Programming learning; Research communities; Literary skills;. Self-efficacy. I. INTRODUCTION ... Problems solving is above all a competence that involves cognitive processes Y ..... the capacities to develop artistic works with JAVA language. ..... [7] m. lipman, thinking in education. cambridge university press, 1st ed.,. 1991.
$FRQWH[WIRUSURJUDPPLQJOHDUQLQJEDVHGRQ UHVHDUFKFRPPXQLWLHV
6FKHLOD:HVOH\0DUWLQV 8QLYHUVLW\RI&RLPEUD8& 'HSDUWPHQWRI,QIRUPDWLFV(QJLQHHULQJ'(, &RLPEUD3RUWXJDO VFKHLOD#GHLXFSW
$QWyQLR-RVp1XQHV0HQGHV WR]H#GHLXFSW
$QWyQLR'LDV)LJXHLUHGR DGI#GHLXFSW Abstract— This paper describes a research work that seeks to QDWXUDO GLIILFXOW\ OHYHO > @ +RZHYHU WKH PDMRU develop a pedagogical strategy to assist in programming learning, GLIILFXOW\ LQ SURJUDPPLQJ OHDUQLQJ OLHV RQ WKH DELOLW\ WR inspired by Mathew Lipman’s strategy – conceived to help DEVWUDFW WKH DFTXLUHG NQRZOHGJH WR VROYH SUREOHPV students maximize their learning through the conscious $EVWUDFWLRQ DQG SUREOHP UHVROXWLRQ DELOLWLHV FDQ RQO\ EH assessment of their self-efficacy level while they develop a REWDLQHGWKURXJKLQGLYLGXDOHIIRUWDQGFRQWLQXRXVSUDFWLFH programming study behaviour. We present the results of the +DYLQJZHOOGHYHORSHGOLWHUDF\DELOLWLHVZLOOEHRIH[WUHPH preliminary tests on the formalization of the research LPSRUWDQFH WR JURXQG WKH FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV DQG WR methodology and the changes implied on the strategy to be tested. VXSSRUWWKHOHDUQLQJEHLQJFUHDWHG Programming learning; Research communities; Literary skills; Self-efficacy
,
,1752'8&7,21
7KHUH VHHPV WR EH D FRQVHQVXV DPRQJ WHDFKHUV DQG UHVHDUFKHUVWKDWUHJDUGVSURJUDPPLQJOHDUQLQJDVDQRQWULYLDO DFWLYLW\DVLWLQWURGXFHVDQHZVHULHVRIFRJQLWLYHUHTXLVLWHVLQ VWXGHQWV¶URXWLQHVEHVLGHVWKHWHFKQLFDOUHTXLVLWHV7KLVFUHDWHV LQVWXGHQWVWKHQHHGWRFKDQJHDQGDGDSWWKHLUZD\RIWKLQNLQJ DQG PDQDJH WLPH LQ FROOHJH OLIH WR D GLIIHUHQW UHDOLW\ WKDQ WKH RQHOLYHGWKURXJKSULPDU\VFKRRODQGKLJKVFKRRO$FKDQJHLQ D YHU\ VKRUW WLPH IUDPH $PRQJ WKHVH UHTXLVLWHV ZH PD\ KLJKOLJKW
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
7KH ZKROH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI D SURJUDPPLQJ SDUDGLJP¶V UHTXLVLWHV LV QRW D WULYLDO DFWLYLW\ DQG LPSOLHV DQ LQWULQVLF
$OWKRXJK FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH LV SDUW RI WKH VWXGHQWV¶ GDLO\ OLIHIURPDQHDUO\DJHRQWKHWUDQVSDUHQF\OHYHOLQWULQVLFWR WKH UHODWLRQVKLS XVHUFRPSXWHU OHDGV WKHP LQWR D IDOVH VHQVH RI LQWHOOLJHQW DXWRQRP\ RI LQIRUPDWLFV V\VWHPV 6RPHWLPHV LW LV GLIILFXOW WR PDNH WKHP XQGHUVWDQG WKH GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHQRWLRQRIV\VWHPVWUDQVSDUHQF\DQG WKHLU UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS SURJUDPPHU FRPSXWHU
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
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1317
,,
7($&+,1*727+,1.
$FFHVV WR HGXFDWLRQ LV DQ HYLGHQW FRQFHUQ RI WRGD\¶V VRFLHW\DQGRIWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\ZLWKDVWURQJFRPPLWPHQW IURP JRYHUQPHQWV RI ULFK DQG GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LQ LQLWLDWLYHVWRLPSURYHDQGRIIHUEHWWHUFRQGLWLRQVIRUOHDUQLQJLQ WKHGLIIHUHQWVWDJHVRIWKHHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHP WKHHQODUJHPHQW RI YDFDQFLHV LQ WKH HGXFDWLRQDO V\VWHP WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH TXDOLW\ RI WHDFKLQJ GHYHORSLQJ SROLFLHV RI VRFLDO DQG GLJLWDO LQFOXVLRQ LQYHVWPHQW LQ WKH UHQRYDWLRQ RI FODVVURRPV DQG ODERUDWRULHV ZLWK FRPSXWLQJ HTXLSPHQW DQG SURJUDPPHV WR LPSURYHWKHTXDOLILFDWLRQRIWHDFKLQJVWDII 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKRVH UHIRUPV KDYH QRW \HW EHHQ DEOH WR SURGXFH D V\VWHP WKDW FDQ GHYHORS WRZDUGV WKH ³WHDFKLQJ WR WKLQN´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ritical and Creative Thinknig 0DWWKHZ/LSPDQLVDQHGXFDWLRQDOWKHRULVWZKRKDVFDOOHG WKH DWWHQWLRQ IURP WKH 1RUWK$PHULFDQ $FDGHPLF &RPPXQLW\ LQ WKH VHYHQWLHV ZLWK KLV SURSRVDO RI 7HDFKLQJ 3KLORVRSK\ WR FKLOGUHQ ZH FDOOHG ³3HGDJRJ\ RI -XGJPHQW´ 3KLORVRSK\ IRU &KLOGUHQ ± 3& >@ ,W VXJJHVWV WR ³WHDFK WR WKLQN´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
LQIOXHQFHG ERWK E\ FULWHULD LWV UDWLRQDO HOHPHQW DQG E\ LQGLYLGXDOYDOXHV±WKHHPRWLRQDOHOHPHQWRILWVFRPSRVLWLRQ +LVSURSRVDOGHILQHVSUDFWLFDODFWLRQVZKLFKFRQYHUJHZLWK WKHWKLQNLQJRI-RKQ'HZH\/HY9\JRWVN\DQG-HURPH%UXQHU DLPLQJ DW FKDQJLQJ WKH ZURQJ FRQFHSW WKDW FKLOGKRRG LQQRFHQFH LPSHGHV WKH FKLOG IURP OHDUQLQJ WR XVH UHDVRQ DV D OHDUQLQJ WRRO +LV ZRUN VKRZV WKDW WKH ODFN RI PRWLYDWLRQ WR OHDUQ PXVW EH XQGHUVWRRG PRUH DV D UHVXOWRIWKHHYROXWLRQRI QRQUHIOHFWLYH SUDFWLFH RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO HGXFDWLRQDO PRGHO UDWKHUWKDQWKH³LQQDWH´ODFNRIFXULRVLW\IURPWKHVWXGHQW>@ 7KLVSHGDJRJLFDOVWUDWHJ\LVLPSOHPHQWHGIURPD/LSPDQ¶V UHGHILQLWLRQ RI WKH FRQFHSW RI OHDUQLQJ FRPPXQLWLHV ZKLFK KH FDOOHG³FRPPXQLW\RILQTXLU\´/LSPDQ¶VSURSRVDOLVDQDSSHDO WRWHDFKHUVVRWKDWWKH\IRFXVWKHLUSUDFWLFHVLQJXLGLQJVWXGHQWV LQ D VHDUFK IRU NQRZOHGJH PRWLYDWLQJ WKHP WR OHDUQ KRZ WR FRQVFLRXVO\ LGHQWLI\ ZKDW WKH\ DOUHDG\ NQRZ DQG ZKDW WKH\ QHHGWRNQRZQRWRQO\KRZWRVROYHDSUREOHPEXWDOVRWREH DEOHWRWKLQNRQDQGDVVHVVWKHTXDOLW\RIDVROXWLRQ B. Teaching to think in programming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¶V OHDUQLQJ > @ 7KHUH DUH DGYDQFHV WKDW FDQ EH REWDLQHG IRU LQVWDQFH ZLWK WKH UHJXODU SUDFWLFH RI DFWLYLWLHV UHODWHG ZLWK UHVHDUFK DQG UHIOH[LRQ IRU SUREOHP VROYLQJ DEVWUDFWLRQ PRGHOOLQJ DQG WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH TXDOLW\ RI DOJRULWKPLFVROXWLRQV>@ ,W ZRXOG WKHQ EH SRVVLEOH WR XQGHUVWDQG SURJUDPPLQJ OHDUQLQJDVDVLWXDWLRQWKDWHQFRPSDVVHVQXDQFHVVLPLODUWRWKH FRQWH[W RI ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ E\ FKLOGUHQ 8S WR D FHUWDLQ H[WHQWOHDUQLQJKRZWRSURJUDPUHTXLUHVDFKDQJHLQWKHZD\ RIWKLQNLQJDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSDUDGLJP¶VSUHFHSWVMXVWDVZKHQ RQHOHDUQVDQHZODQJXDJH 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSRIPXWXDOLQIOXHQFHEHWZHHQODQJXDJHDQG WKRXJKW LV HYLGHQW >@ DQG UHVHPEOHV WR WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQODQJXDJHDQGWKHSURJUDPPLQJSDUDGLJP7KDWLVZK\ LWLVUHOHYDQWWRJHWFORVHWR/LSPDQ¶VDSSURDFKWRSURJUDPPLQJ OHDUQLQJ $OWKRXJK WKH SXUH SKLORVRSKLFDO VSHHFK LV QRW per se D QDWXUDO DSSURDFK WR WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFH LQ SURJUDPPLQJ WKH PHWKRGLFDODQGUHIOHFWLYHWKRXJKWWKDWFRPHVIURPWKHGLDORJXH LQVSLUHGLQ6FLHQFH3KLORVRSK\LVUDWKHUXVHIXO
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1318
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³OHDUQWRWKLQN´> @7KLVVKRXOGOHDGWRDKLJKHUVWXGHQW FRPPLWPHQW WR WKHLU OHDUQLQJ LQFOXGLQJ EHKDYLRUDO FKDQJHV WKDWPD\LPSURYHWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHWKURXJKRXWWKHFRXUVH ,,,
027,9$7,21$1'/($51,1*
0RWLYDWLRQ KDV D JUHDW LPSDFW RQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V FRJQLWLYH GHYHORSPHQW DQG LV D GHWHUPLQDQW IDFWRU IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDO VXFFHVV LQ D OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV ,W LV DOVR DPRQJ WKH PRVW IDVFLQDWLQJ IHDWXUHV RI WKH KXPDQ SV\FKH KDYLQJ RQH RI LWV PDLQUHVHDUFKRULJLQVLQ0DVORZ¶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¶ PRWLYDWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ FKLOGUHQDQGWHHQDJHUV>@ :LWKWKHDGYDQFHRIUHVHDUFKLQ'LVWDQFH(GXFDWLRQ '( WRROV LQVSLUHG LQ WKH -RKQ .HOOHU¶V 0RWLYDWLRQ 0RGHO $5&6 $WWHQWLRQ5HOHYDQFH&RQILGHQFHDQG6DWLVIDFWLRQ >@KDYH EHHQ ZLGHO\ XVHG LQ FRXUVH PRGHOOLQJ DQG HOHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV )RUPDO WRROV WR HYDOXDWH PRWLYDWLRQ PHDVXUHV FRPIRUW VHOIHIILFDF\ VDWLVIDFWLRQ VXFK DV WKH ,QYHQWRU\ RI $WWLWXGHV DQG6WXG\%HKDYLRXUV ,$%6,$&+( >@DUHLPSRUWDQWDQG VHHN WR DVVHVV IHDWXUHV UHODWHG ZLWK WKH VWXGHQWV¶ OHDUQLQJ
VWUDWHJLHV7KH,$6%LVDQLQGHSHQGHQWJHQHULFEHKDYLRUDOWHVW ZLWKZKLFKLWLVSRVVLEOHWRHYDOXDWH •
,I D GLGDFWLF VWUDWHJ\ PD\ RU PD\ QRW VDWLVI\ D VHW RI OHDUQLQJUHTXLVLWHVLQDJLYHQFRXUVH
•
7RSRLQWWKHH[LVWHQFHRIFKDQJHVRIDWWLWXGHIURPWKH VWXGHQWUHJDUGLQJKLVKHUDFDGHPLFSHUIRUPDQFH
•
7R HVWDEOLVK VWDWLVWLFDO SDUDPHWHUV RI D SRSXODWLRQ LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH SURSRUWLRQV RI FRJQLWLYH PRWLYDWLRQDO DQGEHKDYLRUDOGLPHQVLRQV
7KH ,$&+( HQFRPSDVVHV FRJQLWLYH PRWLYDWLRQDO DQG EHKDYLRUDOGLPHQVLRQVGLVWULEXWHGLQILYHVXEVFDOHV>@ •
&RPSUHKHQVLYH IRFXV XVLQJ UHIOHFWLRQ DQG D GHHS FRQWHQW DQDO\VLV ZKLFK LPSOLHV IRU WKH VWXGHQW D JUHDWHUHIIRUWDQGWLPHLQOHDUQLQJ
•
5HSURGXFHIRFXVDWHQGHQF\WRVSHQGRQO\DPLQLPXP HIIRUWRQDVXSHUILFLDOOHDUQLQJEDVHGRQPHPRUL]DWLRQ DQGFRQWHQWVUHSURGXFWLRQ
•
,QYROYHPHQW RU PRWLYDWLRQ EHFDXVH WKLV UHODWHG HVVHQWLDOO\ZLWKUHTXLUHPHQWVRILQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQ
•
2UJDQL]DWLRQ LW DQDO\]HV WKH LQGLFDWLRQV RI HVWDEOLVKPHQW VRPH RUJDQL]DWLRQ OHYHO RQ DFWLYLWLHV RI VWXG\
•
&RPSHWHQFHSHUVRQDOSHUFHSWLRQ
2WKHU WRROV IRFXV RQ PRUH VSHFLILF IHDWXUHV VXFK DV WKH FDVHRIWKH&RXUVH,QWHUHVW6XUYH\±&,6DQGWKH,QVWUXFWLRQDO 0DWHULDOV 0RWLYDWLRQ 6XUYH\,006 >@ WZR PRWLYDWLRQ HYDOXDWLRQWRROVFUHDWHGLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH$5&6PRGHO &,6 DQG ,006 PD\ VKRZ WKH OHYHOV RI DWWHQWLRQ UHOHYDQFH WUXVWDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQDPRQJVWXGHQWVUHJDUGLQJDJLYHQFRXUVH SHGDJRJLFDO DSSURDFK FODVVHV UK\WKP WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFH SURSRVHG DFWLYLWLHV DQG WKHGLGDFWLF PDWHULDOV XVHG WH[WERRN KDQGRXWVZRUNVKHHWV 7KH DQDO\VLV RI WKH VWXG\ EHKDYLRU WKURXJK WRROV OLNH ,$&+( PD\ SURYLGH FUXFLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH VWXGHQWV¶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¶JUDGHV8QLWV
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1319
,9
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¶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
$IWHU FKRRVLQJ WKH FRQWH[W WKH G\QDPLFV RI 5HVHDUFK &RPPXQLWLHV ZLOO EH GHYHORSHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK GLGDFWLF DFWLYLWLHVSODQQHGWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHVWXGHQW¶VLQYROYHPHQWZLWK WKH SURFHVV RI NQRZOHGJH DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW RI FRPSHWHQFHV WR VROYH SUREOHPV WKURXJK WHDPZRUN DQG WKH PRWLYDWLRQWRSUDFWLFHWKHLUOLWHUDU\VNLOOVLQVHYHUDOZD\V •
5HVHDUFK DFWLYLWLHV ± ZKLFK LQFUHDVH WKH UHVHDUFK RI FRQWHQW IRU WKH VROXWLRQ RI SUREOHPV HJ UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV HYDOXDWLRQ VLPXODWLRQV H[HUFLVHV RI GLVFXUVLYH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH DOJRULWKPLF TXDOLW\ RI VROXWLRQV SUDFWLFDO DQGRU SURJUDPPLQJ FKDOOHQJHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW FRPSOH[LWLHV HLWKHU LQGLYLGXDO RU LQ JURXS
•
&ROODERUDWLYHFRRSHUDWLYH NQRZOHGJH SURGXFWLRQ ± DGRSWLRQ RI PHWKRGRORJLHV DQG FROODERUDWLRQ WRROV LQ UHLQIRUFHPHQW DFWLYLWLHV SHHU UHYLHZ PRWLYDWLRQ IRU WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI SRUWIROLRV ZHETXHVWV VHPLQDUV DQG SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQFRPSHWLWLRQV
•
'LVWULEXWLRQRIZRUNDQGWXWRULQJ±VWLPXODWLQJWKHXVH DQGUHFRJQLWLRQRIYROXQWDU\WXWRULQJEHWZHHQVWXGHQW VWXGHQWDQGVWXGHQWWXWRU
•
&RQWLQXRXV DVVHVVPHQW ± UHJXODU IHHGEDFN WDVNV EHWZHHQ WHDFKHU WXWRUV DQG VWXGHQWV RQ WKH FRXUVH HYROXWLRQ
3URJUDPPLQJOHDUQLQJGHPDQGVWKHFKRLFHRIWHFKQRORJLFDO WRROVWKDWFDQVXSSRUWSURJUDPPLQJOHDUQLQJDQGFROODERUDWLYH ZRUN :H VHH DV DQ DGYDQWDJH WKH XVH RI DOJRULWKPLF VLPXODWLRQWRROVDQGOHDUQLQJVXSSRUWSURJUDPVDGHTXDWHWRWKH VWXGLHG ODQJXDJH DQG SDUDGLJP 5RER&RG $OLFH %OXH- R -DYD7RRO H DQG 6,&$6 IRU LQVWDQFH &RPSHWLWLRQ DQG 7HVW 3ODWIRUPVOLNH7RS&RGHU0RRVKDNDQG2QOLQH-XGJHDUHDOVR ZHOFRPH 7R VWLPXODWH H[WUDFXUULFXODU DFWLYLWLHV DQG WR VXSSRUW WKH PRQLWRULQJDQGFRQWLQXRXVDVVHVVPHQWWDVNVLWLVDGYLVDEOHWKDW WKHUHLVWKHVXSSRUWRIDOHDUQLQJPDQDJHPHQWVXSSRUWVXFKDV WKH0RRGOH%ODFNERDUGRU$XOD1HW 7KHVHFRQGIRXQGLQJFRQFHUQVWKHQHHGWRXVHDVXSSRUWLQJ VWUDWHJ\IRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIJRRGPRWLYDWLRQOHYHOVIRUWKH VWXGHQWV¶OHDUQLQJGXULQJWKHFRPPXQLW\ZRUN5HJDUGLQJWKLV LWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHWHDFKHUPD\EHDEOHWRLGHQWLI\VSHFLILF PRPHQWV WR LQWHUYHQH DGYLVH DQG VHWWOH WKH VWXGHQWV¶ IUXVWUDWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFH>@7KHDYDLODELOLW\ DQG VHQVLWLYLW\ RI WKH WHDFKHU DUH FUXFLDO WR HYDOXDWH WKH VWXGHQWV¶SURJUHVVDQGFRPPLWPHQWDVZHOODVWRDVVLVWLQWKH PDLQWHQDQFHRIWKHLUPRWLYDWLRQOHYHOV 0RWLYDWLRQDO PHDVXUHV VXFK DV WKH FRPIRUW OHYHO VHOI HIILFDF\ FRQILGHQFH XVHIXOQHVV DQG VDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH SURSRVHGDFWLYLWLHVVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGUHJXODUO\LQRUGHUWREH DEOH WR JXLGH WKH ZRUN UK\WKP DQG WR DGHTXDWHO\ GLUHFW WKH WHDFKHU¶V HIIRUWV IRU LQWHUYHQWLRQ DFWLRQV ZKHWKHU LQ WKH GDLO\ PRWLYDWLRQ RU LQ WKH SUHYHQWLRQ RI EHKDYLRUV WKDW PD\ OHDG WR VWXGHQWVGURSSLQJRXW
:KHQ FKRRVLQJ WKH FRQWH[W WKH WHDFKHU VKRXOG WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW VRPH IDFWV DV FODVV VL]H ZKLFK FDQ PDNH FHUWDLQ FRQWH[WVKDUGHUWKDQRWKHUV
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1320
A. Methodology of Pedagogic Strategy Evaluation 7KH SURSRVHG VWUDWHJ\ ZLOO XVH PHDVXUHPHQWV RI WKH XVHIXOQHVV RI WKH SURSRVHG WDVNV DORQJ WKH FRXUVH DV ZHOO DV VRPH IRUPDO SV\FKRORJLFDO WRROV WR HYDOXDWH VHYHUDO FRJQLWLYH DVSHFWV UHODWHG ZLWK PRWLYDWLRQ D VXUYH\ RQ WKH IHDWXUHV RI VWXG\EHKDYLRXUWKURXJKWKH,$&+(WRRODQHYDOXDWLRQRIWKH OHYHOV RI VDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK IRUPDO DVSHFWV RI WKH FRXUVH GHYHORSPHQW WKURXJK $5&6 DQG D PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH VWXGHQWV¶ OHYHOV RI VHOIHIILFDF\ LQ UHODWLRQ ZLWK ODQJXDJH DQG WKHVWXGLHGSDUDGLJP 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH ,$&+( WHVW DV WKH\ DUH QRW a priori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
$1(;3(5,0(17:,7+678'(1762)'(6,*1$1' 08/7,0(',$
0RVW SURJUDPPLQJ FRXUVHV RI WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI ,QIRPDWLFV (QJLQHHULQJ XVXDOO\ SUHVHQW D KLJK QXPEHU RI HQUROOHG VWXGHQWV EHWZHHQ DQG DQG D KLJK OHYHO RI KHWHURJHQHLW\ DPRQJ VWXGHQWV LQ RQH FRXUVH IURP WKH VHYHUDO GHJUHHVRIIHUHG LQ WKH )DFXOW\RI 6FLHQFHVDQG7HFKQRORJ\ RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &RLPEUD )&78& OLNH ,QIRUPDWLFV (QJLQHHULQJ ,QGXVWULDO (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 'HVLJQ DQG 0XOWLPHGLD7KHWHDFKLQJPRGHOHQFRPSDVVHV
•
7KHRUHWLFDO FODVVHV KRXUV DOO VWXGHQWV HQUROOHG DWWHQGDOHFWXUHE\DSURIHVVRULQDFODVVURRP
•
3UDFWLFDO FODVVHV KRXUV VWXGHQWV HQUROOHG DUH GLYLGHG LQWR FODVVHV RI XS WR VWXGHQWV WR FDUU\ RXW SUDFWLFDO ODE DFWLYLWLHV ZLWK WKH VDPH SURIHVVRU RI WKH WKHRUHWLFDOFODVVRUVRPHRWKHUWHDFKHUDQG
•
/DE SUDFWLFDO FODVVHV KRXUV VXSSRUW FODVVHV UHPHGLDO ZRUN RU FODULILFDWLRQ RI GRXEWV QRQ PDQGDWRU\JLYHQE\FRXUVHWXWRUV
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¶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¶V0RRGOHZKHUHPDWHULDOV DUHDYDLODEOHDQGVRPHWDVNVDUHSHUIRUPHG 7KH VL]H RI 0'0¶V FODVVHV PDGH DQ DOPRVW RQHWRRQH VWXGHQW PRQLWRULQJ SRVVLEOH ,W KDV DOVR PD[LPLVHG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU WKH WHDFKHU WR NQRZ FUXFLDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VWXGHQWV FKDQJLQJ WKH FODVV G\QDPLFV WR DQ HPLQHQWO\ UHVHDUFK DSSURDFK GXULQJ WKH SUDFWLFH RI SUREOHP VROYLQJ LQ JURXSV A. First Stage 7KH ILUVW VWDJH JURXS LQFOXGHG VWXGHQWV PRVWO\ UHFHQW JUDGXDWHV IURP WKH %6F GHJUHHV LQ WKH DUHDV RI GHVLJQ 0XOWLPHGLD ,QGXVWULDO RU &RPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG DUFKLWHFWXUH :H FKRVH WR XVH WKH FRQWH[W RI YLVXDO KDQGVRQ SURMHFWV RI JURZLQJ FRPSOH[LW\ DV LW ZRXOG IDFLOLWDWH WKH VWXGHQWV¶ LQYROYHPHQW DQG LQWHUHVW LQ WKH FUHDWLRQ RI YDULHG SUDFWLFDO ZRUN
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1321
,QWKLVVWDJHWKHRULJLQDOLGHDZDVWRYHULI\WKHFRKHUHQFHRI WKH GHVLUHG DSSUR[LPDWLRQ WR /LSPDQ¶V DSSURDFK IRU ZKLFK D FRQWLQXRXV DVVHVVPHQW V\VWHP ZDV XVHG WKURXJK WKH IXOILOOPHQWRIVHYHUDOSURSRVHGWDVNV0RUHRYHUWKHHYDOXDWLRQ LQFOXGHG WR FKHFN VWXGHQWV¶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¶V IHHGEDFN FODVVHV¶ VFKHGXOH IHDWXUHV RI WKH 3URFHVVLQJWRRODQG223 %\WKHHQGRIWKHFRXUVHVWXGHQWVDQVZHUHGDQTXHVWLRQV LQWHUYLHZUHODWHGZLWKWKHSHUVSHFWLYHVRIWKH$5&6PRGHOLQ ZKLFKWKH\SUHVHQWHGWKHLUHYDOXDWLRQRQWKHFRXUVHDVZHOODV DVSHFWVUHODWHGZLWKWKHLUVFKRROWUDMHFWRU\ 7KHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJDQVZHUVZHUH
:KDW GR \RX FRQVLGHU WR VWLPXODWH \RXU LQWHUHVW LQ D FRXUVH WKHV\OODEXV SUDFWLFDOWDVNV \RXU LQGLYLGXDOLQWHUHVWRQWKHVXEMHFW ZKHQ\RXIHHO FXULRXV RQ WKH VXEMHFW 2QO\ FRQVLGHU WKH XVHIXOQHVVRIWKHFRXUVHDVLPSRUWDQW
'R\RXFRQVLGHUDVSRVLWLYHWKHH[SHULHQFHLQFRXUVHV ZKHUH WKHUH ZDV D FOHDU SUDFWLFDO IHDWXUH \RX OLNHG WKH FRQWHQWV \RX IHOW LQVSLUHG E\ WKH WHDFKHU \RX IHOW WKDW WKH FRQWHQWV ZHUH LQWHUHVWLQJXVHIXO
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
:KDW JUDEV \RXU DWWHQWLRQ WKH XVHIXOQHVV RI WKH WDVN WKH WHDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLS WKH SUDFWLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH FRXUVH WKH WHDFKHU¶V DYDLODELOLW\ GLGDFWLFV \RXU FXULRVLW\
@ $OWKRXJK -L77 RIIHUV EHWWHU RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIUHVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVWRDSURJUDPPLQJFRXUVH >@ ZH EHW RQ WKH SRVLWLYH FRQWH[W RI KDQGVRQ SURMHFWV UHFHLYHGE\ILUVWVWDJHVWXGHQWV 7KH FRQWH[W EDVHG RQ KDQGVRQ SURMHFWV DQG WKH WDVNV OLVW DFFRPSOLVKHG LQ WKH ILUVW VWDJH KDYH EHHQ NHSW 2QH RI WKH FKDQJHVWKDWZHUHLQFRUSRUDWHGLVDFKDQJHLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG DOLJQPHQW RI WKH V\OODEXV¶ FRQWHQWV DQG LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ PHWKRG 7KHUH KDV EHHQ DQ HIIRUW VR WKDW WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG3URJUDPPLQJ 223 FRQFHSWVLVPDGHHDUOLHU 7KUHH QHZ WDVNV KDYH EHHQ LQWURGXFHG LQGLYLGXDO SURJUDPPLQJFKDOOHQJHVPLQLWHVWVVLPXODWLRQDQGPLQLWHVWV ,QVSLUHG LQ WKH -L77 SURSRVDO VPDOO SURJUDPPLQJ FKDOOHQJHVKDYHEHHQSODQQHGLQVSHFLILFSRLQWVRIWKHFRXUVH¶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
a) IACHE results 7KH,$&+(VXUYH\LVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHSDUWVIURPZKLFK RQO\WKHILUVWRQHZDVFRQVLGHUHGIRUWKHDQDO\VLV,WLQFOXGHV VWDWHPHQWV *URXSV RI TXHVWLRQV DQDO\VH HDFK RI WKH ILYH FRJQLWLYH GLPHQVLRQV ZKRVH DQVZHUV YDU\ LQ LQWHQVLW\ IURP WRWDOO\ GLVDJUHH WR WRWDOO\ DJUHH 7KH VFRUH RI HDFK FRJQLWLYHGLPHQVLRQ LV REWDLQHGE\ WKH VXP RI WKH DQVZHUV WR WKHTXHVWLRQVIRUWKDWGLPHQVLRQ7KHUHIHUHQFHYDOXHVDQGWKH DYHUDJHSRLQWIRUWKHFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQIRFXVDUH JLYHQE\ DQGDOORWKHUGLPHQVLRQVJLYHQE\
< X < with x m =
(1)
< X < with x m =
(2)
)LJXUH 6XPPDU\RIWKHGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFLQGLFDWRUVRIWKH,$&+(SUH WHVW
$WWKLVSRLQWRIWKHUHVHDUFKWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHVREVHUYHGLQ WKHDQDO\VHGFRJQLWLYHGLPHQVLRQVILJXUHVKRZDUDWKHUKLJK LQYROYHPHQW OHYHO RI VWXGHQWV ZKR GHPRQVWUDWH D JUHDW SUHGLVSRVLWLRQ IRU WKH DFFRPSOLVKPHQW RI WKH FRXUVH¶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¶V FRQWHQWV $OWKRXJK VWXGHQWV GR QRW VKRZ D YHU\ KLJK VHQVH RI RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKHUH LV HYLGHQFH WKDWPDQ\RIWKHPVHHNWRGHYHORSVWXG\VWUDWHJLHVGLUHFWHGWR FRPSUHKHQVLRQDWDGHHSOHYHO7KHORZSHUFHQWDJHVKRZQ E\ WKHORZOHYHORIWKHFRPSUHKHQVLYHIRFXVLVUDWKHUVLJQLILFDQW
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1323
0RUHRYHU WKH IDFW WKDW WKLV SRSXODWLRQ VKRZV D KLJK VHQVH RI FDSDFLWLHV LV SRVLWLYH DV VWXGHQWV ZLWK ORZ VHOIHIILFDF\ H[SHFWDWLRQVWHQVWRLQYHVWDORZHUHIIRUWLQVWXG\LQJDFWLYLWLHV 2QO\ RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ LV DW WKH KLJKHU OHYHO RI SHUVRQDO SHUFHSWLRQ
LVFRQFHQWUDWHGRQDVPDOODPSOLWXGHLQWHUYDOEHWZHHQWKH[PLQ DQGWKHPHGLDQ 7KHWKLUGTXDUWHULVDYDOXHFORVHWR WKHH[SHFWHGDYHUDJH DQGWKXVDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKH SRSXODWLRQ SUHVHQWV D ORZHU WKDQ RU HTXDO VFRUH WR WKDW UHIHUHQFHYDOXH
7KH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW HIIRUWV RI WKH SURSRVDO VKRXOG EH RULHQWDWHG WRZDUGV WKHUHFRYHU\ RI VWXGHQWV ZKRSUHVHQW PRUH DQVZHUVDWWKHORZOHYHODQGWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKRVHDWWKH LQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHO
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
7$%/(,
,$&+(',0(16,216,17(16,7@ LQFOXGHV VWDWHPHQWV UHODWHG ZLWK WDVNV FRQFHUQLQJWKHWRROSDUDGLJPDQGSUREOHPVVROXWLRQDQVZHUHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH OHYHO RI FRQILGHQFH LV IRU WRWDOO\XQFRQILGHQWDQGIRUWRWDOO\FRQILGHQW7KHVFDOHVFRUH LVJLYHQE\WKHVXPRIWKHDQVZHUV
< X < with x m =
(3)
7KH DQDO\VLV RI VHOIHIILFDF\ IROORZV WKH VDPH SURFHVV DGRSWHGE\WKH,$&+(WHVWZKHUHWKHUHIHUHQFHYDOXHDQGWKH DYHUDJH SRLQW IRU WKLVSRSXODWLRQ LV SUHVHQWHG LQ 7KH GDWD RIWKHGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVDUHSUHVHQWHGDFFRUGLQJWRILJXUH
)LJXUH 5HVXOWVRIWKHVHOIHIILFDF\VFDOHLQSURFHVVVLQJ
7KH GHVFULSWLYH DQDO\VLV RI WKH DYHUDJH DQG WKH %R[3ORW FKDUWVKRZVWKDWWKHUHLVDODUJHQXPEHURILQGLYLGXDOVZKRVH VHQVHRIVHOIHIILFDF\LVYHU\ORZVLQFHRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ
6LQFH VHOIHIILFDF\ LV D W\SH RI FRQILGHQFH PHDVXUH WKDW RQO\JLYHVVLJQLILFDQWPRGLILFDWLRQUHVXOWVZKHQLWLVDWWKHORZ OHYHO WKH WHDFKHU¶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
7KH JHQHUDO HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH ILUVW H[SHULPHQW ZDV FRQVLGHUHGSRVLWLYHHLWKHUE\VWXGHQWVDVZHOODVE\WKHFRXUVH WHDFKHU DOWKRXJK WKHUH ZDVQ¶W WKH IXOO VXSSRUW RI DOO IRUPDO FRJQLWLYH HYDOXDWLRQ LQVWUXPHQWV FXUUHQWO\ SURSRVHG E\ WKH VWUDWHJ\ ,WV DFFRPSOLVKPHQW ZDV SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSRUWDQW WR JXLGH WKH QHFHVVDU\ FKDQJHVDQG WRSODQ WKH VHFRQG WHVW VWDJH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ ,W KDV VKRZQ WKH QHHG WR XVH IRUPDO HYDOXDWLRQ WRROV DQG QRW RQO\ LQWHUYLHZV WR YDOLGDWH WKH VWUDWHJ\¶VUHVXOWV 3DUW RI WKH LQVWUXPHQWV DQG SUHPLVHV SURSRVHG E\ WKH GHVFULEHG VWUDWHJ\ DUH DOVR EHLQJ XVHG WR FDUU\ RXW YROXQWDU\ ZRUN RIIHULQJ SURJUDPPLQJ VXSSRUW WR DOO VWXGHQWV RI WKH )DFXOW\ RI 6FLHQFHV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &RLPEUD )&78& WKURXJK WKH &RPSXWHU 3URJUDPPLQJ 6XSSRUWLQJ &ODVV 7KLV LQLWLDWLYH ZDV EDFNHG XS E\ WKH )DFXOW\¶V 6XSSRUWLQJ 2IILFH IRU 3RUWXJXHVH6SHDNLQJ )RUHLJQ 6WXGHQWV RULJLQDOO\ DLPHG DW DVVLVWLQJ VWXGHQWV IURP 3RUWXJXHVHVSHDNLQJ $IULFDQ &RXQWULHV 3$/23V WR
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1324
VWUHQJWKHQ DQG GHYHORS WKHLU PLQLPXP FRPSHWHQFHV LQ SUREOHP VROYLQJ DQG SURJUDPPLQJ +DYLQJ ILUVW WDNHQ SODFH EHWZHHQ)HEUXDU\DQG-XQH WKHJRDOLVWKDWWKHVHVWXGHQWV PD\KDYHEHWWHUUHVXOWVLQWKHSURJUDPPLQJFRXUVHVRI)&78& 7KLV LQLWLDWLYH KDV FXUUHQWO\ EURDGHQHG WKH DFFHVV VR WKDW DOO )&78& VWXGHQWV LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKLV NLQG RI VXSSRUW PD\ EH LQFOXGHG 7KHFKDQJHVSURSRVHGE\WKHVWUDWHJ\DOVRVHHNWRVHQVLWL]H IDFXOW\PHPEHUVDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVWDIIRI'(,DQG)&78& VKRZLQJ WKDW WKHUH DUH FKDQJHV ZKLFK FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI SURJUDPPLQJ FRXUVHV ZLWK SRVLWLYH H[SHFWDWLRQVIRUWKHTXDOLW\RIOHDUQLQJDQGPRUHHIILFDF\LQWKH DOORFDWLRQ RI SK\VLFDO DQG KXPDQ UHVRXUFHV ,Q RUGHU WR SDVV IURPUHIOHFWLRQWRDFWLRQLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH SURSRVHG FKDQJHV FDQ EH IRUPDOO\ GRFXPHQWHG LQ D VHW RI PHDVXUHVWKDWKDYHEHHQSUHYLRXVO\WHVWHGLQFRQWH[WVDVFORVH DVSRVVLEOHWRWKHFXUUHQWUHDOLW\ $&.12:/('*0(17 7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKHVWXGHQWVHQUROOHGLQWKH 3URJUDPPLQJ FRXUVH RI WKH 0DVWHUV 'HJUHH LQ 'HVLJQ DQG 0XOWLPHGLDIRUWKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHH[SHULPHQWV 5()(5(1&(6 >@
%&:LOVRQDQG66KURFN³&RQWULEXWLQJWRVXFFHVVLQDQLQWURGXFWRU\ FRPSXWHUVFLHQFHFRXUVH DVWXG\RIWZHOYHIDFWRUV´6,*&6(%XOOYRO QRSS >@ 6:LHGHQEHFN³)DFWRUVDIIHFWLQJWKHVXFFHVVRIQRQPDMRUVLQOHDUQLQJ WR SURJUDP´ LQ ,&(5 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH )LUVW LQWHUQDWLRQDO ZRUNVKRSRQ&RPSXWLQJHGXFDWLRQUHVHDUFK 1HZ@ &%HQQHWWDQG78UQHVV³8VLQJGDLO\VWXGHQWSUHVHQWDWLRQVWRDGGUHVV DWWLWXGHVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVNLOOVLQ&6´LQ6,*&6( 3URFHHGLQJV RIWKHWK$&0WHFKQLFDOV\PSRVLXPRQ&RPSXWHUVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ 1HZ@ 1%'RKQ³.QRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOVIRUSLVDDVVHVVLQJWKHDVVHVVPHQW´ -RXUQDORI3KLORVRSK\RI(GXFDWLRQYROSSIHEUXHUH >@ 0/LSPDQ7KLQNLQJLQ(GXFDWLRQ&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVVWHG >@ 7 -HQNLQV ³2Q WKH GLIILFXOW\ RI OHDUQLQJ WR SURJUDP´ LQ UG $QQXDO &RQIHUHQFH RI /HDUQLQJ DQG 7HDFKLQJ 6XSSRUW 1HWZRUN RI &HQWUH IRU ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH /761,&6 8QLWHG .LQJGRP SS /RXJKERURXJK 8QLYHUVLW\ 7KH +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ $FDGHP\ $JRVWR > @ (/DKWLQHQ.$OD0XWNDDQG+0-DDUYLQHQ³$VWXG\RIGLIILFXOWLHV RIQRYLFHSURJUDPPHUV´LQ,7L&6( 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWKDQQXDO 6,*&6(FRQIHUHQFHRQ ,QQRYDWLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQFRPSXWHUVFLHQFH HGXFDWLRQ 1HZ@ -3 'HQQ\ $ /X[WRQ5HLOO\ DQG % 6LPRQ ³(YDOXDWLQJ D QHZ H[DP TXHVWLRQ 3DUVRQV SUREOHPV´ LQ ,&(5 3URFHHGLQJ RI WKH IRXUWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO ZRUNVKRS RQ &RPSXWLQJ HGXFDWLRQ UHVHDUFK 1HZ @ * :HOOV ³/DQJXDJH DQG HGXFDWLRQ 5HFRQFHSWXDOL]LQJ HGXFDWLRQ DV GLDORJXH´ LQ $QQXDO 5HYLHZ RI $SSOLHG /LQJXLVWLFV RI 2[IRUG 8. YRO SS 6 >@ 0 /LQGKROP ³2EMHFWRULHQWDWLRQ E\ LPPHUVLRQ 7HDFKLQJ RXWVLGH WKH FV GHSDUWPHQW´ LQ 5HSRUW RI (&223 (LJKWK :RUNVKRS RQ 3HGDJRJLHVDQG7RROVIRUWKH7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJRI2EMHFW2ULHQWHG &RQFHSWV %HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ SS6SULQJHU9HUODJ > @ * 6WHJLQN - 3DWHU DQG ' 9URRQ ³&RPSXWHU VFLHQFH DQG JHQHUDO HGXFDWLRQ -DYD JUDSKLFV DQG WKH ZHE´ 6,*&6( %XOO YRO QR SS^ >@ $+0DVORZ0RWLYDWLRQDQG3HUVRQDOLW\1@ 09$EUHX&LQFR(QVDLRVVREUHD0RWLYDomR/LYUDULD$OPHGLQDQG HG >@ 3&%OXPHQIHOG(6RORZD\5:0DU[-6.UDMFLN0*X]GLDO DQG $ 3DOLQFVDU ³0RWLYDWLQJ SURMHFWEDVHG OHDUQLQJ 6XVWDLQLQJ WKH GRLQJ VXSSRUWLQJ WKH OHDUQLQJ´ (GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJLVW YRO SS -XQH >@ 6 GH & 0DUWLQHOOL DQG ' %DUWKRORPHX ³(VFDOD GH PRWLYDomR DFDGrPLFD XPD PHGLGD GH PRWLYDomR H[WUtQVHFD H LQWUtQVHFD´ $YDOLDomR3VLFROyJLFDYROSSMXQKR >@ - 0 .HOOHU ³)LUVW SULQFLSOHV RI PRWLYDWLRQ WR OHDUQ DQG HOHDUQLQJ´ 'LVWDQFH(GXFDWLRQYRO SS$XJXVW >@ 6 0RQWHLUR 5 0 9DVFRQFHORV DQG / 6 $OPHLGD ³5HQGLPHQWR DFDGrPLFR ,QIOXrQFLD GRV PpWRGRV GH HVWXGRV´ LQ $WDV GR 9,, &RQJUHVVR3RUWXJXrVGH3VLFR3HGDJRJLD8QLYHUVLGDGHGR0LQKR %UDJD >@ .HOOHU -0 ,Q 3UHVV 0RWLYDWLRQDO 'HVLJQ IRU /HDUQLQJ DQG 3HUIRUPDQFH 7KH$5&60RGHO$SSURDFK1HZ@ + 0DUJROLV ³6WXGHQW 0RWLYDWLRQ $ 3UREOHP 6ROYLQJ )RFXV´LQ 5HDGLQJ'LVDELOLWLHV %HDWLQJWKH2GGVYRO+0DUJROLVDQG** %UDQQLJDQ (GV 5HDGLQJ %H\RQG-XO\ >@ $ %DQGXUD ³6HOIHIILFDF\ 7RZDUG D XQLI\LQJ WKHRU\ RI EHKDYLRUDO FKDQJH´3V\FKRORJLFDO5HYLHZYROSS 0DUFK > @ 9 5DPDOLQJDP DQG 6 :LHGHQEHFN ³'HYHORSPHQW DQG 9DOLGDWLRQ RI 6FRUHV RQ D &RPSXWHU 3URJUDPPLQJ 6HOI(IILFDF\ 6FDOH DQG *URXS $QDO\VHVRI1RYLFH3URJUDPPHU6HOI(IILFDF\´-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO &RPSXWLQJ5HVHDUFKYRO 1RSS >@ : * +XLWW ³&ULWLFDO WKLQNLQJ $Q RYHUYLHZ´ LQ &ULWLFDO 7KLQNLQJ &RQIHUHQFH LQ %DUQHVYLOOH *$ KWWS FKLURQYDOGDVWDHGXZKXLWWFROFRJV\VFULWWKQNKWPO *RUGRQ &ROOHJHPD\ >@ 6:0DUWLQV8PPRGHORFRPSXWDFLRQDOGHDSRLRDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR SHQVDPHQWR FUtWLFR 3K' WKHVLV 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH 6DQWD &DWDULQD8)6&%UDVLO0DLR >@ - ( 0LQNOHU ³(5,& UHYLHZ /HDUQLQJ FRPPXQLWLHV DW WKH FRPPXQLW\ FROOHJH´&RPPXQLW\&ROOHJH5HYLHZYROQRSS >@ ( 1XXWLOD 6 7|UPl 3 .LQQXQHQ DQG / 0DOPL ³/HDUQLQJ SURJUDPPLQJ ZLWK WKH 3%/ PHWKRG H[SHULHQFHV RQ 3%/ FDVHV DQG WXWRULQJ´SS
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1325
>@ * 0 1RYDN $ *DYULQ DQG & :ROIJDQJ -XVWLQ7LPH 7HDFKLQJ %OHQGLQJ $FWLYH /HDUQLQJ ZLWK :HE 7HFKQRORJ\ 8SSHU 6DGGOH 5LYHU 1-86$ 3UHQWLFH+DOO375 >@ 6 3 /LQGHU ' $EERWW DQG 0 - )URPEHUJHU ³$Q LQVWUXFWLRQDO VFDIIROGLQJ DSSURDFK WR WHDFKLQJ VRIWZDUH GHVLJQ´ - &RPSXW 6PDOO &ROOYROQRSS >@ ( : * &OXD ³$ JDPH RULHQWHG DSSURDFK IRU WHDFKLQJ FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH´$QDLVGR;;9,,,&RQJUHVVRGD6%&SS -XO\ >@ ) 0DQQH ³&RPSHWLQJ LQ FRPSXWLQJ SRVWHU VHVVLRQ ´LQ ,7L&6( 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWKDQQXDO6,*&6(6,*&8(,7L&6(FRQIHUHQFHRQ ,QQRYDWLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\ LQ FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH HGXFDWLRQ 1HZ @ , *UHHQEHUJ 3URFHVVLQJ &UHDWLYH &RGLQJ DQG &RPSXWDWLRQDO $UW )ULHQGVRI(GVWHG >@ 7%DLOH\DQG-)RUEHV³-XVWLQWLPHWHDFKLQJIRU&6´6,*&6(%XOO YROQRSS >@ $VNDU3DQG'D9HQSRUW³$Q,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI)DFWRUV5HODWHGWR6HOI (IILFDF\ IRU -$9$ 3URJUDPPLQJ $PRQJ (QJLQHHULQJ 6WXGHQWHV´ 7KH 7XUNLVK 2QOLQH -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO 7HFKQRORJ\ ± 72-(7 YRO ,VVXH$UWLFOH,661 MDQHLUR
April 14-16, 2010, Madrid, SPAIN 978-1-4244-6571-2/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE IEEE EDUCON Education Engineering 2010 – The Future of Global Learning Engineering Education 1326
