A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR ...

         

A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR CUTTING OFF STANDBY POWER CONSUMPTION FOR OFFICE EQUIPMENT

TAN KHENG WEE

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Engineering

Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia

JULY 2012

v   

ABSTRACT

Ever since the completion of Politeknik Kuching Sarawak (PKS) first major networking project in 2002, its energy consumption has been in the steady rise. Although the increment was understandable, the increasing energy wastage in terms of standby power consumption by ICT equipment and equipment not being switch off was intolerable. With the aim of finding the solution to this issue, the project was divided into three parts. The first part of the project surveyed the level of awareness among the staff during a monthly assembly and found out despite the high level of awareness among the academic staff, some 38% of them admitted they do not switch off their computer and thus jeopardizing the management’s desire to put a stop to energy wastage. Secondly, the field measurement of ten types of selected office equipment has been carried out with minimum five samples of measurement taken whenever possible to produce a good average value. The bottom-up estimation method then put the annual standby power consumption of PKS at 64,653.11 kWh and cost a staggering RM 21,982.06. Finally, unlike the conventional method of using current level detection to detect appliances going into standby mode, the project came out with an alternative standby power cut-off system that utilises light source as a mean of controlling the system and is suitable for the usage in an office environment.

vi   

ABSTRAK

Semenjak selesainya pelaksanaan projek rangkaian Politeknik Kuching Sarawak (PKS) yang pertama pada tahun 2002, keadaan penggunaan tenaganya telah memperlihatkan suatu peningkatan yang mantap. Walaupun peningkatan ini dapat di terima dengan baik, pembaziran tenaga dalam bentuk penggunaan standby power oleh peralatan ICT dan peralatan yang terlupa dimatikan adalah sesuatu yang tidak dapat di terima. Berbekalkan matlamat untuk mencari penyelesaian kepada isu ini maka projek ini telah dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian. Bahagian yang pertama telah membuat kajian terhadap tahap kesedaran di kalangan staf semasa perhimpunan bulanan dan mendapati bahawa walaupun staf mempunyai tahap kesedaran yang tinggi tetapi masih terdapat 38% di antaranya yang mengaku tidak mematikan suis komputer dan keadaan ini telah menjejaskan hasrat pihak pengurusan untuk menghentikan pembaziran tenaga elektrik. Seterusnya, pengukuran terhadap sepuluh jenis peralatan yang terpilih telah dilakukan dengan mengambil sekurang-kurangnya lima sampel bacaan untuk menghasilkan nilai purata yang baik. Kaedah anggaran bottom-up kemudiannya meletakkan anggaran punggunaan standby power tahunan PKS pada 64,653.11 kWh dan bernilai RM 21,982.06. Akhir sekali, tidak seperti kaedah konventional lain yang menggunakan pengesanan tahap arus pada peralatan yang beralih kepada standby mode, projek ini telah menghasilkan satu sistem alternatif untuk memutuskan standby power yang menggunakan tenaga cahaya sebagai sumber yang mengawal pengoperasian sistem tersebut dan ianya sesuai digunakan di dalam suasana pejabat.

vii     

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

TITLE

i

DECLARATION

ii

DEDICATION

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

iv

ABSTRACT

v

CONTENTS

vii

LIST OF TABLE

x

LIST OF FIGURE

xii

LIST OF APPENDICES

xiv

INTRODUCTION

1

1.1

Preamble

1

1.2

Problem statement

2

1.3

Aim

3

1.4

Objectives

3

1.5

Scope

3

1.6

Structure of thesis

4

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1

Preamble

5

2.2

Introduction to standby power

5

2.2.1

Definition

6

2.2.2

Advantages and disadvantages

7

viii  

2.2.3

Magnitude

8

2.2.4

Policy

9

2.2.5

Identifying devices

11

2.2.6

Standby power standards

11

2.2.7

Standby power testing requirements

12

2.2.8

Methods for measuring standby power use in

12

households

CHAPTER 3

2.3

Review of standby power estimation method

13

2.4

Review on the standby power cut-off techniques

15

2.5

The livewire 1.11 Pro software

17

METHODOLOGY 3.1

Preamble

23

3.2

Project planning

23

3.3

Project Part 1 - Surveying the level of awareness

24

3.4

Project Part 2 – PKS standby power estimation

25

3.4.1

List of equipment

26

3.4.2

Sampling method

28

3.4.3

Measurement technique

29

3.4.4

Measuring tool

30

3.4.5

Measurement setup

30

3.4.6

Data collection and analysis

31

3.5

Project Part 3 – Design standby power cut-off

31

device CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1

Preamble

35

ix  

4.2

Results from the study of level of awareness

35

among the PKS staffs 4.2.1

Survey data from individual department/unit

35

4.2.2

Conclusion

41

4.3

Results from the standby power consumption

42

measurement 4.3.1

Average standby power for each type of

43

equipment 4.3.2

Standby power estimation

44

4.3.3

Conclusion

44

4.4

Results for the standby power cut-off system

47

design 4.4.1

Simulation 1 – Circuit functional

48

4.4.2

Simulation 2 – Circuit power consumption (with

49

DC power supply) 4.4.3

Simulation 3 – Circuit power consumption (with

50

battery)

CHAPTER 5

4.4.4

Conclusion

51

4.5

Discussion

51

CONSLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION 5.2

Conclusion

54

5.3

Suggestion

55

REFERENCES

56

APPENDIX A

58

APPENDIX B

59

APPENDIX C

60

x  

LIST OF TABLES

2.1

The magnitude of standby power consumption of

10

11 countries 2.2

Standby power testing requirements of the IEC

12

2.3

List of estimates of residential standby power and

15

its methods employed 2.4

List of estimates of residential standby power and

16

its methods employed 3.1

Survey questions

25

3.2

List of office equipment according to

27

department/unit in PKS 3.3

List of equipment to be included in the standby

28

power measurement 4.1

Distribution of the survey respondents

36

4.2

Survey result for Mathematics, Science &

37

Computer Department 4.3

Survey result for Information & Communication

37

Technology Department 4.4

Survey result for General Studies Department

37

4.5

Survey result for Electrical Engineering

38

Department 4.6

Survey result for Civil Engineering Department

38

4.7

Survey result for Petrochemical Engineering

38

Department 4.8

Survey result for Mechanical Engineering

39

Department 4.9

Survey result for Commerce Department

39

4.10

Survey result for Administration Department

39

xi  

4.11

Survey result for Examination Unit

40

4.12

Survey result for Staff Training Unit

40

4.13

Accumulated survey result for all the

41

departments/units 4.14

Summary of survey results

42

4.15

Average standby power for each type of

43

equipment 4.16

Total Annual standby power consumption for PKS

45

xii  

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1

The visual display of vampire information

8

2.2

Appearance of livewire start-up page

17

2.3

Appearance when the create a circuits command

18

is selected 2.4

Appearance when the open electricity circuits

18

command is selected 2.5

Appearance when the open electronics circuits

19

command is selected 2.6

Appearance when the using livewire command is

19

selected 2.7

Appearance when the tutorial command is

20

selected 2.8

Simulation in normal mode

20

2.9

Simulation in voltage levels mode

21

2.10

Simulation in current flow mode

21

2.11

Simulation in logic levels mode

22

3.1

The project Gantt Chart

23

3.2

Flowchart of stages in project implementation

24

3.3

Flowchart of main stages in project part 1

24

3.4

Flowchart of main stages in project part 2

26

3.5

The standby power measuring process

29

3.6

Power plus multifunction power meter

30

3.7

Measurement setup for measuring standby power

30

3.8

Block diagram for the power cut-off system

32

3.9

LM741 light/dark sensor circuit (with relay)

33

3.10

Flowchart of one full cycle of the standby power

34

cut-off system

xiii  

4.1

Total annual standby power for each type of

46

equipment measured (KWh) 4.2

Cost of total annual standby power for each type

46

of equipment measured (RM) 4.3

The circuit diagram of the standby power cut-off

47

system drawn with livewire Pro 1.11 4.4(a)

Circuit function with light on

48

4.4(b)

Circuit function with light off

48

4.5(a)

Circuit power consumption with light on

49

4.5(b)

Circuit power consumption with light off

49

4.6(a)

Circuit power consumption with 12V battery and

50

light on 4.6(b)

Circuit power consumption with 12V battery and light off

50

xiv  

LIST OF APPENDICES

A

Survey instrument

58

B

List of ICT equipment in PKS for 2011

59

C

Multifunction power meter instructions

60

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Preamble

Politeknik Kuching Sarawak (PKS) was the fifth polytechnic established in Malaysia in the year 1988. Ever since the completion of its first major networking project in 2002, PKS has witnessed over the years, a steady climb in its total power consumption. The increment was expected and handled well, until the August 10th, 2009, when the management of PKS can no longer tolerate the wastage of energy, then a circular was issued that highlighted the enormous amount that PKS has spent on the electricity bills each month. Two suggestions were outline in the circular: (i)

Switch OFF the lights/air conditioners during recess.

(ii)

Switch OFF the computers when not in use/before leaving the office. From the observation at several departments/units sometimes later, it is found

that these suggestions has been ignored. In addition, most of the office equipment, especially the desktop computer, were just being shut down but never switch off. This means, the appliances are simply put on standby mode, and constantly drawing electricity instead of being switching off. As a consequent, the initiative proposed by PKS to cut down on total power consumption and minimizing energy wastage will never achieve its target. The idea to implement this project thrived on the issue of energy wastage in PKS. Initial investigation shows that some of the staffs are unaware of standby power consumption. Further observation also suggested that staffs who have easy access to the switches have the tendency to switch off their office equipment at the end of the day.

2   

Ideally, to overcome the standby power issue in PKS, the problems of lacking awareness and those hard to reach switches, must be tackle simultaneously. Raising the awareness can be achieved through talks or seminars. While relocation of the switches or a device can be designed and implemented to assist the cutting-off of standby power of office equipment.

1.2

Problem statement

Since PKS has to pay a huge electric bill every month, the management has come to a conclusion that something must be done to reduce it. Realizing that some of the energy used may be wasted is proven to be a good start for a great quest for conserving energy and help save the earth. Electrical appliances that stayed in the office, for example desktop computers, printers, copiers, paper shredder, televisions, DVD player, Hi-Fi and etc., are known to consumed a certain amount of energy if not properly switch off. Researchers estimated a microcomputer can use up to 6W [1-3] of standby power if not being switch off. Consequently, with estimated one thousand computers lying around in PKS, and if all the microcomputer were not switch off, that sum up to a whopping 6000W of load. To see the impact of these standby loads, the calculation of the total annual standby power consumption using formula (3.1) and its carbon footprint is as shown below:

From the calculation, we can conclude that only a single type of electrical appliance already consumed 36,900 kWh of energy annually plus approximately 22 metric tons of Carbon Dioxide being released into the atmosphere.

3   

1.3

Aim

The main aim of this master’s project is to come out with a conceptual design of an alternative method of cutting off standby power consumption for office equipment after office hours in order to prevent energy wastage. While doing so, a study on level of awareness among the staffs regarding standby power consumption and estimation of the annual standby power consumption in PKS was also conducted so that this information can be provided to the PKS management for further action if required.

1.4

Objectives

The objectives of this project are: (i)

To study the level of awareness among the staff.

(ii)

To determine the standby power consumption.

(iii)

To come out with a conceptual design of an alternative standby power cut-off system for office equipment.

1.5

Scope

(i)

To study the level of awareness, a survey will be carried out during the PKS’s monthly assembly. In the survey, 150 questionnaires will be distributed randomly among the staffs and a target of at least 100 respondents is set.

(ii)

To estimate the total power consumption, a power meter will be used to do the field measurement of selected office equipment in two department in PKS, namely the Electrical Engineering Department and Mathematics, Science & Computer Department. For a type of appliances, at least five samples will be measured whenever possible to obtain a good average value for the estimation. Finally, these average values will be multiplied with the number of equipment available in PKS to make the estimation.

(iii)

To come out with a system that is capable of cutting-off power to office equipment when the office is dark. The system will utilize sensor to detect lights being switch on (as indicator of when there are people present in the

4   

office) and switch off (as indicator as people leaving the office). The system must allow power supply to pass through when light is detected and must be able to cut-off the power supply when it is dark.

1.6

Structure of report

The introduction in chapter 1 is followed by definition of standby power, review on the method of measurement and the software used in the simulation process in chapter 2. Chapter 3 describes the project planning and methods employed to completes the three major parts of the project. These results are presented and analyzed in chapter 4. This report will end with discussion, conclusions and suggestion for project improvement in chapter 5.

5  

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Preamble

In this chapter, the definition of standby power is being described first, and followed by the review of the standby power estimation method and the standby power cut-off techniques before proceed to the software being used to develop this project.

2.2

Introduction to standby power

The innovation of technology has never stop to impress people with its forever more intelligent functions that enable people to live more comfortably and conveniently. Eventually, standby power has becomes a necessity for almost every piece of electrical appliances produced. Since the 90s, peoples have started to realise these standby power, although consider relatively small for a single piece of appliance, but gradually add up to a whooping 1.39 TWh of annual consumption and with 811t CO2 emission just for a small country like Taiwan [4]. Prior to 1993, the power losses due to standby mode were considered very small and often ignored. Eje Sanberg became the pioneer when he collected data from TVs, VCRs and audio equipment in the off mode in Swedish electronic stores and called the phenomenon “leaking electricity”. Sanberg’s work was later cited by Alan Meier from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and published in the Home Energy Magazine in 1993. Rainer et al. [5] were the first to do a comprehensive

6  

study and came out with estimate average losses per home and national losses in the U.S. in 1996. Standby power consumption we also known as vampire power, vampire draw, phantom load, or leaking electricity [6]. Standby power actually refers to constant consumption of electrical power by electrical appliances when they are put on standby mode. A common used and more precise definition for standby power would be the energy consumption by electrical appliances when they are switch off or are not performing its principal function. The mathematical formula to calculate standby power consumption is as follows:

Standby power consumed in watt-hour per day or year : Effective output power on standby mode, watts : Period of standby mode, hours

2.2.1

Definition

Although there are so many definition available for standby power but it is still inadequate in technical purposes. The most detailed description of standby power according to Lu et al. [4] is from the Australian National Appliance & Equipment Energy Efficiency Committee (NAEEEC). The definitions are: (i)

OFF mode: When the electrical product is connected to power but not is not executing any function, and if the device has a remote control function, that remote control cannot activate the device directly from this mode.

(ii)

Passive standby mode: When the electrical product is not in execution of its primary function, but the standby mode is enabled (usually for use by the remote control device), or in execution of other functions (such as displays or clocks). When the electrical product is not plugged in, the equipment is able to make use of battery power under this mode.

(iii)

Active standby mode:

7  

Active standby mode refers to an electrical product in the enable mode, but not in execution of its main functions (for example, a VCR in enable mode, but not showing a video or recording). (iv)

Delay start mode: In this mode, the user is able to schedule the electrical product, through a computer program, to perform a certain function later, which can be delayed for up to 24 h.

2.2.2

Advantages and disadvantages

As technology advances, the standby power usage becomes inevitable to make life more comfortable and convenient. The advantages of standby power are listed as follows: (i)

It cut short the delay time in switching on a device. For example, in office equipment such as the CRT monitors this requires a small amount of current to heat up before they are switch on.

(ii)

It is used to keep providing power to remote control receiver so that when an infrared or radio frequency signals is received it will respond instantaneously.

(iii)

It is used to power a display function such as clock and will enable less power being used.

(iv)

It can be used to keep a device’s battery fully charged and ready to be used like the mobile telephone. The standby power consumption becomes the setback of the technology

advancement as energy is wasted without the device performing its primary function. The disadvantages of standby power are listed as follows: (i)

It consumes a small amount of energy per device but is estimated to be of the order of 10% of the energy used by a typical household.

(ii)

It causes more carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere and promoting global warming because more energy has to be produced resulting in more oil, coal and gas combustion.

(iii)

It will incur more running costs as more power generation, transmission and distribution facilities to be set up.

8  

(iv)

It will create a risk from fire as there are reports of television catching fire on standby mode [6].

2.2.3

Magnitude

According to the study by the US Department of Energy, and illustrated here by Lloyd [7], a device can have an annual standby power consumption between 12.3kWh for a rechargeable toothbrush to a whopping 1452.4kWh for Plasma TV as shown in figure 2.1 below. The study also estimated the total standby power consumption in 2005 for US stood at 3 billion US dollars.

Figure 2.1 The visual display of vampire information

9  

To get a clearer picture of the magnitude of standby power consumption around the world, Table 2.1 has listed figure found in research since 1995 for a total of eleven countries. From the table shown, the average and annual standby power consumption per household in these countries stood approximately at 50W and 400kWh. Apart from that, the fraction of total residential electricity used is about 10% on average and total carbon dioxide gas released is 0.2295 metric ton annually. If this estimation were to be set as a standard for other country to estimate their annual standby power consumption, then the country like Malaysia would have the estimation as follows: Malaysian annual standby power consumption, Malaysian annual CO2 emission in metric ton

* Based on number of household in 2010 as retrieved from the website: http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/BPD/populati on_quarters_2010.pdf

2.2.4

Policy

The International Energy Agency (IEA) launched the one watt initiative in 1999, in the hope of getting international level of cooperation towards solving the issue. The initiative outlined that by 2010 all new electrical appliances sold in the world would only use one watt in standby mode. The outcome of this initiative includes reducing the CO2 emissions by 50 million tons by 2010 in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries alone. To accommodate the one watt initiative by IEA, the European Commission (EC) regulation number 1275/2008 came into force in January 6, 2010. It is mandatory under the regulation that all electrical and electronic household and office equipment shall not have standby power that exceed 1W while standby plus power (i.e. providing information or status display in addition to possible reactivation function) shall not exceed 2W. The regulation also stated all equipment must have the

off

mode

and/or

standby

mode

provided,

plus

these

numbers

of

10  

Table 2.1 The magnitude of standby power consumption of 11 countries No.

Country

Average Residential Standby

Annual Electricity Use

Fraction of Total Residential

CO2 emission in metric ton

Power (Watt)

(kWh/yr)

Electricity Use (%)

(t CO2 e)

1

Netherlands

37

330

10

0.1955

2

USA

50

400

5

0.2370

3

German

44

389

10

0.2305

4

Japan

60

530

12

0.3140

5

New Zealand

100

880

11

0.5214

6

France

38

235

7

0.1392

7

Australia

60

527

13

0.3122

8

Canada

49

427

N/A

0.2530

9

China

29

100

10

0.0593

10

Belgium

40

274

8

0.1623

11

Taiwan

Off mode,

Class A: 104

N/A

0.1074

Passive standby,

Class B: 212

Active standby, and

Class C: 186

Delay Start mode

Class D: 223 10.40

0.2295

Ave=181.25 Average

49.27

401.13

11  

12  

standby power must be halved on January 6, 2013 [6].

2.2.5

Identifying devices

To further understand the issue regarding standby power, it is required to know what type of devices that consume it. The following list shows types of devices that consume standby power: (i)

Transformers for AC-DC voltage conversion in the power supply circuit.

(ii)

Certain devices that feature instant-on functions.

(iii)

Electrical and electronic appliances in standby mode and can be control from a remote, i.e. the audio visual equipment.

(iv)

Electrical and electronic appliances that continue to function even when switched off, i.e. the electrically powered timer.

(v)

Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)

(vi)

Cordless telephones and answering machines

(vii)

Timers which operate devices

(viii) Security systems and fire alarms (ix)

Transformer-powered doorbells

(x)

Programmable thermostats

(xi)

Motion sensors, light sensors, built-in timers and automatic sprinklers

2.2.6

Standby power standards

According to Lu et al. [4], the Group for Energy Efficient Appliances (GEEA), the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), the EU environmental (EU Ecolabel), the NAEEEC, the Energy Star, the Nordic Swan, German Blue Angel, and other agencies have proposed standards for measuring standby power in electrical products. These standards state that the power consumption of audio and video products must be in the range of 0.3–15 W, IT products are in the range of 1–30 W, and other products are in the range of 1–4 W.

13  

2.2.7

Standby power testing requirements

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has setup test procedure 62301 to describe a method for testing standby power use in appliances. According to Lu et al. [4], the standards set by IEC are more stringent with regard to harmonic content and requirements for measurement equipment compare to the other agencies. The following table shows the testing requirements of the IEC. Table 2.2 Standby power testing requirements of the IEC Test environment

Indoor ambient temperature must be maintained at 23 ± 5 ◦C throughout the test period, and wind speed must be lower than 0.5 m/s

Test conditions

1. Supply voltage harmonic content must not exceed 2% 2. Changes in voltage and frequency to be within ±1%

Testing requirements

Accuracy of measuring equipment: 1. For power measurement below 10 W, equipment precision must be within 0.01 W or better 2. For power measurement between 10 and 100 W:equipment precision must be within 0.1 W or better 3. For power measurement more than 100 watts: equipment precision must be within 1 W or better

2.2.8

Methods for measuring standby power use in households

The three commonly method used for measuring standby power use in household are: (i) Entire house measurement, (ii) Bottom-up estimates and (iii) New product measurement. (i)

Entire house measurement To perform an entire house measurement, researcher must first identify the volunteers before they actually visit the individual household to take standby power measurement of each piece of appliances they find. Ideally, all the appliances must be switched off before the measurement can begin and the total standby power measured must equal the meter reading. Otherwise, it may indicate that some of the appliances may be left out. The advantages of

14  

this method is that reasonable projection of the standby power being consumed by the household plus the average standby power consumed by any appliances by averaging the measurement of various appliances. The major drawback of this method would be finding the volunteers. (ii)

Bottom-up estimates The bottom-up method requires researchers to first obtain the measurements of specific appliances. These measurements are then averaged to obtain the best estimate before being multiplied with the market penetration of that specific appliance, with the standby duration and the number of household being taken into account. The bottom-up method is commonly used to estimate the average standby power consumption of each household and to estimate the standby power consumption at the national level. The bottom-up method of estimation can be very accurate provided the sample collected are enough and the market penetration rate is known for a commonly used appliances. If for appliances that are rarely used, the numbers produced may be meaningless.

(iii)

New product measurement To perform the new product measurement method, researchers must obtain the measurements of standby power from the retailers and factories. The advantage of this method is the rapid measurement of the standby power measurement for various appliances. However, foreseen shortcoming would be the potential discrepancy between the actual measurements of the users.

2.3

Review of standby power estimation method

Studies on standby power consumption since the 90s provided us with prove that almost every single piece of electrical appliances consumed a certain amount of standby power. At present, the study on standby power consumption becomes crucial importance to the world because of the information that it provides can lead to great saving potential. Table 2.3 listed estimates of residential standby power and its methods employed in eleven countries [4][8-12]. From these studies, it is observed that there are three types of estimation technique that is based on: (1) Models, (2) Field measurement (also referred as

15  

Whole House measurement), and (3) Bottom-up technique, where the later are the most commonly technique used. In this project, the objective is to determine the level of standby power consumption by office equipment in PKS and that requires a slightly different approach as all the estimation technique listed in table 2.3 are used by researchers to estimate the standby power consumption in the household environment. The first method which utilizes a model to estimate is by far more suitable for the household environment where we can categories the household into certain groups based on their power consumption and the groups are scattered over a wide area like in this case for a country like Taiwan. This method is also unsuitable for this project because the office equipment found in PKS are basically of the same type compare to different household where appliances found may vary and is highly associated to their financial capability. The second method which requires comprehensive field measurement and finding the volunteers to do the standby power measurements may not be the best solution either. With more than 450 staffs and thousands of equipment scattered around in more than 19 departments/units, this method could be hard to implement. The last method which is the bottom-up estimate may be the best choice because average standby power of specific types of equipment can be established from the measurement in the departments/units. While for the market penetration point of view, information for the list of all the office equipment available in PKS and their location can be obtained from the Information & Communication Technology Unit.

16  

Table 2.3 List of estimates of residential standby power and its methods employed No.

Country

Average Residential

Annual Electricity

Fraction of Total Residential

CO2 emission in metric

Standby Power (Watt)

Use (KWh/yr)

Electricity Use (%)

ton (t CO2 e)

Source and Type of Estimate

1

Netherlands

37

330

10

0.1955

Siderius, 1995 (Bottom-up)

2

USA

50

400

5

0.2370

Rainer Meier et al., 1996 (Bottom-up)

3

German

44

389

10

0.2305

Rath Hartmann et al. 1997 (Bottom-up)

4

Japan

60

530

12

0.3140

Nakagami, Tanaka et al., 1997 (Field)

5

New Zealand

100

880

11

0.5214

EECA, 1999, (Field)

6

France

38

235

7

0.1392

Sidler, 2000,(Bottom-up)

7

Australia

60

527

13

0.3122

Harrington, 2000, (Bottom-up)

8

Canada

49

427

N/A

0.2530

Alan S. Fung, et al., 2002, (Bottom-up)

9

China

29

100

10

0.0593

Meier, et al., 2003,(Bottom-up)

10

Belgium

40

274

8

0.1623

Kristien, et al, 2007, (Bottom-up)

11

Taiwan

Off mode,

Class A: 104

N/A

0.1074

Tai Ken Lu, 2011(Models)

Passive standby,

Class B: 212

Active standby, and

Class C: 186

Delay Start mode

Class D: 223 10.40

0.2295

Ave=181.25 Average

49.27

401.13

17  

2.4

Review on the standby power cut-off techniques

Table 2.4 listed three of the latest techniques developed to curb the standby power consumption. Table 2.4 List of estimates of residential standby power and its methods employed No. 1.

2.

3.

Researcher

Technique

Cheng-Hung, T. et al. [13]

Design and Implementation of a

National Taiwan University of

socket with Zero Standby Power

Science and Technology, Taiwan.

using a Photovoltaic Array

Jiin-Hwa, Y. et al. [14]

A low cost and effective

Nan Kai University of Technology,

implementation of standby mode

China.

power reduction

Huang-Te, H. et al. [15]

Reducing the standby power

Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan.

consumption of personal computers

Year 2010

2010

2011

The first technique involved the design of an external device that can cut-off the standby power consumption by means of detecting the appliances going into standby mode. The great thing about this circuit is that it utilises only 7mW of energy in a dark room while zero power consumption if the room has sufficiently light. The second technique involved the design of a standby power cut-off circuit that is so small that it can be fit into any electrical appliances. The circuit also detect current variation as in the case of the first technique in order to cut-off the standby power. The circuit is considered low cost as compared to the first design and only consume 240mW of energy. The last design involved redesigning of the computer power sequence of the system and cutting off power to the unnecessary chips in order to cut down on the standby power consumption. The wonderful thing about this circuit is that it only consumes 0.0196W of energy during operation. This design is more specific towards the computers as compared to the first and second design which can be directly applied to any electrical appliances. Although the three designs was indefinitely great in terms of their achievement but the first and second design requires the load connected to go into standby mode in order to operate. While majority of office equipment do have

18  

standby mode, i.e. the computers, printers, copiers and etc., there are some that does not share the same features such as the paper shredder, air purifier, and water dispenser and so on. Which means the first and second techniques cannot be implemented in the case of office equipment that only has on-off function thus cannot fully solve the standby power issue in PKS. As in the case of the third design which requires alteration of the appliance’s power system are hard to be implemented and surely cannot be done on office equipment that are still under warranty. In order to fully achieve the cutting off of standby power from all the office equipment in PKS, the design must take into account the equipment that has and has not the feature of standby mode plus the implement ability of the design.

2.5

The livewire 1.11 Pro software

The livewire 1.11 Pro is a sophisticated package of software that can be used to design and simulate electronic circuits. In this software, switches, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits and hundreds of other components can all be connected together to Investigate the behaviour of a circuit. Upon start-up, the software will have six commands to choose from as shown in the following. (i)

Start-up page Figure 2.2 shows the appearance of the software upon start-up. The user will have to choose between the six commands on the pop-up menu.

19  

Figure 2.2 Appearance of livewire start-up page (ii)

Create a circuits command If the user choose to create a circuit then the Figure 2.3 shows the appearance when the create a circuits command is selected. The user can start drawing by clicking and drag the component from the menu on the left and place it on the drawing board.

Figure 2.3 Appearance when the create a circuits command is selected

(iii)

Open electricity circuits command Figure 2.4 shows the appearance when the open electricity circuits command is selected.

Figure 2.4 Appearance when the open electricity circuits command is selected

20  

(iv)

Open electronics circuits command Figure 2.5 shows the appearance when the open electronics circuits command is selected.

Figure 2.5 Appearance when the open electronics circuits command is selected (v)

Using livewire command Figure 2.6 shows the appearance when the using livewire command is selected.

Figure 2.6 Appearance when the using livewire command is selected

21  

(vi)

Tutorials command Figure 2.7 shows the appearance when the tutorials command is selected.

Figure 2.7 Appearance when the tutorials command is selected When the user has completed designing a circuit, they can simulate the circuit and choose to view the simulation in different mode as follow: (i)

Normal Simulation in the normal mode will enable the user to add measuring device such as an oscilloscope and see the waveforms produced as shown in figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8 Simulation in normal mode

22  

(ii)

Voltage levels Simulation in the voltage levels mode with enable the user to see the red indicator rising and falling to indicate the voltage level at each nod as shown in figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9 Simulation in voltage levels mode (iii)

Current flow Simulation in the current flow mode will enable the user to see the current movement in the circuit as indicated by the movement of the red and green line that is going into or out from the circuit as shown in figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10 Simulation in current flow mode

23  

(iv)

Logic levels Simulation in the logic levels mode will enable the user to see the logic level of the circuits as indicated by the solid green and red line and the logic x or 0 indicator on each nod as shown in figure 2.11.

Figure 2.11 Simulation in logic levels mode In conclusion, the livewire software is really helpful in terms of designing a circuit as we can simulate and check the connections and functions of the circuit. Overall, the software is fairly easy to learn and use.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1

Preamble

This chapter begins by discussing the project planning and its timeframe. This is followed by description of each of the three parts of project implementation and later the designing process of the alternative standby power cut-off system for the office equipment is presented.

3.2

Project planning

The overall execution of the project will take up 11 months and is governed by the following Gantt chart.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Determine Suitable Project Literature Review & Project Planning Proposal Preparation Part 1 - Survey & Data Analysis Part 2 - Standby Power Measurement and Analysis Project Presentation I Part 3 - Standby power cut-off system design and simulation Project Report Writing Project Presentation II

Figure 3.1 The project Gantt Chart

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

2012 Dec

Nov

Activity

Sep

No.

Oct

2011

56   

REFERENCES

1.

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2.

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3.

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4.

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5.

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9.

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10.

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11.

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13.

Chenf-Hung, T., Ying-Wen, B., Chun-An, C., Chih-Yu, C. and Ming-Bo, L. Design and Implementation of a socket with Zero Standby Power using a Photovoltaic Array. IEEE Transactions on Cunsumer Electronics. 2010. Vol. 56, No.4.

14.

Jiin-Hwa, Y., Hui-Li, W., Wen-Sen, T., Cheng-Min, L. and Heng-Fa, T. A low cost and effective implementation of standby mode power reduction. IEEE. 2010. 978-1-4244-7300-7/10.

15.

Huang-Te, H., Ying-Wen, B. and Shih-Kuan, C. Reducing the standby power consumption of personal computers. IEEE CCECE. 2011. 978-1-4244-97898/11. Pg.000493 – 000498.

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Tony, V. R. (2012), Retrieved on June 29, 2012. from Error! Hyperlink reference  not valid.