A Hybrid Immune Algorithm with Information Gain for ...

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25

K(t0,t)

Information Gain

20 9.5 15

9 8.5

10

Clones’ avg fit. Pop’s avg fit. Best fit.

8 7.5

5

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Clones’ average fitness Population average fitness Best fitness

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