M. Berte, Electron. Lett., vol. 13, p. 248,1977. [2] ... Van Nostrand. Reinhold,. 1978, App. B. [4] ... for their technical assistance in build- resonatorson GRAs,â Appl.
1671
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHIWQUES, VOL. MTT-32, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1984
ear modeling, tion
noise modeling,
of hybrid
composite scribed
resonators.
a similar
bilities
above 1 GHz mode hybrid
with Since
of Rockwell
composite
bulk
at frequencies
that integrated-circuit fabrication techniques will permit direct integration of the resonator with active devices on the same substrate resulting in a new class of RF/LSI-type circuits. Work is proceeding in this area.
[1] [2]
wish to thank
YIG
[3] [4]
[5]
M. Vehovec, L. Houselander, and R. Spence,“On oscillator design for maximum powery IRE Trans. Circuit Theory, pp. 281-283, Sept. 1968. [6] R. J. Gilmore and F. J. Rosenbaum, “An analytic approach to optimum oscillator designusing S-parameters,”IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., pp. 633–639, Aug. 1983. [7]
J. S. Wang, A. R. Landin, and K. M. L&in, “Low temperature coefficient shear wave thin films for composite resonators and filters,” in IEEE 1983 Ultrasonics Symposium Proc.
Abstract
—Two the
mature
based on the uniform sphere
of YIG,
propagation sphere
L. CARTER,
yttrium-iron-garnet
more
YIG
(resonant)
technology
[8]
G. R. Kline
technology
has been used for microwave
but has two significant of the YIG
requires
great precision
element
to sustain understood,
sphere
The MSW
but the resonator
technologies
are reviewed
temperature,
and noise characteristics.
herein
which
elements
utilizes
the
coupfbrg
a negative
the cavity
resistance
is much newer and
are fabricated
to resonant
using
candidate. element
New data and theory
a
Both
theory,
are presented
optimization.
I.
BACKGROUND
o
SCILLATORS using YIG spheres (YTO) have been made for more than 25 years. Recently, Zensius [1] reported a design for a YTO operating up to 40 GHz. The
YTO
sphere technology
is quite mature.
The YIG
M. OWENS,
are
small
designs
spheres
Manuscript received May 31,1984. This work was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (RADC) and by Wavetek. The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019.
0018-9480/84/1200-1671
MEMBER, IEEE, AND D. K. DE
( -0.5
mm
are not
overly
been reported magnetic
The YIG
in applications
it ass appealhg
with regard
is
for more than
bias field
technology
making
are
which
spins in a smafl
oscillators
and the gain element requires
oscillation.
technologies
film of YIG.
areas of difficulty
in the magnetic
50- pm line width planar technology
resonator
YIG
“1.0 GHz thin film bulk acoustic wave Phys. Lett., vol. 43(8), Oct. 15, 1983.
Is a Planar Geometry Better?
technology
of the electron
waves in an epitaxiaf
25 years,
on MSW
oscillator
and K. M. Lakin,
resonators on GRAs,” Appl.
MEMBER, IEEE, JOHN
oscillator
precession
alignment
less well
(YIG) sphere
and the new planar
of magnetostatic
and A. Landin
assistance in build-
Oscillators:
RONALD
comparerk
Dr. K. Lakin
for their technical
Laboratory
M. Berte, Electron. Lett., vol. 13, p. 248,1977. K. M. Lakin and J. S. Wang, “Acoustic bulk wave composite resonators’ Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 38(3), Feb. 1, 1981. M. E. Frerking, Crystal Oscillator Design and Temperature Compensation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978, App. B. D. F. Page and A. R. Boothroyd, “Instability in two-port active networks,” IRE Trans. Circuit Theo~, pp. 133–139,June 1958.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors
Standards
for the noise measurements. REFERENCEs
sta-
[8], work is now proceeding on fundamentalcircuits at these frequencies. It is expected
of Ames Laboratory
and the Metrology
International
de-
tem~erature
demonstrated
ng the oscillator,
utilizing
et al. [7] have recently
quartz.
have been
stabilizi-
oscillators
structure
AT-cut
resonators
UHF
Wang
resonator
exceeding
wave
and temperature
and monolithic
There
diam),
so the
complex.
associated
Considerable
on the choice of an orientation
field
for
optimum
temperature
are two design considerations
magnet work
has
axis of the
compensation.
that
are not easy to
overcome, however. The common choice for the resonator configuration is a one-port design, so the gain element must be operated in a negative resistance mode, as shown in Fig. 1. Also, loop
the magnetic-field
alignments
alignment
are
procedures.
coupling loop watchmaking. The advent
rather
orientation
complex,
The small
means that
size of the sphere
the precision
of magnetostatic
and coupling
three-dimensional and
is comparable
wave devices
to
[2], [3] has
included resonator elements fabricated in this planar technology. One apparent advantage of the planar versus the sphere resonators is that the loaded Q‘s are a factor of 5 larger for the planar resonators than for the sphere ( -1000 versus 200). The magnetic field required at a given frequency for resonance is somewhat lower for the planar resonators. cated exactly
than
The
planar
resonators
the
sphere
resonators,
analogous
$01.00 01984
to the MIC IIEEE
are more
easily
the processing
fabrication
procedures.
fabribeing MSW
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. MTT-32, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1984
1672
YIG AND COUPLING
r i I ,
TRANSISTOR
LOOP
CIRCUIT
MSW
i=;
–––––––~
II
L,
I
L, BYPASS _@;
I
1/
;
I
I
L,
II ,1
,,
II
L___––__J
COUPLER
GAIN I
Fig.
2.
MSW
feedback
oscillator.
‘0
Fig.
1.
Typical
YIG
sphere oscillator.
of the delay-lineor resonator-type circuit, as shown in Fig. 2, Magn~t
utilize
a
design
is
COUPLING LOOP
much more difficult, however, since the planar YIG resonators are as large as 3x25 mm. There has been no work
T
[
yet on an optimum
propagation
characteristics
in a planar
temperature
stabilization
some
OUTPUT
.J
G“,.
ture
OSCILLATOR
1OIRECTIDNAL
m
L__–––_––__–––_
oscillators feedback
L
Cf;
5-
cW
II
I
z,
I
iv”::
1
RESONATOR OR DELAY
r–––––
‘––—––7
orientation YIG
“L
for tempera-
resonator,
schemes
have
“Y’
although been
ex-
% T
plored. Fig.
11.
RESONANT
ELEMENT
material.
The resonant
precession
frequency
~0 is
given [4] by
y is 2.8 MHz/Oe
Osbrink
and
[5] has reviewed
oscillators
recently.
The lower limit (with
HO is the applied
the fundamentals
The frequency
range
field.
of the YTO over which
the
nonlinear
The
f < 2Y(4mJf,)/3.
+ 3 dB. Transducer IL will, of course, reduce R ~ in
I
for
broad-band
paper.
Using
the
theory of Vittoria and Wilsey [15] we tabulate values of ~OPt and R~Pt for MSWDLO’S made of material of Vafious
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
[10]
[11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
D. D. Zensius, Mzcrowaues and RF. Oct. 1983, pp. 129-139. P. Hartemann, presented at 1984 Intermag. Conf., to be published in IEEE Trans. Magnetlcs. J. M. Owens, C. V, Smith, Jr., and R. L. Carter, in Froc. 35th .4 nn. Frequency Control Symp, B. Lax and K. J. Button, Microwave Ferrltes and Ferromagnetlcs New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962. N. K. Osbrink, Mwrowave Syst. News, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 207-225, 1984. H. Suhl, Proc. IRE, vol. 44, pp. 1210–1214, 1944. R. E. Tokheim, Mmrowaves, Apr. 1971. R. E. Tokheim and G, F. Johnson, IEEE Trans., pp. 267-276, May 7, 1971. Y. Sato and P. S. Carter, IEEE Trans. Mzcrowaoe Theo? Tech., vol. 10, pp. 611–612, 1962. W. Ishak, E, Reese, R, Baer, and M. Fowler, presented at the 1984 Intermag Conf., Apr. 9–13, 1984, Hamburg, Germauy; to be published in IEEE Trans. Magnetws. J. D. Adam, in IEEE M~T-S Proc. pp 160–161, IEEE Cat. no. 79CH1439-9 MTT-S. J. Henaff, in F’roc. Ultrasonics Symp., 1979, pp. 855–860 R. A. Pucel and J. Curtis, in Proc. 1983 IEEE MTT-S, pp. 282-284. J. P. Castera, J. M. Dupont, Y. LeTron, A. Bert, and A. Trilland, IEEE MTT-S 1983 Microwave Symp. Dzg., pp. 318-322. C. Vittoria and N. D. Wilsey, J. Appl Phys., vol. 45, pp. 414-420, 1974.
