12th International Pear Symposium ISHS Program ...

12th International Pear Symposium ISHS

Program and Abstracts

July 14-18, 2014

Leuven, Belgium

Sponsors

Flemish Government

Agrofrost NV Gold

Bayer CropsScience Gold

European Fruit Co-Operation Gold

Fine Agrochemicals LTD Gold

Globachem NV Gold

Q-Eline Gold

i

Adama Silver

ABCz-Fruithandel Wouters Silver

Agriphar SA Silver

BASF Belgium Silver

Bio Minerals NV Silver

Biobest NV Silver

Boomkwekerij Carolus Silver

Hermoo Belgium NV Silver

ii

NV Johan Nicolaï SA Silver

René Nicolaï NV Silver

T.R. Turoni srl Silver

Weiss Technik Silver

Laboratories Goëmar SAS Bronze

Belchim Crop Protection

COMPO Benelux

VWR International BVBA

iii

Table of Contents

Welcome Letter

1

List of Participants

3

Program

8

Abstracts

22

Oral Session 1 Poster Session 1

Pear Genetics Pear Genetics

22 30

Oral Session 2 Poster Session 2

Rootstock and Cultivar Evaluation Rootstock and Cultivar Evaluation

38 43

Oral Session 3 Poster Session 3

Orchard design, training – pruning, orchard management Orchard design, training – pruning, orchard management

58 64

Oral Session 4 Nutrition, water and soil management Poster Sessions 4 + 5 Nutrition, water and soil management Plant growth regulation and fruitset

70

Oral Session 5

Plant growth regulation and fruitset

86

Oral Session 6 Poster Session 6 + 7

Plant protection, pests and diseases Plant protection, pests and diseases Fruit Quality

91

77

96

Oral Session 7

Fruit quality

111

Oral Session 8 Poster Session 8

Postharvest Postharvest

114 118

iv

 

Welcome to the symposium On behalf of the ISHS working group on European and Asian pears within the section pome and stone fruits, we welcome you at the twelfth international pear symposium held in Leuven, Belgium from 14-18 July, 2014. At this symposium, we welcome more than 160 of the leading pear experts, extension workers and fruit growers involved in the pear industry. Over the following 3 days of the symposium, we will have 54 oral communications and 85 poster communications, summarizing the last evolutions of our research activities in the different areas of pear growing going from genetic studies, new pear varieties and rootstock, orchard design, training and pruning systems in high density planting orchards, nutrition, water and soil management, plant growth regulation, plant protection, pests and diseases to post harvest studies. For some of the participants, this meeting will be their last pear symposium in a series of pear symposia, while for other young scientists this will be the first time that they will present their research activities in this group of colleague scientists. These pear symposia can be considered as an excellent opportunity to meet friends and colleagues and to discuss about the latest evolutions in the different research fields. And this all in an atmosphere of friendship between colleagues of different parts of the world. This is one of the very important outputs of a symposium like this and leads to mutual respect and understanding between scientists working in the same research area ‘pear’. We are looking forward to have a fruitful meeting with interesting contributions helping to advance the fruit science in general and the pear growing more particularly. Tom Deckers Convener twelfth international ISHS pear symposium       

 

1

President International Society for Horticultural Science – António A. Monteiro Chair Pome and Stone Fruits Section – Guglielmo Costa Chair Working group on European and Asian Pear – Frank Maas

Convener ir. Tom Deckers Head of the Pomology department, Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium Tel.: +32 11 69 71 50 Fax: +32 11 69 71 10 E-mail: [email protected]

Local committee Prof. dr. ir. Dany Bylemans, Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Belgium ir. Jef Vercammen, Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Belgium Ann Gomand, Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Belgium Hilde Schoofs, Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Belgium Wim Verjans, Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Belgium Prof. dr. ir. Wannes Keulemans, KU Leuven, Belgium

Scientific committee Frank Maas, the Netherlands, chair ISHS pear working group Guglielmo Costa, University of Bologna, Italy, chair section pome and stone fruits Karen Theron, University Stellenbosch, South Africa Stefano Musacchi, Washington State University, USA Luis Asin, IRTA, Spain Enrique Sanchez, INTA, Argentina David Sugar, Oregon, USA Amit Dhingra, Washington State University, USA Christina Oliveira, Instituto Superior de Agronomia Lisboa, Portugal Terence Robinson, Cornell University Geneva, USA Roberto Zopollo, INIA, Uruguay Rachel Elkins, University of California, Davis, USA Michael Blanke, University of Bonn, Germany Maria Claudia Dussi, Universidad nacional del Comahue, Argentina Bart Nicolai, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Roland Valcke, U Hasselt, Belgium Dany Bylemans, pcfruit, St. Truiden, Belgium Wannes Keulemans, KU Leuven, Belgium Jef Vercammen, pcfruit, St. Truiden, Belgium Tom Deckers, pcfruit, St. Truiden, Belgium

Pictures: pcfruit vzw – Charles de Schaetzen & Tom Deckers 2 

List of Participants Name Aelbrecht, Wim

Institution Country Fine Agrochemicals Ltd - Marketing United Kingdom

Arbury, Jim

Royal Horticultural Society Curatorial Better3fruit

United Kingdom

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Germany

[email protected]

Bangels, Eva

Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz - Klein-Altendorf Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Beliën, Tim

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Bento Dias, António F.

University Of Évora - Rural Engineering Deparment University Of Bonn - InresHorticultural Science Agricultural Research Council (Arc Infruitec-Nietvoorbij) - Cultivar Development The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited Pcfruit Vzw

Portugal

[email protected]

Germany

[email protected]

South Africa

[email protected]

New Zealand

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Inia Uruguay - Fruit Research Department Research Institute Of Pomology, Caas - Center Of Fruit Germplasm Resouces And Breeding Pcfruit Vzw

Uruguay

[email protected]

China

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Auwerkerken, Annemarie Baab, Gerhard

Blanke, Michael Booi, Sonwabo

Brewer, Lester Bylemans, Dany Cabrera, Danilo Cao, Yufen

Ceustermans, An Cho, Young Sik

Chun, Jae An

Codarin, Sandrine Costa, Guglielmo De Baets, Tessa

Email [email protected]

Pear Research Station - National Korea (Republic Of) Institute Of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural National Institute Of Horticultural Korea (Republic Of) And Herbal Science - Fruit Research Division Ctifl France

[email protected]

University Of Bologna Agricultural Science Pcfruit Vzw

Italy

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

De Melo E Abreu, Jose Paulo Instituto Superior De Agronomia Dceb de Schaetzen, Charles Pcfruit Vzw

Portugal

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Debaut-Henocque, Lila

Goemar

Belgium

[email protected]

Deckers, Tom

Pcfruit - Pomology

Belgium

[email protected]

Descamps, Sylvestre

Fine Agrochemicals Ltd - Marketing United Kingdom

[email protected]

Djurovic, Dejan

Faculty Of Agriculture Horticulture Oregon State University Horticulture Alexandria University- Facculty Of Agriculture - Pomology University Of California Cooperative Extension Cita De Aragon - Hortofruticultura

Serbia

[email protected]

USA

[email protected]

Egypt

[email protected]

USA

[email protected]

Spain

[email protected]

Washington State University Horticulture

USA

[email protected]

Einhorn, Todd El-Shazly, Samy Elkins, Rachel Espiau, Mayte Evans, Kate

3

Name Faoro, Ivan D.

Institution Epagri / Uniarp - Breeding

Brazil

Email [email protected]

Fernandes, Carla

Ecofrutas

Portugal

[email protected]

Forney, Kevin

Fine Americas Inc. - Marketing

USA

[email protected]

Fransen, Nick

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Frias, Mauricio

Chile

[email protected]

García Márquez, Francisco

Sociedad Consultora Agrícola San Francisco Ltda - 76.024.860-6 / Brasilia 7 / Curico / Chile Consorcio Viveros De Chile S.A.

Chile

[email protected]

Gix, Robert

Blue Star Growers Inc.

USA

[email protected]

Gomand, Ann

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Goodwin, Ian

Deparrtment Of Environment And Primary Industries - Agriculture Research Division Technische Universität München Fachgebiet Obstbau Suterra Llc

Australia

[email protected]

Germany

[email protected]

USA

[email protected]

Applied Plant Research - Fruit Research Universidade Fedral De Pelotas Fitotecnia Oregon State University - Southern Oregon Research & Extension Center Graminor - Njoes

Netherlands

[email protected]

Brazil

[email protected]

USA

[email protected]

Norway

[email protected]

China

[email protected]

Slovenia

[email protected]

USA

[email protected]

Japan

[email protected]

Japan

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Korea (Republic Of)

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Hadersdorfer, Johannes Hawkins, Loys Heijerman, Gondy Herter, Flavio Hilton, Richard

Hjeltnes, Stein Harald Hu, Hong Ju Hudina, Metka Hunt, Steve Ieguchi, Takahiro

Institute Of Fruit And Tea, Hubei Academy Of Agricultural Sc Biotechnical Faculty - Department Of Agronomy N.W Pear Research

Country

Janssens, Pieter

Food Resources Center,Kobe University Tottori University - Faculty Of Agriculture Université Catholique De Louvain Earth And Life Institute - Agronomy National Institute Of Horticultural And Herbal Science - Fruit Reserach Division Soil Service Of Belgium

Jurick Ii, Wayne

Usda/Ars - Food Quality Laboratory USA

[email protected]

Jurisch, Christopher

Arbor Tech Cc

South Africa

[email protected]

Katayama, Hironori

Japan

[email protected]

Japan

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Korea (Republic Of)

[email protected]

Kim, Yoon-Kyeong

Kobe University - Food Resources Center, Dept Of Agriculture National Agriculture And Food Research Organization, Institu Breeding And Pest Management Division Ku Leuven - Department Of Biosystems Chungbuk National University Horticultural Science Nihhs, Rda - Pear Research Station

Korea (Republic Of)

[email protected]

Koopmans, Kim

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Itai, Akihiro Jacquemart, Anne-Laure Jae An, Chun

Kato, Hidenori

Keulemans, Wannes Kim, Daeil

4

Name Krige, Graeme

Institution Two-A-Day Group (Pty) Ltd.

Country South Africa

Email [email protected]

Lace, Baiba

Latvia State Institute Of FruitGrowing Research And Breeding Institute Of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. Department Of Technology Stellenbosch University - Plant Pathology Agriculture University Of Tirana Horticultural Private

Latvia

[email protected]

Czech Republic

[email protected]

South Africa

[email protected]

Kosova

[email protected]

Netherlands

[email protected]

Civ- Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti Technical Dep. Research And Breeding Institute Of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. Genebank Norwegian Institute For Agricultural And Environmental Resea Bioforsk Ullensvang Università Di Bologna - Scienze Agrarie Kromco (Pty) Ltd - Technical

Italy

[email protected]

Czech Republic

[email protected]

Norway

[email protected]

Italy

[email protected]

South Africa

[email protected]

Japan

[email protected]

USA

[email protected]

South Africa

[email protected]

Czech Republic

[email protected]

Neumüller, Michael

Yamagata University - Faculty Of Agriculture Washington State University Horticultural Stellenbosch University Horticultural Sciences Mendel University In Brno, Faculty Of Horticulture In Lednie - Fruit Growing Bayerisches Obstzentrum - Director

Germany

[email protected]

Nieuwoudt, Pieter

Fruit Tree Services

South Africa

[email protected]

Oh, Youngjae

Korea (Republic Of)

[email protected]

Portugal

[email protected]

Ghana

[email protected]

Czech Republic

[email protected]

Peters, Charles

Chungbuk National University Horticultural Science Instituto Superior De Agronomia Dceb Network For Promotion Of Agriculture And Environmental Studi - Management Research And Breeding Institute Of Pomology Ltd. - Genebank Applied Horticultural Services

USA

[email protected]

Peusens, Gertie

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Postman, Joseph

USA

[email protected]

Pretorius, Mias

Usda Agricultural Research Service - National Clonal Germplasm Repository Two-A-Day Group (Pty) Ltd.

South Africa

[email protected]

Qiao, Jinchun

Agricultural University Of Hebei

China

[email protected]

Quinet, Muriel

Université Catholique De Louvain - Belgium Earth And Life Institute - Agronomy University Of Santa Catarina State - Brazil Departament Of Fruit Crops Pcfruit Vzw Belgium

Lanar, Ludek

Lennox, Cheryl Lepaja, Lavdim Maas, Frank Martinelli, Alessio Matejicek, Ales

Meland, Mekjell

Mesa Juliani, Karen Muller, Anton Murayama, Hideki Musacchi, Stefano Muziri, Tavagwisa Necas, Tomas

Oliveira, Cristina Osei, Kwasi

Paprstein, Frantisek

Ramos Luz, Alberto Raymakers, Stijn

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

5

Name Reignard, Joelle

Institution Country Fine Agrochemicals Ltd - Marketing United Kingdom

[email protected]

Robinson, Terence

Cornell University - Horticulture

USA

[email protected]

Rocchi, Lorenzo

Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita' Di Bologna - Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie (Dipsa) Stellenbosch University - Plant Pathology Universidade Do Estado De Santa Catarina - Agronomia Pcfruit Vzw

Italy

[email protected]

South Africa

[email protected]

Brazil

[email protected]

Rochefort, Jessica Rufato, Leo Ruysen, Kris

Email

Belgium

[email protected]

20 August 1955 -Skikda University - Sciences Agronomiques Iniav - Instituto Nacional De Investigação Agrária E Veterin Plant Physiology Inta

Algeria

[email protected]

Portugal

[email protected]

Argentina

[email protected]

Flanders Centre Of Postharvest Technology Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Research And Breeding Institute Of Pomology Ltd. - Genebank University Of Forestry - Agronomy Faculty Washington State University Horticultural Hortikos 21 - Horticulture

Czech Republic

[email protected]

Bulgaria

[email protected]

USA

[email protected]

Kosova

[email protected]

Korea (Republic Of)

[email protected]

Germany

[email protected]

Czech Republic

[email protected]

Simard, Marie-Hélène

National Institute Of Horticultural And Herbal Science - Fruit Research Division Technische Universität München Fachgebiet Obstbau Crop Research Institute Bacteriology Inra - Bap

France

[email protected]

Sousa, Miguel

Campotec In, Lda

Portugal

[email protected]

Steyn, Wiehann

Hortgro Science

South Africa

[email protected]

Stock, Brecht

Yara - Sales

Netherlands

[email protected]

Strydom, Christo

Wolseley Fruit Packers - Technical

South Africa

[email protected]

Sugar, David

USA

[email protected]

China

[email protected]

South Africa

[email protected]

Germany

[email protected]

Japan

[email protected]

Belgium

[email protected]

Van Den Putte, An

Oregon State University - Southern Oregon Research And Extension Center Zhejiang University - Department Of Horticulture, College Of Agriculture And Biote Stellenbosch University Horticultural Science Technische Universität München Fruit Science Osaka City University - Graduate School Of Science Hasselt University - Faculty Of Sciences Better3fruit

Belgium

[email protected]

Van Hemelrijck, Wendy

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Sadallah, Said Sánchez, Claudia

Sanchez, Enrique Schenk, Ann Schoofs, Hilde Sedlak, Jiri Serbezova, Denitsa Serra, Sara Shehaj, Maxhun Shin, Ilsheob

Siemonsmeier, Angela Sillerova, Jana

Teng, Yuanwen

Theron, Karen Treutter, Dieter Uematsu, Chiyomi Valcke, Roland

6

Name Van Laer, Stijn

Institution Hermoo Belgium Nv

Country Belgium

Email [email protected]

Van Steenwyk, Robert

USA

[email protected]

Vanrykel, Toon

University Of California Berkeley Espm Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Vercammen, Jef

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Verjans, Wim

Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Vidoni, Serena

Italy

[email protected]

Brazil

[email protected]

Vrancken, Kristof

Alma Mater Studiorum University Of Bologna - Department Of Agricultural Science Unioeste - Centro De Ciências Agrárias Pcfruit Vzw

Belgium

[email protected]

Walraven, Sjaak

Fleuren Boomkwekerij

Netherlands

[email protected]

Walsh, Christopher

University Of Maryland - Plant Science And Landscape Architecture Agricultural University Of Hebei

USA

[email protected]

China

[email protected]

China

[email protected]

Netherlands

[email protected]

New Zealand

[email protected]

Korea (Republic Of)

[email protected]

China

[email protected]

Villa, Fabiola

Wang, Guoying Wang , Ran

China

[email protected]

Zhang, Yuxing

Qingdao Agricultural University College Of Horticulture Applied Plant Research Wageningen Ur The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Ltd - Breeding & Genomics/ Mapping & Markers Pear Research Station - National Institute Of Horticultural & Herbal Science Agricultural University Of Hebei College Of Horticulture Agricultural University Of Hebei Pomology Agricultural University Of Hebei

China

[email protected]

Zoppolo, Roberto

Inia Uruguay - Las Brujas

Uruguay

[email protected]

Wenneker, Marcel Wiedow, Claudia

Yim, Sun Hee

Zhang, Jianguang Zhang, Yuxing

7

12th International Pear Symposium Leuven Belgium, 14-18 July 2014 Draft Program Monday July 14th, 2014 Mon July 14 14:00-21:30 pm 14:00-18:00

Registration Max Weber auditorium Parkstraat 71, 3000 Leuven

19:00-20:00

Welcome reception at the city hall of Leuven

20:00-21:30

Guided walk in Leuven

Tuesday July 15th, 2014 Opening Session

Max Weber auditorium Parkstraat 71, 3000 Leuven

08:00-09:00 09:00-10:00

Registration Welcome to the Symposium

09:00-09:08

Tom Deckers: convener

09:08-09:16

Jos Vanderleyden: dean of the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven

09:16-09:24

Johan Verstrynge: head of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries of the Flemish Government

09:24-09:32

Guglielmo Costa: chair section pome and stone fruits ISHS

09:32-09:40

Frank Maas: chair ISHS working group on European and Asian pears

09:40-10:00

Philippe Appeltans: Pear production in Belgium and the Netherlands

8

Oral Session 1 : Pear Genetics - part 1 Tue July 15 Session Chairs: Amit Dhingra and Johan Keulemans Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 10:00-10:30 1 Invited Paper: Recent developments Amit Dhingra and state of the art in the genomics, genetics and biotechnology in pear 10:30-11:00

Coffee and snack break

11:00-11:15

2

Genetic clue to origin of cultivated Yuanwen Teng Asian pears inferred from cpDNA haplotypes

11:15-11:30

3

Genetic relationship analysis and group Yufen Cao construction of Chinese crisp pear varieties based on SSR genotype

11:30-11:45

4

Transcriptome analysis reveals the role Akihiro Itai of plant hormones in pear fruit set

11:45-12:00

5

High throughput marker development Claudia Wiedow for trait mapping and genomic selection in pear

12:00-12:15

6

Comparison of accessions from the UK Kate Evans and US national pear germplasm collections with a standardized set of microsatellite markers

12:15-12:30

7

Genetic diversity of Venturia pirina and Johan Keulemans adaptation to host cultivars of the European pear (Pyrus communis)

12:30-14:00

Lunch

Oral Session 1 : Pear Genetics - part 2 Tue July 15 Session Chairs: Amit Dhingra and Johan Keulemans Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 14:00-14:15 8 Genetic diversity of medlar (Mespilus Joseph Postman germanica) germplasm using microsatellite markers 14:15-14:30

9

Improved microsatellite markers for Joseph Postman Quince (Cydonia oblonga) genetic analysis 9

14:30-14:45

14:45-15:15 Poster Abstract Number 1

Mining genes connetced to pear scab Ilsheob Shin resistance induced by Venturia nashicola

Poster Session 1 : Pear Genetics Title

Tue July 15 Presenter

The rolB gene transformation via Agrobacterium Yuxing Zhang tumefaciens mediated in pear rootstock 'Pyrus betulifolia Bge.'

2

Regulation of Gibberellin on gene expressions Ran Wang related with the lignin biosynthesis in Wangkumbae pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) fruits

3

Differential expression analysis of genes related to Ran Wang grafting tissue healing in autologous micro-grafting Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim by cDNA-AFLP

4

New microsatellite markers of `Whangkeumbae´ Youngjae Oh pear through next generation sequencing

5

Genetic relationship among Asian pears using Youngjae Oh microsatellite markers

6

High-throughput SNP Markers from interspecific Daeil Kim Korean pears using next generation sequencing

7

Genetic diversity of Asian and European pear using Yoon Kyeoung Kim simple sequenced repeats markers analysis

8

Ploidy of USDA world pear germplasm collection Joseph Postman determined by flow cytometry

9

Map linkage of SSR markers for red colour trait in Sonwabo Booi ‘Bon Rouge’ pear (Pyrus communis L.)

10

Involvement of a plant defence enhancer Fosetyl-Al in flower induction: from the field to the genes

15:15-15:45

10

10

Coffee and snack break

Marie-Pascale Latorse

Oral Session 2 : Rootstock and Cultivar Evaluation Tue July 15 Session Chairs: Terence Robinson and Frank Maas Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 15:45-16:00 11 Evaluation of yield efficiency and Frank Maas winter hardiness of quince rootstocks for `Conference´ pear 16:00-16:15

12

Amelanchier selections as fully Michael Neumüller dwarfing and winterhardy pear rootstocks with high tolerance to iron chlorosis

16:15-16:30

13

Interspecific pear breeding for the 21st Lester Brewer century

16:30-16:45

14

Field performance of Asian pear Christopher S. Walsh cultivars in the hot, humid conditions of the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States

16:45-17:00

15

High potential in new Norwegian bred Stein Harald Hjeltnes pear cultivars

17:00-17:15

16

Recent progress in Japanese pear (Pyrus Hidenori Kato pyrifolia Nakai) breeding at the NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan

17:15-17:45 Poster Abstract Number 11

Poster Session 2 : Rootstock and Cultivar Evaluation

Tue July 15

Title

Presenter

Pear (Pyrus L.) genetic resources from Northern Hironori Katayama Japan: Organoleptic evaluation of ornamental pear trees

12

Evaluation of growth and phenological traits in ten Tomas Necas of rootstocks in combination with pear varieties Hosui, Yali and Conference

13

The germplasm resources and their evaluation of Hu Hong-Ju Pyrus pyrifolia in China

14

Agronomic performances of quince and pear Sandrine Codarin rootstocks grafted with the pear cultivars 'Williams' and 'Angelys'

15

Pear dormancy: Effect of rootstock under different Robson Ryu Yamamoto chilling accumulation conditions 11

12

16

Rootstock influences fruit quality and yield of pear Metka Hudina (Pyrus communis L.) cvs. 'Williams', 'Conference' and 'Abate Fetel'

17

Recent pear cultivars released from Korea

18

Breeding for bi-colored and red skinned pear Michael Neumüller varieties in Germany

19

Collecting and conservation of pear landraces

20

Effect of four OH×F rootstocks on performance of Ludek Lanar 'Conference' Pear in nonirrigated orchard

21

'Gem': A new pear cultivar from the USDA pear Richard L. Bell breeding program

22

Morphoagronomic characterization of landraces and Mayte Espiau local germplasm in the Spanish National Pear Bank in Zaragoza

23

Performance of Pyrus rootstocks in eastern North Terence L. Robinson America

24

'Paragon' and 'BestEver', two 'Comice' hybrid pear Richard Hilton cultivars developed in Southern Oregon

25

Evaluation of Pyrus rootstocks to improve pear tree Rachel Elkins precocity and productivity

26

Performance of carrick pear cultivar on different Flávio Gilberto Herter quince rootstocks in a warm-winter climate

27

Precocity production of pear trees grafted on Pyrus Alberto Ramos Luz calleryana in Southern Brazil

28

Evaluation of quince and selected ‘Farold®’ pear Danilo Cabrera rootstocks for commercial ‘Williams’ production in Uruguay

29

Opportunities for development of pear in Bulgaria

30

Comparison of anthocyanin accumulation, Yuanwen Teng anthocyanin-related gene expression, and quality of red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) grown at two locations

31

In Vitro multiplication of old pear cultivars

Ilsheob Shin

Jiri Sedlák

Denitsa Serbezova

Jiri Sedlák

32

Evaluation of new Norwegian pear cultivars in a Mekjell Meland Nordic climate

18:30

A taste of Belgium Food & drinks offered by Globachem nv Naamsestraat 22, Leuven

Wednesday July 16th, 2014 Oral Session 3 : Orchard design, training – pruning, orchard Wed July 16 management Session Chairs: Asin Luis and Stephano Mussachi Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 08:30-08:45 17 Mechanical thinning improves fruit Michael Blanke quality i.e. fruit size of cv. `Conference´ and `A. Lucas´ pear 08:45-09:00

18

Improved training and pruning Miguel Leão de Sousa techniques increased productivity of `Rocha´ pear

09:00-09:15

19

CSS_Pear: A model to simulate growth, Jose Paulo de Melo e Abreu production and quality of pear (Pyrus communis L.)

09:15-09:30

20

The profitability of the optimised Dutch Gondy Heijerman growing system used for the `Conference´-pear

09:30-09:45

21

Improved yield and quality estimation Jonathan Van Beek in pear orchards through remote sensing time series

09:45-10:00

22

Yield and profitability of high density Terence L. Robinson pear production with Pyrus rootstocks

10:00-10:15

23

Fruit set of 'Conference': a small dose of Jef Vercammen Gibberellins or Regalis

10:15-10:45 Poster Abstract Number 33

34

Poster Session 3 : Orchard design, training – pruning, orchard management Title

Wed July 16

Presenter

The influence of slope planting on productivity of Dejan Durovic pear cultivars The girdling and trunk cutting on growth and crop Leo Rufato yield at packham´s triumph pear 13

35

The effect of Fosetyl-Al on flower bud Johan Keulemans development and flower bud quality in European pear (Pyrus communis)

36

Evaluation of the use of a disc-saw pruning Antonio Fernando Bento machine in `Rocha´ pears orchards - An account of Dias five years

37

Occurrence of melitophilly and cantarophilly on Ivan Dagoberto Faoro pear trees pollination in Brazil

38

Pollinating insects visiting blooming pear orchards Ivan Dagoberto Faoro in Brazil

39

Seedlings production of pear for double-grafting in Fabiola Villa quince intergrafting using the ‘Japonês’ rootstock

40

Trend and challenges for intensive pear production Karen Sagredo in Chili

41

Differences in phenological development during Alberto Ramos Luz pear bloom and early fruit set due to interruptions in winter chilling

10:45-11:15

Coffee and snack break

Oral Session 4 : Nutrition, water and soil management – part 1 Wed July 16 Session Chairs: Roberto Zoppolo and Pieter Janssens Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 11:15-11:30 24 Effect of mulching in tree row on soil Jianguang Zhang features as well as growth and development in Whangkeumbae pear trees 11:30-11:45

25

Effects of reflective fabric on multi-year Rachel Elkins productivity and fruit quality of mature ‘Bartlett’ and ‘D’Anjou’ pear trees

11:45-12:00

26

A review of 10 years work on balancing Ann Gomand the nutrition of nitrogen and potassium for the pear cultivar ‘Conference’

12:00-14:00

14

Lunch

Oral Session 4 : Nutrition, water and soil management – part 2 Session Chairs: Enrique Sanchez and Guglielmo Costa Oral Time Abstract Title Number 14:00-14:30 27 Invited Paper: Nutrition and Water Management in Intensive Pear Growing

Wed July 16

Presenter Enrique Sanchez

14:30-14:45

28

Transpiration of pear trees and Ian Goodwin implications for irrigation scheduling

14:45-15:00

29

Effect of water and fertilizer coupling Jianguang Zhang modes on soil and leaf nutrient contents in Huangguan pear trees

15:00-15:15

30

Use on non- destructive devices for an Guglielmo Costa appropriate management of pear in preand post-harvest

15:15-15:30

31

Relations between taste quality of Pieter Janssens `Conference´ pear and mineral contents in fruit, leaf and soil

15:30-16:00

Poster Abstract Number 42

Poster Sessions 4 + 5 : Nutrition, water and soil management Plant growth regulation and fruitset Title

Wed July 16

Presenter

Vegetative and productive response of young Lavdim Lepaja `William´ pear trees to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), mulching and their combinations

43

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation, mulching and Lavdim Lepaja their combination on fruit quality and nutrient contents of young `William´ pears

44

The use the PGAR and fertilizer on the `Rocha´ Leo Rufato pear for increase the productivity

45

New research progress in nutrient elements analysis Jianguang Zhang and diagnostic fertilization in pear trees

46

Various PGRS treatments on parthenocarpic fruit Gökhan Oztürk development in Deveci ve Ankara pear varieties

47

Effects of different fruit thinners on yield and fruit Carla Fernandes quality of Rocha pear (Pyrus Communis L)

15

48

Effect of bioregulators on fruit set and fruit quality Dejan Djurovic of `Abate Fetel´ pear

49

Effect of prohexadione-calcium (Regalis) on shoot Maxhun Shehaj growth and fruit set in Pear var. Passe Crassane

50

Effect of some naturally-present safe compounds on Samy El-Shazly vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of Le Conte pear trees

51

Post-bloom thinning in pear agro ecosystems using Maria C. Dussi S-Abscisic acid (S-ABA) and 6-Benzyladenine (BA)

52

Impact of the inter row management and vegetation Maria C. Dussi over the nematodes abundance in pear agro ecosystems

53

Effect of exogenous substance application on Jianguang Zhang antioxidant capability of pear fruits under high temperature and excessive light

54

Evaluation of ABA and AVG to manage fruit set Todd Einhorn and crop load of ‘d’Anjou’, ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Comice’ pear

16:00-16:30

Coffee and snack break

Oral Session 5 : Plant growth regulation and fruitset Wed July 16 Session Chairs: Karen Theron and Rachel Elkins Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 16:30-17:00 32 Invited Paper: Orchard design, training Asin Luis and pruning systems in Spanish high density pear orchards 17:00-17:15

33

Three years thinning trials on `Rocha´ Cristina Oliveira pear with benzyladenine and naphthaleneacetic acid

17:15-17:30

34

Balance between pollination and Muriel Quinet parthenocarpy in the pear variety Conference in Belgium

17:30-17:45

35

6-Benzyldanenine to reduce crop load Rachel Elkins and improve fruit size and fruit set in ‘Bartlett’ pear in California

17:45-18:00

36

Evaluation of different techniques on `Forelle´ pear

16

thinning Karen I. Theron

18:00-18:15

37

18:15-19:00

Root pruning reduced vegetative growth Todd Einhorn of ‘d’Anjou’ pear trees, but did not consistently improve productivity Collaborative research in pear

Dany Bylemans

Free evening in Leuven city Thursday July 17th, 2014 Field day 08:00

Thu July 17 8:00-16:30 Depart in Leuven Sint-Michiels Church, Naamsestraat (corner with SintMichielsstraat) Orchard visit Welcome & sandwich lunch in Sint-Truiden Visit Proefcentrum Fruitteelt Sint-Truiden Orchard visit End orchard visit – return hotel Symposium dinner at Faculty Club

08:30-10:00 10:30-12:30 13:00-15:30 15:30-17:00 17:00 19:00-23:00

Friday July 18th, 2014 Oral Session 6 : Plant protection, pests and diseases Session Chairs: Tim Belien and Michael Blancke Oral Time Abstract Title Number 08:30-08:45 38 Codling moth: A cultral management option

Fri July 18

Presenter control Robert Van Steenwyk

08:45-09:00

39

Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea from Cheryl Lennox `Forelle´ pears in South Africa to benomyl, iprodione and pyrimethanil

09:00-09:15

40

Development of a LAMP protocol for Johannes Hadersdorfer the detection of Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri, the causal agent of pear decline

09:15-09:30

41

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Tim Belien in pear orchards: species complex, population dynamics, damage potential and control strategies

09:30-09:45

42

Stimulation of pear rust mite Richard Hilton populations due to application of Spinetoram in Southern Oregon and Northern California

17

09:45-10:00

43

The presence of beneficial arthropods in Kristof Vrancken organic versus IPM pear orchards and their ability to predate pear suckers (Cacopsylla pyri)

10:00-10:15

44

Fosetyl-Al (Aliette®), a plant defence Renske Petré enhancer with good efficacy on bacteria and on ascomycetes in apples and pears

10:15-10:45 10:45-11:15

Poster Abstract Number 55

18

Coffee and snack break Poster Session 6 + 7: Plant protection, pests and diseases Fruit Quality

Fri July 18

Title

Presenter

Quantification by RT-qPCR of the latent presence Johan Keulemans of scab (Venturia pirina) in leaves and fruits of European pear (Pyrus communis)

56

Mycelial sensitivity assay of postharvest Botrytis Jessica Rochefort cinerea from `Forelle´ pears to anilinopyrimidine fungicide pyrimethanil

57

Evaluation of susceptibility level of old pear Jiri Sedlák cultivars and landraces to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in field conditions

58

The use of the bacterial antagonist Bacillus subtilis Hilde Schoofs and the plant defence enhancer fosetyl-Al against fire blight on apple and pear

59

Using commercial electric nose and dogs to detect Young Sik Cho white root rot caused by Rosellinia necatrix

60

Emergence timing of overwintered adults laid eggs Young Sik Cho and control effect by eco-friendly materials to Cacopsylla pyricola

61

Side-effects of commonly used plant protection Rik Clymans products on spiders in Belgian pear production

62

Control of fruit and shoot sawflies (Hoplocampa sp. Tim Belien and Janus sp.) in apple and pear in an IPM context

63

Use of pheromone aerosol dispensers (Puffer®) for mating disruption in pear orchards

Loys Hawkins

64

Scab on pears: early infections of fruit with delayed Wendy Van Hemelrijck expression

65

Complementary strategy based on flupyadifurone Christof Schoevaerts (Sivento®) and spirotetramat (Movento®) for integrated Cacopsylla pyri control in IPM pears

66

Preliminary results on `Abbé Fétel´ harvested at Stefano Musacchi different times

67

Seasonal behaviour of starch in `Abbé Fétel´ pear Stefano Musacchi and its relationship to fruit quality parameters

68

Pear (Pyrus L.) genetic resources from Northern Takahiro Ieguchi Japan: Evaluation of antioxidant capacity

69

DAFL: new innovative device to monitor fruit Guglielmo Costa ripening in storage conditions

70

Evaluation of average fruit weight on pear cultivars Baiba Lace in Latvia

71

Polyphenol profiles of 'Abate Fétel' fruits

72

Integrating IAD index into the current firmness- David Sugar based maturity assessment of European pears

73

Evaluation of fruit quality and susceptibility to blue Wayne Jurick II mold of nine Asian pear varieties

74

Comparison of flesh structure and firmness of Yoon Kyeong Kim landrace pears and new cultivars in Korea

75

Composition and physicochemical properties of Sun Hee Yim unripe Korean pear cultivars

76

Determining the harvest time of Abbe Fetel and Gökhan Oztürk Kieffer pear species grown in Göller region Turkey

Dieter Treutter

19

Oral Session 7 : Fruit quality Fri July 18 Session Chairs: Bart Nicolaï and Cristina Oliveira Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 11:15-11:30 45 Combined use of PlantToon® and IAD Guglielmo Costa to characterize fruit ripening homogeneity in Abbé Fétel pears 11:30-11:45

46

The effect of canopy position, cold Wiehann Steyn storage duration, harvest maturity and orchard factors on the eating quality and mealiness incidence of `Forelle´ pears

11:45-12:00

47

Effects of shelf-life in texture and Cristina Oliveira consumer acceptance of `Rocha´ pear

12:00-12:15

48

Mealiness development in `Forelle´ Tavagwisa Muziri pears (Pyrus Communis L.) is influenced by cell size

12:15-14:00

Lunch

Oral Session 8 : Postharvest Fri July 18 Session Chairs: David Sugar and Roland Valcke Oral Time Abstract Title Presenter Number 14:00-14:15 49 Physiogenomics-based understanding of Amit Dhingra cold-induced System 2 ethylene biosynthesis and ripening in European pear 14:15-14:30

50

Integrated management of postharvest David Sugar decay in pear

14:30-14:45

51

Postharvest diseases of pear caused by Marcel Wenneker orchard pathogens in the Netherlands

14:45-15:00

52

15:00-15:15

53

Ethylene imprinting during 1-MCP Ann Schenk treatment of `Conference´ pears Starch degradation after harvest in `La Hideki Murayama France´ pears

15:15-15:30

54

20

Fruit ripening development of `Abbé Stefano Musacchi Fétel´ during cold storage

15:30-16:00 Poster Abstract Number 77

Poster Session 8: Postharvest

Fri July 18

Title

Presenter

First report of Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Maria C. Dussi Arnaud as a postharvest disease of pears cv. Abate Fetel from an organic orchard in Rio Negro, Argentina

78

Integrated ethylene and temperature conditioning David Sugar for inducing pear ripening capacity

79

Effects of harvest maturity, production year, storage David Sugar temperature, and post-storage ethylene conditioning on ripening capacity of 1-MCP treated `d´Anjou' pears

80

Relationship of weather factors to russet incidence David Sugar in `Comice´ and `Bosc´ pear fruit

81

The proper harvest time and Manpungbae cultivated in Korea

82

Impact of pre-harvest AVG and postharvest 1-MCP Todd Einhorn applications on ethylene synthesis and storability of `Starkrimson´ pears

83

Control of postharvest diseases in `Rocha´ pear: Claudia Sánchez effects of chitosan on Penicillium expansum growth

84

Understanding the antagonistic mechanisms Claudia Sánchez triggered by the biological control agent Aureobasidium pullulans in `Rocha´ pears against postharvest blue mold decay

85

Evaluation of fruit quality in pears stored in ULO

storage

16:00-16:30

Coffee and snack break

16:30-17:00

Business meeting for ISHS members

17:00

End of Symposium

of Sun Hee Yim

Jiri Sedlák

21

Oral Session 1 Pear Genetics Session Chairs: Amit Dhingra and Johan Keulemans

Oral Abstract 1 (Invited Presentation) Recent developments and state of the art in the genomics, genetics and biotechnology in pear Amit Dhingra P.O. Box 646414, 46 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States of America Email: [email protected] Recent release of Asian and European pear genome sequences has opened up unprecedented opportunities for pear improvement and research. As in other plant species with sequenced genomes, this information is expected to catalyze the integration of physiological and genetic approaches for management of existing and development of novel commercial cultivars. The genome information is currently being utilized for developing a reference database for genome scale polymorphisms for a large but selected set of Pyrus germplasm. Quantitative phenotyping of the germplasm along with the polymorphism information is expected to enable association genetics studies for the establishment of DNA-trait information. In parallel, physiogenomic studies that rely on precise phenology and physiological models and RNAseq are unravelling the involvement of genes and gene networks in regulating economically important biological processes. DNA polymorphism associated with these genes is expected to identify the underlying reasons behind the diversity in observed phenotypes. Complementary to that, the DNA-trait information can be utilized to develop robust molecular markers to usher an era of DNA-informed breeding in pear. Generation time remains one of the primary bottlenecks in using the genomic and genetics knowledge to develop new varieties. While it is feasible to use cis- or transgenic approaches for directed improvement of existing varieties, there are opportunities to accelerate variety improvement using nontransgenic approaches. As gene/DNA-trait relationships are established, genome editing using approaches such as CRISPRs, TALENs or GRONs can be utilized to perform precise (not transgenic) improvements. These techniques require establishment of improved tissue culture since selection of mutated events remains a challenge. While direct integration of genes is not acceptable, reduction of generation time to accelerate breeding can be achieved by using an early flowering transgenic intermediate. With limited resources, increasing population and availability of foundational information, time is ripe for pear to become a major commodity. This presentation will outline the state of the art while also highlighting opportunities to reach that goal. Keywords: Pear, genomics, genetics, biotechnology

22

Oral Abstract 2 Genetic Clue to Origin of Cultivated Asian Pears Inferred from cpDNA Haplotypes Prof. Dr. Yuanwen Teng1, Xiaoyan Yue2, Dr. Xiaoyan Zheng2, Dr. Danying Cai2 1 Dept. Of Hort., College of Agric. Biotech., Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China 2 Dept. Of Hort.,Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou , Zhejiang, 310058, China Email: [email protected] Chinese white pears (CWP), Chinese sand pears (CSP), Japanese pears (JP) and Ussurian pears (UP) are four major cultivated pear groups native to East Asia. Their origin and genetic relationships remain controversial. In this study, an unprecedented large sampling of 475 pear cultivars, local landraces and wild types from East Asia were genotyped with a chloroplast fragment accD-pasI to elucidate the origins and genetic relationship of East Asian cultivated pear groups. As a result, seven haplotypes were identified (H1-H7). The Neighbor-Net network of the total 7 haplotypes showed that the H5 was the ancestral haplotype, while H1 was the most evolved one. H1, H2 and H3 were found in the most accessions. The other four private haplotypes are mostly limited to accessions from southwest and South China. Accessions from Guangxi and Fujian Provinces have the highest number of haplotypes, followed by those from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces. Proportion of the H3 and H2 decreased in all accessions from west to east and north China, while that of H1 increased. These results suggested that cultivated Asian pears, mainly CWP and CSP were originated from southwest China, followed by a loss of private haplotypes during the spread to east and north China. The most evolved haplotypes were retained and expanded by human selection and domestication in east and north China. CSP covered all of the seven haplotypes, displaying the highest level of genetic diversity, while CWP only had four with highest proportion of H1. Therefore, CWP represented the most evolved lineages of CSP. JP only had three major haplotypes (H1, H2, H3), and was most similar to cultivars (CSP) from Zhejiang and Fujian Province. UP had three haplotypes (H1, H3 and H5), of which H3 was the dominant haplotype. Keywords: Pyrus; Genetic Relationship; Asian pears; Cultivar Group; Origin

Oral Abstract 3 Genetic relationship analysis and group construction of Chinese crisp pear varieties based on SSR genotype Prof. Dr. Yufen Cao, Luming Tian, Yuan Gao, Xingguang Dong, Ying Zhang, Dan Qi Res. Inst. of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agric. Sciences, Xinghai South Street 98, Xingcheng, Liaoning 175100, China Email: [email protected] 171 China pear varieties of crisp flesh type, including 87 sand pear and 84 white pear varieties, were identified genetically using nine microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) loci developed from apple and pear. The PCR products were analyzed by ABI 3730 sequencer system. The amplified fragment size was calculated based on an internal standard DNA with

23

GeneMapper 3.0 software. The nine SSR loci revealed 161 alleles with an average of 5.48 putative alleles per locus. The average values of expected heterozygosity (He), observed heterozygosity (Ho) and Shannon’s Information index (I) were 0.76, 0.60 and 1.94, respectively. A phenogram based on the SSR genotypes was obtained by NYSYS-pc version 2.01. Twelve groups with a similarity coefficient of 0.89 were clustered by UPGMA method, which were named by the representative classic cultivar of geographical origin, they are: Jinli Group, Cangxixueli Group, Weiningdahuang Group, Chili Group, Sanhuali Group, Dangshansuli Group, Yali Group, Dongguoli Group, Xiaomeili Group, and Pingguoli Group. There are 13 pairs of synonymous accessions or mutants, which couldn’t be differentiated successfully. The P. pyrifolia cultivars mingled together with the P. bretschneideri cultivars, and most P. bretschneideri cultivars grouped together with the P. pyrifolia accessions from the same geographical areas. The results indicated that the relationship of P. bretschneideri cultivars and P. pyrifolia cultivars was much closer than others. Keywords: Genetic relationship• Group construction• Chinese crisp pear• SSR

Oral Abstract 4 Transcriptome analysis reveals the role of plant hormones in pear fruit set Prof. Akihiro Itai1, Mr. Yasuyuki Morishita1, Ms. Rie Mishima1, Mr. Shingo Kanetaka1, Dr. Takakazu Matsuura2, Prof. Izumi Mori2, Prof. Takashi Hirayama2, Prof. Hideki Murayama3, Prof. Tsuyoshi Habu3 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama - Cho Minami, 680-8553 Tottori, Japan 2 Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan 3 Facuty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan Email: [email protected] Fruit set is defined as the transition of a quiescent ovary to a rapidly growing young fruit, which is an important process in fruit production. Fruit set and development are regulated by the coordinated action of hormones produced in the fruit after pollination. In pear, the effect of pollination can be mimicked by exogenous application of gibberellins (GAs), which induce parthenocarpic fruit growth. However, the molecular mechanism of fruit set has not understood yet. Here, we have investigated the profiles of endogenous hormones in seed and flesh during the initial growth phase induced by pollination or unpollinated. And we have searched genes related to fruit set in pear by RNA-seq analysis. The level of JA and JA-Ile in pollinated fruit dramatically increased from 1 week after anthesis to 2 weeks after anthesis. In contrast, in the absence of pollination, the endogenous level of ABA increased to quite high values. During the same period, the cytokinin (t-Zeatin and iP) levels slightly decreased in the unpollinated fruit. However, there was no significant difference in the GA4 content. RNA-seq analysis was used for comprehensive investigation of gene expression after pollination. It showed that enzymes of the JA biosynthetic pathway were up-regulated and those of the ABA biosynthetic pathway were down-regulated by pollination. Genes encoding transcription factor were selected and examined by quantitative RT-PCR during fruit development. Expression of NAC transcription family genes showed strongly correlated to fruit set. These candidate genes were selected for further transgenic experiment to clarify the role of fruit set. Keywords: Fruit set, RNA-seq, Plant hormones

24

Oral Abstract 5 High throughput marker development for trait mapping and genomic selection in pear Claudia Wiedow Tennent Drive, Plant Food Research , 4474 Palmerston North, New Zealand Email: [email protected] Pear research has now moved into the post-genomic era, with genome sequence assemblies available for both Chinese (Wu et al. 2013) and European (Chagné et al. 2014) pears. High throughput genetic marker systems are crucial tools for developing an understanding of the genetic control of traits that are unique to pear and to enable the application of genomic information in pear breeding programmes. We have developed two new approaches for screening large numbers of single nucleotide markers (SNP) in pear: a SNP array, and genotyping by sequencing (GBS). We are evaluating both these tools for the purposes of genetic map construction, trait mapping, genome anchoring, phylogenetic analysis, linkage disequilibrium analysis and genomic selection. The Illumina Infinium II 9K apple and pear array (Chagné et al. 2012, Montanari et al. 2013) was evaluated for use in pear, using five segregating populations (a total of 873 seedlings). In all, 1888 SNPs (857 derived from pear and 1031 from apple) were polymorphic in pear and used for constructing high density genetic maps useful for QTL mapping of fruit quality, pest and disease resistance, and tree architecture, as well as for anchoring 171 Mb of the ‘Bartlett’ v1.0 genome assembly (Chagné et al. 2014). A phylogenetic analysis of 59 Pyrus rootstocks and cultivars performed using 1190 polymorphic SNPs (627 derived from pear and 563 from apple) was compared with one using 16 polymorphic SSR markers. We have evaluated GBS in Pyrus using a BamHI library. In total, more than 29K SNP markers were obtained without ambiguity in a detection set of 13 pear germplasm accessions from our interspecific breeding programme, demonstrating that this technology will be useful for future applications, such as genome-wide association studies and genomic selection. Keywords: pear, genome, sequence, genetic marker, map construction, trait mapping, SNP, GBS, interspecific breeding

Oral Abstract 6 Comparison of accessions from the UK and US national pear germplasm collections with a standardized set of microsatellite markers Dr. Kate Evans1, Felicidad Fernández- Fernández2, Dr. Nahla Bassil3, April Nyberg3, Joseph Postman3 1 WSU-TFREC, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, 98801-WA, United States of America 2 EMR, New Road, ME19 6BJ East Malling, United Kingdom 3 USDA-ARS , .National Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis OR 97333, United States of America Email: [email protected] A standardized set of 12 microsatellite markers, previously agreed upon following an ECP/GR workshop in 2006, was used to screen accessions from the UK National Pear 25

Collection at Brogdale and from the US National Pear Germplasm Repository, Corvallis. Eight standard varieties were chosen from the UK collection and freeze-dried leaves were provided to the US group to allow harmonization of calling amplification product sizes. Comparison of the data from 61 accessions revealed 41 pairs of individuals with the same name and with identical allele sizes. Twelve accessions from Brogdale were different from those with the same name at Corvallis at more than six of the 12 microsatellite loci indicating the possibility of misidentified trees. Six accessions from Brogdale were identical to those with the same name at Corvallis at 11 of the 12 microsatellite loci. Two accessions from Brogdale were identical to those with the same name at Corvallis at 10 of the 12 microsatellite loci. Detailed comparisons of electropherograms will assist in deciphering whether this is due to a genotype scoring error or whether in fact the accessions should be identified as different. Characterization of germplasm collections at this level should result in more accurate labelling of accessions reducing the possibility of confusion when attempting to compare results between varieties that may be mislabelled. Keywords: germplasm; Brogdale; Corvallis

Oral Abstract 7 Genetic diversity of Venturia pirina and adaptation to host cultivars of the European pear (Pyrus communis) Prof. Johan Keulemans1, Dries Martens1, Elien Buyse1, Wendy Van Hemelrijck2 1 Fruitteeltcentrum, K.U. Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 2 Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden Kerkom, Belgium Email: [email protected] Scab (Venturia pirina) is considered as the most important fungal disease in European pear (Pyrus communis). At the moment the disease is rather easily controlled by fungicides but the changing policy about pesticides in Europe and the concern of consumers and retailers about residues may ask for an adapted strategy in scab management. Although the importance of the disease, little is known about the specificity of pear scab. In most cases the warning systems of apple are used, and the same is true for the application of fungicides. There is at least one specific aspect that is more important in pear than in apple: the presence of scab on twigs. The consequence is that primary infections are not only possible by ascospores, but also by conidia, released from overwintered twig lesions. These vegetative spores can be a risk on the long term for the build-up of resistance of the fungus against fungicides. Therefore we studied the genetic diversity and relationships of conidiospores from different origins and their pathogenicity on different pear cultivars. We investigated the genetic diversity of conidiospores of Venturia pirina from different origins using AFLP markers. These AFLP markers were generated by 3 different primer pairs. We analyzed about 150 monospore cultures from different countries (Syria, France and Belgium), from different locations (orchards) in Belgium, from different cultivars: Conference and Durondeau and from different plant organs (twigs, leaves and fruits). We found 324 polymorphic AFLP markers with very high reproducibility for the analysis of isolates. Genetic relationships were described by the Dice coefficient. With these coefficients the genetic distance between isolates was calculated. Based on multivariate analysis the Syrian isolates clustered in one group and the French and Belgian isolates in a second group. There is no difference between both countries, although the isolates from Gembloux clustered in a separate group. Suprisingly all the latter isolates are genetically about the same. On twigs

26

monospores from the same lesions are genetically identical and the spores from different lesions on the same twig were different. The genetic diversity of the monospore cultures was high and no systematic influences of locations (orchards) were observed. Also the differences between plant organs was not so pronounced, but we found clear influences of the cultivar on the genetic structure of the scab populations, indicating an adaptation of the fungus at the cultivar. This aspect we have tested in a further step by artificial cross inoculations. We studied 3 cultivars: Durondeau, Doyenné du Comice and Conference with isolates from these cultivars. We found that scab isolated from the same cultivar is more pathogenic on that cultivar, compared to isolates from another cultivar. In most cases scab isolates from another cultivar didn't sporulate on the tested cultivar. Microscopic studies and RT-qPCR on Durondeau plants revealed that isolates of the 3 cultivars can germinate on Durondeau leaves, germination started about 24 hours after inoculation. No fungal growth was detected by RTqPCR after inoculation with Doynné and Conference. There was a considerable fungal growth after self-inoculation, but less the in another experiment in the previous year, most likely because of the sub-optimal infection conditions. The results are discussed with special attention to the relevance for adapted scab management strategies. Keywords: scab, pear, genetic diversity, isolates, adaptation to host cultivars

Oral Abstract 8 Genetic Diversity of Medlar (Mespilus germanica) Germplasm Using Microsatellite Markers Joseph Postman1, Kacey Schaefer2, April Nyberg3, Nahla Bassil3 1 USDA-ARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States of America (presenting author) 2 Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon 97331, United States of America 3 USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis Oregon 97333, United States of America Email: [email protected] The medlar (Mespilus germanica) is a pome fruit related to pear (Pyrus sp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) that has been cultivated for centuries for its edible fruit. It was also an important medicinal plant in the Middle Ages. The center of origin for Mespilus is around the Trans-Caucasus region and traditional uses for the fruit extend through the Middle East, Central Asia and Western Europe. More than 40 medlar tree accessions with origins from 10 countries have been assembled in a living germplasm collection at the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) at Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Several ancient cultivars growing at NCGR with different names and sources have indistinguishable phenotypes and synonymy has been suspected. Twenty-two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from apple were tested for the production of polymorphic loci in eight different medlar accessions. The six most polymorphic SSRs were used to genotype 41 accessions of M. germanica and one of the intergeneric species Mespilus canescens (Mespilus x Crataegus) growing at the NCGR. Flow cytometry was performed on all Mespilus accessions to determine ploidy. Profiles based on four single locus SSRs showed two accessions to be genetically identical to the ancient English cultivar Nottingham. Nottingham and the two synonym clones also had all tested positive for Apple chlorotic leafspot virus. Four medlar accessions from western Oregon sources had similar phenotypes and produced identical SSR profiles. Seven very large fruited

27

cultivars with 5 different origin countries were genetically indistinguishable from ‘Monstreuse d’Evreinoff’. Two other pairs of synonyms were also documented. Additional markers will be used to confirm synonyms. Flow cytometry showed all M. germanica accessions to be diploid and confirmed M. canescens as triploid. M. canescens also produced three distinct fragments at three of the four SSR loci. The relationships determined in this study documents the diverse genetic backgrounds represented in the NCGR medlar collection. The results also will permit the removal of unnecessary duplication and improve the efficient management of this collection. Keywords: Mespilus canescens, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, ploidy, flow cytometry

Oral Abstract 9 Improved Microsatellite Markers for Quince (Cydonia oblonga) Genetic Analysis Joseph Postman1, Nahla Bassil2, April Nyberg2, Yoon-Kyeong Kim3 1 USDA-ARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States of America 2 USDA Agricultural Research Service, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis Oregon 97333, United States of America 3 National Inst. of Hort. Herbal Science, Naju, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] The USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository maintains a diverse living collection of 149 European quince (Cydonia oblonga) genotypes with origins from 16 countries. The collection is represented by one tree per accession on a 0.5 hectare orchard in Corvallis, Oregon. We previously used nine apple-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs to determine genetic relationships in 92 European quince clones, but were unable to differentiate several groups of genotypes. Four of the nine SSRs with low observed number of alleles (2-3) were replaced with four SSRs reported to amplify at least four alleles. This new fingerprinting set improved the power of differentiation and was used to identify 102 European and four Chinese (Pseudocydonia sinensis) quince accessions. Some previously suspected synonyms were confirmed including several cultivars that grouped with ‘Portugal’. ‘Lisle’ from a nursery source had the same fingerprint as ‘Pineapple’. Seedlings from Albania, Armenia, and Bulgaria seedlots grouped with other seedlings from the same seedlot and close to the parent cultivar. A group of quince clones was indistinguishable from ‘Quince A’ and may be the result of mispropagations. Flow cytometry using young leaf tissue was used to assess ploidy. Several quince cultivars have phenotypes consistent with polyploidy such as very large fruit and very large and thick leaves, however all NCGR quince accessions were found to be diploid. Genetic profiles of the 102 accessions will be publicly available. Keywords: Pseudocydonia sinensis, fingerprint, Chinese quince, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), flow cytometry, ploidy

28

Oral Abstract 10 Mining Genes Connetced To Pear Scab Resistance Induced By Venturia nashicola Dr. Ilsheob Shin, Dr. Jean Chun, Dr. Sehee Kim, Dr. Kanghee Cho, Dr. Daehyun Kim, Dr. Inmyung Choi 203 cheoncheon-ro Jangan-gu Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 440-706, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] Scab, caused by Venturia nashicola, is one of the most damaging diseases in Asian pear, especially genotypes belonging to Pyrus pyrifolia. The development of resistant cultivars to scab has long been an aim of asian pear breeding programs. To identify and construct differential expressed gene (DEG) library related to scab resistance, suppression subtractive hybridization and next generation sequence using illumina and 454 GS FLX RNAseq were performed compared resistant accessions, whangsilri and 93-3-98 (Danbae ×Bartlett), with susceptible ones, ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Sweet Skin’. cDNA clones were obtained from leaves harvested at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 days after inoculation with or without of V. nashicola. Through in silico analysis, DEGs expressed more than over 100 times were chosen and promising DEGs were selected using quantitative real-time PCR among accessions with different resistance degrees. As a result of the analysis, defense or stress related genes such as basic pathogenesis-related protein 1, major allegen, F-box/kelch-repeat protein, cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 10, polyketide cyclase/dehydrase and lipid transport superfamily protein were high expressed at the resistant accessions rather than at the susceptible ones. In order to transform these genes into target cultivar such as ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Wonwhang’, scab susceptible major cultivars, more detailed functional study is required to understand how these genes are related to the defense system against V. nashicola in pears. Keywords: Pear, Disease Resistant, Differential Expressed Genes (DEG), Next Generation Sequence (NGS), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH)

29

Poster Session 1 Pear Genetics Poster Abstract 1 The rolB gene Transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mediated in Pear Rootstock 'Pyrus betulifolia Bge.' Prof. Dr. Yuxing Zhang1, Dr. Jianfeng Xu1, Haiyan Wang1, Prof. Dr. Guoqiang Du2, Shuai Yan1, Aibin Wan1 1 College of Horticulture, Pear , Engineering and Technology center of Hebei, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China 2 College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China Email: [email protected] Pyrus betulifolia is native to China, and has been widely using as pear rootstock for thousands years. More than ninety percent of the pear trees in current China are grafted on this rootstock. Pyrus betulifolia is able to tolerate poor soil conditions like drought and salt in some extent. But it has a poor rooting ability and the trees grafted on this rootstock tend to have too much vigor. This study aimed at reducing the plant vigor and improving the rooting ability by transferring the rolBgene into Pyrus betulifolia via Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mediated method. The undifferentiated Pyrus betulifolia cotyledon was used for the gene transformation. The effects of concentration of Agrobacterium bacteria, infection time, coculture time and pre-culture time on transformation efficiency were determined. The suitable protocol for this gene transformation was that first to pre-culture the cotyledon in darkness for three days, then infect with the solution of Agrobacterium (OD=0.7) for 7 min, and co-culture on regeneration medium for 3 days. The resistant buds regenerated from the cotyledons were cultured on select medium supplemented with 20 mg·L-1 Kan and 500 mg·L-1 Cef. Of 11.8% regenerated buds showed Kan resistant. Sixteen lines were confirmed by PCR analysis. Keywords: rolB genes; Pyrus betulifolia Bge.; Genetic transformation; Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mediated

Poster Abstract 2 Regulation of Gibberellin on gene expressions related with the lignin biosynthesis in Wangkumbae pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) fruits Ran Wang, Shao-Lan Yang, Xia-Nan Zhang, Prof. Cheng-Rong Wang Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), No.700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266109, China Email: [email protected] Wangkumbae Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) was used as materials and genes encoding enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis were cloned: two of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) genes Pp4CL1 and Pp4CL2, another 2 cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes PpCAD1 and PpCAD2, and 4 peroxidase (POD) genes PpPOD1, PpPOD2, PpPOD3 and PpPOD4. The result of real-time PCR analysis showed that PpPAL1 and PpPAL2 hada 30

similar expression patter: a higher accumulation of transcripts at fruit developing early stage and a lower accumulation at late stage. The expression of PpPAL1 and PpPAL2 revealed down-regulated in gibberellin (GA)-treated fruits. The accumulation of Pp4CL1 and Pp4CL2 transcripts was higher in fruit developing early stage comparing with that in late stage, and Pp4CL2 expression level was higher than Pp4CL1. Pp4CL1 and Pp4CL2 expression levels in GA treated fruits were lower compared with that in the control fruit. The relative expression level of PpCAD2 was marked higher than PpCAD1 and reached a peak at 53 d after blooming. The expression of PpCAD2 in GA-treated fruit was significantly lower compared with the control fruit in early developmental stage, which was consistent with developmental dynamics of sclereid and dynamic changes in lignin content during the development. The expression of PpPOD4 gene was significantly higher than PpPOD1, PpPOD2 and PpPOD3 during developmental stages. The expression of PpPOD1, PpPOD2, and PpPOD4 first increased and then decreased during the development of the control fruit. PpPOD1 expression in GA-treated fruit was lower than the control fruit, which was consistent with changes in lignin content. Keywords: Wangkumbae Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai. ‘Wangkumbae’); Gibberellin; Genes; Lignin biosynthesis

Poster Abstract 3 Differential Expression Analysis of Genes Related to grafting tissue Healing in autologous micro-grafting Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim by cDNA-AFLP Ran Wang, Man-na Ms. Huang, Dr. Ying-jie Yang, Dr. Jian-kun Song, Dr. Ding-li Li, Prof. Dr. Cheng-rong Wang Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), No.700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266109, China Email: [email protected] Pyrus ussuriensis in vitro autologous micro-grafting plantlets were used as materials and differential expression of genes related to grafting tissue healing were analysed by cDNAamplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP). Parts of differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were isolated, sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics and Fluorescence Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. The rerults revealed : a total of 2608 TDFs were screened, and 338 differentially expressed TDFs were identified in the graft union including 4 stages of self-grafted plantlets 0 d, 4 d, 7 d and 11 d by cDNA-AFLP analysis using 66 pairs of primers; 34 TDFs were successfully isolated and sequenced, BLAST and alignments analysis displayed that 30 candidate TDFs shared high homology with Genbank database, in which 26 TDFs with annotations were involved in the functions of DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and degradation, transcription regulation, energy and material metabolism, signal transduction, stress responses, minerals transport etc, and the functions of another 4 TDFs were unknown; in addition, 4 other TDFs matched no genes in Genbank database were speculated with new genes. Then the expression changes of 3 TDFs

31

were analyzed by qPCR, and the results were essentially uniform with cDNA-AFLP electrophoresis ,which showed that the results analyzed by cDNA-AFLP were basically reliable. Keywords: Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim; micro-grafting; healing related genes; cDNA-AFLP; TDFs

Poster Abstract 4 New Microsatellite Markers of `Whangkeumbae´ Pear through Next Generation Sequencing Mr. Youngjae Oh1, Ms. Seolah Kim1, Ms. Yoon-Kyeong Kim2, Prof. Dr. Cheol Choi3, Dr. Hyunsuk Shin1, Dr. Sam-Seok Kang2, Prof. Dr. Daeil Kim1 1 Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Korea (Republic of) 2 Pear Research Station, NIIS, Rural Development Administration, Naju, 520-821, Korea (Republic of) 3 Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] The microsatellite or SSRs are characterized by being highly polymorphic, co-dominant inheritance, numbers of alleles per locus, suitable for automation, abundant and evenly distributed in the genome. New and revolutionary sequencing method called Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) which is inexpensive, extremely high throughput technologies that produce thousands or millions of sequences at once also offers rapid marker development. Pear (Pyrus spp., X=17) is one of major temperate fruit and three basic species, P. ussuriensis, P. pyrifolia and P. fauriei, are native in Korea. In order to apply core-collection management and construction of reference map, new set of microsatellites were selected at the beginning of Korean pear genome project (supported by Biogreen 21 program of Rural Development Administration, Korea). The goals of this study are to develop polymorphic genomic microsatellite from 'Whangkeumbae' genomic sequences generated by next generation sequencing technology and evaluating the utility of the microsatellite for genetic diversity of P. pyrifolia and P. ussuriensis. In total 50 primer pairs were designed from sequences generated by Roche’s 454 GS FLX. 38 out of 50 microsatellite markers reveals polymorphic in 'Whangkeumbae', 'Minibae', and two progenies. The polymorphic 38 microsatellite markers and their information may useful for identifying genotype among pear cultivars, constructing genetic map, MAS, QTL and breeding for important traits in Korean pear. Keywords: NGS, SSR, Asian pear, Pyrus spp.

32

Poster Abstract 5 Genetic Relationship among Asian Pears Using Microsatellite Markers Mr. Youngjae Oh1, Ms. Seolah Kim1, Dr. Hyunsuk Shin1, Ms. Ji-Young Park1, Ms. YoonKyeong Kim2, Prof. Dr. Daeil Kim1 1 Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Korea (Republic of) 2 Pear Research Station, NIIS, Rural Development Administration, Naju, 520-821, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] Relationships of 34 pear cultivars, including 23 Korean bred cultivars and 11 cultivars used as their breeding parents, was analyzed using 12 SSR markers. Twelve SSR markers consisted of 6 SSR markers derived from pear and apple, respectively. Results of analysis using capillary electrophoresis, the total number of alleles was 178, the average number of alleles was 14.8. The mean of PIC of the 12 SSR markers used in analysis was 0.839. When genetic relationship was analyzed by the neighbor-joining cluster method, 34 cultivars were classified into a total of 4 groups. The first group consisted of only one cultivar, ‘Waseaka’. ‘Shinsui’, ‘Kimisukawase’, and ‘Kosui’ belonged to the second group. The third Group consisted of 13 cultivars which are ‘Soohwangbae’, ‘Geumcheonbae’, ‘Danbae’, ‘Youngsanbae’, ‘Nijiiseiki’, ‘Shinil’, ‘Josaenghwangkeum’, ‘Shinko’, ‘Niitaka’, ‘Gamro’, ‘Hanaruem’, ‘Shincheon’, and ‘Hwangkeumbae’. The fourth Group was the biggest one including 17 cultivars, such as ‘Manhwang’, ‘Chuhwangbae’, ‘Cheongshilli’, ‘Imamuraaki’, ‘Sunwang’, ‘Wonhwang’, ‘Chojoro’, ‘Hwasanbae’, ‘Manpungbae’, ‘Mihwang’, ‘Hosui’, ‘Okusankichi’, ‘Mansoo’, ‘Gamcheonbae’, ‘Minibae’, ‘Jinhwang’, and ‘Noksu’. SSR analysis using capillary electrophoresis could analyze genetic relationship with parents as evidenced by the result that 8 out of 22 Korean bred cultivars were classified into the same group as their parents. As a results of analyzing the breeding parents of 22 Korean bred pear cultivars, the number of parents identified by each primer was 4 in CH02D11, 5 in NH021a, CH01B12, and CH02B03b, 6 in BGT23b, 7 in NH025a and CH01H10, 8 in KU10, 9 in NH004a, 11 in CH02B10, and 12 in CH01H01, and 13 in NH014a. Keywords: SSR, Microsatellite, Asian pear, Pyrus spp.

Poster Abstract 6 High-Throughput SNP Markers from Interspecific Korean Pears Using Next Generation Sequencing Prof. Dr. Daeil Kim1, Mr. Youngjae Oh1, Ms. Seolah Ms. Kim1, Dr. Hyunsuk Shin1, Dr. Sam-Seok Kang2, Ms. Yoon-Kyeong Ms. Kim2, Prof. Dr. Cheol Choi1 1 Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Korea (Republic of) 2 Pear Research Station, NIIS, Rural Development Administration, Naju, 520-821, Korea Email: [email protected] Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent type among variations found in genomic regions and are valuable markers for high-throughput genetic mapping, genetic

33

diversity studies and association mapping in plants. There are three basic species known as Korean native which are Pyrus ussuriensis, P. pyrifolia, and P. fauriei. Genetic relationship among Korean pear cultivars compared with their parents was also identified that they are closely related P. pyrifolia, P. ussuriensis and/or hybrids between two species. Lack of genetic resources, including molecular markers to study pears are very severe. Recently developed next generation sequencing platforms offer opportunities for high-throughput and inexpensive genome sequencing and rapid marker development. The objective of this study was to develop polymorphic SNP markers in ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, which were chosen as the representative cultivars of P. pyrifolia and P. ussuriensis × pyrifolia in each among Korean pears, using genomic sequences generated by next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. In this study, more than 18.6 Gbp and 15.8 Gbp sequences were obtained from NGS of ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, respectively. ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’ contained 2,712,288 and 2,747,224 SNPs, respectively. In SNPs validations between ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, the number of polymorphic SNPs were 2,516,438 and nonpolymorphic SNPs were 1,179,391. Polymorphic SNPs were 1,857,926 in intergenic-regions and 658,512 in genic-regions. For HRM primer design, 2,125,479 HRM candidate primers were obtained from polymorphic SNPs and 343,731 SNP primers were clearly developed. This study shows that the utility of NGS technology to discover efficiently a large number of SNPs and SNP primers can provide valuable information in the genome study of Pyrus spp. Keywords: NGS, SNP, Asian pear, Pyrus spp.

Poster Abstract 7 Genetic Diversity of Asian and European Pear using Simple Sequenced Repeats Markers Analysis Ms. Yoon Kyeoung Kim1, Dr. Sam-Seok Kang2, Dr. Ug-Yong Lee3, Mr. Kyeong-Ho Won3, Dr. Sun-Hee Yim3, Dr. Han-Chan Lee3, Dr. Jeom-Hwa Han4, Dr. Il-Seob Shin4 1 Pear Experiment Station, NIHHHS, RDA, Keumchen-myeon, Naju, Jeonnam 520-821, Korea (Republic of) 2 RD Coordination Division, RDA, Suwon, Korea (Republic of) 3 Pear Research Station, NIHHS, RDA, 520-821 Naju, Korea (Republic of) 4 Fruit Research Division, NIHHS, RDA, 440-706 Suwon, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] It was applied to classify and identify 27 European pears (P.nivalis, P.amygdaliformis, P.elaeagrifolia, P. communis), 19 Asian pears (P. pyrifolia), and 4 hybrids (P. communis x P. pyrifolia) using by 7 Simple sequenced repeats (SSR) markers. These 6 markers of SSR markers displayed informative polymorphisms, which were obtained from ‘Whangkeumbae’ by using fosmid library sequences. Pair-wise genetic distances based of the F statistics of Nei and Li (1979) revealed an average genetic distance of 36.8% among European pear cultivars and 45.1% among Asian pear cultivars. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis results were classified into two main groups. One group included only P. pyrifolia and 2 hybrids (Greensis, NijiseikixOH) the other contained European pears (P. communis. P. elaeagrifolia and P. amygdaliformis) and 2 hybrids (Ooharabenni and Kiyomaro). In European group, it showed quiet closed genetic distance between P. elaeagrifolia and P. communis. And also P. nivalis which was commonly known as the "snow pear" was more close to P. amygdaliformis than P. communis though these pear species are originated from a different region in Europe. P. amygdaliformis was distributed in

34

Miditerranean Europe, and P. nivallis was Central and Southern Europe. In conclusion, it seemed that these 6 SSR markers can be used for the identification and genetic analysis of European pear and P. pyrifolia. Keywords: SSR marker, Pyrus spp., gene diversity, Variety identification

Poster Abstract 8 Ploidy of USDA World Pear Germplasm Collection Determined by Flow Cytometry Joseph Postman1, Richard Bell2, Nahla Bassil3 1 USDA-ARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States of America 2 USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, United States of America 3 USDA Agricultural Research Service, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States of America Email: [email protected] Living germplasm collections representing world diversity of pear (Pyrus spp.) are maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Flow cytometry was performed on young leaf tissue from 725 genebank accessions to assess ploidy and 87% were found to be diploid. Of the remaining 13%, 88 were triploid, one was tetraploid, two were partial tetraploids and two are likely aneuploid. The primary focus of this study was on cultivars and selections, as most pear wild relative species are presumed to be diploid (2n=2x=34). Six pear clones received at the genebank as purported tetraploids were determined to be diploid, and two purported tetraploids were chimeral, having both tetraploid and diploid tissue. Many of the pear cultivars identified as triploid were not previously known to be polyploid. Of the triploid pears, only three were Asian cultivars, and 85 were European or European hybrid cultivars. All pear wild relative species examined were diploid. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite-based profiles were generated for 20 triploid accessions and reference pear cultivars using a standard fingerprinting set of 12 SSR markers. SSR loci generated three alleles for each of the triploid accessions, thus confirming triploidy. The use of flow cytometry to determine ploidy combined with SSR markers for genetic fingerprinting helped to confirm synonymy in several pear accessions, and permitted the elimination of misidentified accessions that should have represented triploid or tetraploid genotypes. Knowledge about the ploidy of genebank accessions will help breeders to avoid using sterile or incompatible pollen when making crosses. The NCGR genebank provides propagation material for breeding and genetic research by on-line request through the USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Keywords: Pyrus, cytology, genetic resources, triploid, tetraploid

35

Poster Abstract 9 Map Linkage of SSR Markers for Red Colour Trait in ‘Bon Rouge’ Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Sonwabo Booi, Z.T.L. Mbulawa, K.R. Tobutt Agriculture Research Council (ARC)-Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa Pear cultivation and production is of major economic importance in the Western Cape region of South Africa. The skin colour is one of the characteristics that consumers look for and, therefore, it is of important to breed fruits of good colour. The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) breeding programme is in the process of breeding fully red coloured pears. A red skinned bud mutant of ‘Williams Bon Chretien’ called ‘Bon Rouge’ was crossed with a green cultivar ‘Pakham’s Triumph’, segregating in a 1:1 ratio for red:green phenotype, indicating a simple Mendelian inheritance of this trait. Pear and apple SSR markers reported as mapping in the appropriate region of LG4 in pear and in apple maps were scored in the ‘Bon Rouge’ x ‘Packham’s Triumph’ progeny. The aim of the study was to see if the red colour trait in ‘Bon Rouge’ maps to approximately the same position (Linkage Group 4) as the red colour trait in another mutant of ‘Williams Bon Chretien’ namely ‘Max Red Bartlett’ and, if so, to identify closer SSR markers than previously reported. Several apple and pear microsatellite markers not mapped in ‘Max Red Bartlett’, were mapped in LG4 in the ‘Bon Rouge’ progeny. A closely linked microsatellite was identified which will allow determination of homozygotes and heterozygotes and which could be useful for locating the red gene from other mutants. Keywords: Pyrus communis, molecular markers, red trait, linkage group 4, breeding

Poster Abstract 10 Involvement of a plant defenses enhancers fosetyl-Al in flowering induction : from the field to the genes Marie-Pascale Latorse1, Catherine Sirven1, Stéphane Peyrard1, Wannes Keulemans2, Tom Deckers3, Luk de Maeyer4 1

BCS SA Small Molecule, Disease Control Biology, Lyon, France KULouvain Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology - Willem de Croylaan 42 - B3001 Heverlee, Belgium 3 Pcfruit vzw, Departments Mycology/Pomology , Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium 4 Bayer CropScience Belgium- J.E. Mommaertslaan 14, 1831 Diegem, Belgium Email: [email protected]; marie-pascale [email protected] 2

Fosetyl-Al is a well-known anti-oomycetes fungicide with efficacy based on an indirect action as stimulation of the natural plant defenses. Field phenotypic observations in apple, pears and cherries orchards have revealed very positive effect of fosetyl-Al on flowering the year following treatment. An advantageous effect was noticed both on quantity as on the quality of flower buds. Flower cluster of trees treated with Aliette in the previous season had more flowers and a tendency of being surrounded by more well developed rosette leaves. Cytological studies confirmed the effect of such treatment on the flower induction and morphogenesis.

36

Mode of action analysis of fosetyl-Al were conducted in parallel and independently on the vine – downy mildew pathosystem to elucidate the effect as stimulator of natural plant defense. Transcriptomic analysis clearly showed involvement of fosetyl-Al in defense response with genes deregulation in chalcone synthase biosynthetic pathway and in stilbenes accumulation. Those pathways are the most frequently and best characterized defense mechanisms described in vine. Besides that, 3 clusters of genes corresponding to auxine responsive proteins were found slightly up-regulated with fosetyl-Al preventative treatment. Speculation on the role of those genes induced by fosetyl-Al and consequently the input on flowering quality on apples and pears could be discussed. Keywords: Fosetyl-Al, flower bud quality, transcriptomics, plant defense enhancement, auxine responsive genes

37

Oral Session 2 Rootstock and Cultivar Evaluation Session Chairs: Terence Robinson and Frank Maas

Oral Abstract 11 Evaluation of yield efficiency and winter hardiness of quince rootstocks for `Conference´ pear Frank Maas Krulweg 11, 6721 WH Bennekom, Netherlands Email: [email protected] The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the effect of five different types of quince rootstocks on the growth, production efficiency and fruit size of ‘Conference’ pears. Next to the standard rootstocks MC and Adams, MA, MH and Elinewere used. Trees were planted at two different locations in the Netherlands, in the experimental orchard of Applied Plant Research, Wageningen UR in Randwijk and in a commercial orchard in Krabbendijke. Trees were grown for five years with (Randwijk) or without (Krabbendijke) fertigation. No differences were observed between trunk growth of ‘Conference’ grafted on these five rootstocks. In Randwijk shoot growth was the highest and comparable for trees on Adams, Elineand MC. Significantly less shoot growth was observed for trees on quince MH. The level of shoot growth on C.132 was between that on MH and the other three quince types. Independent of rootstock, fruit production started in the second year after planting of the two year old nursery trees in the orchard. The highest initial yields were observed for trees on Adams, MC and Eline, a somewhat lower production on C.132 and the lowest for trees on MH. Cumulative yields per tree over 5 years amounted to 50 kg for trees on Adams, MC and Eline, 36 kg on C.132 and 35 kg on MH with a similar average fruit weight of 216 g and 73% of the yield consisting of fruits with a diameter > 65 mm. ‘Conference’ on Eline produced fruits with significantly less russeting than on any of the other quince rootstocks A severe frost period in February 2012, with temperatures down to -23°C, caused damage only to trees of which the rootstock shank was not protected by a layer of compost during the winter. Immediately after the frost period the degree of damage, judged on basis of the amount of brown discoloration of the bark tissue, was the highest in Adams and MC, intermediate in Eline and MH, and absent in C.132. However, at the end of August 2012 a large proportion of the trees on C.132 that had not been covered by compost showed leaf yellowing and reduced vigour. These symptoms were not observed on any of the other unprotected rootstocks. In 2013 five of the eighteen trees on unprotected C.132 died. In September 2013, 19 months after the frost period, Elinehad the darkest green leaves and showed the least brown discoloration of all five types of quince rootstocks that had not been protected by a layer of compost during the winter. No differences in leaf colour or any brown discoloration of the bark tissue was observed in any of the five types of quince that had been covered by compost during the winter. The initial production levels of the non-fertigated trees in Krabbendijke were much lower than those of the fertigated trees in Randwijk. Without fertigation the production was the highest on quince Adams, about 30% higher than on MC and Eline. Yields on C.132 and MH were 35% and 65% lower than on MC. Fruit size was also less for trees grown without fertigation. Quince Adams produced the highest proportion of fruits in the size class >65 mm (64%) and MH the lowest (53%) 38

In conclusion, in the fertigated orchard ‘Conference’ produced the best and equally good on Adams, MC and Eline. Without fertigation Adams proved the most productive rootstock followed by MC and Eline. Elineproved to be the most frost resistance rootstock when rootstock shanks were not covered by compost during the winter. Keywords: Cydonia oblonga, Pyrus communis, frost damage, Adams, MA, MC, MH, Eline, russeting

Oral Abstract 12 Amelanchier selections as fully dwarfing and winterhardy pear rootstocks with high tolerance to iron chlorosis Dr. Michael Neumüller1, Felicitas Dittrich1, Mathias Reindl2, Angela Siemonsmeier3, Dr. Johannes Hadersdorfer3, Prof. Dr. Dieter Treutter3 1 Bayerisches Obstzentrum, Am Süssbach 1, 85399 Hallbergmoos, Germany 2 Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany 3 Technische Universität München, FG Obstbau, 85354 Freising, Germany Email: [email protected] In 1999, a breeding program for pear rootstock cultivars was established at Bavarian Centre of Pomology and Fruit Breeding, Hallbergmoos, Germany. The breeding aims are tolerance to leaf chlorosis caused by iron deficiency, dwarfism, and winter hardiness as none of the existing pear rootstocks fulfill the grower’s demands. Neither within the Genus Pyrus nor within the Genus Cydonia, the respective combination of important traits was expected to be achieved by cross hybridisation. Therefore, several Amelanchier species were used for intra- und interspecific hybridisations. The seedlings obtained were screened for graft compatibility with the pear cultivar ‘Doyenné du Comice’. Those showing good compatibility were tested for their pomological characteristics such as vegetative growth, yield of the scion cultivar, winter hardiness and sensitivity to iron chlorosis. Promising rootstock candidates were selected and propagated in vitro. In vitro tests for resistance to pear decline were performed. Some selections were used for international rootstock trials. According to the results presently available, pear trees growing on the new rootstock candidates are highly productive and show lower vegetative growth compared to ‘Quince EMA’ and ‘Quince EMC’. Due to that fact the training system of pear orchards should be adapted to the true dwarfism induced by the newly bred rootstocks. Keywords: Pear rootstock, Amelanchier, dwarfism, high density pear orchard

39

Oral Abstract 13 Interspecific Pear Breeding for the 21st Century Lester Brewer1, Natalie How2, Chris Morgan1, Rosemary Weskett2, David Chagné3, llan White2, Vincent Bus2, Richard Volz2 1 The New Zealand Institute for Plant Food , Motueka Research Centre, Old Mill Road, R.D.3, 7198 Motueka, New Zealand 2 Plant Food Research Hawkes Bay, Private Bag 1401, 4130 Havelock North, New Zealand 3 The New Zealand Institute for Plant Food , Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11600, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand Email: [email protected] Consumer demand for ‘snackification’ of fruits and vegetables is a continuing trend as flexible, healthy food options are required to fit busy lifestyles. A new family of pears developed to suit this trend have high flavour and can be eaten at any time from harvest to several months afterwards, following storage. Three species of pear are at the basis of the New Zealand Plant & Food Research interspecific pear breeding programme, which has progressed to the third and fourth generation hybrids. Although the species are compatible, lethal or sub-lethal genes have caused early seedling necrosis in many interspecific populations, along with low pollen shed. Directional selection is focused on early bearing, high fruit quality after storage, crisp textures, aromatic flavour development, red skin colour, heavy cropping and against skin friction discolouration and storage disorder susceptibility. Fire blight resistance has been sourced from both European and Asian pears, while the programme has taken great advantage of the non-host resistance to Venturia pirina from Asian pear species. New knowledge has been gained on the genetic and molecular controls of traits, such as fruit friction discoloration, scab and fire blight resistances, which will be further helped with the recent genome sequence for ‘Bartlett’. Keywords: interspecific,breeding,resistances,friction discoloration

Oral Abstract 14 Field Performance of Asian Pear Cultivars in the Hot, Humid Conditions of the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States Prof. Dr. Christopher S. Walsh1, Ms. Julia M. Harshman1, Mr. Michael Newell2, Ms. Anna Walllis1, Mr. G.R. Welsh3, Ms. Amy Barton Williams1 1 Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, 2102 Plant Sciences Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4452, United States of America 2 Wye Research and Education Center, 124 Wye Narrows Drive, Queenstown MD 21658, United States of America 3 Western MD Research and Education Center, 18330 Keedysville Road, Keedysville MD 21756, United States of America Email: [email protected] Production of European pears (Pyrus communis L.) in the Eastern United States is limited by a number of physiological and pathological problems. To expand sustainable pear production in that region, more than 20 commercial cultivars of Asian pear [Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. F) Nak. {syn. P. serotina L.}] were tested in a series of replicated research plantings. Asian 40

pears were precocious and productive in the hot humid conditions of the Mid-Atlantic Region, and many trees flowered and fruited in the second leaf. Seventeen cultivars were evaluated for their field-tolerance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) following a severe hailstorm. The cultivars Shin Li, Daisu Li, Shinsui and Olympic fared better than Magness, a fire blighttolerant European pear. Hosui, Choju, Kosui, Seigyoku, Ya Li and T’se Li fared quite poorly. A number of the same fire blight-tolerant cultivars also performed well in subsequent trials, even when grown with limited pesticide applications. Trees cropped nearly as well under a certified organic management system as they did when managed using the standard (IPM) program. Fire blight eventually decimated the commercial apple cultivars in that planting. Fire blight had far less effect on the Asian pears in the organic trial, and those trees still survive and produce marketable fruit. In this region, Asian pear bloom occurs about ten days earlier than apple, and during cooler weather conditions. That earliness of bloom, coupled with field tolerance has allowed these cultivars to avoid severe fire blight infections. Based on these observations, replicated plantings were set in the Eastern United States to test pear cultivars for their broader geographic adaptation. In that planting, ten Asian pear cultivars and three European cultivars were set in a wide range of research locations. After the fourth leaf and second commercial crop in Maryland, survival of Isi’iwasi, Shinsui, Kosui and Olympic was good. Fire blight killed many Hosui and Ya Li (Asian pear) trees as well as Bartlett and Golden Russett (buttery pear) trees in that planting. Using fruit from this replicated trial, consumer tastings have also been conducted. Consumers familiar with Asian pears were drawn to the tastings and gave positive feedback about the samples. Consumers less familiar with the crop reported some awareness of Asian pears but had neither tasted, nor purchased that fruit previously. In these tastings, Atago and Olympic were well-received by both groups of consumers. After tasting these pears, most people reported that they would be interested in purchasing the fruit and asked for the names of local producers. Based on this research, there appears to be a good market for locally-produced Asian pear fruit. With the correct cultivar selection for fire blight management, local growers should be able to produce the crop sustainably and market their fruit profitably. Keywords: fire blight, precocity, productivity, tree survival, field performance

Oral Abstract 15 High potential in new Norwegian bred pear cultivars Dr. Stein Harald Hjeltnes1, Mr. Jef Vercammen2, Ms. Ann Gomand2, Prof. Finn Maage3, Dr. Dag Roen1 1 Graminor, Njøsavegen 5, 6863 Leikanger, Norway 2 Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, 3800 Sint -Truiden, Belgium 3 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Aas, 1432 Aas, Norway Email: [email protected] Crossings to make climate adapted cultivars for the short and cool growing season in Norway was carried out through a bilateral agreement between Sweden and Norway from 1983 to 1987. Approximately 10.000 seedlings were rised, and a selection index was applied to identify the candidates for the first test on grafted trees. So far, three cultivars have been registered from the experimentation with 120 selected genotypes – Ingrid’PVR (2005), ‘Celina’PVR – Qtee ® (2010) and ‘Kristina’PVR (2010). Out of these,‘Celina’PVR - Qtee® has proven to be the most promising in international trials. A highly attractive red-blushed fruit, with high fruit quality and very high production, makes the potential in the market for this 41

cultivar very promising. Experiments with ‘Kristina’PVR has shown that this cultivar have potential in organic fruit growing. These pears are green, with a soft skin, high fruit quality and high productivity. Several experiments are carried out to investigate the proper way of production and handling of ‘Celina’ PVR - Qtee ® and pilots are developed for the market. The close international collaboration between breeder, tester and market actor is a prerequisite to succeed in the market. The experimentation has to go in parallel with establishing of commercial plantings, and both growers and packhouses need to follow specific requirements in order to learn as much as possible in a short time until optimal protocols have been established. Keywords: Pear breeding, new cultivars, organic growing,Celina, Kristina

Oral Abstract 16 Recent Progress in Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) Breeding at the NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan Mr. Hidenori Kato, Norio Takada, Sogo Nishio, Toshihiro Saito Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba 305-8605, Japan Email: [email protected] An organized Japanese pear breeding program started in 1935 at the national institute in Japan, presently NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science. The initial objective was to improve fruit quality and resistance to black spot (Alternaria kikuchiana Tanaka). Nineteen cultivars have been released since 1955, including currently leading cultivars combining soft fresh, high sugar content, and resistance to black spot: 'Kosui', early ripening; 'Hosui', mid-ripening, 'Akizuki', mid to late ripening. A current objective is to combine those traits with selfcompatibility and resistance to pear scab (Venturia nashicola Tanaka et Yamamoto) additionally. A few selections with self-compatibility or resistance to pear scab are under testing in a national trial. To increase the breeding efficiency, marker-assisted selection (MAS) is going on for self-compatibility and resistance to pear scab. In 2010-2013, 4480 out of 6983 cross seedlings were discarded at a few month old plant stage with the MAS. The rest 2503 cross seedlings have been planted and grown in a selection field for evaluating fruit and tree traits. Tree-fruit breeding has been hindered by large plant size and long juvenility, which restrict the number of seedlings grown in selection field. A total number of seedlings raised before planting to the selection field increased remarkably with the MAS, leading to increasing the chance to obtain superior genotypes. Keywords: black spot, fruit quality, marker-assisted selection, pear scab, self-compatible

42

Poster Session 2 Rootstock and Cultivar Evaluation Poster Abstract 11 Pear (Pyrus L.) Genetic Resources from Northern Japan: Organoleptic Evaluation of Ornamental Pear Trees Dr. Hironori Katayama1, Mr. Katsuhisa Yamada2, Dr. Chiyomi Uematsu3 1 1348 Uzurano Kasai, Hyogo 675-2103, Food Resources Centre, Kobe University, Japan 2 2415 Ikeda, Miyoshi 778-0002, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Dept., West Dist. Admin. Bureau, Tokushima Prefect, Japan 3 2000 Kisaichi, Katano 576-0004, Botanical Gardens, Osaka City University, Japan (coauthor) Email: [email protected] Although ornamental pear trees (Pyrus calleryana) is popular in North America and Australia, we have no ornamental pear cultivar in Japan. Two pear accessions available for ornamental trees were selected from ‘Iwateyamanashi’ (Pyrus ussuriensis var. aromatica) endemic in northern Japan. Ninety five accessions deposited as germplasm collection at Kobe University were selected first with the PCA based on the 9 floral morphological traits such as numbers of petal, stamen, stigma, flowers per bud, pedicel length, flower diameter, colour of petal edge, petal length, petal width, and flowering date, tree form, fruits quality and autumnal leaf colouration. And then 30 accessions were chosen from evenly considering PCA score plot. Finally two accessions of ‘i1717’ and ‘i1525’ were organoleptically evaluated by 123 panellists for full size pictures of flower, corymb and flowering branch. They had longer petal length, flower diameter, and petal width compared to those of other accessions and the petal shape was circle. By PCA and the organoleptic evaluation, ‘i1525’ and ‘i1759’ were selected. The former showed rose pink petal edge, better fruit quality, and compact tree form. The latter possessed better fruit quality and compact tree shape, and the leaf turned a deep red colour in the fall. Two accessions had unique ornamental traits not found in named Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars. Pear genetic resources collected from northern part of Japan will provide new resources for breeding and industry. Keywords: Evaluation of ornamental Pear Trees, Pyrus ussuriensis, Pear genetic resources, floral and fruit morphological traits, tree form, fruits quality and autumnal leaf colouration

43

Poster Abstract 12 Evaluation of growth and phenological traits in ten of rootstocks in combination with pear varieties Hosui, Yali and Conference Dr. Tomas Necas1, Mr. Peter Kovac2, Ms. Jana Necasova3 1 Mendel University, Faculty of Horticulture in Lednice, Fruit Growing Dept., 69144 Lednice, Czech Republic 2 Plantex, spol.s.r.o, Veselé pri Pietanoch, Slovak Republic 3 Mendel University , Faculty of Horticulture in Lednice, Lednice, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] The experiment with ten varieties of pear a quince rootstocks and with three varieties of pears (two Asian varieties, one European cv.) planted in field in 2009-2010 were evaluated in 20112013. During the evaluation were evaluated traits of rootstocks as growth of suckers, intensity of regrowth of trunk, the vigour of the grafted varieties, beginning of fertility in cv. /rootstock combination and second phenological data. In the experiment with pear rootstocks were evaluated Pyrodwarf, Pyriam, FOX 11, OHF 333, BET (P. betulifolia) pear seedlings and own roots Conference. From the quince rootstocks were evaluated quince MA, S1 and BA 29. The results show that high production of suckers was described in rootstocks FOX 11 (15 %), and the least rootstock OHF 333 (9%). Most secondary shoots from the trunk creating variety Conference on the rootstocks Pyrodwarf (19.7 %) and FOX 11 (14.8 %), followed by variety Hosui on pear seedling rootstock (19.1 %). The least shoots from the trunk in the first three years after planting to create varieties Yali on rootstock pear seedling, Pyrodwarf and BA29 (all in 2.5 %). As larger growth variety is reflected variety Hosui (with an average long of shoot 48.3 cm) weakest growth was recorded in the variety Yali (with the average long of shoot 41 cm). The phenological observations were not found significant differences, only varieties Yali and Hosui beginning of flowering in the conditions of South Moravia by an average of 3.5 days before the Conference variety (excluding influence of rootstocks). The yield fruit at the beginning of fertility was the highest achieved in the variety of the Conference on rootstocks BA 29 and Pyrodwarf (average 4.5 kg / tree) followed variety of Yali / Pyrodwarf (2.8 kg / tree) and Hosui / BET 2.1 kg / tree. Keywords: nursery traits, pomme fruit, suckers, vigour, fruitage

Poster Abstract 13 The Germplasm Resources and Their Evaluation of Pyrus pyrifolia in China Hu Hong-Ju, Fan Jing, Zhang Jing-Guo, Tian Rui, Chen Qi-liang, Yang Xiao-Ping, Nanhu Road 10, wuhan,hubei,China, wuhan, China Email: [email protected] China sand pear germplasm resources are mainly concentrated in the National Fruit Germplasm Wuchang Sand Pears Garden (WSPG). This garden is one of the 18 National Fruit-tree Germplasm Repository invested by Minister of Agriculture of China in 1986, established in Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei Provience. The WSPG maintains collections of Pyrus that are distributed mainly over Yangtze River and Zhujiang River valley, where the most accessions belong to Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai that called “sand pear” in China.Until 2013, WSPG has contained 871

44

accessions of Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, including the 24 wild and semi-wild germplasm, 567 landrace cultivars, 172 newly-released cultivars or strains, and 108 foreign cultivars in a 5.4 hectares orchard. The germplasm are preserved with three trees of 2m × 4m density per accession in the open field and DNA in ultra cold storage freezer.The agronomic traits, fruit economic prosperities, insect resistance, stress resistance, chromosome ploidy, selfcompatibility, pear juice processing traits of sand pear germplasm were identified by agronomy, biology, cytology, enzymology and analytical chemistry. A number of excellent and special germplasm, such as high sugar, big fruit, high quality, precocity early, productive, disease-resistant, drought-resistance, flood-resistance, extremely early (late) ripe and red-shin pears were screened out. Besides, the molecular markers RAPD and SSR were used to generate unique fingerprints that will enable us to quickly locate sources of unique traits, identify unknown pear cultivars and eliminate duplication in the collection. Sand pear primary core collection was also established based on agronomic traits and molecular marker data. Keywords: Germplasm; Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai; Evaluation

Poster Abstract 14 Agronomic performances of quince and pear rootstocks grafted with the pear cultivars 'Williams' and 'Angelys' Sandrine Codarin1, Laurent Roche1, Christian Cattanéo2, Marie-Hélène Simard3 1 Ctifl, Centre de Lanxade, 28 Route des Nebouts, 24130 Prigonrieux, France 2 INRA Centre Angers Nantes, La Rétuzière, 49330 Querré-Champigné, France 3 Centre INRA Angers - Nantes IRHS, 42 Rue Georges Morel, BP 60057, 49071 Beaucouzé, France Email: [email protected] In France, up to now, quince rootstocks BA29, 'Sydo' and pear rootstocks 'Pyriam' and Farold®87 'Daytor' show the best performances. Yet, rootstocks inducing a low vigor in the range of 'Sydo' to BA 29, a good yield and a high fruit size are looking for an intensive modern pear orchard. Five quince and pear rootstocks were evaluated for ten years with 'Williams' and 'Angelys' in the frame of French national network called level 1 on two sites at Inra Angers and Ctifl Center of Lanxade compared with quince BA29 and pear Farold®87 'Daytor'. Rootstocks conferring the weakest vigor were quinces EMC, QR 530-11 and C 132. The highest vigor was induced by pear rootstock Farold®87 'Daytor'. Depending on sites and varieties, PR 70836 and EMH gave more variables results. The greatest productivity index was obtained by PR 708-36 and Farold®87 'Daytor' grafted with 'Williams'. On 'Angelys', performances of PR708-36 were lower than or similar to BA29. Quinces EMC, C 132 and EMH gave the weakest yields. BA29 induced better fruit size with 'Williams', and QR 530-11 has negatively impacted the fruit size with 'Angelys', a high fruit size potential variety. Keywords: quince, pear, rootstocks, induced vigor, yield, productivity

45

Poster Abstract 15 Pear Dormancy: Effect of Rootstock under Different Chilling Accumulation Conditions Dr. Robson Ryu Yamamoto1, Ms. Renata Salvador Louzada1, Prof. Dr. Paulo Celso Mello Farias1, Mr. Jose Francisco Pereira2, Prof. Dr. Flavio Gilberto Herter1 1 Campus Universitario, sn, Pelotas-RS, Brazil 2 Rod. BR 392, km 78, Pelotas-RS, Brazil Email: [email protected] The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different chilling accumulation below 6ºC on bud burst of pear rootstocks and scion. The experiment was carried out at the Embrapa Clima Temperado Research Station, Pelotas-RS, Brazil (32º41’S, 52º24’W, 57m above sea level), from autumn to spring of 2011 season. Potted plants of rootstock quince (Cydonia oblonga) ‘Adams’ and ‘Quince C’, and pear (Pyrus calleryana), with European pear cultivar ‘Packham’s Triumph’ as scion were used. After submitted to 0, 250, 500, and 750 chilling hour’s accumulation at 6ºC in a refrigerated chamber, plants were transferred to a heated greenhouse at 25ºC. Buds were considered sprouted when reached the ‘green tip’ stage. Lateral vegetative buds of P. calleryana released from dormancy and sprouted after accumulated 500 chilling hours, and reached 100% bud burst after 40 days under forcing conditions. No differences were observed between two quince rootstocks, which bud burst percentage were lower than 30%. The highest bud burst were observed on superior portion of shoot. The P. calleryana had the lowest chilling requirement compared to both quince ‘Adams’ and ‘EMC’. When the scion cultivar ‘Packham’s Triumph’ were grafted on all three rootstocks, P. calleryana were more effective on dormancy release compared to both quince cultivars, which were significantly lower (lower than 30%) in all chilling treatments. Keywords: Pyrus communis; Grafting; Chilling Requirement

Poster Abstract 16 Rootstock influences fruit quality and yield of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cvs. 'Williams', 'Conference' and 'Abate Fetel' Mrs. Metka Hudina, Mr. Franci STAMPAR Biotech. Fac., Agronomy Dept., Inst for Fruit, Vitic. & Veget. Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Email: [email protected] The influence of five various pear rootstocks (quince MA, quince BA 29, own rooted, Farold 40 and seedling as a standard) were evaluated on phenological events (flowering and harvest date), growth, yield and fruit quality of pear (Pyrus communis L.) scions of cvs. 'Williams', 'Conference' and 'Abate Fetel'. At the beginning, full and end of flowering and harvest date, there were no significant differences between the various rootstocks in observed years 20092013. Year had a significant influence on tree vigour and yield at all three observed cultivars. The rootstocks had significant influence on trunk circumference, yield per tree and hectare, number of fruits per tree and yield efficiency at all cultivar. Rootstock had no influence on fruit weight at cv. 'Conference'. At cv. 'Abate Fetel' higher yield per tree and hectare were measured on own rooted tree, quince BA 29 and Farold 40 then on seedling and quince MA.

46

Fruit weight was lower at cv. 'Abate Fetel' on Farold 40 than on own rooted tree, quince MA and quince BA 29. Own rooted trees had significantly higher yield per tree and hectare, and number of fruit per tree than on quince MA and seedling at cv. 'Conference'. Trunk circumference, yield per tree and hectare, and number of fruit per tree were higher on Farold 40 and own rooted tree than on quince MA, quince BA 29 and seedling at cv. 'Williams'. Keywords: Pear, rootstock, yield, vigour, own rooted tree

Poster Abstract 17 Recent Pear Cultivars Released From Korea Dr. Ilsheob Shin1, Dr. Haesung Hwang1, Dr. Samseok Kang2, Ms. Yoonkyeong Kim, Dr. Kanghee Cho1, Dr. Sehee Kim1, Dr. Daehyun Kim1, Dr. Hanchan Lee2, Dr. Inmyung Choi1 1 203 cheoncheon-ro Jangan-gu Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 440-706, Korea (Republic of) 2 121 Byeognyu-gil Naju-si Jellanam-do , 520-821, Korea (Republic of) (co-author) Email: [email protected] Even though pear growing area is slowly decreasing since 2000 recorded 26,142 ha, it is still regarded as major fruit crop in Korea because pear production was 282,212 tonnes and it accounted for 69.2% of fresh fruit export as ranked first export fruit crop for both amount (20,120tonnes) and value (US$54,869,211). The crop is sent to 31 countries including the USA, Taiwan and Indonesia in 2013. In order to commercialize cultivars adapted to Korean environment with high yielding, large fruit size and various harvesting season, a full-scale breeding program has been carried out at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) since 1967. As a result of performing breeding, 17 cultivars for ‘Chuseok’ (full moon festival day by lunar calendar) and ‘Seol’ (New Year’s Day) season were released. Among them, ‘Wonhwang’, main early maturing pear cultivar, ‘Whangkeumbae’, greenish yellow in skin color and ‘Whasan’, attractive taste are popular next to ‘Niitaka’ variety. As Korean agriculture is in front of big challenges such as global warming, demand of environmental friendly production and expanding domestic market-opening according to the Free Trade Agreement, pear breeding program has been focused on development of disease resistance and labor-saving varieties such as scab resistant, self-compatible and so on. Thirty varieties including rootstock, breeding sources and ornamental use were selected since 2000. ‘Hanareum’ in 2001 and ‘Sweet Skin’ in 2007 are possible to be eaten whole fruit with skin and it will be taken that 11~30 times higher total phenol and total flavonoid than theirs flesh. ‘Greensys’ crossed ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Bartlett’, and ‘Wonkyo Na-Heukseong (WNH)1’(‘Sunwhang’בBartlett’), ‘WNH-2’ (‘Kiyomaro’בMansoo’), and ‘WNH-3 (‘Niitaka’בHarland’) were released for scab resistant ones. As self-compatible pears, ‘Sweet Cost’ carrying the S4sm (SM, stylar-part mutant) allele, developed from a cross between ‘Wonwhang’ (S3S5) and self-incompatible ‘92-18-31’ (S4smS4sm) obtained from self-crossing of ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ (S2S4sm), self-compatible bud mutant that originated from selfincompatible ‘Nijisseiki’ (S2S4). Also ‘Gihoo-1’ demanding low chilling requirement and ‘Baeyeon-3’ rootstock holding resistance to drying and flooding of soil were selected in 2011 and in 2007, respectively. Keywords: Pyrus sp., disease resistant, labor-saving, functional compound, self-compatible

47

Poster Abstract 18 Breeding for bi-colored and red skinned pear varieties in Germany Dr. Michael Neumüller, Felicitas Dittrich Bayerisches Obstzentrum, Am Süssbach 1, 85399 Hallbergmoos, Germany Email: [email protected] Distinctiveness, excellent storability and good internal quality are essential for new pear varieties. In 1999, a pear breeding program was established at Bavarian Centre of Pomology and Fruit Breeding, Hallbergmoos, Germany. Out of several thousands of pear seedlings with bicolored or completely red skinned fruits, a clone with completely distinct fruit color was selected: At picking time its skin color is violet similar to existing red skinned pear varieties. During storage the color turns to bright red which is unique and makes the fruit very attractive. The inner fruit quality is very similar to ‘Red Bartlett’. The fruit stores well in cold storage until March or even later. Several crosses of this variety candidate were made in order to study the inheritance of the bright red color. This and some bi-colored selections have the potential to compete with the green and yellow skinned varieties such as ‘Conference’ or ‘Abate Fetel’ which dominate the European market. Keywords: pear breeding, red skinned fruit

Poster Abstract 19 Collecting and conservation of pear landraces Jiri Sedlák1, Frantisek Paprstein1, Vojtech Holubec2 1 Res. &Breeding Inst. of Pomology Holovousy, Holovousy, 50801 Horice, Czech Republic 2 Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 16106 Praha, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] Old pear landraces representing valuable genetic material should be preserved for future generations. Collecting of landraces especially from areas with minimal damages caused by human activities has been running since 1994. Based on collaboration with colleagues from national parks and protected areas in the Czech Republic, collecting expeditions were regularly realized in the time of fruit ripening. Areas suitable for exploration were identified. All landraces found during expeditions were described, documented and fruit samples were taken for detailed characterisation of cultivars. Valuable pear cultivars were transplanted to field collection in RBIP Holovousy. In situ conserved cultivars were registered in maps and localized by GPS navigation. Accessions of pear landraces were preserved in situ, mostly in national parks and protected areas. On farm plantations were also founded to preserve landraces in particular areas. Trees are cultivated as high-stem on seedling rootstocks. Cultivars transplanted to field collection of RBIP Holovousy are evaluated for phenological, yield and fruit characteristics including sensory evaluation every year. Results of evaluations provide an overview about features and advantages of particular pear cultivars. Based on obtained results, selected pear landraces are described in this work. Keywords: collection, cultivar, in situ, on farm, characterisation

48

Poster Abstract 20 Effect of Four OH×F Rootstocks on Performance of 'Conference' Pear in Nonirigated Orchard Ludek Lanar, Josef Kosina, Martin Meszaros, Namestek Jan Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy 1, 508 01 Horice, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] Growth and yield characteristics of 'Conference' pear (Pyrus communis) grafted on four pear 'Old Home' × 'Farmingdale' clonal rootstock selections OH×F 69, OH×F 87, OH×F 230, OH×F 333 and standard quince rootstock BA 29 (Cydonia oblonga) were evaluated in years 1999 - 2013. The orchard was established in the region of North East Bohemia, Czech Republic, in the spring 1996. The trees were planted in medium loamy soil in nonirigated orchard. Planting distance was 5 x 2.2 m and the trees were trained to a central leader. The assessed parametres were flowering intensity, yield, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), yield efficiency, average fruit weight and suckering. Despite there was no significant difference, the trees on rootstocks OH×F 69 and OH×F 230 were the most vigorous. The highest cumulative yield was obtained on OH×F 69 (348.8 kg per tree) followed by OH×F 87 (335.4 kg per tree) and BA 29 (329.1 kg per tree). The highest yield efficiency has been steadily reached on OHxF 87 followed by BA 29 and OH×F 69, and lower was on OH×F 333 and OH×F 230. The most frequent suckering was recorded on BA29 (12.2 suckers per tree during 1999 2013), the other assessed combinations created negligible amount of suckers. Although there was no significant difference, the highest average fruit weight was observed on BA29 and OH×F 69. We conclude that where the conditions require use of pear rootstock for some reason, OH×F 69 and OH×F 87 can substitute BA 29 without significant negative influence on productivity and management of the orchard. Keywords: central leader, yield, BA 29, Pyrus communis L., suckering

Poster Abstract 21 'Gem': A New Pear Cultivar from the USDA Pear Breeding Program Dr. Richard L. Bell1, Dr. Tom van der Zwet1, Dr. Todd Einhorn2, Dr. Steve Castagnoli2, Ms. Janet Turner2, Dr. Robert Spotts2, Mr. Gary Moulton3, Dr. Greg Reighard4, Dr. William Shane5 1 USDA, ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States of America 2 Oregon State University, Mid-Columbia Agricultural Res. Ext. Center, 3005 Experiment Station Road, Hood River OR 97031, United States of America 3 Washington State University, Mount Vernon Northwestern Res. Center , 16650 State Road 536, Mount Vernon WA 98273, United States of America 4 Clemson University, Department of Horticulture, 170 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson SC 29634, United States of America 5 Michigan State University, Southwest Michigan Res. Ext, Center, 1791 Hillandale Road, Benton Harbor MI 49022, United States of America Email: [email protected]

49

‘Gem’ is a new cultivar which combines excellent appearance, fruit quality and long storage potential with precocious and high yields. Fruit color is a light green when mature, and frequently has a red blush on the sun-exposed side. It can be eaten immediately after harvest and after storage without softening, due to a crisp, juicy texture; in this condition, the flavor will be sweet. The fruit will also soften to a melting texture if stored for two months in common air refrigeration, after which it will develop a lightly aromatic flavor. Harvest maturity begins 8 days after ‘Bartlett’, but can be harvested over a three week period without loss of storability up to five months. Trees on OHxF 97 rootstock at Hood River, Oregon have flowered and fruited as early as two years after planting, with early yield, five-year cumulative yields, and yield efficiency greater than ‘Beurré d’Anjou’. Fruit size on unthinned trees averaged 150g, but thinning and delayed harvest increased fruit size to 259 g. At Kearneysville, WV, resistance to epiphytotic fire blight resistance was moderate, but resistance to artificial shoot infection was high. ‘Gem’ was jointly released by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Michigan State University, and Clemson University. Keywords: Pyrus communis, fruit quality, storage life, fire blight

Poster Abstract 22 Morphoagronomic Characterization of Landraces and Local Germplasm in the Spanish National Pear Bank in Zaragoza Ms. Mayte Espiau, Mr. Jose Manuel Alonso Avda. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain Email: [email protected] The Spanish national pear germplasm bank is located in Zaragoza and is curated by the AgriFood Research Center of Aragon (CITA). In the last years a big effort has been taken to complete the morpho-agronomic characterization of the 38 most common landraces and local accessions in the bank along with 38 international reference varieties. This characterization has been based on 53 descriptors (16 quantitative and 32 qualitative) adopted from Bioversity International and UPOV, focused on flower, leaf and fruit characters. Other 5 agronomic traits concerning flowering and maturity seasons were also recorded. Pictures and scanning of leaves, flowers and fruits have been done to complete the characterization with wide image documentation. All data have been used to build UPGMA dendrogram grouping varieties according to their morphological closeness, establishing genealogical relationships as well as the identification of most of the accessions. At this moment, a basic molecular characterization with 8 SSRs is being completed and results will be used to establish a correlationship between phenotypic and genetic distance matrices. Keywords: pear germplasm, characterization

50

Poster Abstract 23 Performance of Pyrus Rootstocks in Eastern North America Dr. Terence L. Robinson1, Dr. Suzanne Blatt2, Dr. Charles Embree2 1 Dept. Horticultural Science, 630 W. North Street, Geneva, NY 14456, United States of America 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada Email: [email protected] A field trial was planted in 2004 at two locations in North America: Geneva, New York, USA and Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada. The trial compared three Pyrus rootstocks: OHF97, OHF87 and Pyrodwarf with ‘Taylor's Gold Comice’ and ‘Concorde’ pear as the scion cultivars. After 10 years, trees on OHF97 were the most vigorous while trees on Pyrodwarf were the smallest. With OHF87 there was an interaction with trees on Concorde being the smallest of the 3 rootstocks but with Taylors Gold they were the largest of the three rootstocks. With Concord, cumulative yield was greatest on OHF97 and Pyrodwarf and lowest on OHF87. Taylors Gold had the greatest yield with OHF87 and OHF97 rootstocks while Pyrodwarf had the lowest yield. Cumulative yield of Taylor’s Gold was very low compared with Concorde. OHF87 had the largest fruit size for Concorde while both OHF97 and OHF87 had large fruit size with Taylors Gold. Yield efficiency with Concorde was greatest with OHF87 followed by Pyrodwarf and OHF97. Taylors Gold showed no significant differences in yield efficiency. Yields in Nova Scotia in the last year were significantly higher than previous years indicating that pear trees require a very long time to achieve peak production in this climate. Keywords: Yield efficiency, fruit size, trunk cross-sectional area

Poster Abstract 24 'Paragon' and 'BestEver', Two 'Comice' Hybrid Pear Cultivars Developed in Southern Oregon Richard Hilton1, David Sugar2 1 OSU-SOREC, 569 Hanley Road, Central Point OR 97502, United States of America 2 OSU-SOREC, Central Point OR 97502, United States of America Email: [email protected] A pear breeding program was conducted at Oregon State University’s Southern Oregon Experiment Station, now part of the Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, from 1911 to the 1980’s. A number of crosses were made with ‘Comice’ as a parent, often with ‘Max Red Bartlett’ as the other parent. Two named cultivars, ‘Rogue Red’ (‘Comice’ x (‘Seckel’ x Farmingdale’)) and ‘Cascade’ (‘Comice’ x ‘Max Red Bartlett’), both with red peel coloration, were released in 1969 and 1986, respectively. Two other products of that program, initially designated 633E and 2-301, did not have red coloration but were selected for their superior eating quality. Local southern Oregon growers are producing these two cultivars in small quantities. Cultivar 633E has been named ‘Paragon’ and is a cross of ‘Comice’ x ‘Max Red Bartlett’. The skin is green and very palatable. The fruit consistently ranks extremely high in pear tastings conducted at the Research Center. ‘Paragon’ is ‘Bartlett’-shaped, blooms with ‘Bosc’, turns yellow with ripening, and matures between ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Comice’. The storage life is approximately four months. Cultivar 2-301 (‘Comice’ x ‘Louis Pasteur’) is 51

currently marketed under the name ‘BestEver’. The shape is round-pyriform and the peel is mottled-russet and does not change color with ripening. Maturity is after ‘Comice’ and storage life in normal atmosphere is 6-8 months. ‘Paragon’ and ‘BestEver’ pears represent the final releases of the pear breeding program conducted by Oregon State University in southern Oregon. Keywords: pear breeding

Poster Abstract 25 Evaluation of Pyrus Rootstocks to Improve Pear Tree Precocity and Productivity R.B. Elkins1, R. Parra-Quezada3, T.L. Robinson3, T. C. Einhorn4, S.Castagnoli4 1 University of California Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA, U.S.A. 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Sierra de Chihuahua, Cuautemoc, Chihuahua, MEXICO 3 Department of Horticulture, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, U.S.A. 4 Oregon State University, Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hood River, OR, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] Six field trials located in three locations in the states of California (CA) and New York (NY), Oregon (OR) in the U.S. and Chihuahua (CH), Mexico were established in 2005 as part of the “NC-140 Improving Economic and Environmental Sustainability in Tree-Fruit Production Through Changes in Rootstock Use” project. Experimental design was RCB consisting of ten single tree replicates. Rootstocks were grafted to ‘Bartlett’ (‘Williams’) in CA, NY and CH, ‘Golden Russet Bosc’ in CA and NY, and ‘d’Anjou’ in OR. ‘Bartlett’ tree spacing ranged from 1.5m x 3.0m to 2.7m x 4.6m, ‘GR Bosc’ spacing from 1.5m x 3.0m to 1.8 x 3.7m, and ‘d’Anjou’ 2.4m x 5.5m. Training systems included central leader, vertical trellis and slender spindle. ‘Bartlett’ was grafted to 708-36 (CA, NY), BM 2000 (CA, NY, CH), Horner 4 (CA, NY), Fox 11 (CA, NY), OHxF87 (CA, NY, CH), Pyrodwarf (CA, NY, CH), Pyro 2-33 (CA, NY, CH) and OHx69 (CA only). ‘GR Bosc’ was grafted to all rootstocks except OHxF 69 in CA, and to 708-36, Pyrodwarf and Horner 4 in NY. ‘D’Anjou’ was grafted to OHxF87, Pyro 2-33, Pyrodwarf, Fox 11, 708-36, 28-119, BU2, BU3, Horner 4 and BM2000. Percent tree survival and reasons for mortality varied by location and included fire blight and poor vigor. After nine years of the 10-year trial, results varied considerably by location. Fire blight survival was best for BM 2000 and Pyrodwarf in CH. For ‘Bartlett’, Horner 4 performed best in CA but relatively poorly in NY. Pyrodwarf and Pyro 2-33 performed well in NY. For ‘GR Bosc’, differences were less apparent. Horner 4 trees were largest in CA and NY. For ‘d’Anjou’, OHxF 87 and Pyrodwarf had the highest yields, but yield efficiency (YE) was similarly high for 708-36, BU3, Pyrodwarf and Pyro 2-33. YE was highest for OHxF 87 (CA) and 708-36 (CA, NY) but fruit size was small. Pyrodwarf suckered the most in NY and OR and BM 2000 also suckered in CA and NY. Average fruit size varied considerably between locations and years, with CA generally having larger fruit size for ‘Bartlett’ and NY larger for ‘Bosc’. Keywords: Pyrus, NC-140, rootstocks

52

Poster Abstract 26 Performance of carrick pear cultivar on different quince rootstocks in a warm-winter climate Prof. José Carlos Fachinello1, Ms. Juliano Dutra Schmitz2, Ms. Marcos Giovanaz2, Mr. Horacy Fagundes da Rosa2, Dr. Mateus Pasa2 1 Rua Fernando Ferrari, 563, Bairro Areal, 96080.090 Pelotas - RS, Brazil 2 Caixa Postal 354, 96010970 Pelotas-Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Email: [email protected] Pear is the main temperate fruit crop imported by Brazil (~180.000 t), thus its cultivation may represent an important opportunity to Brazilian growers. Currently, pear orchards in Brazil are set mainly onto vigorous Pyrus sp. rootstocks, which induce low early production and poor mature yields. In order to overcome this situation, more efficient systems are required such as high-density plantings. However, this system requires suitable size controlling rootstocks. A 4-year field trial was established in a 7-year-old ‘Carrick’ pear orchard at 1.0x5.0 m spacing (2000trees/ha), grafted on quinces ‘Portugal’, ‘MC’, ‘BA29’, ‘D’Vranja’ and ‘Inta 267’, arranged in a completely randomized block design, with 3 replicates. This cultivar was chosen because it has a low chilling requirement (~300h ≤ 7.2°C). Yield was significantly affected by rootstock. ‘Portugal’ quince had the highest yield in most of growing seasons, without being statistically different only of ‘MC’ in 2010/11and ‘BA29’ in 2012/13, but showed greater cumulative yield than all tested rootstocks. Trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) was inversely correlated to yield, where ‘Inta 267’, ‘D’Vranja’ and ‘BA29’ showed higher cumulative TCSA than ‘Portugal’ and ‘MC’. These results were translated in a higher yield efficiency of ‘Portugal’ and ‘MC’. It is possible to conclude that there are promising rootstocks for highdensity plantings in Brazil. Besides, the different vigor inducing range found among the tested rootstocks is desirable since it allows pear planting in a wider range of edaphoclimatic conditions. Keywords: Pear, production, chilling requirement, rootstock

Poster Abstract 27 Precocity production of pear trees grafted on Pyrus calleryana in Southern Brazil Alberto Ramos Luz1, Gustavo Klamer de Almeida2, Takeshi Iuchi3 1 Rua Saturnino Subitil de Oliveira, 152, 88519040 Lages-SC, Brazil 2 Rua Borges de Medeiros, 1550, 95290000 Bom Jesus-RS, Brazil 3 Joinville, Santa Catarina, Joinville, Brazil Email: [email protected] This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of pear cultivars Forelle, Packham’s Triumph, Rocha, William’s, Santa Maria and Housui grafted on Pyrus calleryana using techniques to reduce the juvenile period. The experimental area was located in Bom Jesus, RS, Brazil (28° 40’ S, 50° 26’, altitude 1047 m) in 2009, where the seedling of rootstock Pyrus calleryana, around 50 cm high, were planted in the field in the final spacing of 1.5 x 4.0 m, totaling 1667 plants ha-1. In the winter of 2010, was carried the grafting of cultivars, grafting of kind double slit. We used techniques such as application of plant growth regulators, head cutting, branches

53

bending differentiated due to the different force of the branches, use of scoring and girdling, in order to balance the force of the apical and basal avoiding the acropetal dominance and to induce greater lateral branching of plants in the early years of planting. Were performed evaluations phenological, vegetative growth, production and physicochemical quality of the fruit. Fruit production began in the third year after grafting, varying from 3 ton ha-1 (Housui) up to 12 ton ha-1 (Packham’s), confirming that, even using the vigorous rootstock Pyrus calleryana, it is possible early production of pears cultivars studied, when handled adequately. Keywords: Pyrus communis, pollination, yield, phenology

Poster Abstract 28 Evaluation of quince and selected ‘Farold®’ pear rootstocks for commercial ‘Williams’ production in Uruguay Cabrera D., Rodríguez P., Zoppolo R. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental ‘Wilson Ferreira Aldunate’ - INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 Km 10, Rincón del Colorado,Canelones 90200, Uruguay Email: [email protected] ‘Williams’ pear was grafted on two pear rootstocks: ‘Farold®40’ and ‘Farold®69’, and on three clonal quince rootstocks: ‘BA 29’, ‘Adams’ and ‘EM C’ with and with out ‘Beurre Hardy’ as an interstem. To evaluate the performance of these combinations in the South of Uruguay, grafted trees were planted in 2003 at INIA Las Brujas, ‘Wilson Ferreira Aldunate’ Experimental Station (34 ° 40 S - 56 ° 20 W). Rows were 4,5 m apart and variable distance was used between plants according to rootstock: 1,70 m (‘BA29’, ‘Farold®40’ and ‘Farold®69’), 1,50 m (‘Adams’), and 1,30 m (‘EMC’). Observations on phenological, vegetative, and productive behavior of the ‘Williams’ scions were carried out each year. From 2004 onwards, trunk cross-sectional areas showed differences allowing rootstocks to be ranked in order of decreasing vigor: > ‘Farold®69’ > ‘Farold®40’ > ‘BA 29’ > ‘Adams’ > ‘EMC’. In 2014, trunk cross-sectional area on ‘Farold®69’ was 198.7 cm2 while a minimum of 53.8 cm2 was measured on ‘EMC’. Different rate of plant death occurred, having higher losses among EMC and Adams with interstem and all quince rootstocks without interstem. Cumulative fruit yields per plant of nine harvests ranged between 149.8 (‘BA29’ with interstem) and 73.5 kg tree-1 (‘EMC’). The best performances were recorded on ‘BA29’ with interstem, ‘Farold®40’ and ‘Farold®69’ pear rootstocks, with an average of cumulative production of 190 ton ha-1. The higher yield efficiency was obtained with ‘Farold 40’ rootstock, 0.35 kg/cm2 TSA and with BA29 with interstem 0.30 kg/cm2 TSA. Therefore, to achieve maximum pear production potential under Uruguayan conditions, rootstock Quince ‘BA29’ with ‘Beurre Hardy’ as an interstem, ‘Farold®40’, and ‘Farold®69’ result the better options. Keywords: pear, yield, rootstocks, interstem.

54

Poster Abstract 29 Opportunities for Development of Pear in Bulgaria Denitsa Serbezova University of Forestry, 10 'Kliment Ohridski"Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria Email: [email protected] The economic importance of pear ranks second only to apple in the world, 50% of production comes from Europe (Italy, Germany and France). In 1939 there was 4 612 da in our country, but production wasn’t industrial importance. In 1965 pear trees reach 146 000 da and since then decreased in 1989 were 21 487 da, and 4 690 da in 2011, which puts us at 64 place in the world. Average yields per da gradually decrease. In our country it is considered appropriate for the creation and cultivation of three types of pear trees. First type - intensive - plantations create on rich soils and assured irrigation. Varieties are highly grafted on quince rootstock at densities 74 to 111 plants per da. The second type - semi-intensive - used on poor soil, but provided irrigation, rootstock used seedlings of cv. Williams at planting densities 40 to 50 plants per da. Third type - semi-extensive - plantations are created on seedling rootstocks and barren soils without irrigation at rate of 33-42 trees per da. Profit rate is the highest in the second type of plants – 286 %, followed by the first – 249 % and finally in the third type - 153%. Keywords: pear, plantation type, training systems

Poster Abstract 30 Comparison of anthocyanin accumulation, anthocyanin-related gene expression, and quality of red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) grown at two locations Prof. Dr. Yuanwen Teng1, Dr. Dong Zhang2, Dr. Bo Yu3, Suke Wang4, Prof. Xiugen Li4, Prof. Qun Shu5 1 Dept. Of Hort., College of Agric.& Biotech., Zhejiang University, zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China 2 Northwest AF Univerersity, College of Horticulture, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China 3 Dept Hortic, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China 4 Zhengzhou Fruit Institute, CAAC, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China 5 Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650205, China Email: [email protected] Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, cv. ‘Mantianhong’) were grown at two sites (Anning and Xingyang, China) with different environmental conditions. We compared the fruit grown at the two sites, evaluating color development, expressions of anthocyanin-related genes, and quality attributes of fruit during the color formation phase. The Anning site had a warm climate with a large daily temperature range and high irradiance. These conditions resulted in better coloration and better quality of red Chinese sand pears compared with those grown in Xingyang, which had a hot climate with a small daily temperature range and low

55

irradiance. At harvest, the skin of pears grown in Anning contained higher concentrations of anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and total phenolics, and lower concentrations of chlorophyll than fruit from Xingyang. The fruit grown in Anning had lower values for weight and firmness, lower starch content, and higher total soluble solids and soluble sugars contents than that grown in Xingyang. Correlation analysis showed that soluble sugar content was associated with anthocyanin accumulation in pear skin. The higher anthocyanin content in fruit grown in Anning may be because the environmental conditions, particularly light and temperature, induced anthocyanin biosynthesis more effectively. The expressions of anthocyanin structural and regulatory genes, especially PpCHS, PpANS, PpUFGT, PyMYB10, and PpbHLH were higher in fruit from Anning than in that from Xingyang. These results increase our understanding of the regulation of red coloration in red Chinese sand pear fruits, and are useful for identifying optimum growing areas. Keywords: Pyrus pyrifolia; Ecological factors; Color parameters; Gene expression; Fruit quality

Poster Abstract 31 In Vitro Multiplication of Old Pear Cultivars Jiri Sedlák, Frantisek Paprstein Res. &Breeding Inst. of Pomology Holovousy, Holovousy, 50801 Horice, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] In 2012, a project has been started to test the resistance of pear landraces and older cultivars grown on the territory of the Czech Republic to fire blight. A key part of the project was also testing of applicability of different in vitro culture media and methods of artificial inoculation in in vitro culture conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an efficient protocol for rapid in vitro shoot multiplication of older pear cultivars and landraces. The donor shoots were obtained in March from mature trees grown at the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology (RBIP) Holovousy Ltd., Department of Genebanks. Selected genotypes were successfully established in vitro using mercuric chloride as sterilization solution. For initiation of multiplication, six MS media containing 1, 2 and 4 mg L-1 BAP (6benzylaminopurine), 0.5 and 1 mg·l-1 TDZ (thidiazuron) or 10 mg·l-1 2iP (6-(γ,γdimethylallylamino) purine) were tested. Proliferation rate was defined as the number of newly formed shoots (>10 mm) per initial shoot tip after four weeks of culture. The effect of three growth regulators on callus formation and shoot morphology is also shown. Selected pear cultivars differed in their multiplication and development potential on tested media. Generally, the highest proliferation rate was obtained for pear cultivar ‘General Leclerc’ that produced 4.0 in vitro shoots (longer than 10 mm) on MS medium containing 4 mg L-1 BAP. Results obtained in our study confirmed preliminary findings that BAP was an important plant growth regulator for proliferation and growth in pear micropropagation. Keywords: Pyrus, proliferation, medium, testing, growth regulator

56

Poster Abstract 32 Evaluation of new Norwegian pear cultivars in a Nordic climate Mekjell Meland, Oddmund Frøynes Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Bioforsk Ullensvang, N5781 Lofthus, Norway Email: [email protected] Norwegian pear production has been a declining the last 25 years. Main reason is old cultivars with low ability to compete in the market and strong competition from imported pears, mainly Conference. The Norwegian breeding company Graminor Ltd has since 1994 introduced several new pear cultivars which have been evaluated at Bioforsk Ullensvang, western Norway. The first trial was planted in 1999 and included the Graminor cultivars Ingeborg and Fritjof and in addition the cultivar Anna from the Norwegian breeder J. Øydvin, Norwegian University of Life Sciences. In 2002 a second trial was planted with 3 cultivars; Kristina, Ingrid, Celina and using Clara Frijs as a standard. All were grafted on the semi vigorous rootstock Brokmal. The plant material was one year old whips, spaced 2.0 x 4.5 m and trained with a central leader as free spindles. Soil managements were grass in the alleyways and herbicide strips 1-m wide along the tree rows. The different cultivars and selections were evaluated for 8 years. Accumulated yields for the cultivars Anna and Fritjof were double as large as Ingeborg (11kg in average per year). Average harvest dates were September 20, September 25 and October 4 for Anna, Ingeborg and Fritjof, respectively. In the second trial the average yields were lower. Kristina gave significant higher yields than the others which yielded at the same level as Clara Frijs. Ingrid matured end of August, the other cultivars were mature second half of September. Kristina is tolerant to scab and Celina has blushed fruits. For all cultivars the content of soluble solids was in average 11-12 %. Keywords: /

57

Oral Session 3 Orchard design, training – pruning, orchard management Session Chairs: Asin Luis andStephano Mussachi

Oral Abstract 17 Mechanical thinning improves fruit quality i.e. fruit size of cv. `Conference´ and `A. Lucas´ pear Dr. Michael Blanke1, Claudia Seehuber MSc1, Dr. Lutz l Damerow2 1 INRES - University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany 2 INRES - University of Bonn, Nussallee 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] The market demands large (75-85 mm) particularly cv.’ Conference’ pears, but very few - if any- chemicals are approved for thinning pears to achieve these fruit sizes. Hence the objective of the present study was to improve fruit quality i.e. achieve these fruit sizes by mechanical blossom thinning. Therefore, 18-year-old cv. Conference’ pear trees, trained as super spindles, on quince A rootstock with a spacing of 4 x 0.4 m were used in Klein-Altendorf near Bonn, Germany; cv. ‘A. Lucas’ and un-thinned trees served as control. These pear trees with intense flowering were blossom-thinned on 15 April 2009 with rotor speeds of either 300 rpm or 400 rpm both at 5 km/h tractor speed with the new mechanical thinning device developed at the University of Bonn. Therein, a vertical mast supports three horizontal rotors, whose vertically rotating tines remove excessive flowers; the device is mounted on the front three point hitch of the tractor. In 2009, a year with severe June drop, mechanical thinning reduced the intensity of the natural June drop with increasing rotor speed. June drop was stronger reduced in cv. ’A. Lucas’(by 38%) than in cv. ‘Conference’(by – 27% relative to the control). In cv. ’A. Lucas’, the natural June drop was as strong as mechanical thinning and resulted in large-sized 80 mm pear fruit in the control; mechanical thinning with 400 rpm further increased fruit mass by 16 g relative to the un-thinned control or 6 g larger than in the thinning with 300 rpm. In cv. ’Conference’, fruit fell within the next larger fruit size class after the stronger mechanical thinning with 400 rpm at 5 km/h: the portion of pear fruit in the 75/80 mm size class was 2fold and in the 80/85 mm size class was 6fold that in the control. The portion of (The risk of both over-sized fruit and over-thinning appears small, since mechanical thinning reduced the natural June drop and did not induce subsequent fruit drop.) Mechanical thinning was more efficient in cv. ’Conference’, as intended, despite more intense flowering in cv. ‘A Lucas’. An economic evaluation proved difficult, since the natural June drop particularly in cv. ‘A. Lucas’ led to large-sized fruit (80 mm) in the control, and any (mechanical) thinning is associated with lower yields (-26% in cv. ’Conference’ and - 12% in cv. ’A. Lucas’). Overall, the results indicate the potential of mechanical thinning as a substitute (or combination partner for chemical thinning if approved) in pear trees trained to slender spindles. Keywords: Pear (Pyrus communis L.); Alternate bearing; Fruit quality, June drop; Mechanical thinning; Source : sink relationship; Vegetative growth

58

Oral Abstract 18 Improved training and pruning techniques increased productivity of `Rocha´ pear Dr. Miguel Leão de Sousa1, Prof. José Paulo de Melo e Abreu2 1 Campotec, 2560-393 Silveira, Portugal 2 DCEB, CEER, ISA, ULisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal Email: [email protected] Pear ‘Rocha’ crop is very important for the rural economy of Central Portugal. Orchard productivity has been improving steadily in the last decades, through intensification and refinement of cultural practices, but there is room for improvement. Three orchards P1 (2700 trees/ha), P2 (3600 trees/ha) and P3 (5400 trees/ha) were planted in 2004, 1999 and 2004, respectively. The initial objective was to determine the adaptability of ‘Rocha’ pear to high density producing models. Later, during four years, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of alternative training (P1 and P3) and pruning techniques (P2). Three training treatments consisted of alternate axis-tilt angles of 0o, 12o and 17o in orchard P1 and 0o, 5o and 10o in orchard P3. Pruning treatments consisted of three levels of pruning intensity (no pruning, light and severe pruning). Extensive measurements were done in the soil, plant and atmosphere. Emphasis was on the light environment, using a ceptometer, assimilation response curves of individual leaves, using an IRGA, biomass partitioning, fruit growth and quality, and final yield. Cultivar Rocha showed very good adaptation to high-tree density. Tilting the axis had a significant positive effect on the course of average fruit growth in most years. Pruning affected also average fruit growth, moreover in the case of no pruning. In this case, fruits were significantly smaller in all years. The four-year average productivity of P1 – orchard increased with axis-tilt; it was 52.9 t/ha, 62.5 t/ha and 70.0 t/ha. The four-year average productivity of P3 – orchard was higher for the higher axis tilt (86.2 t/ha), but there was no improvement with axis-tilt in the other cases. Pruning treatments resulted in productivities of 77.1 t/ha, 106.6 t/ha and 105.7 t/ha for no, light and severe pruning, respectively. Both tilt angle and pruning intensity increases resulted in higher fruit grade. The increase of axis-tilt corresponded to measured increases of interception of PAR and higher photosynthetic rates, mainly in the leaves more deeply inside the canopy. In the most effective treatments, at solar noon, the fraction intercepted of PAR exceeded 60%, while in the trials with 0o tilt this fraction was about 10% lower. ‘Rocha’ pear depicted high yield potential, and productivity and fruit quality increases with appropriate combination of planting density, training and pruning techniques. Keywords: Pear cv ‘Rocha’, Fruit Production, High Density Orchards, Training, Pruning, Radiation Interception, Photosynthesis

59

Oral Abstract 19 CSS_Pear: A model to simulate growth, production and quality of pear (Pyrus communis L.) Prof. Jose Paulo de Melo e Abreu1, Dr. Miguel L. Sousa2, Mr. João S. Lopes3 1 Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal 2 Campotec, 2560-393 Silveira, Portugal 3 DCEB, ISA, ULisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal Email: [email protected] Models are important to understand the complex relations that govern yield and quality of an orchard. After some decades of experience and basic data gathering in ‘Rocha’ pear production and quality formation, we conducted four years of very detailed experiments in Central Portugal. Treatments consisted of training systems and pruning levels. Experimental orchards differed in age (3 to 11 years) and planting density (2700 trees/ha to 5400 trees/ha). The model that was constructed is dynamic, deterministic, explanatory, object-oriented, and simulates potential and water-limited level of production and fruit grade, for a given range of years. The model inputs are parameters (location, soil physical characteristics and water content, planting distances, initial tree size and form of the crown envelope, physiological response, biophysical and management) and weather variables. Interception shifts between a 3 D- and a 2 D-model according to tree size and density, and gross photosynthesis is computed hourly. Biomass formation and partitioning, area formation, individual fruit growth, and water balance and its components are computed daily. Validation was done on 36 crop/years, with productivities that ranged from 23.4 t/ha to 149.9 t/ha and fruit numbers that ranged from 13.26 fruits /m2 and 136.3 fruits/m2. All sub-models were calibrated individually, but no calibration was done for the assembled model. This model incorporates many innovative features, besides being multi-year, it uses approaches valid under Mediterranean and subtropical environments, namely in the developmental process, growth photosynthesis, potential individual fruit growth and fruit grade estimation. The time course of simulated variables (leaf and crop area indices, DM in various tree compartments, water use and fruit grade) were simulated appropriately by the model, with model efficiencies above 0.90. The predictions of fruit numbers and productivity had modelling efficiencies of 0.73 and 0.85, respectively. If the number of fruits is known, what may be done in a real situation after fruit set, modelling efficiencies of the predictions of productivity are 0.94. This model has a high performance, and may be used for research proposes and to assist fruit growers in their management decisions. Current and future work aims at reduction of input parameters and further corroboration. Keywords: cv. Rocha, simulation model, per model, fruit grade, potential productivity, waterlimited productivity,Mediterranean conditions

60

Oral Abstract 20 The profitability of the optimised Dutch growing system used for the `Conference´-pear Ms. Gondy Heijerman, Mr. Peter Roelofs, Ms. Marianne Groot Praktijkonderzoek Plant Omgeving, Wageningen UR, Lingewal 1, 6668 LA Randwijk, Netherlands Email: [email protected] The current growing system of the ‘Conference’-pear in the Netherlands is intensified from 2.500 to 3.000 trees per ha last years. The current used planting distance is 3.25 m x 1.00 m. Production costs are very high in The Netherlands mainly due to high labour costs, which is one third of the total production costs. In order to get a profitable growing system for pear, high yields are needed especially in the first five growing years. To achieve these higher yields per ha several growing aspects have been improved. Several measures during the growing period, for instance fertigation, are optimised. The quality of the trees and the higher density of the trees per ha are also important factors to get an early and high production. The consequences of these measures results in higher investments costs, but due to higher yields in the first five growing years also to lower establishments costs and a shorter establishment period. The total cost price per kg ‘Conference’-pear in The Netherlands is due to the higher yields reduced with 2 €cent per kg. The principles of the optimised growing system and of the calculations will be explained. Keywords: pyrus communis, ‘Conference’, growing system, profitability, yield

Oral Abstract 21 Improved Yield and Quality Estimation in Pear Orchards through Remote Sensing Time Series Mr. Jonathan Van Beek1, Dr. Laurent Tits1, Prof. Ben Somers2, Dr. Tom Deckers3, Mr. Wim Verjans3, Prof. Dany Bylemans3, Dr. Pieter Janssens4, Prof. Pol Coppin1 1KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium 2KU Leuven, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Leuven, Belgium 3Pcfruit research station, Sint-Truiden, Belgium 4Soil Service of Belgium, Leuven, Belgium Email: [email protected] Yield and quality estimation provides vital information to orchard managers, but requires time consuming, labor intensive and destructive in situ measurements. Large amounts of these point measurements are required, as both fruit quality (i.e. fruit firmness and sugar content) and yield (i.e. total production) are related to growing conditions (i.e. meteorological, soil moisture, crop load, etc.) during the present and the previous growing season. An alternative for these point measurements is the use of remote sensing. Traditional yield monitoring through remote sensing uses only measurements at harvest (orchards) or at maximum growth (crops), while the number of flowers is also related to the previous growing season. This study investigated the potential improvements of crop load predictions after including growing conditions during both bud development (previous growing season) and fruit thickening stages (present growing season). For this objective, an irrigated and rainfed orchard, trained in

61

a V-system and a Spindle bush system, respectively, were monitored throughout three subsequent seasons. This remote sensing time series was linked to qualitative (i.e. fruit firmness and sugar content) and quantitative properties (i.e. total production and number of fruits). The results illustrated the link between present season’s growing conditions and fruit quality, while previous year’s growing conditions were mostly linked to fruit yield. Overall, the inclusion of remote sensing measurements during bud development improved the production estimation. A larger effect was found in the rainfed orchard, as a result of the more variable number of fruits from between years. For the irrigated orchard, the orchard managers maintained relative stable growing conditions, thus minimizing yield and quality fluctuations. In general, the inclusion of remote sensing data of subsequent growing seasons in the production estimation enabled managers to better estimate and schedule production processes. Keywords: fruit yield and quality, Pyrus communis ‘Conference’, bud development, hyperspectral remote sensing, time series

Oral Abstract 22 Yield and Profitability of High Density Pear Production with Pyrus Rootstocks Dr. Terence L. Robinson, Leonel Dominguez Dept. Horticultural Science, 630 W. North Street, Geneva, NY 14456, United States of America Email: [email protected] A 2 ha field trial was planted in 2003 at Geneva, New York State, United States which compared four training systems/densities [Central Leader (598 trees/ha), Vertical Axis (1281 trees/ha), Tall Spindle (2243 trees/ha) and Super Spindle (5382 trees/ha)] on 6 rootstocks (seedling, OHF97, OHF87, Pyrodwarf, Pyro 2-33 and Quince A) with 2 varieties (Bartlett and Bosc). After 11 years, tree density also had a negative effect on tree size with trees at the highest planting density being only 60% the size of the trees at the lowest planting density. Rootstock genotype had a significant effect on trunk cross-sectional area with Bartlett but not with Bosc. With Bartlett, the largest trees were on OHF97 followed by OHF87, Pyro 2-33, Pyrodwarf and the smallest trees were on Quince A. Tree density had a large effect on cumulative yield while rootstock genotype had a much smaller effect. The super high-density Super Spindle system had 4 times the cumulative yield as the low-density central leader system. There was little effect of rootstock with Bosc but with Bartlett, OHF97 and OHF87 had the highest cumulative yield at each density. Quince A had the lowest yield at all densities. Pyrodwarf and Pyro 2-33 had similar yields at all densities but Pyrodwarf had numerous root suckers. Fruit size was negatively related to planting density with the super spindle system producing significantly smaller fruit size than other systems. Part of the effect was due to greater crop loads on the super spindle system. However, when fruit size was adjusted for crop load there was still a negative effect of planting density on fruit size of Bartlett. With Bartlett, Quince A produced the largest fruit size while Pyrodwarf and seedling had significantly smaller size. With Bosc there was no effect of rootstock on fruit size. Yield efficiency was not largely affected by planting density or rootstock genotype although there was a slight negative relationship between planting density and yield efficiency. Profitability of the four orchard systems was estimated as net present value after 20 years using actual years through year 11 and estimated yields for years 12-20. NPV was highest for the Tall Spindle system and lowest for the central leader system. There was no difference in NPV

62

between OHF97 and OHF87 within each system. Pyro 2-33 gave a high NPV in the Superand Tall-Spindle systems. Keywords: Pyrus communis, Cydonia oblonga, planting density, yield, fruit size, crop load, tree size

Oral Abstract 23 Fruit Set of 'Conference': a small dose of Gibberellins or Regalis Mr. Jef Vercammen1, Ms. Ann Gomand1, Prof. Dr. Dany Bylemans2 1 pcfruit vzw, Experim. garden for pome and stone fruit, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint Truiden, Belgium 2 University Leuven Department of Biosystems, 3001 Leuven, Belgium Email: [email protected] Every year around flowering time, most pear growers get nervous. After all, this is a crucial period since a good fruit set is often a prerequisite for a good financial result. Consequently, growers want to exploit all possibilities that can contribute to a maximum fruit set. Especially in the case of young trees and in years with a smaller amount of flower buds, it is often believed that high doses of gibberellins or a combination of gibberellins guarantee a good fruit set and a good yield, but the outcome is inconsistent. In addition, these applications of gibberellins might result in smaller but longer sized fruits and a reduced number of flower buds in the following year. Usually after gibberellin application an initial increase in fruit set can be noticed, but most of the effect is often lost at June drop. However, this June drop can be reduced when prohexadion-Ca (Regalis) is applied 2 to 3 weeks after full bloom. This plant growth regulator, on the market from 2002, was applied for its properties to inhibit shoot growth. But besides an effect on shoot vigour, prohexadione-Ca also reduces the production of ethylene, which finally results in a reduced fruit drop in June. Regarding fruit set treatments on ‘Conference’, a low number of flower buds and the appearance of frost damage are main triggers for the application of plant growth regulators on this pear variety. Therefore, the advice has to be adapted to each particular situation. Keywords: /

63

Poster Session 3 Orchard design, training – pruning, orchard management Poster Abstract 33 The influence of slope planting on productivity of pear cultivars Dr. Dejan Durovic, Prof. Dr. Todor Vulic, Assist. Prof. Djordjevic Boban, Prof. Dr. Cedo Oparnica, Assist. Prof. Dragan Radivojevic University in Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia Email: [email protected] In the area of Obrenovačka Posavina in place Stubline, in the period 2009-2012. years were studied the productivity properties of five pear cultivars grown in the system of slope planting. Experimental orchard was planting in the spring of 2008. year, with one year old seedlings without early branches following cultivars: 'Conference', 'Santa Maria', 'Villiams', 'Butirre Precoce Morettini' and 'Abbate Fetel', on the rootstock Ba 29 with distance of 3.5 x 0.75 m. Slope position of the trees was achieved by alternate left and right deviations of 15° from the vertical position. As a control served a tree in the classical spindle form system with distance of 3.5 x 1.2 m. Because of many years of technological lagging of pear production in Serbia, the technological innovation of this production is imposed as a priority task of our production practices. The aim of this study was to test the impact of slope planting on the productivity properties of major pear cultivars. Than productive characteristics were studied: vegetative potential (trunk cross-sectional area, the number and length of shoots), the generative potential (number of flower buds and flowers per tree, the percentage of fruit set, number of fruits and yield per tree and cumulative yield per unit area), as well as physical and chemical characteristics of fruits. Pear cultivars in slope planting manifested significantly higher vigor and productivity in relation to controls. Average number of fruits per tree varied from 18.4 at cultivar 'Abbate Fetel' to 42.4 at cultivar Santa Maria. Due to higher yields per tree and more trees per unit area, cultivars: 'Santa Maria' (74.9 t), 'Villiams' (50.9 t) and 'Butirre Precoce Morettini' (38.8 t) on the system of slope planting were achieved a significantly higher cumulative yield per hectare, without compromising quality fruit. Keywords: slope planting, pear, yield, fruit quality

64

Poster Abstract 34 The girdling and trunk cutting on growth and crop yield at Packham´s Triumph pear Prof. Leo Rufato, Prof. Bruno D. Machado, Ms. Alberto R Luz, Mr. José Marcon Filho, Assist. Prof. Joseane S. Hipólito, Prof. Aike A. Kretzschmar UDESC - CAV , Av Luiz de Cames 2090, 88520-000 Lages - SC, Brazil (presenting author) Email: [email protected] The aim of this experiment was evaluate the effect of girdling on vigor control and the crop yield of the European pear cultivar Packham’s Triumph grafted on rootstock Pyrus calleryana. The experiment was implanted in July,2010 in a commercial orchard on southern Brazil, using trees of Packham’s Triumph cultivar grafted on Pyrus calleryana rootstock. The treatments was different levels of cuts in the trunk, as well: a)untreated, b)double cut in 1/3 of the trunk; c) simple cut in 1/2 of the trunk; d)simple girdling, e)double girdling. The first cut was made in September, after budding 20cm from the soil level, the second cut was made 10cm up from the first cut. About the annual growth, the untreated trees have had more vigor, with 7,93m of annual growth. In percent, the double girdling induced less vigor, 34% compared with the untreated. The high crop yield was found double girdling (68,9 Mg ha-1), 91,2% more crop yield than the untreated. The highest increase on profitability was on double girdling, US$ 17,5 thousand compared with the untreated, US$ 17,9 thousand compared with the double cut 1/3 of the trunk, US$ 16,8 thousand in relation of the simple cut 1/2 of the trunk and US$ 11,6 thousand compared with the simple girdling. The use of trunk cutting and girdling in adults orchards decrease the vegetative growth in trees of Packham’s Triumph cultivar. The double girdling increase the crop yield in cv. Packham’s Triumph Keywords: Pyrus communis L., rootstocks, scions cultivar, vegetative growth, vigor, incompatibility

Poster Abstract 35 The effect of Fosethyl-Al on flower bud development and flower bud quality in European pear (Pyrus communis) and apple (Malus x domestica) Prof. Johan Keulemans1, Bart Van Houtte1, Sanne Torfs2, Tom Deckers3, Luk De Maeyer4 1 Fruitteeltcentrum, K.U. Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 2 Kasteelpark 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 3 Fruittuinweg 1, 3001 Sint-Truiden Kerkom, Belgium 4 Mommaertslaan 14, 1831 Diegem Machelen, Belgium Email: [email protected] Irregular bearing is a problem in apple and pear orchards. Besides weather conditions during flowering, the number of flower buds and the flower bud quality are determinant for a good fruit set and fruit quality. We investigated the effect of Fosethyl-Al on flower bud formation and flower bud quality in apple and pear. Trees were treated with Fosethyl-Al according to commercial applications: starting after flowering begin May and 7 treatments with 14 days interval at a dose of 3.75 kg/ha .

65

In Jonagold apple there was a clear influence of Fosethyl-Al on the number of flowers per bud just before leaf fall (end October). Concerning flower bud quality, we observed a better longevity of the ovules during flowering and the better flower bud quality was also reflected by the a thicker hypanthium. The latter was caused by the bigger cell size after Fosethyl-Al treatment, but not by an increased cell number. In Golden Delicious we didn't found any significant difference in flower bud quality, described by the number of bud scales, leaves and flowers during flower bud development. There were also no differences in the number of cells in the receptacle and their size. We studied also gene expression during flower bud development until flowering by RNA sequencing. There were clear differences in gene expression between the Fosethyl-Al treatment and the control, especially in September and during flowering. These differences didn't result in differences in flower bud quality or fruit quality. In Conference pear, like in Golden apple, we found in one year no differences in the number of appendices in the flower buds or in the number or size of the cells in the receptacle. In pear there are more bud scales compared to apple. In another year we found in Conference around the flowering period more cells in the flowers, but the cells were smaller after Fosethyl-Al treatment. The differences were found in all flowers among the inflorescence: the top flower, the most basal one and the lateral flowers. The differences were not always significant. In conclusion we can say that the effect of Fosethyl-Al on flower bud quality is rather positive but it is not always consistent among cultivars and years for all the parameters studied. Keywords: Fosethyl-Al, flower bud quality, pear, apple, gene expression

Poster Abstract 36 Evaluation of the Use of a Disc-saw Pruning Machine in `Rocha´ Pears Orchards - An account of five years Dr. Antonio Fernando Bento Dias1, Ms. Sandra Patrocinio2, Mr. Sérgio Pereira2, Ms. Teresa Brites2, Mr. Valério Pita2, Dr. João Mota Barroso1 1 Inst. C. Agrárias Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal 2 Cooperfrutas CRL, Quinta das Freiras, Ponte do Jardim, 2460-617 Alcobaça, Portugal Email: [email protected] Manual pruning with pneumatic shears is a current practice used by pear “Rocha” farmers in Portugal. However, is labour-intensive and therefore expensive. Work started in 2008 to study a mechanised alternative based on a discs-saw pruning machine mounted on a front loader of an agricultural tractor. The following three treatments were compared: T1 - manual pruning performed annually using pneumatic shears; T2 - mechanical pruning, performed annually, topping the canopy parallel to the ground and hedging both sides of the canopy in 2008 and in 2010; In 2011, mechanical topping was complemented with manual pruning; T3 - mechanical pruning, performed annually, topping the canopy parallel to the ground followed by a manual pruning complement. In 2008, prior to the manual complement, trees were hedged on both sides of the canopy; A randomised complete block design was used, with three replications, leading to 9 plots with three lines of 10 trees per plot. In each plot only the central line is used in the evaluation. Trials were performed in a 20 years old commercial orchard, planted in an array of 4m x 2m with trees trained as the central leader system.

66

Pruning operation was timed. Tree height and width was measured, before and after pruning interventions. The pruning wood removed from the trees was weighed. Fruit yields were evaluated. Yield in treatment 2 was always lower than in treatment 1; Yield in treatment 3, except once, was always lower than in treatment 1. Mechanical pruning leads to a more uniform orchard when compared to manual pruning. Although any manual pruning interventions (complement) benefit, in terms of faster work rates, from prior cuts using the tractor mounted cutting bar, further field work is needed to validate the agronomic value of the manual complement. Keywords: pruning, work rates, pear production

Poster Abstract 37 Occurrence of melitophilly and cantarophilly on pear trees pollination in Brazil Prof. Dr. Ivan Dagoberto Faoro1, Afonso I. Orth2 1 Estação Experimental de Caçador, EPAGRI, Caixa Postal 591, 89500.000 Caçador - SC, Brazil 2 Federal University of Santa Catarina UFSC, 88034-001 Florianopolis-Santa Catarina, Brazil Email: [email protected] The presence of pollinating insects was identified in three Japanese pear cultivars (Housui, Kousui and Nijisseiki) at two locations with different climatic conditions: a) Caçador with 550UF, and b) São Joaquim with 938UF, both in State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. In Caçador occurred a greater diversity of insect pollinators due to the proximity of the orchard area with a native forest area. In São Joaquim only two insects pollinating species of pear trees were identified. We recorded melitophilly as the primary pollination syndrome and cantarophilly as a secondary pollination syndrome in pear trees. This latest is probably the first record in the pear culture in Brazil, and is due to presence of the beetle Astylus quadrilineatus (Germar, 1824) (Order: Coleoptera; Family: Melyridae). Keywords: insect, pollination, melittophily, cantarophilly

Poster Abstract 38 Pollinating insects visiting blooming pear orchards in Brazil Prof. Dr. Ivan Dagoberto Faoro1, Afonso I. Orth2 1 Estação Experimental de Caçador, EPAGRI, Caixa Postal 591, 89500.000 Caçador - SC, Brazil 2 Federal University of Santa Catarina UFSC, 88034-001 Florianopolis-Santa Catarina, Brazil Email: [email protected] This study aimed to evaluate the amount of visits of the main insect pollinators during flowering period in plants of three Japanese pear cultivars and at two different locations with different climates in Southern Brazil: Caçador (CD) and São Joaquim(SJ). The highest number of flower visits were observed in the afternoon (03pm), although the amount of 67

pollinating insects in pear, both in the warmer climate region (CD) as in the colder climate region (SJ), is considered low according to the literature. Ruderal plants (white clover and dandelion) with high sugar content in nectar and which grow between the orchard rows attract more honey bees individuals than pear tree flowers. In São Joaquim, in the first evaluation year, we did not detected significant nectar secretion and pollinating insects were only attracted to flowers by its pollen. Keywords: Pyrus, pollinization, insects

Poster Abstract 39 Seedlings production of pear for double-grafting in quince intergrafting using the ‘Japonês’ rootstock Fabiola Villa Brasil The objective of this work was to evaluate to use of the ‘Japonês’ rootstock for pear trees cultivars through the use of others quince intergrafting, adopting the double-grafting process. Buds and cleft of the pear trees ‘Seleta’ and ‘Triunfo’ was grafted by the budding and cleft grafting, in cleft of 15 cm of the ‘Portugal’, ‘Provence’, ‘Mendoza Inta-37’ and ‘Smyrna de Harcy’ quince tree. The grafted were stored in cold camera (4ºC) for 24 hours. The cleft were grafted in ‘Japonês’ roostock by cleft grafting by full rift. The treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial scheme. After 60 and 120 days, the percentage of sprouting of the grafts and the filters were evaluated, besides the diameter and medium length of the grafts and the dry mass. The double-grafting is viable in the seedlings production pear tree intergrafting in the ‘Japonês’ rootstocks, using with intergrafting Cydonia quince tree. Keywords: Chaenomeles sinensis, Cydonia oblonga, propagation.

Poster Abstract 40 Trend and challenges for intensive pear production in Chile Karen Sagredo, Oscar Carrasco Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Email: [email protected], [email protected] Pear production in Chile has been losing profitability mainly due to the use of low precocious cultivars and rootstocks and low planting density which has resulted in a reduced yield, apart from the increased production costs. In Chile there are approximately 7,000 ha planted (2% of the total fruit area), approximately 100% is concentrated in the Central Zone, where pear cultivation has to compete with other higher profits crops such as sweet cherries and apples. Main pear cultivars are Packham’s Triumph (39%) and Abate Fetel (18%), followed by Beurre Bosc (8%), Coscia (7%), Summer Bartlet (5%) and Winter Nelis (4%). Most of the relevant means adopted in order to overcome pear production limitations in new plantations, have been: use of more precocious and less vigorous rootstocks, mostly Quince Sydo, and less proportions of Quince BA29 and Quince A; increased plant density (2000 plant ha-1) together with the adoption of spindle planting system; inclusion of more attractive cultivars, fruit set management and crop load aiming to reach high yield and fruit size and rapid adoption of chemical thinning. The challenges for our industry are also related to the 68

improvement of fruit quality, especially fruit size, and the reduction in cost production, in this regards the reduction of hand-thinning requirements (80 labour days per ha) are one of the main goals. Coscia, Forelle and Abate Fetel have the highest cost for this management. The aim of this work was to analyse technically and economically the intensive pear production in Chile, in terms of evolvement, cultivars, rootstocks and technical management.

Poster Abstract 41 Differences in Phenological Development During Pear Bloom and Early Fruit Set Due to Interruptions in Winter Chilling A. R. Luz1, R.B. Elkins2, B. Lampinen3 1 Santa Catarina State Univ. Agrovet. Science Center, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil 2 Univ. of California Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA, 95453 USA 3 University of California, Depart. of Plant Sciences, Davis, CA, 95616, USA Email: [email protected] Global warming may catalyze changes in agricultural production practices by altering phenology. A trial was conducted in a commercial pear orchard near Kelseyville, Lake County, California, to assess effects of low chill accumulation on the European pear cultivars ‘Tosca’, ‘Carmen’, ‘Norma’, ‘Bartlett’, ‘Golden Russet (GR) Bosc’, and ‘Abate Fetel’. Bloom progression and fruit growth on the north- versus south-facing sides of trees were compared. No phenological differences were found in ‘Norma’, while ‘GR Bosc’ and ‘Carmen’ showed the most pronounced differences. For ‘GR Bosc’, 57% of flower clusters were in full bloom on the north side, versus only 37% on the south side, on April 8, 2014. On April 14 and 21, 21% of flower clusters were more advanced on the north versus the south. For ‘Carmen’, 50% of the flower clusters on the north were between 50% and full bloom on April 8, while on the south side 60% were still in the white bud (“popcorn”) and late finger stages. On April 21, 58% of the clusters on the north were in fruit set while on the south side just 28%. The north sides of trees of other cultivars also exhibited increased percentages of later flowering stages on the north: ‘Tosca’ (40%), ‘Bartlett’ (30%), and ‘Abate Fetel’ (18%). Subsequently, fruits originating from earlier developing flower clusters were 2.5 to 5.6 mm. larger in diameter than fruits of later developing clusters. Differences in bloom and fruiting phenology can be related to the cancellation of chill accumulation due to a warming trend in January in which cold nights were offset by abnormally warm temperatures during the day. Keywords: Pyrus communis, winter chilling, phenology, global warming

69

Oral Session 4 Nutrition, water and soil management Session Chairs: Roberto Zoppolo and Pieter Janssens – part 1 Enrique Sanchez and Guglielmo Costa – part 2

Oral Abstract 24 Effect of mulching in tree row on soil features as well as growth and development in Whangkeumbae pear trees Prof. Dr. Jianguang Zhang, Xiang Han, Lifei Wang, Shuilin Liu 2596 Lekai Southern Street, College of Horticure, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China Email: [email protected] With 5 years old Whangkeumbae pear trees, the influence of different types of mulching materials including purple alfalfa (Medicago sativa), tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea), bluegrass(Poa annua), wheat straw, white or black plastic films and ground fabric was studied on soil physical and chemical features as well as tree growth and development. The results indicated that different types of mulching materials could consistently raise soil water-holding capacity, and this effect was more obvious at 0~40 cm soil layer. Among them, the wheat straw treatment showed the maximal capacity, with better water-holding capacity by covering ground fabric. The soil temperature changes varied with different kinds of mulching materials, among which black or white plastic films and ground fabric had the most influence, with white plastic film showing an annual average temperature increase by 3.34Ԩ, but the organic mulching materials had a marked effect on decreasing soil temperature, especially with wheat straw, making the soil layer of 0~40cm with an annual average temperature decreasing by 0.5 Ԩ. Mulching in tree row could improve soil nutrient conditions. Compared with the control, wheat straw mulching increased organic matter content by 0.297% at 0~20 cm soil layer, with soil alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus and available potassium contents achieving 76.09mg/kg, 66.76 mg/kg and 513.85 mg/kg，respectively. Mulching had no significant effect on increasing soil total phosphorus content, soil total nitrogen content increased by 35% than the control and mulching with wheat straw and tall fescueincreased the total potassium content moresignificantly. No apparent influence of applying black or white plastic films and ground fabric was found on soil nutrient contents. Mulching with tall fescue, bluegrass and white plastic film could significantly increase LAI of pear trees and mulching with purple alfalfa and white plastic film could significantly improve root vitality. There was no marked effect of mulching on chlorophyll content and leaf thickness but the effect was observed on leaf mineral contents, especially the micro-element contents. For example, the Mn, Cu, B and Zn contents by mulching with purple alfalfa were significantly higher than the control, being 80.59 mg/kg, 9.62 mg/kg, 40.47 mg/kg and 24.24 mg/kg, respectively. There was little influence of mulching on fruit firmness, soluble solid content and L/D index.

70

White plastic film, tall fescue and annual bluegrass significantly increased fruit weight and black plastic film significantly raised SSC, reaching 14.63%. The titratable acid contents in fruits by covering tall fescue and black plastic film decreased markedly and the fruit sugar/acid ratio with alfalfa and white plastic film was considerably higher than the control. Keywords: pear, mulching, soil features, growth and development

Oral Abstract 25 Effects of Reflective Fabric on Multi-Year Productivity and Fruit Quality of Mature ‘Bartlett’ and ‘D’Anjou’ Pear Trees Rachel Elkins1, Carolyn Shaffer1, Todd Einhorn2, Janet Turner2, Bruce Lampinen3 1 University of California Cooperative Extension, 883 Lakeport Blvd., Lakeport, California, 95453, USA 2 Oregon State University, Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 3005 Experiment Station Drive, Hood River, Oregon, 97031, USA 3 University of California Department of Plant Sciences, Davis, California 95616, USA Email: [email protected] White reflective fabric (Extenday™) was spread in the alleyways before full bloom (FB) through harvest at two sites to investigate influence on fruit set, fruit growth, yield, yield efficiency, canopy light interception, water stress, fruit maturity, and postharvest fruit quality: 1) east-west oriented ‘Bartlett’ hedgerow, and 2) multi-leader ‘d’Anjou’. Controls at both sites were grass alleyways. Cumulative (2011-2013) fruit number, yield and yield efficiency for ‘Bartlett’ were significantly greater on both the north and south sides of fabric-treated versus control trees. Productivity increases were likely due to higher photosyntheticallyactive radiation (PAR) resulting from reflection off of the fabric. Weekly fruit growth rate (WFGR) was consistently, but not significantly, greater for fabric, corroborating larger final fruit size. Lower (more negative) mid-day stem water potential and July leaf tissue levels of boron, calcium, copper, and potassium suggest higher canopy water requirements and increased nutritional demand of fabric-treated trees. Fruit firmness was not significantly advanced for fabric relative to controls, however soluble solids were significantly higher for fabric versus controls. For ‘d’Anjou’, treatments also included fabric applied at FB and removed 75 days after FB (DAFB) [Partial-Season-Fabric], and 60 % shade-cloth enclosing whole trees beginning 60 DAFB through harvest [Shade]. Cumulative (2009-2012) yields of full-season and partial-season fabric were significantly higher than the control and positively related to fruit number but not size. WFGR was similar between fabric and controls. PAR was improved in the lower canopy of fabric trees as was fruit number. Shade significantly reduced WFGR, fruit size, soluble solids and yield relative to controls. Fruit maturity was advanced by several days for fabric however postharvest quality of fruit was not affected. Keywords: photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR), canopy light interception, pear, reflective fabrics, water potential

71

Oral Abstract 26 A review of 10 years work on balancing the nutrition of nitrogen and potassium for the pear cultivar ‘Conference’ Ann Gomand1, Jef Vercammen1, Dany Bylemans1, 2 1 Pcfruit-Experimental garden for pome and stone fruit, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium 2 KU-Leuven, Department of Biosystems, University Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Email: [email protected] A balanced nutrition is a prerequisite for a high production and good quality for each crop. For the pear cultivar ‘Conference’ the most important nutrients are nitrogen and potassium. Environmental conditions strongly influence the uptake and, translocation of these nutrients and the final mineral fruit composition, especially for nitrogen. Depending on the year, parameters as soil temperature, soil humidity, type of rootstock... will affect the uptake and translocation of this nutrient and cause major differences in fruit quality. Although moderate levels of nitrogen are key to obtain sufficient growth and leaf quality to deliver by photosynthetic activity the necessary energy for the growth of the fruit and the formation of flower buds, high doses of nitrogen are however rather negatively influencing good fruit quality. The triggered shoot growth will take too much energy from the generative part of tree growth, and negatively influence flower bud formation. The most important period for nitrogen uptake to obtain green Conference-pears at harvest was shown to be the blooming period. For ‘Conference’ potassium is the second most important nutrient but the annual dose needed depends on the soil type. When the soil type is only weakly binding potassium, there is no need for excessive doses of potassium as was shown on Belgian sandy loam soils. High doses of potassium will be antagonistic to have a negative influence on the uptake of calcium. A shortage of calcium in the fruits might cause serious storage problems. And because potassium will not leach from the upper soil levels, it is possible to create an excessive level of potassium in the soil, which will take years to get back to a normal level. Keywords:

Oral Abstract 27 (Invited Presentation) Nutrition and Water Management in Intensive Pear Growing Enrique E. Sánchez INTA EEA Balcarce,Argentina Email: [email protected] Mineral nutrition and irrigation are key management practices in fruit production worldwide. In this presentation, that is grower oriented, I will concentrate on basic concepts, trying to wrap up elementary information collected from past studies and grower´s experience. The easy approach of nutrient management has been the addition of fertilizers, usually nitrogen (N) based on the concept that this nutrient is deficient in most soils and required by the trees to achieve fruit and shoot growth. Although the argument is true, a nutrient program should consider many inputs starting with the knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, factors of the orchard system (rootstock, cultivar, tree density), nutrient

72

dynamics in the soil and within the tree, crop load and fruit quality among the important ones. Generally speaking, all that makes up what we call “diagnostic tools”. Irrespective of the orchard system, the tree physiology is unique. Each pear growing region in the world has its own training system. Argentina, which is the first leading exporting country for pear is characterized by the use of the seedling rootstock that leads to tree spacing not less than 4x2 meters. In the USA and South Africa, also semi vigorous rootstocks are the most popular. The irrigation system here is by drip or sprinklers rather that flood irrigation system that is used in Argentina. However in Europe, medium and high density plantations are possible by using quince as a dwarfing rootstock. Despite the disparity of the pictures in those regions, the way the trees function is the same; what varies is the strategy to manage the orchard and mineral nutrition is not an exception. Thus, research in the last two decades showed that N was not required in large amounts for pome fruits. Pears demand 50-60 kg per hectare to obtain good fruit quality and production. The use of the stable isotope N15 allowed researchers to fine tune N application timing because the partitioning of the nutrient at each stage of growth during the season was clearly defined. Also the role of reserves and the estimation of N storage in the fall were key findings that lead to a more efficient and sustainable N management in orchards. In a very competitive market fruit quality is important. Balanced nutrition, rationale use of irrigation water and a calcium spray program are cultural practices that cannot be ignored by growers. Fruit quality is the result of several practices that should be optimized on a yearly basis for long term storage. Any given fertilizer program cannot be successful without an efficient irrigation program. Water is scarce in most pear districts for both quantity and quality. Regulated deficit irrigation has proven to be a good strategy to save water with minimal impact on production. New tools for water monitoring in both soils and trees allow growers to optimize irrigation water use. This area of research is ongoing in most countries along with studies leading to new rootstocks tolerant to low quality water, mainly salts and toxic minerals like boron. All those aspects will be discussed in the presentation. The goal of all growers is to produce high yield of good quality fruit and that is function of many decisions that should be taken considering the orchard system as a whole. Diagnostics tools and knowledge of tree physiology allow growers to take better decisions. The most modern management tool can be useless if one ignores the fundamental concepts. In other words, see the forest first and after that, focus on the tree. Keywords: /

Oral Abstract 28 Transpiration of Pear Trees and Implications for Irrigation Scheduling Dr. Ian Goodwin1, Dr. Steve Green2, Mr. David Cornwall1 1 Senior Research Scientist, Department of Primary Industries, Private Mailbag 1, Tatura, VIC 3616, Australia 2 Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand Email: [email protected] Lack of water for irrigation due to changing climate is emerging as the biggest threat to the viability and sustainability of the pear industry in Australia. Using less water, maintaining productivity and clearly demonstrating eco-efficient water use can be achieved by a better

73

understanding of crop water requirements in different environments, tree training and trellising systems, and management scenarios. Crop water requirements in high-density pear orchards was investigated by measuring transpiration (T) using the sap flow method, reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (fPARi) in two commercial Williams’ Bon Chretien pear orchards. Season changes in pear T in the two orchards were best described as increasing after full bloom to reach a maximum in mid-summer and then steadily declining in late summer and autumn. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb = T/ETo) for these pear orchards showed a rapid increase after full bloom, associated with an increase in leaf area as measured by fPARi, to reach a maximum at approximately 30 – 40 days after full bloom. Kcb was less when irrigation was withheld in one orchard, most likely due to a decrease in stomatal conductance. After harvest, Kcb appeared to decline, however, the decline in post-harvest T was not consistently sustained. There was a strong relationship between daily T and fPARi-weighted ETo for all data collected from full bloom to leaf fall. We fitted a regression to the data for the nine-week period from the start of irrigation to harvest and found the relationship T = 1.1 fPARi ETo and 1.5 ECC ETo (where ECC is effective canopy cover = solar noon fPARi). Our measurements showed that fPARi remained constant over the irrigation season making the task of scheduling much easier, with simple recommendations that are based on a single measure of ECC and an ETo deficit. Keywords: sap flow, crop coefficient, crop water requirement, effective canopy cover, light interception

Oral Abstract 29 Effect of water and fertilizer coupling modes on soil and leaf nutrient contents in Huangguan pear trees Prof. Dr. Jianguang Zhang, Lifei Wang, Shuilin Liu, Dr. Yingli Li 2596 Lekai Southern Street, College of , Horticulture, PETC of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China Email: [email protected] With 6 years old Huangguan pear trees, the effect of different water and fertilizer coupling modes were studied on soil and leaf nutrient contents at bud break, bloom, fruit swell and mature stages in Huangguan pear trees so as to screen out the optimal combinations of water and fertilizer coupling and provide a reference for reasonable application of water- and fertilizer-saving growing measures. The results indicated that, the alkaline nitrogen contents of all treatments at 0-20cm, 21-50cm and 51-80cm soil layers increased at four stages, among which the nitrogen content in the treatment with normal amount of water plus half amount of fertilizer raised most significantly at 0-20cm soil layer, increasing by 30. 42%, 19.27%, 17.50% and 78.36%, respectively, compared to the control. In comparison between mature and bud break stages, the soil available phosphorus contents at 21-50cm and 51-80cm soil layers significantly raised at 21-50cm and 51-80cm with the treatment of normal amount of water plus total amount fertilizer, increasing by 118.47mg/kg and 27.09mg/kg, respectively. The treatment of normal amount water plus half amount of fertilizer could significantly raise the total nitrogen and phosphorus contents at 0-20cm, 21-50cm and 51-80cm soil layers during bloom stage. In comparison between mature and bud break stages, the potassium contents at 0-20cm, 21-50cm and 51-80cm soil layers significantly reduced with treatment of normal amount water plus total amount fertilizer and treatment of normal amount water plus half amount fertilizer but the available potassium contents increased markedly

74

simultaneously, with the effect of normal amount of water and total amount of fertilizer showing the most significant. With respect of leaf nutrients, the treatment of normal amount of water plus half amount of fertilizer enhanced the leaf N and K contents, increasing 0.08% and 0.26%, respectively. The normal amount of water plus total amount of fertilizer increased the leaf B and Mn contents, increasing by 0.02mg/g and 0.03mg/g, respectively, with no significant difference found among other treatments. Considering water and fertilizer saving and beneficial effect on pear tree growth and development, the treatment of normal water plus half amount fertilizer was recommended the best. Keywords: pear, water and fertilizer coupling, soil nutrient, leaf nutrient

Oral Abstract 30 Use on non- destructive devices for an appropriate management of pear in pre- and post-harvest Guglielmo Costa, Lorenzo, Rocchi, Serena Vidoni Department of Agricultural Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy Email: [email protected] The knowledge of the ripening stage and the homogeneity of the collected batch of fruits at harvest is deemed important since pear are normally collected in a unique time and immediately refrigerated. The fruit grading is visually performed in field and in packing house only before marketing to avoid fruit bruising. The recent use of the innovative nondestructive vis/NIR technologies might help in overcoming these problems offering the possibility to monitor and determine fruit ripening representing a decision support tool for improving fruit homogeneity, choosing the best storage strategy and finally improving fruit quality at consumption. In fact the Index of Absorbance Difference (IAD) can be used: in field by the use of the DA-Meter, a non-destructive device operating on Vis-NIR properties; in packing house conditions with the DA-head, a stationary device that operates with the same DA-Meter property and during cold storage with the DAFL (Difference Absorbance Fruit Logger) that measures automatically the IAD at fixed intervals. In field conditions, the DA-Meter allow monitoring fruit ripening defining the moment to perform the harvest. In packing house conditions, instead a stationary device (DA-Head) operating with the same property of the DA-Meter is able to sort and group the fruit in homogeneous classes of ripening. Finally, in cold storage conditions the same optical property of the DA-Meter has been transferred to a remote devices (DAFL) that are positioned on a given number of fruits kept in cold storage sending by radio data transmission the IAD values to a server. These devices can be considered as a DSS for improve the management all along the productive and supply chain both in pre- and post-harvest. Keywords: /

75

Oral Abstract 31 Relations Between Taste Quality of `Conference´ Pear and Mineral Contents in Fruit, Leaf and Soil Pieter Janssens1, Wendy Odeurs1, Dr. Annemie Elsen1, Tom Deckers2, Wim Verjans2, Prof. Dr. Dany Bylemans2, Prof. Dr. Hilde Vandendriessche3 1 Soil Service of Belgium, Willem de Croylaan 48, 3001 Leuven Heverlee, Belgium 2 PCFruit Research Station, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium 3 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Division of Crop Biotechnics, W. De Croylaan 48, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium Email: [email protected] Belgian ‘Conference’ pear production approximates yearly 250 000 ton. To maintain consumers trust in ‘Conference’ pear a uniform good flavour is desirable. Present irrigation and fertilization practises focus mostly on high fruit yields but rather neglect taste quality. Objective of the current study was to see which parameters identify taste quality and how taste quality can be managed by altering irrigation or fertilization practices. In the north of Belgium a survey was conducted in 10 orchards during three successive years (2011-2013). The orchards varied in management practices, rootstocks, training systems, irrigation and fertilization practices. Mineral content in soil and leaf was analysed in the middle of the growing season. Soil moisture was sampled 5 times during the growing season. After four months of storage mineral content of the fruits was analysed and compared to flavour scores obtained after test subject inquiry. Furthermore brix, colour and fruit firmness were measured. Correlation analysis on all measured parameters revealed that fruit taste was closely related to brix. Brix was in all years positively correlated with Nitrogen and Potassium content in the fruits but negatively with Calcium content. Nitrogen, Potassium and Calcium content in the fruits was correlated with Nitrogen content in the leafs. However fruits with high brix values fruits scored worse in fruit firmness. Relationships between minerals in the soil and minerals in the fruits were less pronounced but soil water status positively corresponded with Potassium and Nitrogen content in the fruits in two of the three years. In the survey soil water status rather than soil mineral status was the determining factor for taste quality. Furthermore the established relationships indicate that leaf analysis can give a first impression of taste quality. Keywords: Irrigation, Fertilization, Brix, Fruit Firmness, Soil Moisture

76

Poster Session 4 & 5 Nutrition, water and soil management Plant growth regulation and fruitset Poster Abstract 42 Vegetative and productive response of young `William´ pear trees to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), mulching and their combinations Mr. Lavdim Lepaja1, Prof. Endrit Kullaj2, Mr. Kujtim Lepaja1, Prof. Dr. Agim Zajmi3 1 Dep. Horticulture Lanscape Architecture, Agriculture University of Tirana, Kodër Kamëz, 1000 Tirana, Albania 2 Departamenti i Hortikulture, Fakulteti i Bujqesise, UBT, Koder-Kamez, Tirana, Albania 3 Horticultural Department, University of Prishtina, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo This field experiment was designed to assess the vegetative and productive response of young ‘William’ pear trees to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), mulching and their combinations with the aim of optimising such parameters. Using a water budged methodology, four levels of irrigation, specifically 100% of ET (control) and deficits of 80%, 60% and 40%, were applied to 10 trees, 5 of which were mulched by a 10 cm layer. The experiment was conducted in Kosovo (Dukagjini Plain) during 2013 on a pear orchard of 10 ha on third year using a nested experimental design. Using ANOVA two-way with post hoc testing we found significant changes in a series of vegetative and productive parameters. Irrigation levels significantly influenced leaf surface and area, shoot length, total number of fruit and their weight. It should also be stressed that mulching had a positive effect on all parameter values; in particular, on shoot length, number of fruits of first class and fruit diameter during all their growth but more remarkably in the third stage. RDI and mulching had a combined effect on shoot length and canopy volume while changes were not significant for number of leaves, number of shoots, number of fruits of extra class and total yield. Considering the young age of trees and long – term consequences of water stress experiment is continuing. Keywords: pear, young trees, Williams, DI, mulching

Poster Abstract 43 Effects of regulated deficit irrigation, mulching and their combination on fruit quality and nutrient contents of young `William´ pears Mr. Lavdim Lepaja1, Prof. Endrit Kullaj2, Mr. Kujtim Lepaja1, Prof. Dr. Fadil Musa3 1 Dep. Horticulture Lanscape Architecture, Agriculture University of Tirana, Kodër Kamëz, 1000 Tirana, Albania 2 Departamenti i Hortikulture, Fakulteti i Bujqesise, UBT, Koder-Kamez, Tirana, Albania 3 Plant Protection Department, University of Prishtina, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo The aim of this research was to determine the content of macro- and micro-elements in pear fruits at harvest after the application of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) combined with 77

mulching. Using a water budged methodology, four levels of irrigation, specifically 100% of ET (control) and deficits of 80%, 60% and 40%, were applied to 10 trees, 5 of which were mulched by a 10 cm layer. The experiment was conducted in Kosovo (Dukagjini Plain) during 2013 on a pear orchard of 10 ha on third year using a nested experimental design. Using ANOVA two-way with post hoc testing we found that both irrigation and mulching had significant changes in pH, Brix, dry matter, ash, organic matter, acids, proteins, carbohydrates, with irrigation effecting also K and Fe. The combination of irrigation and mulching have influenced pH, P, acids, proteins, K, Cd while changes were not significant for Zn, Mg, Na, Pb, Fat, Cu and Ca. It should also be stressed that mulching had a positive effect on all parameter values. Considering the young age of trees and long – term consequences of water stress experiment is continuing. Keywords: pear, Williams, RDI, drip irrigation, mulch, nutrient elements

Poster Abstract 44 The use the PGar and fertilizer on the `Rocha´ pear for increase the productivity Dr. Leo Rufato, Dr. Janaina Muniz, Prof. Dr. Aike Kretzschmar, Mr. Alberto Ramos Luz, Assist. Prof. Joseane Hipólito, Ms. Fabiani Silveira, Mr. Guilherme Sander Av Luiz de Cames 2090, Lages SC, 88520-000, Brasil, Brazil Email: [email protected]; [email protected] The plant growth regulators have an important role, can control the vegetative growth and increase the flower set and the fruit set. This paper aims to investigate the agronomic efficiency of the isolated and mix of different concentrations of the PGar Stimulate® fertilizers Sett® and Hold® on effective fructification, crop yield and fruit quality of pears ‘Rocha’ cultivar on Southern Brasil edaphoclimatic conditions. The trial was developed on field in a commercial company, at 2012/13 grow season, in Vacaria-RS-Brasil, on seven years old trees of European pears-cultivar ‘Rocha’ grafted on ‘BA-29’ rootstock. The experiment design was fully randomised blocks, with three blocks. The PGar (Stimulate®) was applied on full bloom (2mL L-1) at the moment that 70% of flowers were opened. The fertilizer Sett® was applied at full bloom (3 mL L-1) and Hold® 15 days after full bloom (1 mL L-1). The application of the mix Stimulate® and Hold® increased the fruit set (5,25%) 60 days after full bloom, value this 78,57% more than the control (2,94%), consequently increase 4,29t ha-1 (28,44 t ha-1) compared with the control (24,15t ha-1). The use of Stimulate® and Sett® increase de yield crop on 9,43 t ha-1 (33,58 t ha-1) and the use of Stimulate®, Sett® and Hold® provided an increase close to 7,00 t ha-1 (26,62 t ha-1) compared with the control (24,15 t ha-1). The higher number of fruit per tree was evidenced with the use mixed of Stimulate® and Sett® (124 fruits) and Stimulate® and Hold®(107 fruits) different just of the isolated use of Stimulate® (61 fruits). The use isolated or mixed between this products did not affect directly the principal physic and chemical characteristics of the fruits of ‘Rocha’ cultivar pear. Can be inferred that, the isolated application of Stimulate®, Sett® or Hold® did not have significant influence on fruit set and yield of ‘Rocha’ pear and The mixed application of Stimulate® and Hold® or Stimulate®, Sett® and Hold® increased the fruit set on pears of ‘Rocha’ cultivar grafted on ‘BA29’ rootstock on edaphoclimatic conditions of Vacaria, RS- Brasil. Keywords: Pyrus communis L., Growth regulation, nutrients, Fruit set, productivity

78

Poster Abstract 45 New research progress in nutrient elements analysis and diagnostic fertilization in pear trees Prof. Dr. Jianguang Zhang, Prof. Guoying Wang, Prof. Dr. Yuxing Zhang, Dr. Jianghong Zhang, Prof. Jinchun Qiao 2596 Lekai Southern Street, Pear , Engineering Technology Center of Hebei , Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China Email: [email protected] In the present paper, the recent work conducted by our research team was presented. Aiming at the present status of pear industry inHebeiprovince and existing problems in fertilizer application, we have made an overall and systematic study on pear nutrient elements analysis and diagnostic fertilization for many years. The main results were as follows: (1) the optimal sampling period for leaf nutrient analysis was determined as 60~70 days after full bloom; (2) the correlation of main nutrient elements between leaves and fruits was ascertained; (3) the concentration criterion for main leaf nutrient elements was established with release of a technical standard of Hebei province—Main mineral element contents in leaves for a topquality and high-yield Yali pear orchard (DB/T1016-2009); (4) a computer expert support system for nutrient diagnosis and prescription fertilization was set up; (5) the appropriate fertilizer prescriptions for different cultivars and growing regions were put forward and a type of organic-inorganic balanced fertilizer specially for pear use was developed, which showed a significant effect on enhancing internal quality in field trials and (6) the technical scheme for fertilization was established as follows: to apply 2~3 kg balanced fertilizer per 50 kg pear fruits produced within 15 days before bud break with broadcast, ditch or hole application. Based on the results above, some suggestions on nutrient elements analysis and diagnostic fertilization in pear orchards were proposed for the future. Keywords: pear; nutrient element analysis; diagnostic fertilization

Poster Abstract 46 Various PGRS treatments on parthenocarpic fruit development in Deveci ve Ankara pear varieties Mr. Gökhan Oztürk1, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Atilla Askin2 1 Bahce Kulturleri Arastirma Enstitusu, 32500 Isparta Egirdir, Turkey 2 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 32100 Isparta, Turkey Email: [email protected] To promote parthenocarpic fruit set in Deveci and Ankara local pear cultivars, different doses of GA3, GA4+7 and Promalin treatments were carried out. The studies were conducted at the Fruit Research Station in the District of Lakes between 2008 and 2009. The obtained results varied by year, cultivar, and dose. The highest rate of parthenocarpic fruits was recorded in 15 g/ha of GA3 treatment in Deveci but in 10 g/ha of GA4+7 treatment in Ankara.

79

The low rate of first quality fruits in the Promalin treatments indicates that they must be evaluated more carefully than the other treatments. Keywords: Pear, parthenocarpy, plant growth regulator, fruit set

Poster Abstract 47 Effects of different fruit thinners on yield and fruit quality of Rocha pear (Pyrus Communis L) Carla Fernandes Rio Maior, Portugal Email: [email protected] Rocha” pear is a cultivar grown in Portugal, with high fruit quality and production when properly managed. Few products are available in Portugal for chemical thinning of Rocha pear, and most of them show low efficacy. From 2011 to 2013, a trial was carried out to determine the right active ingredient, its concentration and application date in order to achieve the best yield and fruit quality results of chemical thinning in “Rocha” pear. The trial was carried out in a commercial orchard in Bombarral, Portugal in the heart of “Rocha” pear production. Trees were sprayed with Benziladenine (6 –BA), Naftalen-acetic-acid (NAA), ProhexadioneCalcium (ProCa), Giberelines (GA 4+7) and forclorfenuron (CPPU). Two different thinning moments were established: chemical thinning when fruitlets’ diameter was between 11 and 13 mm; 24 mm for hand thinning. Unthinned control trees were used to compare the results obtained. Along the season fruit diameter was measured, and at harvest, fruit number and weight were evaluated, as well as fruit diameter, flesh firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), starch, and titratable acidity. Yield, fruit weight and fruit size were higher for the 6-BA 100ppm + NAA 10ppm combination. This mix proved to be effective in the decrease of fruit number during the three years’ trials (data not show). There was a slightly negative correlation between fruit weight and flesh firmness but a positive correlation between fruit weight, TSS content, starch and acidity. In this trial didn’t existed a clear relationship between the increase in the amount of the active ingredient and yield. Keywords: Fruit thinning, Rocha, 6-BA, Prohexadione Calcium, Giberellines GA4+7

Poster Abstract 48 Effect of bioregulators on fruit set and fruit quality of `Abate Fetel´ pear Assist. Prof. Dejan Djurovic1, Prof. Dr. Dragan Milatovic1, Prof. Dr. Evica Mratinic1, Assist. Prof. Gordan Zec1, Assist. Prof. Boban Djordjevic1, Ms. Snezana Djurovic2, 1 University in Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 2 Institute PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela, Belgrade, Serbia (co-author) Email: [email protected]

80

Optimal yield and good financial returns are dependent on high fruit set and optimal fruit size. We studied effects of bioregulators on fruit set and fruit quality of pear cultivar ‛Abate Fetel’, depending on the number of flower buds. Three-year-old trees of ‘Abate Fetel’ pear in a highdensity orchard were subjected to three types of pruning intensity: un-pruned trees, moderate pruning (removal of 50% of flower buds) and heavy pruning (removal of 75% of flower buds). In each of the pruning treatments we applied bioregulators in order to improve fruit set and fruit quality. The following treatments were applied: naphtylacetic acid (NAA) + naphthylacet amid (NAD), giberrellic acid (GA4+7) + 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), and GA4+7 + 6BA + Prohexadione–Ca. The highest fruit set was found in trees that were heavy pruned, but the highest yield was obtained in trees that were moderate pruned. In trees without pruning the greatest effect on fruit set had treatments with GA4+7 + 6-BA and NAA. The highest fruit set in trees with heavy pruning was obtained in the combination of GA4+7 + 6-BA sprays applied during full blooming time and Prohexadione–Ca applied 15 days after petal fall. There was no difference in fruit size and fruit firmness between any of the treatments. The treatment with NAA had an effect on more elongated fruits in every pruning treatment. Keywords: Fruit set, pruning, bioregulators, Pyrus communis

Poster Abstract 49 Effect of Prohexadione-calcium (Regalis) Effect of Prohexadionecalcium (Regalis) on shoot growth and fruit set in Pear var. Passe Crassane Maxhun Shehaj1, Prof. Dr. Petrit Rama2, Assist. Prof. Bari Hodaj3, Kujtim Lepaja4 1 Prejlep p.n., 5000 Deqan, Kosovo 2 Vangjel Capo str.Nr 6 Tirane, 10000 Tirana, Albania 3 Skenderbeu bulevard 1, Tirana, Albania 4 Danubi nr. 2 Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo Email: [email protected] Prohexadione-calcium (Regalis) as a shoot growth retardant that inhibits gibberellins biosynthesis has been used to improve the differentiation of flower buds and fruit set in Pear var. Passe Crassane. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of applying Regalis by foliar applications in Passé Crassane pear orchards to reduce tree vigor or shoot growth and to control the alternate fruit production. Three different dosages were tested: 50ppm, 100ppm 150ppm. Regalis treatments ranging from 50 to 150 ppm were compared with control, without treatments. The first treatment was applied 7days after petal fall and the others every 10 days after the first treatment. Three different dosages were tested: 50ppm, 100ppm 150ppm. Regalis treatments ranging from 50 to 150 ppm were compared with control, without treatments. The first treatment was applied 7days after petal fall and the others every 10 days after the first treatment. The data was collected at the full bloom time, at the time of fruit set and at the end of the vegetation period, on 10 October.. The flower number and the fruit number was significantly difference after the treatment of 150 ppm and 100ppm than the application of 50ppm and without treatment. The average fruit weight was greater than other treatments and than non treated-trees. Variability in soluble solids concentration (SSC,0Brix) was not significantly different between different treatment (50ppm, 100ppm and 150ppm) The growth of the shoots and the shoot length of node was significantly difference after the treatment of 150 ppm than the application of 100ppm and 50ppm. The mean number of nodes per shoot percentage was not significantly different between different treatment (50ppm, 81

100ppm and 150ppm). The length of the shoots for non- treated trees was higher than of treated ones. Keywords: prohexadione-Ca, Regalis, Brix, Growth retardant. Passe Crassane, bloom

Poster Abstract 50 Effect of Some Naturally-Present Safe Compounds on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Le Conte Pear Trees Prof. Dr. Samy El-Shazly1, Hatem Kotb2 1 Alexandria University, Faculty of Agricultu, El-shatby, Alexandria, Egypt 2 Agricultural Research Center, Horticulture Research Institute, Sabahia Horticultural Research Station, Alexandria, Egypt Email: [email protected] The effects of foliar application of some naturally present safe compounds, namely gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA) and dry yeast (DY) on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of Le Conte pear trees were evaluated. Experimental trees were sprayed with either GA at 25, 50 and 100 ppm, SA at 100, 200 and 400 ppm or DY at 2.5, 5 and 10%. These treatments were applied once a year prior to bloom (at green and white bud stage and when 1-5% of flowers were at full bloom). In the control treatment, trees were sprayed with water at the same phenological stages. The results indicated that all treatments increased vegetative growth, average fruit weight and total yield compared to control. Dry yeast application markedly increased fruits content of total soluble solids (TSS) and total sugars while reduced fruit firmness and acidity as compared with the control. Moreover, treatments with GA and SA caused a reduction of TSS and total sugars but retarded the loss of firmness and increased acidity compared to control. Generally such effects were more pronounced with the highest concentrations of used compounds. Keywords: Gibberellic acid, Salicylic acid, Dry Yeast, Total soluble solids, Firmness, Acidity

Poster Abstract 51 Post-Bloom Thinning in Pear Agroecosystems Using S-Abscisic Acid (S-ABA) and 6-Benzyladenine (BA) Prof. Dr. Maria C. Dussi1, Assist. Prof. Liliana Flores1, Dr. Joszef Racsko2 1 Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CC 85 (8303) Cinco Saltos, Rio Negro, Argentina 2 Ohio State UniversityOARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 OH, United States of America Email: [email protected] To improve or maintain the sustainability of fruit tree agroecosystems it is important to use substances that have low environmental impact, preserving human health and production areas. The objective of this work was to manage crop load in pear cv. ‘Williams’ through fruit thinning during three different growing seasons, 2010 to 2013, using agrochemical products of low environmental impact such as S-abscisic acid (ABA) and 6-Benzyladenine (BA). The following treatments were applied in a completely randomized design: 1) BA: 150 ppm when

82

mean fruit diameter (FD) was 12 mm; 2) ABA 300 ppm at 6 to 9 mm FD ; 3) ABA 1,000 ppm at 6 to 9 mm FD; 4) ABA 300 ppm at 6 to 9 mm FD + BA 150 ppm at 12 mm FD; 5) ABA 1,000 ppm at 6 to 9 mm FD + BA 150 ppm at 12 mm FD; 6) Control. Response variables were: number of fruit per cm2 Branch Cross Sectional Area (BCSA) and per 100 flower clusters; fruit set distribution (% of spurs where fruit set was 0, 1 or +1) and number of hand thinned fruits per cm2 BCSA. At harvest, fruits were classified according to commercial sizes of the standard box (18 kg). Data were analyzed using the procedure of analysis of Variance (ANOVA); Chi-square test and principal component analysis. Results showed that all treatments had a thinning effect comparing with the control in the three years of study. No side effects were seen after any of the ABA treatments. In general, trees treated with the combination of ABA and BA had the best thinning efficacy, i.e., lowest amount of fruit/BCSA. The higher increment in fruit diameter was seen in the BA treatments. Based on these results, ABA appears to be a promising pear post-bloom thinner. Keywords: Pyrus communis, fruit thinning, sustainability, fruit size

Poster Abstract 52 Impact of the inter row management and vegetation over the nematodes abundance in pear agroecosystems Prof. Dr. Maria C. Dussi1, Assist. Prof. Liliana Flores1, Ms. Claudia Azpilicueta2, Ms. Cristina Fernandez1, Prof. Cristina Aruani1 1 Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CC 85 8303 Cinco Saltos, Rio Negro, Argentina 2 Laboratorio de Servicios Agrarios y Forest, Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial, NEUQUEN, Argentina Email: [email protected] Plant species identity and diversity may greatly influence the composition of the nematode fauna. This work was done in two agroecosystems during 2012-2013 growing season. The objective was to analyze the relationship between two different management strategies, one organic (O) and the other conventional (C), the inter row vegetation and nematode´s abundance in pear orchards cv. Williams. Data was taken in three inter row randomly assigned in each agroecosystem and in two seasons, spring and autumn. In each inter row a 10 meter transect was drawn and number of plant sps. present and its botanic family were determined as well as qualitative attributes of the community like floristic composition and dominant species. A composite soil sample was collected at a depth of 0-20 cm in each transect from which vegetation was studied to determine nematofauna. Each sample was composed of 8 cores. Nematodes were identified to genus or family levels and assigned to one of the five trophic groups: bacterivores (Ba), fungivores (Fu), facultative plant feeders (FF), obligate plant feeders (FO), omnivores-predators (OP). From the 17 plant spp. found in the O, the most representative families were Poáceas (5 spp.) and Brassicáceas (3 spp.). Bromus brevis and Cynodon dactylon were the dominant ones. Nine (9) spp. were registered in the C in which the most representative families were Asteráceas (4 spp.) and Fabáceas (2 spp.) being Cynodon dactylon the dominant. Community structure of soil nematode was dominated by Ba (45 %) in the O at both sampling times. In C, FF (33 %) and FO (30 %) predominated in spring and FO (52 %) in autumn. Ba was approximately 4.3 times more abundant in O than C. The present data may indicate that the application of goat manure in the inter-row soil of O induced an increase in microbial production supported by increasing in abundance of Ba. This

83

trophic group contributes to nitrogen mineralization and is available subsequently to plants. Among the FO, the endoparasitic Pratylenchus sp. dominated in O, whereas the ectoparasitic Helicotylenchus sp. predominated in C. Pratylenchus sp. decreased in autumn in O. The OP dynamic was 2.4 times more abundant in O than C in spring. OP may reduce abundance of other nematodes, such as FO. Behavior patterns of nematodes associated with the inter row vegetation and management should be considered to attain the sutentability of the agroecosystems. Keywords: sustainable agriculture; cover crop; diversity; nematode trophic group; bioindicators

Poster Abstract 53 Effect of exogenous substance application on antioxidant capability of pear fruits under high temperature and excessive light Prof. Dr. Jianguang Zhang, Dr. Yingli Li, Dr. Jianghong Zhang, 2596 Leikai South Street, College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China Email: [email protected] In the present experiment, the effect of exogenous substance application of AsA, oxalic acid, SA and ABA was studied on changing pattern of key substances in the AsA-GSH cycle of .Yali. fruits under high temperature and excessive light. The results indicated that, during the process of high temperature and excessive light treatment, the H2O2 content of the control increased significantly. In the early treatment stage, the exogenous substance application could completely raise the H2O2, total AsA and reduced AsA contents and GR activity but in the later stage, the H2O2 contents from the treatments were significantly lower than those from the control, while total AsA, reduced AsA contents and GR activity showed a decreasing trend but were higher than the level from the control. In the early treatment, there was no significant effect on APX Activity and AsA/DHA ratio among different treatments but in later treatment, the exogenous substance application at a certain concentration could enhance the APX activity and AsA/DHA ratio significantly compared to the control. The application of antioxidant substance at a certain concentration could ensure the smooth running of AsAGSH cycle and lessen the injury degree to fruits by high temperature and excessive light. Keywords: pear, antioxidant capability, temperature, excessive, antioxidant substance

84

Poster Abstract 54 Evaluation of ABA and AVG to manage fruit set and crop load of ‘d’Anjou’, ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Comice’ Pear Todd Einhorn1, Matthew Arrington1, Yan Wang1, Ana Paula Fernandes de Lima2, Mateus Pasa2 1 Oregon State University, Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Experiment Center, Hood River, Oregon, USA 2 Federal University of Pelotas/CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil Email: [email protected] Fruit set of ‘Comice’ is purportedly limited by ovule viability. Mechanisms restricting precocity and fruit set of young ‘d’Anjou’ trees are not well-understood. AVG (0-120 ppm) was applied to whole-canopies of ‘d’Anjou’ and ‘Comice’ between 2012 and 2014 at either ~50% bloom, 1, or 2 weeks after full bloom (wafb). Ethylene production rate of untreated flowers and developing fruitlets was highest at ~ 14 dafb, then steadily declined to ~0 by 35 dafb, irrespective of cultivar. Ethylene production rate was significantly and rate-dependently reduced by AVG. AVG markedly increased fruit set and yield for both cultivars, but only at the 2 wafb timing. Respiration of flowers and fruitlets was unaffected by AVG, but fruit size at harvest was reduced (crop load effect). Seed number per fruit (at harvest) and return bloom were unaffected by AVG. ‘Bartlett’, in contrast to ‘d’Anjou’ and ‘Comice’, is precocious and productive; consequently, in the Pacific Northwestern U.S., hand-thinning is required to size fruits. Chemical agents have inconsistently thinned ‘Bartlett’ in this region, likely as a result of cooler temperatures around application timing. We tested the postbloom thinning efficacy of abscisic acid (ABA) on ‘Bartlett’ over a 3-year period. Rates of 100-150 ppm were efficacious when applied at 10mm fruit size. A rate-dependent reduction in photosynthesis (0-500 ppm ABA) occurred immediately and lasted for ~14 d, though effects were negligible after 7d. A markedly stronger thinning response was observed when cloudy conditions (low light levels) ensued within 10 d from application. Over several trials, daily solar radiation (1-10 d after application) correlated well with ABA-induced thinning; carbon deficits from ABA alone appear insufficient to induce adequate thinning. Higher concentrations (exceeding 400 ppm) were ineffective due to phytotoxicity. Yield and final fruit size at harvest did not significantly differ between hand-thinned, control trees and efficacious ABA rates. Keywords: /

85

Oral Session 5 Plant growth regulation and fruitset Session Chairs: Karen Theron and Rachel Elkins

Oral Abstract 32 (Invited Presentation) Orchard design, training and pruning systems in Spanish high density pear orchards Luis Asín IRTA-Fruitcentre. Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003 Lleida Email: [email protected] In the last decades it has been important changes in training system and density plantation on Spanish pear orchards. These changes have been conditioned by two main factors, first one a change on major cultivars and second one CCC prohibition. At present Conference is the main cultivar and in our condition it is considered a medium-low vigor cultivar and a not complicated cultivar in comparison to Blanquilla. At first experiences on Conference, growers use two training system, first palmette or palspindel training system with 2 or 3 main branches, and second a central axis. The idea was to use the same system than they used on Blanquilla and on apple respectively. Both systems are not used at the moment for new plantations, because they produce low yield and spend too much years to reach full production, due mainly to problems to fill all space complete and quickly. At the moment the most used training system for new plantation is a double or triple axis with a short pruning along all the axis. It allows to place an axis every 40-60 cm, and to reduce distance rows. Usually growers use platforms or other facilities to harvest and height plantation can reach around 3 m. For this reason row distance can reach 3.2 m or slightly less, but usually growers are not comfortable with these distances, and they prefer around 3.5 m. There are other options like columnar system, taturas or intensive ones, but these systems are unusual.

Oral Abstract 33 Three years thinning trials on `Rocha´ pear with benzyladenine and naphthaleneacetic acid Cristina Oliveira Inst.Superior de Agronomia, Seccao de Horticultura, Tapada da Ajuda, 1399 Lisboa Codex, Portugal Email: [email protected] During three consecutive years (2011-2013) the thinning agents 6-benzyladenine (BA) (100 and 150 ppm) and the combination BA 80 ppm + 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 8 ppm and BA 100 ppm + ANA 10 ppm, were evaluated on 6 to 9 years old years old ‘Rocha’ grafted onto BA29 pear trees in a commercial orchard. Trees were sprayed at 10-12 mm fruit size and hand thinning was done after June drop. In 2013, yield was 1.7 and 2.1 times higher than 2011 and 2012, respectively. In 2013, BA at 150 ppm resulted in a significantly lower 86

fruit number (P≤0.05) and a higher average fruit weight (P≤0.05) when compared with the other treatments and the percentage of the production with 0.13 ng/10 ng plant DNA), but also in most of the symptomless fruits a considerable amount of Venturia DNA was present (0.001 until 0.002 ng/10 ng plant DNA). The relevance of these results for an adapted scab management strategy is discussed. Keywords: pear, scab, latent presence, fruits, leaves, RT-qPCR

96

Poster Abstract 56 Mycelial sensitivity assay of postharvest Botrytis cinerea from `Forelle´ pears to anilinopyrimidine fungicide pyrimethanil Jessica Ms. Rochefort, Dr. Cheryl Lennox, Mr. Adriaan Theron Fruit and Postharvest Pathology Research Pr, Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Email: [email protected] In South Africa, ‘Forelle’ pears incur significant postharvest losses due to decay caused by grey mould pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Postharvest decay is controlled through the use of fungicides such as the anilinopyrimidine pyrimethanil. In this study, a natural B. cinerea population (N=122) was used to determine the mycelial sensitivity to technical grade pyrimethanil on minimal medium. Isolates were obtained from long-term cold stored pear fruit sampled from experimental plots in commercial orchards in the Ceres growing region of the Western Cape in South Africa, not exposed to any botryticides for a period of five years. Baseline sensitivity was established using a sub-population (N=36) from an orchard with high incidence of grey mould. From the EC50-value (2.68 mg/ L), a discriminatory dose (EC90) was calculated and the whole population screened at 3.23 mg/ L. Mycelial growth was completely inhibited for 87.8% of the isolates, with 12.3% having reduced sensitivity, rather than being resistant, due to minimal growth observed. This gives a positive indication that pyrimethanil can be used to manage postharvest grey mould population on ‘Forelle’ pears, although efficacy must be established in vivo and application must be done conscientiously in alternation with other postharvest fungicides accompanied with regular monitoring of sensitivity levels. It should also be noted that the metabolic activity of B. cinerea on minimal medium amended with pyrimethanil play an important role in mycelial sensitivity assays, as the fungicide can migrate within the medium during the incubation period. It is therefore essential to follow the correct methodology and use vital isolates to avoid inaccurate results, as was seen in a preliminary study using the same population. Keywords: Fungicide sensitivity, Botrytis cinerea, Pyrimethanil, Pears

Poster Abstract 57 Evaluation of Susceptibility Level of Old Pear Cultivars and Landraces to Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) in Field Conditions Jiri Sedlák1, Jana Sillerova2, Frantisek Paprstein1 1 Res. &Breeding Inst. of Pomology Holovousy, Holovousy, 50801 Horice, Czech Republic 2 Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 05 Praha-Ruzyne, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] Fifteen older pear cultivars and Czech landraces and three commercially grown varieties (´Beurré Bosc´, ´Conference´ and ´Williams´) as standards were tested for their relative susceptibility level to fire blight after artificial inoculation in the climatic conditions of the Czech Republic. Tests were carried out in research station of Crop Research Institute in Slany in technical isolators covered insect proof net in suitable climatic conditions (temperature > 15°C, relative humidity > 75%). Artificial inoculations were carried out in the period of strong extending growth by decapitation of shoot tips by scissors dipped in the bacterial

97

suspension (concentration 106 cfu) of mix virulent strains of Erwinia amylovora. The level of resistance was determined by percentage of necrotic lesion development to total length of shoots (in cm) after 40 days. Calculated intensity of infection was transferred to 6 point evaluation scale: highly resistant 0.0 - 7.0%, resistant 7.1 - 13.0%, moderately resistant 13.1 – 26.0%, moderately susceptible 26.1 - 60.0%, susceptible 60.1 – 80.0% and highly susceptible 80.1 – 100.0%. From tested genotypes, only ´Avransska´ was evaluated as resistant (0.0% infection intensity). Resistant level of ´Avransska´ was comparable to newly bred US-62537-48. The most of testing genotypes were categorized as moderately susceptible, susceptible or highly susceptible. Keywords: variety, infection, pear, resistance, Erwinia

Poster Abstract 58 Hilde Schoofs, Tom Deckers Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint Truiden, Belgium Email: [email protected] Since the use of the antibiotic Streptomycin is forbidden in Belgium, new strategies to control fire blight have been developed like the use of Plant Defence Enhancing (PDE) molecules. Aliette (fosetyl-Al) has become registered against fire blight in Belgium in 2012 as a PDE molecule with applications starting in the postfloral period on pear and at full bloom on apple. A PDE molecule like fosetyl-Al should be positioned preventively, prior to the infection, so that the defense mechanisms of the plants can be switched on in time. A reduction in the disease progression and a clear reduction in the ooze formation on the infected tissues were observed on plants treated 3 times preventively with fosetyl-Al and this is considered to be a very interesting factor in the fire blight epidemiology. Furthermore, after hail during the summer period, fosetyl-Al can interfere with the ooze formation on the infected immature fruits and lower the disease spread. To protect the flowering period, the efficacy of the bacterial antagonist Bacillus subtilis, is tested. The antagonistic bacteria Bacillus subtilis can act against fire blight through a competition with Erwinia amylovora for site and nutrients on the stigma of the flowers and through the production of antimicrobial peptides. In 2013, the efficacy of two different formulations of Bacillus subtilis was assessed against artificial inoculations of flowerclusters and young, active growing shoots on potted pear trees cv Conference and apple trees cv Belgica under optimal conditions in the quarantine greenhouse. The results showed interesting activity of the bacterial antagonist against Erwinia amylovora : a reduction in the disease progression as necrosis and a limitation of the ooze formation on the infected tissue was observed. A combination of the protection of blossoms with Bacillus subtilis followed by the PDE activity of fosetyl-Al looks very promising. Keywords: fire blight, Erwinia amylovora, fosetyl-Al, Bacillus subtilis

98

Poster Abstract 59 Using Commercial Electric Nose and Dogs to Detect White Root Rot Caused by Rosellinia necatrix Dr. Young Sik Cho1, Dr. J.H. Song1, G.S. Jo2, Dr. K.H. Lim1, Dr. H.C. Lee1 1 Pear Research Station, NIHHS, RDA, Keumchen-myeon, Naju, Jeonnam 520-821, Korea (Republic of) 2 Jellanamdo Agri. Res. Ext. Service, Sanpo-myeon,Naju, Jeonnam 520-821, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] Commercial Electric nose (FOX2000) and detection dogs were used to make sure whether these can detect the infection of white root rot (Rosellinia necatrix) in pear orchards. Both quality and strength of aroma using by commercial Electric nose for the plots of inoculated rootlets whether in soil or not were significantly lower than for the plot of non-inoculated soil. But there were no significant differences in quality and strength of aroma among all of the plots composed of soil, rootlets, and their mixtures, which were infected with Rosellinia necatrix. For the plot of the infected rootlets exposed to the air in closed plastic basket, the dogs succeeded to detect them at the rate of 88.9 percent after five day’s special training, and reached 100 percent success after 15 day’s training. But the dogs failed to detect the infected rootlets for the plot of potting with soil and infected rootlets, and for the plot of burying the infected rootlets into pear orchards 15cm in depth. Therefore it could be difficult to detect white root rot by commercial Electric nose and dogs in pear orchards. Keywords: Detection dog, Electric nose, Rosellinia necatrix, White root rot

Poster Abstract 60 Emergence timing of overwintered adults laid eggs and control effect by eco-friendly materials to Cacopsylla pyricola Dr. Young Sik Cho, Dr. J.H. Song, Dr. K.H. Lim, Dr. J.H. Choi, Dr. H.C. Lee Pear Research Station, NIHHHS, RDA, Keumchen-myeon, Naju, Jeonnam 520-821, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] The pear sucker(Cacopsylla pyricola) is the most important insect pest in Korea. The hatching rates of overwintered adults laid eggs were observed at 10, 13, 18, 22, and 25 Ԩ. The liner model was draw as Y=0.00319X + 0.00615(Y=temperature, X=developmental rate) about temperature and developmental rate to eggs. The developmental threshold temperature to eggs was assumed about -1.94Ԩ. The egg hatching timing over 50% as the accumulated temperature by day maximum temperature 6Ԩ over from 1st February in 2011, 2012 and 2013 was 424.3, 367.8, and 429.8 degree Ԩ, respectively, was 3 to 7days before full blooming in pear orchard. Otherwise, the abamectin 1.8EC, lime sulfer, machine oil and 13 kinds of eco-friendly materials were not shown the control effect to the eggs.

99

To mixed stage of pear sucker, the eco-friendly materials over 90% control value were 4 kinds such as a mixture of Azadiractin A+B, Nimbin, Salanin, Meliantriol and Vepol after twice application as 21st May and 5th June in pear growing season, in 2012. Keywords: Cacopsylla pyricola, Hatching, Control effect, developmental threshold temperature

Poster Abstract 61 Side-effects of commonly used plant protection products on spiders in Belgian pear production Rik Clymans, Kristof Vrancken, Dany Bylemans, Tim Belien pcfruit vzw, Zoology Department, Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium Email: [email protected] The success of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) in the Belgian pear production is mainly based on the biological control of pear sucker (Cacopsylla pyri L.) by predatory bugs, Anthocoris sp.. Regardless of the widely applied IPM practices, pear sucker remains the economically most important pest and therefore the biggest incentive for further investigations on beneficial arthropods in pear. In spring, predatory bugs enter the orchards rather late, when pear sucker infestation is already high. When present, predatory bugs are able to restrain the pear sucker infestation. In autumn, predatory bugs leave the orchards before they become dormant in September or October. Pear suckers on the other hand stay active for at least another month. The absence of predatory bugs in spring and autumn instigated studies on alternative predators to fill those hiatuses. In a study to discover whether spiders can play a significant role in the bio-control of pear sucker, commonly used plant protection products in spring and autumn were tested for side-effects on spiders. One experiment investigated effects on spiders under actual field conditions in autumn. Pear trees were treated with a variety of products (Calypso 480SC, Vertimec 18EC, Actara 25WG, Vertimec 18EC + Trend90 900SL, Atilla 85SP, Tracer 480SC, Kumulus 80WG, Patriot 25EC and Trend90 900SL) and afterwards surviving spiders were quantified and classified. Effects on pear sucker were also followed up. In a second experiment, indirect contact toxicity of commonly used plant protection products in spring was examined in a laboratory experiment on cucumber green spiders (Araniella cucurbita (Clerck)). These spiders were exposed to a variety of products (Calypso 480SC, Patriot 25EC, Vertimec 18EC, Affirm 0,95SG, Envidor 240SC, Tracer 480SC, Kumulus 80WG, Sunspray 7E 850EC, Surround 95WP, Teppeki 50WG, Merpan 80WG, Syllit 400SC, Belchim Hydro 50WG and Cuprex 50WG) by placing them individually on leaves in petridishes that had been treated with a spray tower simulating orchard sprayer conditions. After 24 hours of exposure, spiders were placed in individual containers and fed with living adult pear suckers. The spiders were observed on a regular base and both lethal as sub-lethal effects were recorded. Sub-lethal effects were recorded by scoring web building ability, amount of preys consumed and abnormal behaviour. Keywords: /

100

Poster Abstract 62 Control of fruit and shoot sawflies (Hoplocampa sp. and Janus sp.) in apple and pear in an IPM context Tim Belien, Eva Bangels pcfruit vzw, Department Zoology, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium Email: [email protected] In the Belgian fruit growing area, sawflies are generally common but minor pests in pome fruit. Though, in recent years intensity and frequency of sawfly damage is increasing in integrated pest management (IPM) as well as organically managed apple and pear orchards. The main species are pear fruit sawfly (Hoplocampa brevis Klug) and apple fruit sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug), and recently also pear shoot sawfly (Janus compressus Fabricius). Here we report efficacy results on all three sawfly species from field trials of three consecutive years (2011, 2012, 2013). Flights and embryonic development were monitored and small plot efficacy trials were executed. Control of apple sawfly was complete (97.6 % Abbott – trial 2011) when thiacloprid at 120 g/ha LWA was applied at the moment embryos are visible in the sawfly eggs. In 2012, a trial was executed on pear sawfly. Applications with thiacloprid were executed when the embryo was visible in the pear sawfly eggs and earlier at the start of egg laying. At both application timings, 100 % Abbott efficacy was reached. A number of other active ingredients were tested at the moment embryos are visible in the sawfly eggs and very interesting efficacy results were reached for thiofanate-methyl, indoxacarb, spinosad, pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and acetamiprid. In 2013, a preflowering application with pyrethrins + PBO reached the highest control against this pest. The most effective active ingredients of the pear fruit sawfly trial were also applied in trials on pear shoot sawfly in 2012 and 2013. Efficacies were low or lacking, except for thiacloprid and acetamiprid applied at the end of or after flowering. Thiacloprid and acetamiprid are in IPM pear growing in Belgium only registered before flowering and after harvest. Therefore further research is needed to test the effect of earlier applications against this pest. Based on the results and the difficulty of monitoring of this pest, damage in the years season seems not to be easy to prevent, and population built up should be targeted. In summary, this is a valuable overview of efficacy studies on occasionally occurring pests that are able to cause considerable economic losses in apple and pear. Keywords: pear, apple, sawfly, efficacy, Hoplocampa brevis, Hoplocampa testudinea, Janus compressus

Poster Abstract 63 Use of Pheromone Aerosol Dispensers (Puffer®) for Mating Disruption in Pear Orchards Ms. Loys Hawkins1, Dr. Daniel Casado2 1 1314-B Center Drive 320, Medford OR 97504, United States of America 2 20950 NE Talus Place, Bend OR 97701, United States of America Email: [email protected] Puffers® are metered, mechanical mating disruption devices loaded with aerosol formulations of sex pheromone, which release over a period of 160 or 200 days. Puffers® are active-release

101

devices applied to pear (Pyrus communis) orchards at a rate of 2.5 units per hectare, while conventional hand-applied passive-release dispensers are applied at rates of 250 units per hectare or higher, thus allowing growers to significantly reduce labor costs when implementing mating disruption. Labor savings were recorded and quantified at 63-68% over a two year period by a large Oregon pear grower. Improvements have been made by the manufacturer to increase that savings to 72-73%. Use of the technology is well established and spreading, especially in the USA, but also in Europe, South Africa and South America. The Puffer® has been used for control of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) in California pear orchards since 1996 and for control of Grapholita molesta (oriental fruit moth) since 2003. Numerous field trials have demonstrated that the Puffer® provides equivalent control of codling moth and oriental fruit moth as compared to hand-applied dispensers. Despite widespread adoption of the Puffer® and proven efficacy, the exact mode of action toward the target pest is still a topic of debate. Tests conducted in 2009 and 2011 in pear orchards indicated that a single Puffer® strongly reduced codling moth trap captures over several hectares, and at distances over 300 m downwind. The impacts included delay and frequency of trap finding. Puffer® aerosol technology can enhance implementation of mating disruption as efficacy is maintained, while labor costs are reduced. Keywords: Labor savings, codling moth, oriental fruit moth

Poster Abstract 64 Scab on pears: early infections of fruit with delayed expression Van Hemelrijck, W.1, Ceustermans, A. 1, Keulemans, W.2, Creemers, P.1 1 Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium 2 Laboratory of fruit breeding and -biotechnology, KULeuven Department of Biosystems, W. De Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium Email: [email protected] Scab is one of the key parasites in pome fruit. The disease is caused by the ascomycete Venturia inaequalis and V. pirina on apple and pear, respectively. Although they are two distinct species, their biological cycle is mainly the same. One distinction can be made, i.e. the appearance of twig scab on pears. Until now, most research concerning scab disease is performed on apples and as such, the disease management of pear scab is based on that of apple. However, we believe that the timing of the fungicides to control pear scab can be better positioned and that less fungicide sprayings may be needed to control pear scab. For that reason an IWT (Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology)-funded research project to study pear scab in more detail during four years was performed. During this research infection moments of fruits were studied in more detail. Out of this research it became clear that on pears infections of fruit appear early in the season with delayed expression of the symptoms. Keywords: pear, fruit, scab, early infections

102

Poster Abstract 65 Complementary strategy based on flupyradifurone (Sivanto®) and spirotetramat (Movento®) for integrated Cacopsylla pyri control in IPM pears with focus on the selectivity in the time principle towards beneficials Christof Schoevaerts1, Eva Bangels3, Xavier van Waetermeulen2, Renske Petré1, Tim Belien3, Matthias Haas4, Luk De Maeyer1 1 Bayer CropScience Belgium- J.E. Mommaertslaan 14, 1831 Diegem, Belgium; 2 Bayer S.A.S. 16, avenue Jean-Marie Leclair, Lyon France 3 pcfruit vzw, Zoology Department, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium 4 Bayer CropScience AG R&D-PM-PM Alfred Nobelstrasse 40789 Monheim, Germany Email: [email protected] Pear sucker remains the major concern of modern pear growing. A successful control of pear sucker damage relies on the control of the first generation (G1), which occurs before flowering, and of the second generation (G2) during May-June. The action of predatory bugs (Anthocoris nemoralis) as well as that of other beneficials is very important for the control of subsequent summer generations, and must be supported by the use of selective insecticides, as soon as the predators populations appear in the orchards. Flupyradifurone applied in the pre flowering period offers a correction spray on the devastating first pear sucker generation compromising fruit set, and causing damage on the fruit skin. When applied at pre flowering, flupyradifurone does not disrupt the normal population dynamics of the Anthocoridae population in summer due to the principle of selectivity in the time. Also Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Forficulidae spp. were not harmed by flupyradifurone after the pre flowering spray. Spirotetramat applied on the G2 offers excellent control of young and old larvae of Cacopsylla pyri, both on the cluster leaves in the central part of the tree and on the shoot tips. Spirotetramat is completely safe for the Anthocoris nemoralis predator (IOBC 1). The long lastingness of spirotetramat in the shoot tips is linked with its systemicity towards these growing parts. In the older cluster leaves possibly a switch from sink to source may happen which may cause a decline in the lethal spirotetramat-enol concentration. A directed spray in the central part of the tree guarantees a full control of Cacopsylla pyri and avoids honeydew and sooty mold staining. On top of that, spirotetramat offers simultaneously control of other pests like Dasineura pyri midges and scales. For pears, spirotetramat offers a multi target control, avoiding the need for multiple other correction sprays. Keywords: Cacopsylla pyri, pear sucker, flupyradifurone, spirotetramat, selectivity in time

103

Poster Abstract 66 Preliminary Results on `Abbé Fétel´ Harvested at Different Times Prof. Stefano Musacchi1, Dr. Sara Serra2, Vincenzo Ancarani3, Federico Gagliardi3, Daniele Bucci3, Karen Mesa3 1 Washington State University, TFREC, 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801-1230, United States of America 2 Washington State University, Washington State University, Wenatchee Washington 98801, United States of America 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alma Mater , 40127 Bologna, Italy Email: [email protected] In the last fifteen years, ‘Abbé Fétel’ has become the most widely planted pear cultivar in Northern Italy. The fruit is harvested once, generally within the first 10 days of September. Fruit firmness is the main analytical parameter used to decide the optimal harvest time. This research evaluated the ripening variability of fruit with the objective of increasing future fruit quality. In 2012, a trial was carried out on seven-year-old ‘Abbé Fétel’ trees. The training systems evaluated were spindle, V system and Bi-axis grafted on quince Sydo®. The new nondestructive DA meter was adopted to determine the maturity of fruit on the tree. The DA meter provides an IAD index, which is well correlated to the level of ripeness. Three different harvest times (T0, T1 and T2) were compared, representing an early, mid and late harvest. Fruit analysis with DA meter showed a similar ripening development for V system and Biaxis, while spindle showed a not specific tendency in fruit ripening. At the last pick (T2), the V system had the highest percentage of fruit (50.0%) in AD class, which included the most ripe fruit. Among training systems, Bi-axis registered the highest increase of fruit weight, about 27 g, from the first to the third pick. Additional fruit with the same IAD level ( Keywords: fruit homogeneity, DA meter, training systems

Poster Abstract 67 Seasonal Behaviour of Starch in `Abbé Fétel´ Pear and its Relationship to Fruit Quality Parameters Prof. Stefano Musacchi1, Karen Mesa2, Federico Gagliardi2, Daniele Bucci2, Vincenzo Ancarani2, Prof. Andrea Masia2, Dr. Sara Serra1 1 Washington State University, TFREC, 1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801-1230, United States of America 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alma Mater , 40127 Bologna, Italy Email: [email protected] Growing fruit is supplied by C-assimilates produced in leaf photosynthesis. These C-sources enter in the fruit metabolism and accumulate as fructose, sucrose, malic acid and starch. Knowing the level of starch and soluble carbohydrates in various types of plant tissues and organs can provide an important indicator about the balance between the supply and demand of photo-assimilates at different stages of development. Seasonal starch cycles are particularly well defined in many deciduous trees of the temperate zone; however, there are not recent studies on European pear cultivars. Seasonal pattern of accumulation and degradation of starch throughout in 2012were evaluated on 17-year-old pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) ‘Abbé Fétel’, trained at spindle and grafted on two rootstocks: Sydo® and Quince C. The 104

orchard was located in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. Starch and soluble carbohydrates were determined in fruit flesh and leaves from 3-year-old branches every 15 days, from 97 days after full bloom (dafb) until one month after commercial harvest. At the same time, the following fruit quality parameters were evaluated: fruit weight (g), height/width ratio, index of absorbance differences (IAD), hue, chroma, flesh firmness, SCC and acidity. Rootstocks did not show differences in the behavior of starch and soluble carbohydrates in fruits and leaves. Starch concentration in fruits increased until 115 dafb (approximately 5 weeks before commercial harvest) and then decreased with a concomitant rise in soluble carbohydrates. The degradation of starch in the fruit was highly correlated with flesh firmness, fruit weight and SSC. Keywords: carbohydrates, Pyrus communis, quince

Poster Abstract 68 Pear (Pyrus L.) Genetic Resources from Northern Japan: Evaluation of Antioxidant capacity Mr. Takahiro Ieguchi1, Aya Ms. Matsuzaki1, Prof. Keiichi Nomura2, Prof. Motoko Takaoka3, Prof. Chiyomi Uematsu4, Prof. Hironori Katayama1 1 Food Resources Center, Kobe University 1348 Uzurano, Kasai, Hyogo 675-2103, Japan 2 Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 3 Department of Biosphere Science, Kobe College, Nishinomiya, Japan 4 Botanical Gardens, Osaka City University, Katano, Japan Email: [email protected] Iwateyamanashi (Pyrus ussuriensis var. aromatica) is one of the Pyrus species grown wild in Japan. They have been utilized traditionally as food and medicine, but are not used now. Therefore, it has been decreasing, so conservation and evaluation are urgently needed. Over 750 pear accessions including Iwateyamanashi were collected and maintained at Kobe University. The 34 landraces and accessions from this collection maintained by top grafting to evaluate its functional characters were evaluated antioxidant capacity. In 2010 and 2011, we measured total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity at mature stage among 34 pears. In 2012 and 2013, we evaluated temporal, from an early development stage to mature stage, total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity among 6 pears. Iwateyamanashi had much higher antioxidant capacity than Japanese pear cultivars (P. pyrifolia) and European pear cultivars (P. communis L.). Especially, an accession ‘i868’ contained much polyphenol (1.40mg /g FW of (-)epicatechin equivalent) and high DPPH radical scavenging activity (19.76µmol / g FW of ascorbic acid equivalent). It means about 23 times polyphenol content and about 33 times DPPH radical scavenging activity of ‘Housui’. It is confirmed that fruit samples had much high antioxidant capacity in an early development phase, and it reduced with an increasing fruit weight at full maturity. Iwateyamanashi with high antioxidant capacity might stimulate new demands as breeding materials and health foods. Keywords: Pear (Pyrus L.), antioxidant capacity, Iwateyamanashi, Pyrus ussuriensis, total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity

105

Poster Abstract 69 DAFL: new innovative device to monitor fruit ripening in storage conditions Prof. Guglielmo Costa, Dr. Serena Vidoni, Dr. Lorenzo Rocchi, Dr. Giovanni Fiori, Dr. Francesco Spinelli Full Professor of Arboriculture, Dept. of Fruit Trees and Woody Plant Sci., Via G. Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy Email: [email protected] The ripening stage reached by the fruits at harvest is linked to the fruit quality traits at consumption and it influences the post harvest management affecting storage length and fruit disease susceptibility. As a consequence, the knowledge of the ripening stage at harvest becomes essential, as well as the monitoring of the fruit ripening changes occurring during cold storage. The Index of Absorbance Difference (IAD) can follow the fruit ripening along the supply chain, in field by the use of the DA-Meter, a non-destructive device operating on Vis-NIR properties, and during cold storage with the DAFL (Difference Absorbance Fruit Logger) that measures automatically the IAD at fixed intervals. The DAFL remote devices are positioned on a given number of fruits kept in cold storage and they send by radio data transmission the IAD values to a server. The real time monitoring of this values gives indications on the management of the fruit as related to the ripening rate trend occurring during storage. Keywords: IAD, non-destructive device, real time monotoring

Poster Abstract 70 Evaluation of Average Fruit Weight on Pear Cultivars in Latvia Ms. Baiba Lace, Dr. Gunars Lacis, Dr. Maris Blukmanis Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, Graudu 1, Dobele, LV-3701, Latvia Email: [email protected] Pear is one of the most common fruit crops in Latvia and pear orchards occupy approximately 200 hectares including commercial orchards and home gardens. Although pear orchard areas continue to increase, domestic production cannot satisfy the demand. Currently about 30 pear cultivars are grown in the commercial orchards, unfortunately they are already outdated and should be replaced by well adapted higher-quality ones. Therefore considerable work of cultivar evaluation is necessary to find appropriate ones to ensure successful and profitable pear growing in Latvia. Fruit weight is one of the most important quality parameters of pears that may determine their use, prices and marketing success and is affected by different factors. Strong effect on average fruit weight has the genotype and environmental conditions, important cultivar evaluation character is stability of fruit size. The aim of this study was to evaluate the set of cultivars potentially appropriate for growing in Latvia based on average fruit weight. The evaluation was performed in period of six years on 37 pear cultivars grown at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing. The total fruit average weight did not showed significant differences among years of evaluation, however statistically significant differences were found among tested cultivars. The largest average fruit weight in all years of study was found for cultivars ‘Bojniczanka’ (385 g) and ‘Jubileen Dar’ (363 g), whereas the lowest ones - for cultivar 106

‘Talgarskaya Krasavitsa’ (137 g). Large variation in the fruit average weight among years was found for cultivars ‘Jubileen Dar’ and ‘Fritjof’. Very stable average fruit weight among years was found for cultivar ‘Condo’, which was evaluated for two years, and ‘Clara Fries’ - tested for all six years. Keywords: fruit quality, environmental conditions

Poster Abstract 71 Polyphenol profiles of 'Abate Fétel' fruits Prof. Dr. Dieter Treutter1, Prof. Dr. Guglielmo Costa2, Prof. Dr. Stefano Musacchi3, 1 Am Braeuberg 7, 85410 Haag a/d Amper, Germany 2 46 G.Fanin Blvd, 40127 Bologna, Italy 3 1100 N. Western Ave., Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center T, Wenatchee, WA 988011230, United States of America Email: [email protected] Phenolic compounds in pear fruits were analysed considering the effects of rootstocks, storage, and position in the tree. The following groups of phenolic compounds have been identified in pears: hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols and a further group which was named as simple phenolic compounds. The quantitatively most important compounds are the hydroxycinnamic acids which are three derivatives of caffeic acid including the chlorogenic acid. This class is followed by the flavan-3-ols consisting of catechin, epicatechin and seven proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins). The six flavonol peaks are mostly derivatives of quercetin. Some simple phenolics consist of eight not yet identified compounds and of the arbutin which is the predominant one. Arbutin is a characteristic compound for pears and is not found in other pome fruits, to our knowledge. Regarding the fruit skin it must be noticed that the concentrations of all phenolic classes are much higher than those in the whole fruit. This is particular the case for flavonols and for flavan-3-ols. In the skin more individual compounds could be detected: 9 proanthocyanidins, 20 simple phenolics, 8 hydroxycinnamic acids, 10 flavonols and, additionally, 2 acylated flavonoids. Keywords: Bioactive compounds, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids

Poster Abstract 72 Integrating IAD Index into the Current Firmness-Based Maturity Assessment of European Pears Prof. Dr. David Sugar2, Assist. Prof. Yan Wang1, Steve Castagnoli1 1 3005 Experiment Station Dr., Hood River 97031 Oregon, United States of America 2 569 Hanley Rd., Medford Oregon 97502, United States of America Email: [email protected] Harvest maturity is the most important factor affecting storage potential and eating quality after storage of European pears. Fruit flesh firmness (FF) is currently the only commercial maturity indicator for harvesting and predicting storage potential of European pears in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW). However, testing FF can be performed on only a few samples due to its destructive nature, and FF often remains constant while fruit continue to mature under high temperatures in certain production years. To study the possibility of fruit peel 107

chlorophyll content as a maturity index, changes in chlorophyll content and IAD index (an estimate of chlorophyll content) determined non-destructively by a portable DA meter were monitored in ‘Bartlett’, ‘Anjou’, and ‘Golden Bosc’ pears in two years. ‘Bartlett’ pear FF decreased linearly from ~20 to ~17 lbf in 2012, but remained constant at ~19.5 lbf for ~5 d and then decreased linearly to ~17 lbs in 2013 during 100–130 DFFB (days from full bloom). Chlorophyll content declined linearly (R2 > 0.99) from ~50 to ~25 µg g-1 FW and IAD index decreased linearly (R2 > 0.98) from 2.25 to 1.85 during 100–130 DFFB in 2012 and 2013. ‘Bartlett’ fruit harvested with IAD: >2.2, 2.2–2.1, 2.1–2.0, and AD may be used as a complementary maturity index with FF for ‘Bartlett’ pears, but may not be appropriate for ‘Anjou’ and ‘Golden Bosc’ due to its small and non-linear decline during maturation or inconsistency between years. Keywords: Pyrus communis, maturity index, FF, IAD, storage potential, eating quality

Poster Abstract 73 Evaluation of Fruit Quality and Susceptibility to Blue Mold of Nine Asian Pear Varieties Dr. Wayne Jurick II1, Ms. Julia Harshman2, Ms. Verneta Gaskins1, Ms. Eunhee Park1, Mr. Michael Newell3, Dr. Christopher Walsh4 1 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville Maryland 20705, United States of America 2 Washington State University, Wenatchee Washington, United States of America 3 WYE REC, Queenstown Maryland, United States of America 4 Univeristy of Maryland, College Park, College Park Maryland, United States of America Email: [email protected] Nine Asian pear varieties (Atago, Hosui, Isiiwase, Kosui, Olympic, Shinko, Shinsui, Ya Li, and Yoinashi) were evaluated for quality (firmness, titratable acidity, and soluble solids) and susceptibility to the blue mold pathogen Penicillium expansum. Fruit were grown at the University of Maryland Extension Wye Research and Education Center in Queenstown, Maryland and transported to the USDA-ARS research facility in Beltsville, Maryland. Data from pears harvested in 2012 and 2013 were combined and mean values were calculated. Force required to puncture the epidermis varied from 11.3 N (Kosui) to 28.8 N (Olympic). Soluble solids ranged from 10.9 °Brix (Atago) to 15.9 °Brix (Shinsui), and titratable acidity from 0.09% malic acid equivalents (Kosui) to 0.18% malic acid equivalents (Hosui). All varieties were susceptible to blue mold decay; mean lesion diameters ranged from 28.9 mm (Isiiwase) to 39.1 mm (Yoinashi) after 7 days storage at 25°C. Variation in fruit quality and susceptibility to blue mold decay was observed among the nine varieties. This information will help both small scale niche growers and commercial pear producers decide whether to immediately market or store fruit of specific Asian pear varieties depending on their quality parameters and susceptibility to blue mold. Keywords: Asian pear, quality, blue mold, susceptibility, postharvest

108

Poster Abstract 74 Comparison of Flesh Structure and Firmness of Landrace Pears and new cultivars in Korea Ms. Yoon Kyeong Kim1, Dr. Sam-Seok Kang2, Dr. Ug-Yong Lee1, Mr. Kyeong-Ho Won1, Dr. Yong-Hee Kwon1, Dr. Jin-Ho Choi1, Dr. Han-Chan Lee1 1 Pear Research Station, NIHHHS, RDA, Naju, 520-821, Korea (Republic of) 2 RD Coordination Division, RDA, 441-707 Suwon, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS) has released about 30 pear varieties since authentic Pear breeding programs began in 1954. One of the main goals of NIHHS’s breeding program is to improve fruit quality. Up to now, soluble solid content has improved from 11 to 14oBx, and fruit flesh firmness decreased. Firmness of Korean landrace cultivar ‘Pyeongchangsoohyangli’ and lately released cultivar ‘Hanareum’ showed 6.16kg/8mmΦ and 2.94kg/8mmΦ each. Observed in the longitudinal section of the flesh with microscope, cell number per unit area of Pyeongchangsoohyangli was densely distributed and cell size was smaller than Hanareum’s. And stone cell size of Pyeongchangsoohyangli was bigger than Hanareum’s but stone cell number was similar. Density and cell size of the flesh seemed to have a correlation with firmness. Understanding about relationship between flesh physiological structure and firmness will be helpful for the non-destructive testing service industry. Keywords: Hardiness, Stone cell, Pyrus spp., Microscopic observation

Poster Abstract 75 Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Unripe Korean Pear Cultivars Dr. Sun Hee Yim, Ms. Y. K. Kim, Dr. J. J. Choi, Dr. J. H. Choi, Dr. S. J. Kim, Dr. Y. H. Kwon, Dr. H. C. Lee Pear Research Station, NIHHS, RDA, 520-821 Naju, Korea (Republic of) Email: [email protected] Thinned pear fruits are throwing away as a waste although it contains nutrients such as dietaty fiber. For the investigation of a possibility as a useful functional materials, five cultivars (Gamcheonbae, Manpungbae, Chuwhangbae, Hanareum, Niitaka) of Korean pears were studied at unripe stage to determine the physicochemical and properties and chemical compositions. The cultivars were picked in 30days after full bloom, and all samples were analyzed for external properties, physicochemical properties. The size of the fruit from all six cultivars was compared, and it was determined that cultivars, fruit from Gamcheonbae, Manpungbae was large, while Chuwhangbae was the small. The moisture contents were 71.5~75.0%, Hanareum was the highest, while that from Chuwhangbae was the lowest. The contents of crude lipid (2.30~2.94 %) and crude ash (4.57~4.89%) were significantly different among cultivars. Dietary fiber was 13.0~18.2%, significantly higher from Chuwhangbae.

109

The free sugar contents were 2.85~3.31% and it composed of sorbitol, fructose and glucose.These results suggest that unripe pears were commensurate with the development as a functional food. Keywords: Pyrus spp. , sugar content, chemical compositions, thinned fruit

Poster Abstract 76 Determining the Harvest Time of Abbe Fetel and Kieffer Pear Species Grown in Göller Region Turkey Gökhan Oztürk, Cemile Ebru Onursal, Isa Eren, Ozgur Calhan, Atakan Guneyli Fruit Research Station, 32500, Egirdir Isparta, Turkey Email: [email protected] Turkey is the sixth biggest producer of pear in the World. The production, consumption and export of pear and allocation of new orchards for it have increased in recent years. The determination of the optimum harvest time of the pear varieties grown considerably affects the endurance of the products in the market after harvesting and in stores. In this study, it is aimed to determine the harvesting criteria to be used for pears and optimum harvest date for Abbe Fetel and Kieffer pear varieties, the production of which has been rising in recent years. For this purpose, approximate harvest dates were determined by fixing the full blossom after for both varieties and width, length, weight, starch index, flesh firmness, skin colour, seed colour, respiration rate, ethylene production and pH, total soluble solid and acidity in the fruit juice of fruits were monitored for eight weeks. The study was carried out for two years. In conclusion, it was determined that respiration rate, fruit skin colour and flesh firmness were the criteria to be used while determining the optimum harvest date of pears. For Abbe Fetel and Kieffer varieties, the respiration rate was 7.37-6.19 and 8.19-6.41 (mℓ CO2/ kg h), flesh firmness was 51.55-56.61 and 59.74-78.04 (N), L* values were; 65.46-67.40 and 63.67-64.72, a* values were (-); 16.26-6.07 and -15.78-12.33, b* values were; 40.80-41.26 and 41.00-42.95 respectively during the optimum harvest date. Keywords: Abbe Fetel, Kieffer, Pear, Harvest Date

110

Oral Session 7 Fruit quality Session Chairs: Bart Nicolaï and Cristina Oliveira

Oral Abstract 45 Combined use of PlantToon® and IAD to characterize fruit ripening homogeneity in Abbé Fétel pears Prof. Guglielmo Costa, Dr. Serena Vidoni, Dr. Lorenzo Rocchi, Dr. Irene Donati, Dr. Francesco Spinelli Full Professor of Arboriculture, Dept. of Fruit Trees and Woody Plant Sci., Via G. Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy Email: [email protected] In pears the knowledge of the ripening stage and the homogeneity of the collected batch of fruits at harvest is extremely important since pear are normally collected in a single detachment and immediately refrigerated. The fruit grading in commercial and maturation classes is performed only before marketing to avoid fruit bruising. Therefore, it is very important to adopt in field all the cultural techniques that allow to produce fruits of homogeneous ripening. To fulfill this objective and to identify the best cultural techniques for reducing fruit ripening heterogeneity the 3D software PlantToon® and the Index of Absorbance Difference (IAD) were used. PlantToon® reproduces the tree structure, the scaffold, the number of bearing shoots and fruits in the different canopy position. The IAD instead is an index that allows to monitor nondestructively the fruit ripening stage on the tree. The study was performed in Ferrara area (Italy) on Abbé Fétel pear trees trained as spindle and Bibaum® (bi-axes) during a three year trial (2011-2013) characterized by three different fruit load. The results pointed out that fruit ripening in spindle trees was more heterogeneous than fruits from Bibaum trained trees and that high fruit load induced fruit ripening heterogeneity. The knowledge of the fruit ripening reached at harvest and of the fruit batch homogeneity could drive the decision about storage strategy and marketing. Keywords: 3D tree architecture, fruit ripening, training system

111

Oral Abstract 46 The effect of canopy position, cold storage duration, harvest maturity and orchard factors on the eating quality and mealiness incidence of `Forelle´ pears Dr. Wiehann Steyn1, Ms. Arina Cronje2, Prof. Karen Theron, Dr. Elke Crouch, Ms. Nina Muller 1 HORTGRO Science, PO Box 12789, 7613 Die Boord, South Africa 2 Dept. of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa Email: [email protected] Temperature and irradiance differences within a pear tree canopy may affect the eating quality of fruit. Mealiness, a soft, dry textural disorder, is often associated with ‘Forelle’ pears. The objective of our first trial carried out over two seasons (2011/ 2012) was to determine whether outer and inner canopy ‘Forelle’ pears harvested at commercial maturity (≈6.4 kg) and subjected to cold storage duration (9, 12 and 16 weeks) differ in quality attributes and how these differences, if any, relate to consumer preference for the eating quality of the pears. Mealiness incidences were significantly greater in outer canopy fruit; consequently inner canopy pears were preferred in terms of eating quality. The percentage of fruit that were classified as mealy decreased with prolonged cold storage periods, providing support for the mandatory 12 weeks cold storage period of South African ‘Forelle’ pears. During our second trial in 2012, it came to light that harvest maturity greatly affects the eating quality of ‘Forelle’ pears. The general consumer dislike for late-harvested, outer canopy pears seemed to relate to high mealiness incidences. Our final trial investigated the effect of orchard site on fruit quality and results show that incidences of mealiness differed between the four orchards, except for one orchard, were substantially higher in outer canopy fruit. Further research over consecutive seasons is needed to establish the factors causing differences in mealiness incidence between orchards. Also, the considerable difference in mealiness susceptibility between outer and inner canopy fruit opens a new avenue for research on mealiness. Keywords: Pear, eating quality, consumer preference, mealiness, texture, appearance

Oral Abstract 47 Effects of Shelf-Life in Texture and Consumer Acceptance of `Rocha´ Pear Assist. Prof. Cristina Oliveira1, Dr. Mariana Mota1, Andre Alpalhao2, Ana Garcia3 1 CEER, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349017 Lisboa Codex, Portugal 2 Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Portugal 3 Frutus - EN 366, KM 4, 2550-452 Cadaval, Portugal Email: [email protected] Aiming to access the relation between texture and consumer acceptance, quality characteristics of fruits (total soluble solids, firmness and colour) from 2 orchards were evaluated immediately after a shelf-life period of 2, 4, 6 and 8 days at 20 °C and subjected to sensory texture evaluation by trained assessors. Three classes of texture: Firm= fruits with 2 112

days of shelf life and firmness > 4.5 (0.5 kg.cm-2), medium = fruits with 4 days of shelf life and firmness between 4.5 to 2 (0.5 kg.cm-2) and soft = fruits with 6 days of shelf life and firmness < 2.0 (0.5 kg.cm-2) were found. To validate these results a consumer’s sensory test was done, consumers were able to distinguish the 3 classes of texture and the acceptance level was related to texture, overall the preferred texture class was medium, and about half like soft pears and half like firm pears. Despite the significant linear regression (P