 1 470 450

38 000 427 129 186 000 36 602 1 256 383

42 000 389 800 163 000 26 762 1 281 224

Burma China India (b) Iran Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Laos Mongolia Pakistan (c) Philippines Saudi Arabia Thailand Vietnam

* 7 000 3 342 600 647 537 86 000 446 000 1 836 * 48 000 1 121 71 800 — 1 619 3 663 17 811 * 42 000

* 6 000 3 324 400 677 824 115 000 442 000 2 221 * 29 000 760 70 750 1 000 10 035 4 952 27 493 * 38 000

* 7 000 3 842 200 730 171 128 000 459 000 355 * 38 000 1 140 56 300 10 000 9 268 4 879 21 971 * 36 000

* 8 000 4 050 000 722 528 138 000 462 000 743 * 34 000 1 642 52 350 11 123 18 170 4 934 22 259 * 34 000

* 10 000 4 930 200 763 707 138 000 425 000 1 434 * 35 000 883 59 550 10 024 19 559 * 10 000 24 996 * 42 000

Australia

1 519 000

1 290 000

1 480 000

1 516 000

1 542 000

12 000 000

11 600 000

12 500 000

12 600 000

13 500 000

World Total

Note(s) (a) Metal content of ore (b) Years ended 31 March following that stated (c) Years ended 30 June of that stated

113

Production of slab zinc Country

tonnes (metric) 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Belgium Bulgaria Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Spain Ukraine

251 000 101 700 297 722 118 000 292 284 107 100 250 000 145 469 142 600 61 978 263 000 466 000 3 800

137 000 92 700 295 049 161 000 * 153 000 103 400 224 000 138 973 139 100 1 000 208 000 515 000 8 800

260 000 93 800 307 144 162 000 165 000 104 700 264 000 148 862 135 000 — 241 000 517 100 7 600

282 000 88 400 307 352 164 000 170 000 110 200 261 000 153 200 144 100 — 252 000 527 100 6 600

250 000 73 100 314 742 161 000 169 000 97 200 257 000 152 647 138 300 — 257 000 528 300 7 000

Algeria Namibia South Africa Zambia

30 752 145 400 82 000 2 000

28 000 153 815 87 000 —

31 000 151 688 90 000 —

25 000 145 639 73 000 —

20 000 144 755 — —

Canada Mexico USA

764 310 305 188 286 000

685 504 313 044 203 500

691 222 322 508 248 000

662 151 321 000 240 500

648 614 323 600 261 000

Argentina Brazil Peru

42 600 248 874 190 324

35 600 242 136 149 494

47 700 288 107 223 112

43 500 284 770 313 714

37 500 246 500 319 280

4 042 300 589 000 120 000 615 533 365 572 738 000 * 41 000 107 753 70 400 * 16 000

4 286 300 640 000 115 200 540 604 327 873 722 000 * 26 000 104 695 19 000 * 17 000

5 208 900 735 000 120 000 574 008 318 858 750 000 * 36 000 95 219 50 000 * 16 000

5 212 200 810 000 132 000 544 674 319 847 828 735 * 30 000 98 370 65 000 * 18 000

4 829 400 711 000 148 000 571 312 319 847 875 000 * 31 000 107 711 72 000 * 18 000

500 000

525 000

498 000

507 000

498 000

11 800 000

11 400 000

12 900 000

13 100 000

12 600 000

China India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Korea (Rep. of) Korea, Dem. P.R. of Thailand Uzbekistan Vietnam Australia World Total

114

Production of zirconium minerals Country

tonnes (metric)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Russia (a) Ukraine

* 7 000 * 35 000

* 5 000 * 35 000

* 8 000 * 35 000

* 10 000 * 35 000

* 10 000 * 35 000

Madagascar (b) Mozambique Sierra Leone South Africa

— 32 985 — 404 000

* 3 300 21 100 5 560 392 000

* 15 600 37 100 7 092 381 000

* 18 900 43 600 8 350 383 000

* 67 900 46 900 610 * 380 000

USA

122 000

* 100 000

* 110 000

* 115 000

* 115 000

Brazil (a)

25 300

34 248

23 235

23 283

* 25 000

China India cf) Indonesia Malaysia Sri Lanka Vietnam

* 38 000 29 158 * 65 000 984 1 447 25 303

* 31 500 28 049 * 63 000 1 145 10 267 19 368

* 33 500 33 209 * 50 000 1 267 9 200 23 730

* 33 500 * 33 000 * 127 000 1 685 641 24 020

* 33 500 * 33 000 * 109 000 442 * 650 * 21 000

Australia

528 000

431 000

549 000

762 000

605 000

1 314 000

1 181 000

1 317 000

1 619 000

1 483 000

World Total

Note(s) (1) In this table the term 'zirconium minerals' is understood to mean zircon, unless otherwise stated (a) Including caldasite rock containing zircon and baddeleyite (b) Conservative BGS estimates, based on exports (c) Years ending 31 March following that stated

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