searched under the terms hot flash/flush, menopause, and climacteric, .... review of phytoestrogens as treatment for hot flashes that included 25 trials and 2348 ...
European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.21 No.1 (2008), pp.46-63 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm
A Review of the Menopausal Symptoms Management with Herbal Remedies Saadat Parhizkar Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Latiffah Abdul Latiff Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Mohammad Aziz Dollah Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Hassan Syed Tajuddin Syed Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and health Sciences University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Rashid Ibrahim Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Parichehr Hanachi Biomedical Unite, Women Research Center, alzahra University, Tehran-Iran Abstract Background: Women are frequent users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for menopausal symptoms in many countries. Therapies of choice were herbal remedies, chiropractic, and meditation. Recently, dietary supplements and foods containing phytoestrogens have become increasingly popular, despite the lack of data from clinical trials. Purpose: To review randomized, controlled trials of herbal remedies for menopausal symptoms in order to better inform practice and guide future research. Data Sources: MEDLINE and Cochrane Library database (1980- February 2008) were searched for relevant trials that provided data on treatment of menopausal symptoms using 1 or more herbal remedies. Study Selection: All English language, controlled trials and meta-analyses comparing a botanical with placebo or control for relieving menopausal symptoms. Data Extraction: All eligible trials were identified, subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria, reviewed, and abstracted into evidence tables. Data Synthesis: From 3119 identified abstracts, 85 trials met inclusion criteria, including 50 trials of isoflavones, 15 trials of Black Cohosh, 8 trials of combination of botanicals and other studies were belong to the other herbs.
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Conclusion: Although individual trials suggest benefits from certain therapies, data were insufficient to support the effectiveness of any botanicals in this review for the management of menopausal symptoms. Many of these potential therapies warrant further study in trials with rigorous scientific designs to determine benefit and safety. Keywords: Herbal Remedy, Management, Menopause, Symptoms.
Introduction Menopause is characterized by a rapid and progressive reduction in estradiol, an endogenous form of estrogen. This brings about many changes in a woman's body some of which, like hot flushes, are discomforting but not life-threatening. Others, like loss of bone density and decline in cardiovascular function, have serious life-threatening consequences. Many of these changes can be eliminated or reduced with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Despite its benefits, however, some women are not candidates for this treatment and many others choose not to take it (Jones, 2000). Continuance with HRT, at best, ranges between 50 and 80%. Many women stop treatment after a few months because of side effects or fear of long-term complications (Kessel, 1998). As a result, there is growing interest among patients in natural alternatives to conventional HRT. Women throughout the world had been using plant extracts for hundreds of years to treat uterine disorders, menstrual complaints, pregnancy and childbirth, all apparently without toxic effects, although rigorous long term safety trials were rare. (Roemheld-Hamm, 2005; McKenna, 2001). In the US and Britain, surveys show that 80% of peri and post menopausal women are current or former users of dietary supplements, and 60–70% of users cited the belief that these supplements are good for one’s health. Most women report using such treatments largely because they find these alternatives to traditional medicine more congruent with their values, beliefs, and lifestyles, and they believe that use of these herbal products is natural and safe and cannot hurt them. (Albertazzi, 2002; Mahady, 2003; Kass-Annese, 2000; Goldstein, 1998). The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine had divided complementary and alternative medicine into the following 5 categories: 1) biological 2) mind–body/behavioral 3) energy 4) manipulative and body-based, and 5) whole medical systems. (NCCAM, 2005). Biologically based therapies, purchased over the counter or through specialized health professionals, include botanicals, animal-derived extracts, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, probiotics, whole diets, and functional foods. There are many therapies used as alternatives to HRT including plant estrogens, herbs, vitamins and minerals and unconventional hormones and steroids. Some of the CAMs most commonly used during the menopause include the following: soy and soy products; red clover (Trifolium pratense); black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa); dong quai (Angelica sinensis); chaste tree berry (Vitex agnuscastus), ginseng (Panax ginseng and other Panax species), evening primrose oil (Oenethera biennis), motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)(ACOG, 2001). Botanicals for Menopausal Symptoms 1. Soy products Derived largely from soy products, phytoestrogens are currently the most popular alternative to hormone replacement therapy (Elkind-Hirsch, 2001). They are plant-derived compounds that are structurally and functionally similar to estradiol (Knight, 1996). Isoflavones are one class of phytoestrogens. Genistein and daidzein are the two major types of isoflavones. They are found in soy,
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Saadat Parhizkar, Latiffah Abdul Latiff, Mohammad Aziz Dollah, Hassan Syed Tajuddin Syed, Rashid Ibrahim and Parichehr Hanachi
clover, lentils, beans and chickpeas. In humans, gastrointestinal tract enzymes convert isoflavones into heterocyclic phenols that have a structural similarity to estrogen (Setchell, 1988). The beneficial effects of soy supplements in postmenopausal women have been attributed to these isoflavones. Isoflavones appear to be selective estrogen receptor modulators with modest agonist activity at the beta estrogen receptor, at approximately one-third the potency of estradiol. They also appear to have very weak alpha estrogen receptor activity, with 0.001 the potency of estradiol (Kuiper, 1998). The relative expression of alpha and beta estrogen receptors varies between tissues in the body. Isoflavones appear to have both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic behavior (Cassidy, 1994). 2. Black Cohosh Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) is an indigenous Eastern North American plant that has been used by Native Americans for gynecological conditions since before the arrival of European settlers to North America. Called ‘squaw root’ because it was used primarily for female disorders, it was first listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States in 1830 under the name ‘black snakeroot.’ It was the primary ingredient of Lydia Pinkham's tonic compound for ‘female complaints,’ which sold widely for more than 50 years in the early twentieth century (Pepping, 1999). In 1989, the German Commission E, an expert panel commissioned by the German government to address herbal products, approved black cohosh as a non-prescription medicine for the treatment of climacteric ailments. The commission recommended, however, that black cohosh be used for no longer than 6 months due to an uncertainty about its possible long-term side effects (McKenna, 2001). The treatment of menopausal signs and symptoms has been the primary therapeutic application of black cohosh. It is the main ingredient in the often-used over-the-counter menopausal preparation ‘Remifemin’ (Schaper Brummer, Germany, distributed by PhytoPharmica, Green Bay, WI). The mechanism by which black cohosh may exert its effects is unclear. It was once believed that it may have estrogen-like activity, but the results of various studies have been varied. One study reports that black cohosh binds competitively to the beta estrogen receptor (Duker, 1991), but studies by Remifemin's manufacturer report that it does not perform as a true estrogen (Schaper and Brummer, 1997). The biologically active component of black cohosh is attributed to a number of triterpene glycosides. Remifemin is standardized in respect to triterpene glycoside content. 3. Dong Quai Dong quai is an herb native to Eastern Asia and China. It has been used for more than 1000 years as a spice, tonic and medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. Dong quai is known as the ‘female ginseng’ and is currently the second best-selling herb in China (Zhu, 1987). It is indicated for dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation and as a supportive herb for menopausal complaints (Hardy, 2000).In the West, dong quai has become popular as an herb for treating menopausal symptoms. Dong quai was one of the first alternative therapies to which potentially adverse effects were attributed, for it potentates the effects of warfarin. Dong quai contains furocoumatins, which are coumarin-like substances that act as anticoagulants (Page and Lawrence, 1999). 4. Ginseng The word ‘ginseng’ is derived from ‘panacea,’ meaning cure-all. It is said to boost immunity, energy and vigor, and has been reported to have estrogenic properties. There have been a number of studies reported by Consumer Reports, the Los Angeles Times and Consumerlab.com that have criticized the production quality of ginseng products. One study reported that only 25% of the commercially available products actually contained ginseng (Liberti and Marderosian, 1978). Large quantities of caffeine have also been found in many ginseng products (Taylor, 2001).
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5. Evening primrose oil Evening primrose oil comes from the seeds of the yellow primrose, a North American wildflower. It has a long history of use by Native Americans. The seeds contain oils rich in linolenic acid and γlinolenic acid, precursors of prostaglandin E. Disorders for which evening primrose oil have been tested include atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, mastalgia, breast cysts, premenstrual syndrome and menopausal hot flashes (Kleijnen, 1994). There is a dichotomy between the vast amount of alternative medicine lay literature that women may be reading and the lack of clinical evidence available for physicians on these same topics. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are just beginning to be performed on just a few of the major, non-traditional therapies, with very little clinical information available on the vast majority of alternative dietary supplements. The purpose of this article is review the scientific literature related to herbal product for treatment of menopause-related symptoms.
Methodology The MEDLINE, COCHRANE databases from January 1, 1980 through February 2008 were searched using terms related to botanical and herbal supplements and menopausal symptoms. Databases were searched under the terms hot flash/flush, menopause, and climacteric, combined with alternative medicine, herbal medicine, traditional medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), phytoestrogens, isoflavones, soy, black cohosh, dong quai, ginseng, evening primrose oil, kava. Vitex agnus, red clover and black cohosh. The reference lists of published articles and abstracts were searched for relevant articles that were not found in the database searches. Lay literature concerning alternative medicine use was obtained through Internet searches. Studies were eligible for inclusion if study subjects were peri- or postmenopausal women and were related to menopausal symptoms or postmenopausal symptoms related to aging such as bone density, lipids, cognition, or psychological issues including sleep, anxiety, and memory problems. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials were used when available, although open trials and comparison group studies were also used to gain as much information as possible. Data were abstracted into evidence tables and summarized descriptively (Apendix, Table 1); statistical analysis was not performing, because of the heterogeneity of trials. Outcomes included hot flash frequency and severity, sleep disturbance, vaginal dryness, vaginal bleeding, urinary frequency or incontinence, quality-of-life changes, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and cognitive function, most frequently measured by the Kupperman Index (Li, 2004) and the Greene Climacteric Scale (Sierra, 2005). This review only considers evidence from studies performed from 1980 to 2008.
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Figure 1.
Search and Selection of Trials. We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library database (from January 1, 1980 through February 2008) MEDLINE, COCHRAN library databases 3119 abstract were reviewed
2870 Abstracts were excluded (Not relevant to study)
249 Articles were reviewed 164 Articles were excluded due to: - Use of the other CAMs such as massage, Yoga, Acupuncture and so on - were not Randomized trial - didn't addressed study population
85 articles met criteria
50 articles dietary soy isoflavon
15 articles Black Cohosh
8 articles combination of botanicals
2 articles Ginseng
10 Single studies with other botanicals
Result and Discussion From 3119 identified abstracts, 249 studies which met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. A total of 85 articles met predetermined criteria for inclusion (Figure 1). A majority of eligible studies (50/85) were belong to dietary soy isoflavones (e.g., flour, beverage, powder forms; supplement and extract forms of soy isoflavones; red clover phytoestrogens; and other phytoestrogens). The next largest studies (15/85) was evaluation of Black Cohosh effect's on menopausal symptoms followed by combination of botanicals (8 studies), Ginseng (2 studies) and a single study with other botanicals(Wild Yam, Kava, Evening Primrose Oil, Guar Gum, Dong Quai,, Pueraria, Pollen extract, Vitex agnus castus, St. John’s wort, Hop extract and Ginkgo Biloba). In the soy-based study, there were no differences between groups in the number of hot flashes, but some improvement in both groups when compared with baseline levels. The largest study again showed no differences between groups. The remaining trials showed either no differences between soy and placebo or mixed results. In the red clover studies, there were no differences shown between groups when compared with placebo. Results from the other biologically-based studies, looking at black cohosh,, kava, guar gum, combination of herbs and others, showed improvements in menopausal complaints only among the black cohosh treatment group (Hernandez Monuz et al, 2003). However, another study, using a different formulation of black cohosh, did not show any improvements when compared with placebo (Lehmann- Willenbrock et al, 1988).
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The largest trial enrolled 384 women randomized to either 200 mg/d of a standardaized Ginseng extract or placebo for16 weeks (Wiklund, et al, 1999). Improvement was observed in the treatment group and placebo compare to baseline for a variety of menopausal complaints as measured by the Women Health Questionnaire and included mood, sleep disorders, sweating, and vasomotor symptoms. The longest trial of women enrolled 241 women for 96 weeks and compared 2 doses of isoflavones in a soy drink (58mg/dvs42 mg/d) with placebo (Burke, et al, 2003). Hot flush severity and frequency improved within groups compared to baseline, yet no between group differences in frequency or severity of hot flashes or nights sweats were observed. The most number of studies have been done in United States with 17 trials followed by Italy (13 trials), Germany (12 trials), Australia (9trials), and England (5 trials). The explosion of public interest in alternative and complementary therapies for the treatment of menopausal symptoms will continue to grow and expand in the years ahead. The medical literature examining these therapies needs to grow as well for there is too little clinical evidence currently available. As the number of studies increases, better evidence will become available. Individual trials suggest a benefit for certain therapies, yet data are insufficient to recommend any complementary and alternative therapy as effective for the management of menopausal symptoms. Of the 50 trials of phytoestrogens, only 6 showed a benefit. This is consistent with a recent systematic review of phytoestrogens as treatment for hot flashes that included 25 trials and 2348 participants (krebs, et al, 2004). On the other hand, reaching a definitive conclusion on the efficacy of soy isoflavone extracts is difficult when the products vary so markedly in composition. Additionally, comparison between trials is complicated by variations in dosing and in use of products with different extraction systems. A total of Reports in the literature on botanicals used to treat menopausal symptoms reveal equivocal findings, with some studies reporting efficacy for specific products and others reaching opposite conclusions. Differences in findings across studies of the same botanical may be a function of less than optimal trial design, variation in products used, duration of treatment, inadequate dosing, and/or use of small or noncomparable population samples. When comparing products that differ in extraction technique, delivery system, ratio of ingredients, and dose, the question of equivalency must be considered. It also makes the “pooling” of trial data problematic. Many of the trials failed to provide adequate definitions for “postmenopausal” or “menopausal,” which also may contribute to varied findings. Some treatments may be more effective in the perimenopausal woman than in the postmenopausal woman, or vice versa. Not all herbs and dietary supplements are risk-free. Many herbs are being promoted for nontraditional uses. Newly formulated combination herbal products should be avoided until research data are available; currently, no safety or efficacy data on such combinations have been published. Although plant foods are presumed to be safe, the isolated, often concentrated components have not been tested for long-term use. Furthermore, the number of herbal products in the World marketplace is growing rapidly, and recommended dosages are increasing without research supporting the need for these larger doses. Health care providers and consumers should be aware that despite the potential usefulness of many CAM therapies, scientific research is limited. The popularity of CAM therapies and their therapeutic potential necessitate definitive safety and efficacy studies. It is imperative that future research be directed toward safety and efficacy of the CAM therapies used by women to treat their menopausal symptoms.
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[86] [87] [88] [89]
[90]
[91] [92] [93]
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57
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27
52
51
36 (50-65)
75
Balk, et al, 2002
Dalais, et al. 1998
Washburn, et al, 1999
Duffy, et al, 2003, (57)
Faure, et al, 2002
9
10
11
12
13
69 (42-62)
ST Germian, et al 2001 (36)
8
58
Murkies, et al, 1995
24
80
241 (45-55y)
104
104
123
No of Participants (age)
7
6
Han, et al, 2002 (32) Knight, et al, 1998 (31)
Bruke, et al 2003
4
5
Albertazzi, et al 1999 (36)
Cheri, et al, 2002 (34) Albertazzi, et al 1998 (41)
Authors, Year (References)
Soy If extract (genistein & diadzein 70mg/d)
Soy IF supplement 60mg/d
Soy protein 20g/d
Soy Diet (high in IF) or Linseed diet (high in IF)
Soy and Corn Flour (IF) 100mg/d vs Placebo
Soy protein (IF 80mg/d) vs Placebo
Soy Flour 45g/d vs placebo
Soy drink IF 42mg/d or Soy drink IF 58mg/d vs placebo Soy IF (soy protein 50mg/d & IF 33mg/d) vs placebo Soy IF powder beverage 60g/d vs placebo
Isoflavonoid 76 mg/d vs Placebo
Soy Powder 60g/d vs Placebo
Soy Beverage 90mg/d vs Placebo
Intervention & Dosage
Trial of herbal therapy in menopause
16
12
6
12+ 12
24
24
14
12
20
96
12
12
12
Duration of Intervention (week)
Menopausal Symptoms HF & Menopausal Symptoms
RCT Double Blind
HF, hyperestrogenic symptoms Score (HESS), night sweat, Sleep Disturbance
HF
HF, MSQ
HF
RCT
RCT
Cross over
RCT
RCT Double Blind
HF, Mood, Vaginal Dryness, Urinary & Sexual Symptoms, MI
HF, General Symptoms Score
RCT Double Blind RCT
HF, Insomnia, Mood, KI
HF, Night sweats
KI, HF
KI, HF
Frequency and Intensity of HF
Outcomes
RCT
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind RCT Double Blind
Design
Improved cognitive test in both groups
Improved HFs, Night Sweats, Vag Dryness in Placebo group Improved rate of HF with Linseed diet 41% or Placebo 51% but not in Soy diet Improved severity of HF and HESS in soy group No change in Menopausal Symptoms Improved HF in Soy (61%) and placebo 21%
Improved HF in all groups
Improved HF & General Scores in both groups
Improved HF frequency & intensity in both groups Improved HF frequency in both groups but no changes in KI Improved HF frequency in treatment 44%, placebo 31%, no change in KI Improved HF frequency & intensity in all groups Improved HF, Insomnia, Mood and KI in soy group Improved HF frequency in both groups
Findings
France
United States England
Australia
United States
United States
Australia
Australia
Brazil
United States
Italy
Italy
Canada
Country
Saadat Parhizkar, Latiffah Abdul Latiff, Mohammad Aziz Dollah, Hassan Syed Tajuddin Syed, Rashid Ibrahim and Parichehr Hanachi
3
2
1
No
Table 1:
Apendix
58
39
252
205
30
30
37
90
Scambia, et al, 2000
Tice, et al 2003
Atkinson, et al, 2004
Baber, et al, 1999
Jeri, et al, 2002
Van de Weijer, et al, 2002
Knight, et al, 1999
Crisafulli, et al 2004
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
51
50 (48- 54)
Russo, et al, 2003 (18)
20
52
177
177
62
62
56
No of Participants (age)
Lucks, 2003
Kritz- Silverstein, 2003 (31) Nikander, et al, 2003 Penotti, et al, 2003 Quella, et al, 2000 (38) Upmails, et al, 2000, (39)
Authors, Year (References)
Genistein placebo
54mg/d
vs
52
12
12
16
Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d vs placebo
Red clover IF tab. 80mg/d vs placebo Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d or 160mg/d vs placebo
28
52
Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d
Red clover IF tab. 40mg/d
12
12
12
12
Vitex agnus castus oil: 2.5 ml dermally Soy based IF 80 mg/d + Black Cohosh 30mg/d Soy extract 400mg/d+ IF 50mg/d followed by CEE .625mg/d for 1 week vs placebo + CEE Red clover If tab. 82mg/d or 57mg/d vs placebo
12
12
24
32
24
Duration of Intervention (week)
Soy IF extract 50 Mg/d
Soy Tab.(IF 36mg/d & Saponin 48mg/d Soy IF 50 mg/d mg/d vs placebo
Phytoestrogen Tab. 228/d
Soy Extract Supplement (IF, 100mg/d)
Intervention & Dosage
Trial of herbal therapy in menopause (cont.)
19
18
17
16
15
14
No
Table 1:
Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT
RCT
RCT
RCT
Cross over
RCT Double Blind
RCT
RCT Double Blind
Survey of volunteers, no comparison group
RCT
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Cross over
Cross over trial
RCT Double Blind
Design
A Review of the Menopausal Symptoms Management with Herbal Remedies
HF, Estrogen level
HF, SGS
HF, SGS
HF
HF
Menopausal Symptoms Score GCS, HF
HF, GCS
HF, GCS
HF
Menopausal Symptoms & HF
HF
HF
HF
KI, HF
Cognitive Test
Outcomes
Improved HF in IF group, no changes in GCS Improved Hf 22% at 6 months & 24% at 12 months & improved estrogen in treatment
Improved HF in if group, no changes in GCS
Improved GCS and HF in all groups Improved Menopausal symptom and HF in both groups Improved GCS and HF in both groups Improved HF frequency and severity in treatment group
Improved HF with CEE in both group
Improved HF in soy group
Improved HF improvement in symptoms, emotional problems and HF
Improved HF in Soy group
Improved HF in Soy group
Improved HF in both groups
Improved HF in placebo
Improved KI in both groups,
Findings
Italy
Australia
Netherla nds
Peru
Australia
England
United States
Italy
Italy
United States
United States United States
Italy
Finland
United States
Country
59
85
304
Jacobson, et al, 2001 (41)
Osmar, et al, 2005 (44)
33
34
35
44
43
42
Woo, et al, 2003 (47)
Makkonen, et al 1993 Hirata, er al, 1997 (38) Wiklund, et al 1999 (39)
136
384
71
30
13
Hudson, et al, 1998
40
41
56
Chenoy, et al, 1994 (42)
80
136
39
38
37
62
50
Komesaroff, et al 2001
Wutke, et al 2005 Hernandez Monuz, et al, 2003 (17) Cagnacci, et al 2001 (30)
30
Carranza-Lira, et al, 2001
32
36
145
262
70
No of Participants (age)
Brzezinski, et al 1997 (33)
Sammartino, et al, 2003 Secerto, et al, 2004
Authors, Year (References)
Standardized Ginseng extract 200mg/d vs placebo Puerira Lobata and IF 100mg/d or CEE .625 or MPA 5mg/d vs placebo
Dong Quai 4.5g/d vs placebo
12
16
24
26
12
26
12
9
mg/d vs placebo Black Cohosh 1 Tab Twice/daily Kava 100mg/d or 200mg/d+ 1g Ca vs Ca 1g/d Evening Primrose Oil 2g/d+ natural Vit. E 10mg/d vs placebo Combination of botanicals cap 500mg 3 times daily vs placebo Guar Gum 5mg 3 times daily vs placebo
12
12
extract vs placebo Black cohosh 40 mg/d or CEE .625
Black cohosh 2.5 mg/d of Isopropanolic
9
12
Wild Yam Cream I teaspoonful twice daily applied to arms, legs or abdomen vs placebo Black Cohosh 1 tab twice daily vs placebo
4
12
Phytoestrogen rich diet (soy 182mg, Lignana 4mg, Genistein 255mg/d) Phytoestrogen Cream 4mg/d
12
52
Duration of Intervention (week)
Isoflavone 80mg/d
Genistein 36mg/d vs placebo
Intervention & Dosage
Trial of herbal therapy in menopause (cont.)
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT
Open Trial
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
Cross over
RCT
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
Design
Improved KI in both groups No differences in QOL, Wellbeing & other parameters
Menopausal Symptoms, QOL, Lipid & Hormone profile
Improved KI score in both groups Improved KI score in both groups
Improved HF frequency & severity in both groups
Improved HF in both groups
Improved Depression, GCS, & Anxiety Score in both treatment
Improved HF In B.C group
KI
KI
KI
HF
Depression Score HF
GCS, Anxiety,
HF
Improved Sleep, Irritability, Nervousness, Depression, Night Sweating in both groups Improved HF & MRS in both groups
Improved Mood with Wild Yam cream
HF, Night Sweat, Irritability, Nervousness, Depression HF, MRS HF, MRS
Improved HF & energy level in both groups,
Improved KI in both groups
Improved MSQ score in both groups
Improved GCS in both groups
Improved KI in Treatment
Findings
HF, Mood, Libido, Breast tenderness and energy level
KI
HF, Vag, dryness, MSQ score
GCS
KI
Outcomes
Hong Kong
United States United States
Finland.
Portland
England
Italy
Venezuela
Germany
Germany
United States
Australia
Mexico
Israel
Italy
Italy
Country
Saadat Parhizkar, Latiffah Abdul Latiff, Mohammad Aziz Dollah, Hassan Syed Tajuddin Syed, Rashid Ibrahim and Parichehr Hanachi
31
30
29
No
Table 1:
60
15 (45- 64)
8 (42- 63)
Haghighian, et al, 2005, (37)
Smolinski, et al 2005, (9)
57
58
199 (45- 65)
al
Et
Dodin, 2005
56
351 (45- 55)
al
Newton, et 2006 (40)
97 (45- 65)
60 (more than 40y)
80 (46-58)
55
54
53
Stoll, et al, 1987 (12) LehmannWillenbrock, et al, 1988 (13) Baired, et al 1995, (45)
60 (45-60)
Wamecke, et al 1985 (11)
51
52
30 (45-50)
Hale, et al, 2001
50
64
Winther, et al 2005 (16)
72
34
78
49
48
47
Davis, et al, 2001 (40) Hartley, et al 2003 (60) Mac Gergor, et al, 2005
62
Chen, et al, 2002 (17)
45
46
No of Participants (age)
Authors, Year (References)
Herbal herbs)
Combination
Soy protein 35g/d (15
Flaxseed 40g/d vs placebo
Black Cohosh 40 drops twice daily vs CEE .25mg/d or Diazepam 2mg/d Remifemine tab 8mg/d vs placebo Remifemine tab (B.C) 8mg/d vs Estrol or CEE or E/P Soy Diet 165mg/d IF vs usual Diet M.B+ B.C 200 mg/d or M.B + soy diet or CEE with or without Progestrone
12
12
52
52
4
24
12
12
12
Red Clover IF 50mg/d vs placebo
extract
12
12
1
12
16
Duration of Intervention (week)
Pollen extract (Female tab) vs placebo
JWSYS (combination of 13 Chinese Herbs) or CEE or MPA ombination of 12 Chinese Herbs vs placebo Gensing, Ginkgo Tab 120mg/d vs placebo Soy extract 235mg+ IF 17.5mg twice/d
Intervention & Dosage
Trial of herbal therapy in menopause (cont.)
No
Table 1:
Weight, Markers
KI, HF, QOL
Nonrandomized nonplacebo- controlled study
BMI,
Bone
Vasomotor Symptoms, Wiklund Vasomotor Symptoms subscale Score Menopausal Symptoms, BMD, Lipid Profile
VMI, LH, FSH, SHBG
KI, LH, FSH level
KI, HF, HAM-A, VMI
KI, HAM-A, SDS, CGI and VMI
Endometrial Biopsy, Bone Marker, Lipid profile
MRS, HF, QOL
HF, QOL, MSS
GCS
MSQOL, Vasomotor Symptoms (SRSD)
GCS
Outcomes
Open treatment
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
Randomized open treatment controlled Trial
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
Design
A Review of the Menopausal Symptoms Management with Herbal Remedies
Improved KI, HF and QOL
No sig. improvement in outcomes was detect Improved urinary parameters & alkaline phosphatase but other indexes were not significant
Improved V.S &WVSS only in hormone groups
No Sig. changes in outcomes
Improved KI in all groups, no differences among groups
Sig. Improved in KI, HF, HAMA, VMI in treatment groups
Improved KI, HAM-A, SDS, CGI and VMI in all therapies
Improved HF, QOL & other menopausal symptoms in treatment group No changes in Endometrial Biopsy, Bone Marker, Lipid profile
No differences in outcomes
Improved GCS in both groups
Improved MSQOL & SRSD in both groups
Improved GCS in all groups
Findings
United States
Iran
Canada
United States
United States
Germany
Germany
Germany
United States
Sweden
Scotland
England
Australia
Taiwan
Country
61
Petho, 1987
Warneck, et al 1985
Vorberg, 1984
Daiber,et 1983
Stolze, 1982
61
62
63
64
65
al,
Haines, 2007
72
et
JOU, et al 2005 (3)
71
al,
al,
al,
al,
al,
Secerto, et 2004 (33)
Heyerick, et 2006 (42) Imhof, et 2006 (42) Ingels, et 2003 Kwee, et 2007 (12)
al,
70
69
68
67
66
Duker, 1991
60
al,
Liske, et al 1998
59
et
Authors, Year (References)
Not Reported
48
232
31 (45- 65)
80 (45- 55)
109 (more than 40y)
67
629 (51y)
36 (45- 62)
50
60 (54y)
50 (46- 56)
110 (52y)
152 (40- 60)
No of Participants (age)
CHM 1.5 or 3 or 6mg/d
35- 70 mg IF supplement vs placebo
IF 80mg/d or IF +Melatonin 3mg/d or Melatonin alone vs Placebo
Soy Isoflavonoid 100mg/d vs placebo Chinese Herbal Medicine vs HRT or Placebo
80mg IF/d vs placebo
16
6
12
12
16
24
12
6- 8
B.C Drops 48- 140mg/d vs placebo 100- 250mg hop extract vs placebo Red Clover extract
12
12
12
24
8
24
Duration of Intervention (week)
B.C Drops 48- 140mg/d vs placebo
B.C Drops 48- 140mg/d vs placebo
B.C tab 48-140 mg/d vs placebo B.C 48-140 mg/d vs CEE or Diazepam
B.C extract tab 8mg/d vs placebo
B.C 40mg/d or 127mg/d vs placebo
Intervention & Dosage
Trial of herbal therapy in menopause (cont.)
RCT Double Blind
RCT
RCT Double Blind
RCT
RCT
Cross over
Prospective RCT
Open Study
RCT
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
RCT Double Blind
Design
GCS, HF, MENQOL
GCS, Lipid profile
GCS
KI & Menopause Symptoms Plasma Testosterone level & Endometrial thickness KI, Lipid profile, BMI, Hormone profile QOL, BMI, HF, Night Sweat
Menopausal Symptoms
KI, CGS
Psychological symptoms, KI, Mood
MI, Vag. Cytology, HAMA Scale, Depressio
Mean menopausal Index
Hormonal profile
KI, Hormone profile, Vag Cytology
Outcomes
Improved in Vag. Cytology& MI,in all groups Significant Improvement in Psychological symptoms, KI, & Mood Sig. Improved KI & CGS in treatment groups Sig. improvement in neurovegetative complaints and Psychological disorder in treatment groups Improved KI & HF in treatment groups Sig, increase Testosterone & decrease Endometrial thickness Improved in KI in treatment group Improved HF 29% in CHM, & 50% in HRT Treatments didn't show advantages for relief of menopausal symptoms over placebo Improved GCS in all groups but no change in Lipid profile Improved HF, Night Sweat, GCS in all doses but medium dose (3g/d) was the most effective
Sig, improvement in MMI
Improved KI in treatment groups but no changes in hormonal level or Vag. Cytology Improved LH & estrogen level but no changes in FSH was observed
Findings
Hong Kong
Taiwan
Italy
Netherlan ds
Australia
Belgium
Belgium
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
France
Germany
Germany
Country
Saadat Parhizkar, Latiffah Abdul Latiff, Mohammad Aziz Dollah, Hassan Syed Tajuddin Syed, Rashid Ibrahim and Parichehr Hanachi
No
Table 1:
62
et
al,
et
al,
Hanachi et al, 2007
85
extract
Soymilk or soymilk +exercise vs placebo
St. John’s wort: 900 mg daily Standardized Soy
Flaxseed 50mg/d or soy 42mg/d vs placebo Korean red ginseng: 6 g daily
IF 118mg/d vs placebo
Extract of IF 40mg/d & Soy extract 60mg/d vs placebo
Soy extract 300mg/d or CEE vs placebo
Standardized Soy extract 400mg/d vs placebo Red Clover extract vs Placebo
Standardized Soy 33mg/d vs placebo
Combination of Botanicals vs Calcium Soy protein25g, IF 50mg/d vs plasebo
Gingko Biloba 120mg/d
Intervention & Dosage
12
24
12
4
16
12
12
12+1+12
12+ 12
25
12
12
1
Duration of Intervention (week)
endometrial
Parallel groups
KI, TALP activity & TAS
Menopause Symptoms
Menopause Symptoms
Non-placebo controlled trial Non-placebo controlled trial
Menopause Symptoms & HF
Menopause Symptoms
HF
KI, HF, proliferation
KI, HF, Night Sweat Vag. Cytology
Parallel groups
Parallel groups
Parallel groups
Parallel groups
Cross over
Cross over without Washout period HF
No changes in symptoms compare to placeb Improvement in symptomatology but not sig. changes in soy. Improvement in HF in treatment But not sig. No sig. improvement in MS compare to placebo No sig. changes in menopausal symptoms & HF Improved fatigue, insomnia and depression. Significant improvement in psychological and psychosomatic symptoms of menopause. Improvement in sexual wellbeing, TAS level and TALP activity in treatment groups
placebo more than treatment
Iran
Germany
Japan
Canada
Australia
United State
Brazil
Italy
Thailand Brazil
Improved HF, Night Sweat, Vasomotor Symptoms, Vag PH in treatment Improvement in HF in
HF, Night Sweat, Vasomotor Symptoms, Vag PH
Parallel groups
Italy
No changes in outcomes
Vag Health Index, Vag PH and vag. Cytology
Cross
Randomized over
Italy
England
Improved in Cognitive Test, but no change in Menopausal Symptoms Improved KI in treatment
Country
Findings
KI
Cognitive Test, Mood, Menopausal Symptoms
Outcomes
RCT
RCT
Design
63
Abbreviations: RCT_ Randomized clinical Trial; MI_ Maturation Index; MSQ_ Menopause Symptoms Questionnaire- HESS_ Hyperestrogenic Symptoms Score; GCS: Green Climacteric Score; CGI _ Clinical Global Impression Scale; HAM-A _ Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HDL _ high-density lipoprotein; LH _ luteinizing hormone; FSH _ follicle-stimulating hormone; HDL _ high-density lipoprotein; LDL _ low-density lipoprotein; LH _ luteinizing hormone; VMI _ vaginal maturation index; SDS _ Self-Assessment Depression Scale; SHBG _ sex hormone–binding globulin; VAS _ visual analogue scale; WHQ _ Women’s Health Questionnaire; BC, black cohosh; CEE, conjugated equine estrogen; GCS, Green Climacteric Scale; HF, hot flash or hot flush; IF, isoflavones; KI, Kupperman Index; MSQ, Menopause Symptoms Questionnaire; NBGD, no between-group differences; NR, not reported; SRSD, self-reported symptoms diary; TAS, Total antioxidant status; TALP, Total alkaline phosphatase.
37
111
al,
Grube 1999
84
et
12
87 (45- 60y)
73 (50- 75)
166 (38- 60)
68
60 (more than 40y)
29 (45- 58)
75 (42- 61)
36 (52.5y)
80
Tode et al, 1999
Khaodhiar, et al 2008 Kotsopoulos, et al 2000 Lewis, et al 2006
Kaari, 2006
Campagnoli, et al, 2005 Hidalgo, et al, 2005
Bicca, 2004
Sammartino, et al, 2006 (30) Manonai, et al, 2006
34
No of Participants (age)
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
Hartly, et 2003 (57)
73
al,
Authors, Year (References)
Trial of herbal therapy in menopause (cont.)
No
Table 1:
A Review of the Menopausal Symptoms Management with Herbal Remedies