A Review of the Menopausal Symptoms Management ...

European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.21 No.1 (2008), pp.46-63 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

A Review of the Menopausal Symptoms Management with Herbal Remedies Saadat Parhizkar Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Latiffah Abdul Latiff Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Mohammad Aziz Dollah Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Hassan Syed Tajuddin Syed Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Rashid Ibrahim Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Parichehr Hanachi Biomedical Unite, Women Research Center, alzahra University, Tehran-Iran Abstract Background: Women are frequent users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for menopausal symptoms in many countries. Therapies of choice were herbal remedies, chiropractic, and meditation. Recently, dietary supplements and foods containing phytoestrogens have become increasingly popular, despite the lack of data from clinical trials. Purpose: To review randomized, controlled trials of herbal remedies for menopausal symptoms in order to better inform practice and guide future research. Data Sources: MEDLINE and Cochrane Library database (1980- February 2008) were searched for relevant trials that provided data on treatment of menopausal symptoms using 1 or more herbal remedies. Study Selection: All English language, controlled trials and meta-analyses comparing a botanical with placebo or control for relieving menopausal symptoms. Data Extraction: All eligible trials were identified, subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria, reviewed, and abstracted into evidence tables. Data Synthesis: From 3119 identified abstracts, 85 trials met inclusion criteria, including 50 trials of isoflavones, 15 trials of Black Cohosh, 8 trials of combination of botanicals and other studies were belong to the other herbs.

A Review of the Menopausal Symptoms Management with Herbal Remedies

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Conclusion: Although individual trials suggest benefits from certain therapies, data were insufficient to support the effectiveness of any botanicals in this review for the management of menopausal symptoms. Many of these potential therapies warrant further study in trials with rigorous scientific designs to determine benefit and safety. Keywords: Herbal Remedy, Management, Menopause, Symptoms.

Introduction Menopause is characterized by a rapid and progressive reduction in estradiol, an endogenous form of estrogen. This brings about many changes in a woman's body some of which, like hot flushes, are discomforting but not life-threatening. Others, like loss of bone density and decline in cardiovascular function, have serious life-threatening consequences. Many of these changes can be eliminated or reduced with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Despite its benefits, however, some women are not candidates for this treatment and many others choose not to take it (Jones, 2000). Continuance with HRT, at best, ranges between 50 and 80%. Many women stop treatment after a few months because of side effects or fear of long-term complications (Kessel, 1998). As a result, there is growing interest among patients in natural alternatives to conventional HRT. Women throughout the world had been using plant extracts for hundreds of years to treat uterine disorders, menstrual complaints, pregnancy and childbirth, all apparently without toxic effects, although rigorous long term safety trials were rare. (Roemheld-Hamm, 2005; McKenna, 2001). In the US and Britain, surveys show that 80% of peri and post menopausal women are current or former users of dietary supplements, and 60–70% of users cited the belief that these supplements are good for one’s health. Most women report using such treatments largely because they find these alternatives to traditional medicine more congruent with their values, beliefs, and lifestyles, and they believe that use of these herbal products is natural and safe and cannot hurt them. (Albertazzi, 2002; Mahady, 2003; Kass-Annese, 2000; Goldstein, 1998). The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine had divided complementary and alternative medicine into the following 5 categories: 1) biological 2) mind–body/behavioral 3) energy 4) manipulative and body-based, and 5) whole medical systems. (NCCAM, 2005). Biologically based therapies, purchased over the counter or through specialized health professionals, include botanicals, animal-derived extracts, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, probiotics, whole diets, and functional foods. There are many therapies used as alternatives to HRT including plant estrogens, herbs, vitamins and minerals and unconventional hormones and steroids. Some of the CAMs most commonly used during the menopause include the following: soy and soy products; red clover (Trifolium pratense); black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa); dong quai (Angelica sinensis); chaste tree berry (Vitex agnuscastus), ginseng (Panax ginseng and other Panax species), evening primrose oil (Oenethera biennis), motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)(ACOG, 2001). Botanicals for Menopausal Symptoms 1. Soy products Derived largely from soy products, phytoestrogens are currently the most popular alternative to hormone replacement therapy (Elkind-Hirsch, 2001). They are plant-derived compounds that are structurally and functionally similar to estradiol (Knight, 1996). Isoflavones are one class of phytoestrogens. Genistein and daidzein are the two major types of isoflavones. They are found in soy,

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Saadat Parhizkar, Latiffah Abdul Latiff, Mohammad Aziz Dollah, Hassan Syed Tajuddin Syed, Rashid Ibrahim and Parichehr Hanachi

clover, lentils, beans and chickpeas. In humans, gastrointestinal tract enzymes convert isoflavones into heterocyclic phenols that have a structural similarity to estrogen (Setchell, 1988). The beneficial effects of soy supplements in postmenopausal women have been attributed to these isoflavones. Isoflavones appear to be selective estrogen receptor modulators with modest agonist activity at the beta estrogen receptor, at approximately one-third the potency of estradiol. They also appear to have very weak alpha estrogen receptor activity, with 0.001 the potency of estradiol (Kuiper, 1998). The relative expression of alpha and beta estrogen receptors varies between tissues in the body. Isoflavones appear to have both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic behavior (Cassidy, 1994). 2. Black Cohosh Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) is an indigenous Eastern North American plant that has been used by Native Americans for gynecological conditions since before the arrival of European settlers to North America. Called ‘squaw root’ because it was used primarily for female disorders, it was first listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States in 1830 under the name ‘black snakeroot.’ It was the primary ingredient of Lydia Pinkham's tonic compound for ‘female complaints,’ which sold widely for more than 50 years in the early twentieth century (Pepping, 1999). In 1989, the German Commission E, an expert panel commissioned by the German government to address herbal products, approved black cohosh as a non-prescription medicine for the treatment of climacteric ailments. The commission recommended, however, that black cohosh be used for no longer than 6 months due to an uncertainty about its possible long-term side effects (McKenna, 2001). The treatment of menopausal signs and symptoms has been the primary therapeutic application of black cohosh. It is the main ingredient in the often-used over-the-counter menopausal preparation ‘Remifemin’ (Schaper Brummer, Germany, distributed by PhytoPharmica, Green Bay, WI). The mechanism by which black cohosh may exert its effects is unclear. It was once believed that it may have estrogen-like activity, but the results of various studies have been varied. One study reports that black cohosh binds competitively to the beta estrogen receptor (Duker, 1991), but studies by Remifemin's manufacturer report that it does not perform as a true estrogen (Schaper and Brummer, 1997). The biologically active component of black cohosh is attributed to a number of triterpene glycosides. Remifemin is standardized in respect to triterpene glycoside content. 3. Dong Quai Dong quai is an herb native to Eastern Asia and China. It has been used for more than 1000 years as a spice, tonic and medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. Dong quai is known as the ‘female ginseng’ and is currently the second best-selling herb in China (Zhu, 1987). It is indicated for dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation and as a supportive herb for menopausal complaints (Hardy, 2000).In the West, dong quai has become popular as an herb for treating menopausal symptoms. Dong quai was one of the first alternative therapies to which potentially adverse effects were attributed, for it potentates the effects of warfarin. Dong quai contains furocoumatins, which are coumarin-like substances that act as anticoagulants (Page and Lawrence, 1999). 4. Ginseng The word ‘ginseng’ is derived from ‘panacea,’ meaning cure-all. It is said to boost immunity, energy and vigor, and has been reported to have estrogenic properties. There have been a number of studies reported by Consumer Reports, the Los Angeles Times and Consumerlab.com that have criticized the production quality of ginseng products. One study reported that only 25% of the commercially available products actually contained ginseng (Liberti and Marderosian, 1978). Large quantities of caffeine have also been found in many ginseng products (Taylor, 2001).


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5. Evening primrose oil Evening primrose oil comes from the seeds of the yellow primrose, a North American wildflower. It has a long history of use by Native Americans. The seeds contain oils rich in linolenic acid and γlinolenic acid, precursors of prostaglandin E. Disorders for which evening primrose oil have been tested include atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, mastalgia, breast cysts, premenstrual syndrome and menopausal hot flashes (Kleijnen, 1994). There is a dichotomy between the vast amount of alternative medicine lay literature that women may be reading and the lack of clinical evidence available for physicians on these same topics. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are just beginning to be performed on just a few of the major, non-traditional therapies, with very little clinical information available on the vast majority of alternative dietary supplements. The purpose of this article is review the scientific literature related to herbal product for treatment of menopause-related symptoms.

Methodology The MEDLINE, COCHRANE databases from January 1, 1980 through February 2008 were searched using terms related to botanical and herbal supplements and menopausal symptoms. Databases were searched under the terms hot flash/flush, menopause, and climacteric, combined with alternative medicine, herbal medicine, traditional medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), phytoestrogens, isoflavones, soy, black cohosh, dong quai, ginseng, evening primrose oil, kava. Vitex agnus, red clover and black cohosh. The reference lists of published articles and abstracts were searched for relevant articles that were not found in the database searches. Lay literature concerning alternative medicine use was obtained through Internet searches. Studies were eligible for inclusion if study subjects were peri- or postmenopausal women and were related to menopausal symptoms or postmenopausal symptoms related to aging such as bone density, lipids, cognition, or psychological issues including sleep, anxiety, and memory problems. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials were used when available, although open trials and comparison group studies were also used to gain as much information as possible. Data were abstracted into evidence tables and summarized descriptively (Apendix, Table 1); statistical analysis was not performing, because of the heterogeneity of trials. Outcomes included hot flash frequency and severity, sleep disturbance, vaginal dryness, vaginal bleeding, urinary frequency or incontinence, quality-of-life changes, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and cognitive function, most frequently measured by the Kupperman Index (Li, 2004) and the Greene Climacteric Scale (Sierra, 2005). This review only considers evidence from studies performed from 1980 to 2008.

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Figure 1.

Search and Selection of Trials. We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library database (from January 1, 1980 through February 2008) MEDLINE, COCHRAN library databases 3119 abstract were reviewed

2870 Abstracts were excluded (Not relevant to study)

249 Articles were reviewed 164 Articles were excluded due to: - Use of the other CAMs such as massage, Yoga, Acupuncture and so on - were not Randomized trial - didn't addressed study population

85 articles met criteria

50 articles dietary soy isoflavon

15 articles Black Cohosh

8 articles combination of botanicals

2 articles Ginseng

10 Single studies with other botanicals

Result and Discussion From 3119 identified abstracts, 249 studies which met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. A total of 85 articles met predetermined criteria for inclusion (Figure 1). A majority of eligible studies (50/85) were belong to dietary soy isoflavones (e.g., flour, beverage, powder forms; supplement and extract forms of soy isoflavones; red clover phytoestrogens; and other phytoestrogens). The next largest studies (15/85) was evaluation of Black Cohosh effect's on menopausal symptoms followed by combination of botanicals (8 studies), Ginseng (2 studies) and a single study with other botanicals(Wild Yam, Kava, Evening Primrose Oil, Guar Gum, Dong Quai,, Pueraria, Pollen extract, Vitex agnus castus, St. John’s wort, Hop extract and Ginkgo Biloba). In the soy-based study, there were no differences between groups in the number of hot flashes, but some improvement in both groups when compared with baseline levels. The largest study again showed no differences between groups. The remaining trials showed either no differences between soy and placebo or mixed results. In the red clover studies, there were no differences shown between groups when compared with placebo. Results from the other biologically-based studies, looking at black cohosh,, kava, guar gum, combination of herbs and others, showed improvements in menopausal complaints only among the black cohosh treatment group (Hernandez Monuz et al, 2003). However, another study, using a different formulation of black cohosh, did not show any improvements when compared with placebo (Lehmann- Willenbrock et al, 1988).


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The largest trial enrolled 384 women randomized to either 200 mg/d of a standardaized Ginseng extract or placebo for16 weeks (Wiklund, et al, 1999). Improvement was observed in the treatment group and placebo compare to baseline for a variety of menopausal complaints as measured by the Women Health Questionnaire and included mood, sleep disorders, sweating, and vasomotor symptoms. The longest trial of women enrolled 241 women for 96 weeks and compared 2 doses of isoflavones in a soy drink (58mg/dvs42 mg/d) with placebo (Burke, et al, 2003). Hot flush severity and frequency improved within groups compared to baseline, yet no between group differences in frequency or severity of hot flashes or nights sweats were observed. The most number of studies have been done in United States with 17 trials followed by Italy (13 trials), Germany (12 trials), Australia (9trials), and England (5 trials). The explosion of public interest in alternative and complementary therapies for the treatment of menopausal symptoms will continue to grow and expand in the years ahead. The medical literature examining these therapies needs to grow as well for there is too little clinical evidence currently available. As the number of studies increases, better evidence will become available. Individual trials suggest a benefit for certain therapies, yet data are insufficient to recommend any complementary and alternative therapy as effective for the management of menopausal symptoms. Of the 50 trials of phytoestrogens, only 6 showed a benefit. This is consistent with a recent systematic review of phytoestrogens as treatment for hot flashes that included 25 trials and 2348 participants (krebs, et al, 2004). On the other hand, reaching a definitive conclusion on the efficacy of soy isoflavone extracts is difficult when the products vary so markedly in composition. Additionally, comparison between trials is complicated by variations in dosing and in use of products with different extraction systems. A total of Reports in the literature on botanicals used to treat menopausal symptoms reveal equivocal findings, with some studies reporting efficacy for specific products and others reaching opposite conclusions. Differences in findings across studies of the same botanical may be a function of less than optimal trial design, variation in products used, duration of treatment, inadequate dosing, and/or use of small or noncomparable population samples. When comparing products that differ in extraction technique, delivery system, ratio of ingredients, and dose, the question of equivalency must be considered. It also makes the “pooling” of trial data problematic. Many of the trials failed to provide adequate definitions for “postmenopausal” or “menopausal,” which also may contribute to varied findings. Some treatments may be more effective in the perimenopausal woman than in the postmenopausal woman, or vice versa. Not all herbs and dietary supplements are risk-free. Many herbs are being promoted for nontraditional uses. Newly formulated combination herbal products should be avoided until research data are available; currently, no safety or efficacy data on such combinations have been published. Although plant foods are presumed to be safe, the isolated, often concentrated components have not been tested for long-term use. Furthermore, the number of herbal products in the World marketplace is growing rapidly, and recommended dosages are increasing without research supporting the need for these larger doses. Health care providers and consumers should be aware that despite the potential usefulness of many CAM therapies, scientific research is limited. The popularity of CAM therapies and their therapeutic potential necessitate definitive safety and efficacy studies. It is imperative that future research be directed toward safety and efficacy of the CAM therapies used by women to treat their menopausal symptoms.

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27

52

51

36 (50-65)

75

Balk, et al, 2002

Dalais, et al. 1998

Washburn, et al, 1999

Duffy, et al, 2003, (57)

Faure, et al, 2002

9

10

11

12

13

69 (42-62)

ST Germian, et al 2001 (36)

8

58

Murkies, et al, 1995

24

80

241 (45-55y)

104

104

123

No of Participants (age)

7

6

Han, et al, 2002 (32) Knight, et al, 1998 (31)

Bruke, et al 2003

4

5

Albertazzi, et al 1999 (36)

Cheri, et al, 2002 (34) Albertazzi, et al 1998 (41)

Authors, Year (References)

Soy If extract (genistein & diadzein 70mg/d)

Soy IF supplement 60mg/d

Soy protein 20g/d

Soy Diet (high in IF) or Linseed diet (high in IF)

Soy and Corn Flour (IF) 100mg/d vs Placebo

Soy protein (IF 80mg/d) vs Placebo

Soy Flour 45g/d vs placebo

Soy drink IF 42mg/d or Soy drink IF 58mg/d vs placebo Soy IF (soy protein 50mg/d & IF 33mg/d) vs placebo Soy IF powder beverage 60g/d vs placebo

Isoflavonoid 76 mg/d vs Placebo

Soy Powder 60g/d vs Placebo

Soy Beverage 90mg/d vs Placebo

Intervention & Dosage

Trial of herbal therapy in menopause

16

12

6

12+ 12

24

24

14

12

20

96

12

12

12

Duration of Intervention (week)

Menopausal Symptoms HF & Menopausal Symptoms

RCT Double Blind

HF, hyperestrogenic symptoms Score (HESS), night sweat, Sleep Disturbance

HF

HF, MSQ

HF

RCT

RCT

Cross over

RCT

RCT Double Blind

HF, Mood, Vaginal Dryness, Urinary & Sexual Symptoms, MI

HF, General Symptoms Score

RCT Double Blind RCT

HF, Insomnia, Mood, KI

HF, Night sweats

KI, HF

KI, HF

Frequency and Intensity of HF

Outcomes

RCT

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind RCT Double Blind

Design

Improved cognitive test in both groups

Improved HFs, Night Sweats, Vag Dryness in Placebo group Improved rate of HF with Linseed diet 41% or Placebo 51% but not in Soy diet Improved severity of HF and HESS in soy group No change in Menopausal Symptoms Improved HF in Soy (61%) and placebo 21%

Improved HF in all groups

Improved HF & General Scores in both groups

Improved HF frequency & intensity in both groups Improved HF frequency in both groups but no changes in KI Improved HF frequency in treatment 44%, placebo 31%, no change in KI Improved HF frequency & intensity in all groups Improved HF, Insomnia, Mood and KI in soy group Improved HF frequency in both groups

Findings

France

United States England

Australia

United States

United States

Australia

Australia

Brazil

United States

Italy

Italy

Canada

Country


3

2

1

No

Table 1:

Apendix

58

39

252

205

30

30

37

90

Scambia, et al, 2000

Tice, et al 2003

Atkinson, et al, 2004

Baber, et al, 1999

Jeri, et al, 2002

Van de Weijer, et al, 2002

Knight, et al, 1999

Crisafulli, et al 2004

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

51

50 (48- 54)

Russo, et al, 2003 (18)

20

52

177

177

62

62

56


Lucks, 2003

Kritz- Silverstein, 2003 (31) Nikander, et al, 2003 Penotti, et al, 2003 Quella, et al, 2000 (38) Upmails, et al, 2000, (39)


Genistein placebo

54mg/d

vs

52

12

12

16

Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d vs placebo

Red clover IF tab. 80mg/d vs placebo Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d or 160mg/d vs placebo

28

52

Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d

Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d

12

12

12

12

Vitex agnus castus oil: 2.5 ml dermally Soy based IF 80 mg/d + Black Cohosh 30mg/d Soy extract 400mg/d+ IF 50mg/d followed by CEE .625mg/d for 1 week vs placebo + CEE Red clover If tab. 82mg/d or 57mg/d vs placebo

12

12

24

32

24


Soy IF extract 50 Mg/d

Soy Tab.(IF 36mg/d & Saponin 48mg/d Soy IF 50 mg/d mg/d vs placebo

Phytoestrogen Tab. 228/d

Soy Extract Supplement (IF, 100mg/d)


Trial of herbal therapy in menopause (cont.)

19

18

17

16

15

14

No

Table 1:

Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT

RCT

RCT

RCT

Cross over

RCT Double Blind

RCT

RCT Double Blind

Survey of volunteers, no comparison group

RCT

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Cross over

Cross over trial

RCT Double Blind

Design


HF, Estrogen level

HF, SGS

HF, SGS

HF

HF

Menopausal Symptoms Score GCS, HF

HF, GCS

HF, GCS

HF

Menopausal Symptoms & HF

HF

HF

HF

KI, HF

Cognitive Test

Outcomes

Improved HF in IF group, no changes in GCS Improved Hf 22% at 6 months & 24% at 12 months & improved estrogen in treatment

Improved HF in if group, no changes in GCS

Improved GCS and HF in all groups Improved Menopausal symptom and HF in both groups Improved GCS and HF in both groups Improved HF frequency and severity in treatment group

Improved HF with CEE in both group

Improved HF in soy group

Improved HF improvement in symptoms, emotional problems and HF

Improved HF in Soy group

Improved HF in Soy group

Improved HF in both groups

Improved HF in placebo

Improved KI in both groups,

Findings

Italy

Australia

Netherla nds

Peru

Australia

England

United States

Italy

Italy

United States

United States United States

Italy

Finland

United States

Country

59

85

304

Jacobson, et al, 2001 (41)

Osmar, et al, 2005 (44)

33

34

35

44

43

42

Woo, et al, 2003 (47)

Makkonen, et al 1993 Hirata, er al, 1997 (38) Wiklund, et al 1999 (39)

136

384

71

30

13

Hudson, et al, 1998

40

41

56

Chenoy, et al, 1994 (42)

80

136

39

38

37

62

50

Komesaroff, et al 2001

Wutke, et al 2005 Hernandez Monuz, et al, 2003 (17) Cagnacci, et al 2001 (30)

30

Carranza-Lira, et al, 2001

32

36

145

262

70


Brzezinski, et al 1997 (33)

Sammartino, et al, 2003 Secerto, et al, 2004


Standardized Ginseng extract 200mg/d vs placebo Puerira Lobata and IF 100mg/d or CEE .625 or MPA 5mg/d vs placebo

Dong Quai 4.5g/d vs placebo

12

16

24

26

12

26

12

9

mg/d vs placebo Black Cohosh 1 Tab Twice/daily Kava 100mg/d or 200mg/d+ 1g Ca vs Ca 1g/d Evening Primrose Oil 2g/d+ natural Vit. E 10mg/d vs placebo Combination of botanicals cap 500mg 3 times daily vs placebo Guar Gum 5mg 3 times daily vs placebo

12

12

extract vs placebo Black cohosh 40 mg/d or CEE .625

Black cohosh 2.5 mg/d of Isopropanolic

9

12

Wild Yam Cream I teaspoonful twice daily applied to arms, legs or abdomen vs placebo Black Cohosh 1 tab twice daily vs placebo

4

12

Phytoestrogen rich diet (soy 182mg, Lignana 4mg, Genistein 255mg/d) Phytoestrogen Cream 4mg/d

12

52


Isoflavone 80mg/d

Genistein 36mg/d vs placebo



RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT

Open Trial

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

Cross over

RCT

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

Design

Improved KI in both groups No differences in QOL, Wellbeing & other parameters

Menopausal Symptoms, QOL, Lipid & Hormone profile

Improved KI score in both groups Improved KI score in both groups

Improved HF frequency & severity in both groups

Improved HF in both groups

Improved Depression, GCS, & Anxiety Score in both treatment

Improved HF In B.C group

KI

KI

KI

HF

Depression Score HF

GCS, Anxiety,

HF

Improved Sleep, Irritability, Nervousness, Depression, Night Sweating in both groups Improved HF & MRS in both groups

Improved Mood with Wild Yam cream

HF, Night Sweat, Irritability, Nervousness, Depression HF, MRS HF, MRS

Improved HF & energy level in both groups,

Improved KI in both groups

Improved MSQ score in both groups

Improved GCS in both groups

Improved KI in Treatment

Findings

HF, Mood, Libido, Breast tenderness and energy level

KI

HF, Vag, dryness, MSQ score

GCS

KI

Outcomes

Hong Kong

United States United States

Finland.

Portland

England

Italy

Venezuela

Germany

Germany

United States

Australia

Mexico

Israel

Italy

Italy

Country


31

30

29

No

Table 1:

60

15 (45- 64)

8 (42- 63)

Haghighian, et al, 2005, (37)

Smolinski, et al 2005, (9)

57

58

199 (45- 65)

al

Et

Dodin, 2005

56

351 (45- 55)

al

Newton, et 2006 (40)

97 (45- 65)

60 (more than 40y)

80 (46-58)

55

54

53

Stoll, et al, 1987 (12) LehmannWillenbrock, et al, 1988 (13) Baired, et al 1995, (45)

60 (45-60)

Wamecke, et al 1985 (11)

51

52

30 (45-50)

Hale, et al, 2001

50

64

Winther, et al 2005 (16)

72

34

78

49

48

47

Davis, et al, 2001 (40) Hartley, et al 2003 (60) Mac Gergor, et al, 2005

62

Chen, et al, 2002 (17)

45

46



Herbal herbs)

Combination

Soy protein 35g/d (15

Flaxseed 40g/d vs placebo

Black Cohosh 40 drops twice daily vs CEE .25mg/d or Diazepam 2mg/d Remifemine tab 8mg/d vs placebo Remifemine tab (B.C) 8mg/d vs Estrol or CEE or E/P Soy Diet 165mg/d IF vs usual Diet M.B+ B.C 200 mg/d or M.B + soy diet or CEE with or without Progestrone

12

12

52

52

4

24

12

12

12

Red Clover IF 50mg/d vs placebo

extract

12

12

1

12

16


Pollen extract (Female tab) vs placebo

JWSYS (combination of 13 Chinese Herbs) or CEE or MPA ombination of 12 Chinese Herbs vs placebo Gensing, Ginkgo Tab 120mg/d vs placebo Soy extract 235mg+ IF 17.5mg twice/d



No

Table 1:

Weight, Markers

KI, HF, QOL

Nonrandomized nonplacebo- controlled study

BMI,

Bone

Vasomotor Symptoms, Wiklund Vasomotor Symptoms subscale Score Menopausal Symptoms, BMD, Lipid Profile

VMI, LH, FSH, SHBG

KI, LH, FSH level

KI, HF, HAM-A, VMI

KI, HAM-A, SDS, CGI and VMI

Endometrial Biopsy, Bone Marker, Lipid profile

MRS, HF, QOL

HF, QOL, MSS

GCS

MSQOL, Vasomotor Symptoms (SRSD)

GCS

Outcomes

Open treatment

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

Randomized open treatment controlled Trial

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

Design


Improved KI, HF and QOL

No sig. improvement in outcomes was detect Improved urinary parameters & alkaline phosphatase but other indexes were not significant

Improved V.S &WVSS only in hormone groups

No Sig. changes in outcomes

Improved KI in all groups, no differences among groups

Sig. Improved in KI, HF, HAMA, VMI in treatment groups

Improved KI, HAM-A, SDS, CGI and VMI in all therapies

Improved HF, QOL & other menopausal symptoms in treatment group No changes in Endometrial Biopsy, Bone Marker, Lipid profile

No differences in outcomes

Improved GCS in both groups

Improved MSQOL & SRSD in both groups

Improved GCS in all groups

Findings

United States

Iran

Canada

United States

United States

Germany

Germany

Germany

United States

Sweden

Scotland

England

Australia

Taiwan

Country

61

Petho, 1987

Warneck, et al 1985

Vorberg, 1984

Daiber,et 1983

Stolze, 1982

61

62

63

64

65

al,

Haines, 2007

72

et

JOU, et al 2005 (3)

71

al,

al,

al,

al,

al,

Secerto, et 2004 (33)

Heyerick, et 2006 (42) Imhof, et 2006 (42) Ingels, et 2003 Kwee, et 2007 (12)

al,

70

69

68

67

66

Duker, 1991

60

al,

Liske, et al 1998

59

et


Not Reported

48

232

31 (45- 65)

80 (45- 55)

109 (more than 40y)

67

629 (51y)

36 (45- 62)

50

60 (54y)

50 (46- 56)

110 (52y)

152 (40- 60)


CHM 1.5 or 3 or 6mg/d

35- 70 mg IF supplement vs placebo

IF 80mg/d or IF +Melatonin 3mg/d or Melatonin alone vs Placebo

Soy Isoflavonoid 100mg/d vs placebo Chinese Herbal Medicine vs HRT or Placebo

80mg IF/d vs placebo

16

6

12

12

16

24

12

6- 8

B.C Drops 48- 140mg/d vs placebo 100- 250mg hop extract vs placebo Red Clover extract

12

12

12

24

8

24


B.C Drops 48- 140mg/d vs placebo

B.C Drops 48- 140mg/d vs placebo

B.C tab 48-140 mg/d vs placebo B.C 48-140 mg/d vs CEE or Diazepam

B.C extract tab 8mg/d vs placebo

B.C 40mg/d or 127mg/d vs placebo



RCT Double Blind

RCT

RCT Double Blind

RCT

RCT

Cross over

Prospective RCT

Open Study

RCT

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

RCT Double Blind

Design

GCS, HF, MENQOL

GCS, Lipid profile

GCS

KI & Menopause Symptoms Plasma Testosterone level & Endometrial thickness KI, Lipid profile, BMI, Hormone profile QOL, BMI, HF, Night Sweat

Menopausal Symptoms

KI, CGS

Psychological symptoms, KI, Mood

MI, Vag. Cytology, HAMA Scale, Depressio

Mean menopausal Index

Hormonal profile

KI, Hormone profile, Vag Cytology

Outcomes

Improved in Vag. Cytology& MI,in all groups Significant Improvement in Psychological symptoms, KI, & Mood Sig. Improved KI & CGS in treatment groups Sig. improvement in neurovegetative complaints and Psychological disorder in treatment groups Improved KI & HF in treatment groups Sig, increase Testosterone & decrease Endometrial thickness Improved in KI in treatment group Improved HF 29% in CHM, & 50% in HRT Treatments didn't show advantages for relief of menopausal symptoms over placebo Improved GCS in all groups but no change in Lipid profile Improved HF, Night Sweat, GCS in all doses but medium dose (3g/d) was the most effective

Sig, improvement in MMI

Improved KI in treatment groups but no changes in hormonal level or Vag. Cytology Improved LH & estrogen level but no changes in FSH was observed

Findings

Hong Kong

Taiwan

Italy

Netherlan ds

Australia

Belgium

Belgium

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

France

Germany

Germany

Country


No

Table 1:

62

et

al,

et

al,

Hanachi et al, 2007

85

extract

Soymilk or soymilk +exercise vs placebo

St. John’s wort: 900 mg daily Standardized Soy

Flaxseed 50mg/d or soy 42mg/d vs placebo Korean red ginseng: 6 g daily

IF 118mg/d vs placebo

Extract of IF 40mg/d & Soy extract 60mg/d vs placebo

Soy extract 300mg/d or CEE vs placebo

Standardized Soy extract 400mg/d vs placebo Red Clover extract vs Placebo

Standardized Soy 33mg/d vs placebo

Combination of Botanicals vs Calcium Soy protein25g, IF 50mg/d vs plasebo

Gingko Biloba 120mg/d


12

24

12

4

16

12

12

12+1+12

12+ 12

25

12

12

1


endometrial

Parallel groups

KI, TALP activity & TAS

Menopause Symptoms

Menopause Symptoms

Non-placebo controlled trial Non-placebo controlled trial

Menopause Symptoms & HF

Menopause Symptoms

HF

KI, HF, proliferation

KI, HF, Night Sweat Vag. Cytology

Parallel groups

Parallel groups

Parallel groups

Parallel groups

Cross over

Cross over without Washout period HF

No changes in symptoms compare to placeb Improvement in symptomatology but not sig. changes in soy. Improvement in HF in treatment But not sig. No sig. improvement in MS compare to placebo No sig. changes in menopausal symptoms & HF Improved fatigue, insomnia and depression. Significant improvement in psychological and psychosomatic symptoms of menopause. Improvement in sexual wellbeing, TAS level and TALP activity in treatment groups

placebo more than treatment

Iran

Germany

Japan

Canada

Australia

United State

Brazil

Italy

Thailand Brazil

Improved HF, Night Sweat, Vasomotor Symptoms, Vag PH in treatment Improvement in HF in

HF, Night Sweat, Vasomotor Symptoms, Vag PH

Parallel groups

Italy

No changes in outcomes

Vag Health Index, Vag PH and vag. Cytology

Cross

Randomized over

Italy

England

Improved in Cognitive Test, but no change in Menopausal Symptoms Improved KI in treatment

Country

Findings

KI

Cognitive Test, Mood, Menopausal Symptoms

Outcomes

RCT

RCT

Design

63

Abbreviations: RCT_ Randomized clinical Trial; MI_ Maturation Index; MSQ_ Menopause Symptoms Questionnaire- HESS_ Hyperestrogenic Symptoms Score; GCS: Green Climacteric Score; CGI _ Clinical Global Impression Scale; HAM-A _ Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HDL _ high-density lipoprotein; LH _ luteinizing hormone; FSH _ follicle-stimulating hormone; HDL _ high-density lipoprotein; LDL _ low-density lipoprotein; LH _ luteinizing hormone; VMI _ vaginal maturation index; SDS _ Self-Assessment Depression Scale; SHBG _ sex hormone–binding globulin; VAS _ visual analogue scale; WHQ _ Women’s Health Questionnaire; BC, black cohosh; CEE, conjugated equine estrogen; GCS, Green Climacteric Scale; HF, hot flash or hot flush; IF, isoflavones; KI, Kupperman Index; MSQ, Menopause Symptoms Questionnaire; NBGD, no between-group differences; NR, not reported; SRSD, self-reported symptoms diary; TAS, Total antioxidant status; TALP, Total alkaline phosphatase.

37

111

al,

Grube 1999

84

et

12

87 (45- 60y)

73 (50- 75)

166 (38- 60)

68

60 (more than 40y)

29 (45- 58)

75 (42- 61)

36 (52.5y)

80

Tode et al, 1999

Khaodhiar, et al 2008 Kotsopoulos, et al 2000 Lewis, et al 2006

Kaari, 2006

Campagnoli, et al, 2005 Hidalgo, et al, 2005

Bicca, 2004

Sammartino, et al, 2006 (30) Manonai, et al, 2006

34


83

82

81

80

79

78

77

76

75

74

Hartly, et 2003 (57)

73

al,



No

Table 1:
