1 Leisure Time Physical Activity Behaviour. Structured

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Leisure Time Physical Activity Behaviour. Structured and Unstructured Choices According to Gender, Age and Level of Physical Activity

Jorge Mota and Carlos Esculcas Research Centre in Physical Activity and Leisure Faculty of Sport Sciences- University of Porto

Running Head: Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behaviour.

Author’s Address: Jorge Mota FCDEF-UP R.Plácido Costa, 91 4200 450 Porto Portugal Phone:351-22-5074786 Fax: 351-22-5500689 Email: [email protected]

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Abstract The main goals of this cross-sectional survey were, (1) To describe the associations between gender, age and physical activity behaviour; (2) To describe the age and gender-related associations with the choice of structured (formal) and unstructured (non-formal) physical activity programs. At baseline, data were randomly selected from 1.013 students, from the 7th to the 12th grades. A response rate of 73% (n=739) was obtained. Accordingly, the sample of this study comprised 594 adolescents (304 females and 290 males) with mean age 15.9 year-old (range between 13 and 20). Physical activity was assessed by means of a questionnaire. A questionnaire about leisure activities was applied to the sample in order to define the nominal variable “nature of physical activity”. The data showed that significantly more girls than boys (p≤0.001) belonged to the sedentary group (80.7% girls) and low activity group (64.5% girls). Boys more frequently belonged to the more active groups (92.1%; p≤0.001). The older subjects were more engaged in formal physical activities, while the younger mostly chose informal ones whatever their level of physical activity. There were more significant differences in girls’ physical activity groups (χ2 = 20.663, p≤0.001) than in boys (χ2 = 7.662, p≤0.05). Furthermore active girls chose more structured physical activities than sedentary counterparts (18.8% vs 83.3%). However boys had a preference for unstructured activities regardless of physical activity group (83.7% vs 58.5%; p≤0.05). It can be concluded that as age group increased, organised sports activities became a relatively more important component of total weekly activity both in male and female subjects .

Key words: Physical Activity, Behaviour, Gender, Age, Adolescence

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Introduction Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and other several health-related outcomes (Bouchard, Shephard & Stephens, 1994). Several reports have also shown that many of those diseases started even during childhood (Riddoch, 1998). Therefore many studies have stressed the importance of an increased PA in children and adolescence in order to prevent or delay the onset of the adult chronic disease (Aaron et. al., 1993; Vanreusel et. al., 1997). Increasing physical activity participation among adolescents has been under the consideration of major public health policies and prevention measures as well as governmental initiatives to prevent or delay the onset of adult chronic diseases (Sallis & Patrick, 1994). Therefore, from a preventive point of view, it makes sense to make sure that people are sufficiently physically active from young age onward (Van Mechelen et. al., 2000). Usually adolescence has been described as a critical period of the contribution of youth physical activity involvement to a lasting physical activity lifestyle (Vanreusel et. al., 1997). However the mechanisms beyond those facts are confusing, because participation in physical activity appears to be influenced by a large number of factors, including environmental, social and psychological variables (Wold & Anderson, 1992). Besides, research on correlates or determinants of physical activity behaviour in youth is complicated by the rapid physical, social and psychological development during youth (Sallis & Owen, 1999). Age and sex are the two most studied biological covariates of participation in physical activity in youth. Literature shows that boys tend to be more active than girls in childhood and adolescence (Sallis, Prochaska, & Taylor, 2000). That there is a tendency of decline in physical activity participation with increasing age (Pate, Long; & Heath, 1994). Recently another important issue has been raised concerning youth participation. In fact agerelated changes depend on physical activity type and characteristics (Telama, Laakso & Yang, 1994), and research findings support the idea that physical environments are closely associated with physical activity (Owen et. al., 2000). Indeed it was reported that most of the activity obtained from young people was provided for structured (like sport activities in clubs or formal exercise programmes) and unstructured (like walking or other physical activities that were not guided by trainer) programs and settings in the community (Ross et

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al., 1985; Dovey, Reeder, & Chalmers, 1998). The rationale for the present study is related to the contribution of the participation in formal /structured physical activities (FPA) and non-formal/ unstructured physical activities (NFPA) outside school in overall youth physical activity level. The influence of participation in structured or unstructured programs has not been well quantified during adolescence. According to our knowledge, few studies have examined the differences among groups with different PA participation levels (from sedentary to high level of physical activity). Thus structured vs. unstructured activities choices is a research interesting area because such contributions are extremely important to develop effective physical activity interventions in youth. Therefore the main goals of this cross-sectional survey were: (1) To describe the association between gender, age and physical activity behaviour; (2) To describe age and gender-related associations with choice of structured (formal) and unstructured (non-formal) physical activity programs.

Methods Sample and Data Collection Nine public secondary schools in the Coimbra Region participated in this study. The questionnaires were distributed and filled out during physical education classes. At baseline data were collected from 1.013 students randomly selected, from the 7th to the 12th grades. A response rate of 73% (n=739) was obtained. Questionnaires were deleted from the analysis if they contained a majority of missing information (n=162). Those who were suffering from acute injuries or more prolonged disabilities not allowing a normal participation in physical activity were excluded (n=112). After deletions, 594 adolescents’ responses (304 females and 290 males) entered the analysis. The average age was 15.9 year (range 13-20 years). Survey procedures were designed to protect the students’ and their parents’ privacy by allowing for anonymous participation. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants and their parents or guardians before the subjects entered into the study.

Instrumentation Assessment of Physical Activity- Physical activity (PA) was assessed by a questionnaire developed by Ledent Cloes & Piéron, (1997). The application to the Portuguese population was previously published (Ledent, Cloes & Piéron, 1997) as well as the validation and reliability procedures and measures (Piéron

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et. al, 1997). Roughly, the questionnaire had five questions with four choices (four points scale). Overall a maximum of 20 points can be reached. In order to express the activity levels a PA index was obtained, which divided the sample into different activity groups, according to the total sum. This procedure has already been validated (Raitakari et. al.1994). The subjects were grouped into four categories: the sedentary group; low active group; moderately active group and vigorously active group on the basis of their reported physical activity (Ledent Cloes & Piéron, 1997). Related to this study the test-retest reliability of the physical activity questionnaire was carried out within one-week interval, across 150 subjects. Using intraclass correlation coefficients, the reliability was high (ICC =0.92 to 0.96). In order to verify the inter-item consistency, the α Cronbach test was applied to the dimensions of the questionnaire of physical activity. The score obtained (α = .87) was high, which indicated a good internal consistency.

Nature of Physical Activity- Nature of physical activity was categorised into two groups, the structured (formal) physical activities (FPA) and unstructured (non-formal) physical activities (NFPA). A questionnaire about leisure activities (Cloes et. al, 1997) was applied to the sample in order to define the nominal variable “nature of physical activity”. The FPA was defined as “sportive activities guided by a trainer or other sports authority” and the NFPA as “non-guided sport activities”. The study focussed on discretionary un/structured physical activities excluding school-based activities. The Portuguese general procedures for population studies have been described elsewhere (Piéron et al., 1997). The test-retest reliability was carried-out within one-week interval, across 150 subjects. Using intra-class correlation coefficients the reliability was high, ranging between (ICC = 0.91 and 0.92).

Statistical procedure The analysis was developed using the SPSS 8.0 program. One-way analysis of the variance (ANOVA) was applied to describe the differences between age among the PA age groups. The tendency test of Jonckheere (values) was used for the assessment of the tendencies of PA choices (structured or unstructured PA), by age group, during leisure-time. The chi-square (χ2) test was applied to determine the differences among nominal variables, namely, sex, professional status and nature of PA. The Kruskal Wallis non-parametric test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were applied to determine, respectively, the

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associations between the ordinal variables (PA groups) and the estimates of leisure activities within PA subgroups of the population. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.

Results Table 1 summarises the differences between PA groups according the demographic characteristics. The ANOVA for age did not show significant differences for the PA groups (F=0.844). On the other hand when the gender was considered, significantly more girls (p≤0.001) belonged to the sedentary group (80.7% girls) and low activity group (64.5% girls) than boys. Boys more frequently belonged to the more active groups (92.1%, p≤0.001).

Insert table 1 Data for leisure-time sports participation are presented in table 2. There was a significant decrease (S=3.011, p≤ 0.01) in unstructured sports participation (NFPA) with increasing age. However no significant differences in the tendency of formal sports participation (FPA) was reported.

Insert table 2

The differences within physical activity groups according to the nature of physical activity (FPA and NFPA) by age are shown in table 3. Significant differences in physical activity choices according to age were found, except for the young group (12-14 years-old). With increasing age a higher engagement in structured activities was reported. On the other hand, the younger ones mostly chose NFPA whatever their level of physical activity.

Insert table 3

The participation rates by gender, according to the PA level, are presented in table 4. There were significant differences in both girls’ (χ2 = 20.663, p≤0.001) and boys’ (χ2 = 7.662, p≤0.05) activity groups. Active girls chose more FPA (18.8% vs. 83.3%) than sedentary girls. However among boys it there was preference for NFPA regardless of physical activity level (83.7% vs. 58.5%; p≤0.05).

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Insert table 4

Discussion

This paper documents a descriptive epidemiologic study that explores the associations between age, gender, and choice of structured and unstructured physical activity programs among adolescents. Time spent in physical activity is a behavioural factor, which might have an important long-term health consequence (Dovey, Reeder, & Chalmers, 1998). Thus identifying correlates of youth physical activity is considered to be of public health significance because such information could facilitate efforts that seek to increase the proportion of young people who meet health-related physical activity guidelines (Sallis & Owen, 1999). Boys significantly more often belonged to more active groups (moderately and vigorously active groups) while girls were more involved in low activity or sedentary ones. Our data support other findings from different population studies showing that girls are consistently less active than boys (Pate et. al., 1994; Sallis, Prochaska, & Taylor, 2000). Recently, Sallis, Prochaska, & Taylor, (2000) reviews of correlates associated with physical activity participation among children and adolescents showed that the majority of the studies found boys more active than girls. It was observed that the rate of decline between age 6 to 17 years was substantially steeper among females (-7.4% per year) than boys (-2.7%, per year), based on objective measures such as heart rate monitors (Sallis, 1993). Our data showed that except for girls’ vigorously active group, the subjects’ preferred choices were unstructured instead of structured activities. However, in spite of different patterns (Table 4) our data pointed out that there is an increase in structured physical activity participation as the physical activity level increases. The differences were greater among girls (χ2 = 20.663, p≤0.001) than among boys (χ2 = 7.762, p≤0.05). Our findings also showed that there are changes in the nature of physical activity choices across adolescence. The tendency reported for the frequency rate of adolescents not participating in structured activities seems to confirm those ideas. We reported a significant decrease (S=3.011, p≤0.01) in the

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tendency for non-oriented sports participation with increasing age. However, no differences in the tendency of the formal sports participation were found. As the subjects get older it could be possible that the numbers of diversified activities in which they participate diminish and, on the other hand, the frequency of such participation in a restricted set of activities increases (Curtis & White, 1984). Thus the decline in physical activity participation is greater in vigorous and unstructured activities (Telama & Yang, 2000). Despite the cross-sectional design of our study, our findings seem to confirm the decline of informal activities during adolescence, as reported in longitudinal studies (Sallis, 2000). It seems that during adolescence the reduction of the conditioning activities is more obvious than has been found for the sportive activities, although, globally, the decline is more pronounced for sportive activities across age (Stephens, Jacobs & White, 1985; Yang, Telama, & Laakso, 1996). Indeed some longitudinal surveys showed a decrease in weekly time spend in physical activity, especially in unstructured physical activity but not for the time spent on organised sport activities and other “activities” (Van Mechelen et.al, 2000). Organised activities and competition as well as lack of time were the most frequently reported barriers to physical activity participation (Leslie, Owen & Sallis, 1999; Sallis et. al., 1999). On the other hand the more competitive the physical activity is, the more the reasons for stopping it seem to be psychological (Telama & Yang, 2000). This last issue reinforces the significance of the question raised concerning the probability of the discontinuity of the active behaviour when the youngsters leave school (Reeder et. al., 1991). In fact, physical activity behaviour in late adolescence is more a matter of choice than it is at a younger age when school curricula influence activity levels. Involvement in sports and other physical activity may be difficult to arrange without the organisational support and practical encouragement provided by schools. The pressure to spend more time in work or education might diminish the priority given to physical activity (Dovey, Reeder, & Chalmers, 1998). So appropriate strategies can be targeted form individuals varying in activity levels, especially those with little or no regular participation. This is important in the adolescent population where participation in physical activity drops off as one moves through adolescence (Weinberg et. al., 2000). From the behavioural point of view it seems that these results pointed out a new perspective of intervention programs targeting the enhancement of leisure-time PA among adolescents. Subjects with a

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recreational sport participation style appear to have better chances for continued sport involvement from youth to adulthood than subjects with a competitive sports participation style (Vanreusel et. al., 1997). A previous report showed that unstructured physical activities were characterised by single/dual activities of low to moderate intensity, while structured ones were characterised by team activities of vigorous intensity (Esculcas & Mota, 2000). The data showed a greater participation in individually based activities, which might correspond with a more general change toward personalization and diversification of leisure-time pursuits (Jamet, 1998). Similar findings were found out in a study carried out in sedentary young university students. Significant differences were observed between boys and girls. Boys had the tendency to chose more team sports and strength training, while girls choose more activities like dance, aerobics, yoga or walking (Leslie, Owen & Sallis, 1999). Similar results were reported by Busser (1995) who found that boys were engaged in significantly more outside activities and sports than girls. Girls were guided towards artistic activities, personal development/growth and non-traditional games/sports. Differences were also found concerning the participation motives. Hence girls placed greater emphasis on friendship and fitness whereas boys rated achievement/status higher than girls (Gould, Feltz, & Weiss, 1985). So, if female subjects prefer individual/pairs modalities and low intensity activities, it seems that whether girls stay in physical activity or not depends significantly on the supports given by peers. This is only possible in a formal activity, which corresponds to our vigorously active group. This is also important when considering the support of youth participation in physical activity programs. Unstructured activities are likely to be more related to the motivational factors for being active. It was been described that social and competitive motivation declines and recreation oriented motivation increases with age (Weinberg et al., 2000). These motivational differences are also reflected in participation in different sport activities (Telama & Yang, 2000). For instance, competitive games lose their popularity with age, whereas individual activities such walking increase their popularity (Bradley et. al., 2000). Limitations of the study should be recognised. First the study is in a cross-sectional design and would benefit from additional data collected later on time. Therefore further discussion should address that there is need for longitudinal studies, which will might provide additional information regarding the

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leisure patterns of youth physical activity, as well as better describe the role of un/structured opportunities for adolescents to engage in physical activity

Conclusion This study reports data from a specific age group in a particular society and provides a baseline that will allow comparisons among other samples. The paper presents some interesting findings, which potentially raise some interesting applications with regard to the problem of the physical activity among youth. The main contribution of this paper is showing that in this sample only 33% participated in structured activities. It was also concluded that as age group increases, sports activities become a relatively more important component of total weekly activity both in male and female subjects. The policy implications are that we cannot expect formal programs to provide sufficient activity of most young people. There is a need for new approaches to health and physical activity promotion which will encourage the adherence to maintenance higher levels of physical activity after they leave school.

Acknowledgement This study was supported by grants: PADIF: B1/PADIF-1ªFase/00 and Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian: Proc-40659. The authors are gratefully acknowledge to anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on previous version of the manuscript.

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Table 1 – Demographic Variables and Physical Activity

Age Sex Females Males *p≤ 0.001

Sedentary (n= 58 ) 16,37 80,7 % 19,3 %

Activity Groups ( n= 594 ) LAG MAG VAG (n=245 ) (n= 215) (n= 76 ) 15,94 16,86 16 64,5 % 35,5 %

43,7 % 56,3 %

7,9 % 92,1 %

F= 0,844 χ2 = 99,036*

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Table 2 –Age-related leisure-time sports participation according to structured (FPA) and unstructured (NFPA) physical activities choices.

NFPA FPA

12-14 yr (n = 198 ) 49,5 % 35,9 %

* p ≤0.01

Age Groups 15-17 yr 18-20 yr (n = 198 ) (n = 198 ) 42,5 % 34,5 % 47 %

40,1 %

S= 3,011*

Average 1+2+3/3 (n= 594 ) 42,2 %

S= - 0,861

41 %

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Table 3 – Age-related differences of participation rates in structured (FPA) and unstructured (NFPA) physical activities according to the physical activity level. Sedentary MAG VAG +LAG (n= 43 ) (n= 62 ) (n= 20) Age Groups FPA 16,3 % 22,6 % 30 % 12 - 14 years χ2 = 1,587 NFPA 83,7 % 77,4 % 70 %

15 - 17 years

18 - 20 years

FPA NFPA

(n= 40 ) 20 % 80 %

(n= 63 ) 39,7 % 60,3 %

(n= 29) 51,7 % 48,3 %

FPA NFPA

(n= 40) 17,5 % 82,5 %

(n= 53) 54,7 % 45,3 %

(n= 22) 50 % 2 50 % χ = 14,004**

*p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 LAG-Low activity group MAG-Moderate activity group VAG-Vigorous activity group

χ2 = 7,885*

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Table 4 – Gender-related differences of participation rates in structured (FPA) and unstructured (NFPA) physical activities according to the physical activity level.

Sedentary + LAG ( n= 80 )

MAG

VAG

( n= 76 )

( n= 6)

Sex Females

FPA NFPA

18,8 % 81,3 %

Males

FPA NFPA

( n= 43 ) 16,3 % 83,7 %

*p < 0,05 ***p< 0,001

47,4 % 52,6 %

83,3 % 16,7 %

( n= 102 ) ( n= 65 ) 31,4 % 41,5 % 68,6 % 58,5 %

χ2 = 20,663***

χ2 = 7,662*