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ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 08, No. 04
August 2015, P.P.1892-1898
A WebGIS based Decision Support System for Land Use and Land Cover Changes: A Case Study of Tiruvallur Block, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu JAYAKUMAR K1 AND MALARVANNAN S2 1
Centre for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Sathyabama University, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Jeppiaar Nagar, Sholinganallur, Chennai - 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India 2 IEC, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai – 600 113 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract: Urban land use and land covers have considerably been changed throughout worldwide and India is no exception for the same. Urban information is very limited and crucial and not updated in a systemic manner in some cases. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are the state of the art tools widely used for the management of urban resources. Available spatial information is not in single end. To overcome this problem, open source based WebGIS is developed and spatial datasets were incorporated for wider dessimination of urban information to all the stakeholders for better planning and management through web. The results of the present study revealed that in Tiruvallur block most of the areas are covered by water bodies, open space, agricultural land had decreased from 18,941 ha to 14,135 ha over the period of 25 years. In contrast, built-up areas increased from 1,889 ha in 1988 to 6,696 ha in 2013. The WebGIS based study is useful to stakeholders with up-to-date spatial information on residential and non-residential areas in order to guide strategic implementation of sustainable urban land use planning and management. Keywords: Land use/Land cover, Stakeholders, Planning and Management, WebGIS. 1.
Introduction
Land use and land cover are most important resources, which are influenced by anthropogenic causes at different scale (Manonmani and Mary Divya Suganya, 2010). The term land use and land cover are often used in the urban studies interchangeably but these two have different meanings. The land use refers to the way in which human beings use the land and its resources. The land use features includes built up land, agricultural land, recreational area like parks, wildlife management and reservoirs, etc. whereas the land cover refers to the natural and anthropogenic features that can be observed on the surface of the earth. The land cover features includes water bodies, wetlands, forests, built areas and grasslands, etc. (Fonji and Taff, 2014). It is essential to build a high-quality planning and decision making process for more reliable, valuable and sustainable land resources management and environment in a particular region. Already available information on land use and land covers is very limited and dynamic. Especially, urban land cover types and their spatial distributions are basic data, which is required for a broad level of studies in the physical and social science for the purpose of planning and management (Bijender and Joginder, 2014). The recent development of Remote Sensing, GIS
and GPS are widely being used as an effective tool for mapping and monitoring the urban growth and land use and land cover change and sprawl (Lillesand et al., 2008; Manonmani and Mary Divya Suganya, 2010; Ezeomedo and Igbokwe, 2013; Fonji and Taff, 2014). Numerous studies have used GIS and RS techniques across the world for land use and land cover mapping (Manonmani and Mary Divya Suganya, 2010; Selvam, 2012; Tripathi and Manish Kumar, 2012; Chris Baynard, 2013; Ezeomedo and Igbokwe, 2013; Kamusoko et al., 2013). Satellite data have been utilized to measure the qualitative and quantitative terrestrial land-cover changes (Aithal Et al., 2012; Gerald Forkuor and Olufunke Cofie, 2011). Moderate resolution satellite images are most common type of data for land use and land cover classification and its spatial-temporal dynamic change (Pandian et al., 2014; Sudhira et al., 2004; Daniel Redo, 2011; Anil et al., 2011). Due to temporal revisiting capability of the satellite data, it allows to monitor the land use in all seasons, every year. A WebGIS is an advancement of GIS and Internet technologies for entering, designing, storing spatial datasets and implementing them in a visual, dynamic and interactive format (Jayakumar, 2014; Xie et al., 2011). The speed and development in internet and advancement in hardware and software provides area
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based decision support system between web application server and the user or different stakeholders (Choi et al., 2005; Jayakumar, 2014). The aim of this study is to develop WebGIS using open source software and incorporate spatial data of land use and land cover changes for Tiruvallur block, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu for the last few decades. Rate of spatial expansion over the past 25 years have been assessed in this study using satellite data. 2.
Study Area
Tiruvallur block is located in Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu, India (Figure 1). The block is bounded by Poonamallee and Kadambathur in the South, Poondi in the West, Villivakkam and Sholavaram in the East and Ellapuram in the North. The block comprises of 38 Panchayat villages and the total area covers about 208.3 sq km. Geographically the study area lies between 13° 8’ 23” and 13° 14’ 24” North Latitude and 79° 53’ 0” and 80° 1’ 33” East Longitude. According to 2011 Census of India, the population of Tiruvallur district was 37, 28,104 and the Tiruvallur block had the population of 56,057 a change of 10,557 persons compared to the population in 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Tiruvallur block recorded increase of 6,953 persons in its population compared to 1991. Tiruvallur block is one of the fastest growing block in terms of industrialization, urbanization, commercialization and other development, which leads to economic centre of Tiruvallur district as well as Tamil Nadu. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures of Tiruvallur block are 33ºC and 24ºC respectively. The average annual rainfall is around 1104 millimeters (http://www.tiruvallur.tn.nic.in/). The block is located 42 km from Chennai, and its adjacent areas face several threats such as dense population, conversion of land into different uses (settlement, industrialization, urbanization, road and railway expansion), dust pollution, erratic weather patterns, waste disposal, water contamination and lack of drinking water. 3.
Materials and Methodology
In this study, remote sensing data and ancillary data (topographical maps, ground truth survey, MS4W (MapServer for Windows), FIST (Flexible Internet Spatial Template) and PostgreSQL (ORDMS) (ObjectRelational Database Management System) were used. The satellite data of Landsat-5 TM (Thematic Mapper) data of 1988 and Landsat-7 ETM + (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) data of 2013 were used. The satellite data covering study area were downloaded from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) website (http://glovis.usgs.gov). The topographical maps of 66 C/4 and 57 O/16 were collected from Survey of India (SOI) at 1:50,000 for the year 1976, scanned, geo-
referenced and digitized urban layers in the study area and used as reference map. The downloaded satellite data were used geo-coded with geographical projection WGS 84 (World Geodetic System) datum parameters. Processed satellite images were visually interpreted using onscreen digitization method and delineated five land use features using ERDAS IMAGINE software, 2011 version. They were settlements, crop land, fallow and water bodies (lakes and river). The classification of land use and land cover features was verified with ground truth survey using GPS and Google Earth images and finalized the maps derived from satellite based. The baseline information from SOI topographical maps of 1976 and the Remote Sensing (RS) data of 1988 and 2013 are used to assess the changes in the block. The aim of the present study is to incorporate all the information for study area, in this regard the administrative boundaries were downloaded from the NIC website (http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php?dcode=26) and georeferenced and digitized using ARCGIS 10 version. The open sources software of MS4W, (http://www.maptools.org/ms4w/) FIST http://190.136.181.39/fist/fistMain.php?site) and PostgreSQL (http://www.postgresql.org/download/) were downloaded from the internet and installed. To integrate spatial datasets of Tiruvallur block, the popular three-tier architecture was used. This architecture was divided into three tiers such as application tier, middle tier and a data management tier shown in figure 2. The major aim of this architecture was to solve a number of recurring design and development problems, therefore to make the application development work more effectively and efficiently. The first one consists (application tier) of client side components, which are used to send requests to the server and to view the results (input\output).The second one (middle tier) is the heart of any solution and consists of the server side components including the Web server and application server. Finally, the data management tier accountable for the organization of both spatial and attribute data in the application. In some case, one server is used as data management tier and middle tier. In other cases, each tier can be on a separate server. 4.
Results and Discussion
In the present study, Remote Sensing and GIS techniques were used to map and monitor the urban growth and development of Tiruvallur block over the period of 25 years. The open source software used to develop WebGIS to integrate and disseminate the spatial data of Tiruvallur in a single platform, which avoids data duplication, making the data standardization, save time and money, ownership problem and users friendly. The Web based GIS provide a lot of benefits to users (students, scientists, NGOs,
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 08, No. 04, August, 2015, pp. 1892-1898
A WebGIS based Decision Support System for Land Use and Land Cover Changes: A Case Study of Tiruvallur Block, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu policy maker and administrators etc) to view, interact and query the spatial data for the decision making process, which may act as a fast remedial measures to the grass root level. 4.1. Home page of WebGIS and Maps section The starting page of the website gives hints on how to proceed to get the information on WebGIS platform. The user can directly access the spatial data of the study area at any scale by a click on Tiruvallur under the public map services. In the map section, there are five folders on the left side; a small window contains administrative boundary, land use 1976, 1988 and 2013 and urban growth map. The first folder contains administrative boundaries of Tiruvallur district and Tamil Nadu state. The second folder contains baseline information of Tiruvallur block (1976), which includes location of villages, canals, roads and railway lines, block boundary, water bodies (rivers and lakes etc.) and settlements respectively. The third and fourth folders contain land use and land cover maps of 1988 and 2013 respectively. The fifth folder contains urban growth maps for the settlements for the years of 1976, 1988 and 2013. Any user can click on one of the folders and select the preferred file by clicking on the check box. In addition, there is a tool bar to navigate within the maps, when the users require more details, just has to click on the tool itself that would reveal detailed information. 4.2. Land use and Land cover of Tiruvallur (1976) The topographical maps of 1976 on 1:50,000 scale prepared by Survey of India (SOI) was used to derive the baseline information of the study area. The baseline information such as location of villages, road networks, railway lines, canals, agriculture (crop land and fallow), settlement and water bodies (rivers, lakes and ponds) were mapped and added into WebGIS. This spatial map of Tiruvallur block in WebGIS showed (Figure 3), that at that point of the period (1976), the block was small town surrounded by many hamlets and most of the land was under agriculture and followed by open space, water bodies and settlement. The map showed that the extent of land use and land cover features such as agriculture, which includes crop land, fallow and open space are spread over all the directions, but very limited. 4.3. Land use and Land cover of Tiruvallur (1988) Landsat-5 TM of satellite data was used to derive the urban land use and land cover map of 1988 and integrated this spatial information into WebGIS. The spatial map in WebGIS showed (Figure 4) that 9% (1,889 ha) of settlement followed by 12% (2,500 ha) of cropland, 13% (2,684 ha) of water bodies and rest of the 66% (13,757 ha) are fallow. It is noticed that the spatial
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extent of the crop lands are less in the South direction of the Tiruvallur block. The total population of the block has increased 12,700 in 1941, 18,847 in 1951, 19,757 in 1961, 23,324 in 1971, 32,156 in 1981 and 38,564 in 1991 the growth of pupulation in every 10 years is increasing highly (Table 1) (Census of India, 1991 and 2001). 4.4. Land use and Land cover of Tiruvallur (2013) The urban land use and land cover map of Tiruvallur block for the year of 2013 was prepared by using Landsat-7 ETM+ data, after that it was incorporated into WebGIS platform (Figure 5). The spatial map of urban land use and land cover in WebGIS plaftform showed that the settlement increased to 23% (9% in 1988 and 32 % in 2013). While water bodies to 4% (13 % in 1988 and 9% in 2013), crop land to 3% (12% in 1988 and 9% in 2013) and fallow to 16% (66% in 1988 and 50% in 2013) area declined. It is noticed that about 16 % agricultural land has converted to settlement. This increase is compared to its pervious percentage in 1988. This difference is due to the conversion of agricultural land for settlement. The spatial extent of the settlement indicates that the 23% expansion and the growth of the settlement occurred in all the direction, but less in the North direction of the Tiruvallur block. It may be concluded that the block is in growing stage. 4.5. Functions of WebGIS In this case study, a WebGIS was developed using open source software to monitor an urban growth of Tiruvallur block. This was implemented through three components such as data server, map and application server and finally web server. These three components were enable spatial data and attribute data to serve different stakeholders and provide reliable information; an urban landuse and land cover spatial database to assist the urban web information service platform is designed and implemented. The most common tools such as zoom in, zoom out, pan, measurement tools, identify features, select features, draw features and exports maps with these tools the user can effectively perform operations that may be helpful to their research work. 4.6. Land use and Land cover changes between 1988 and 2013 The total area of Tiruvallur block is 20,830 hectares (ha). Out of that total agriculture land occupied were 16,257 ha and 12,235 ha respectively during 1988 and 2013 (Table 2). The water bodies comprised 2,684 ha in 1988 and 1,900 ha in 2013. The settlement areas increased tremendously, which was noticed as 1,889 ha in 1988 and 6,696 ha in 2013. This may be attributed to the exploitation of agricultural land and water bodies into built-up use. The rapid growth of the settlement are
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spread in all the directions, however very high in the southern direction (Figure 6). It clearly indicated that encroachment was high in croplands, fallow, open space and adjacent water bodies. Moreover, total popultion of this region in 2011 (56,074) extremely increased and encroached the surrounding area. The most effective and often used technique to study about the urban area is Remote Sensing, as it provides synoptic and repeated information (Jayakumar and Malarvannan, 2013). In this study, urban land use and land cover changes of Tiruvallur block was studied over the periods of 25 years using Remote Sensing, GIS and WebGIS techniques. A similar study was carried out by Rupesh Gupta (2014) using remote sensing techniques in three cities of India, namely Gurgaon, Ranchi and Jaipur respectively over 31, 39 and 34 years. The report argued that the major problem was due to population growth and urbanization and it was also highlighted the absence of micro level plan. Increasing population and encorachment in land use of the urban environment may affect severely, which require nesscceary action to solve it. A WebGIS was developed using open source software as decision support system for urban land use and land cover changes in Tiruvallur block, Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu. This type of services may be useful during emergency management services such as earthquake, flood, landslide, cyclone, tsunami etc., At that time construction of post-disaster situation maps is required. When it is mapped and incorporated the spatial datasets into WebGIS platform, which may accelarte remedial measures like recovery, reconstruction, disaster risk reduction, preparedness and prevention to the local people and increase community participantion. Similarly a WebGIS technique was used and demostrated as a Spatial Decision Support System (WebGIS-SDSS) to increase public participation in planning processes through bottom-up approach (Mansourian et al., 2011). 4.7. Findings (a) A WebGIS based study reports that in all the directions of Tiruvallur block settlement are increasing, which may be due to rapidly growing population creating high stress on the study area. (b) The stress in the study area is due to increasing settlement forcing government to develop basic infrastructure such as railway lines, roads, drainages, water tanks, institutions, markets, industries and electricity etc., to meet the population which is doubling up day by day. (c) Development of infrastructure has increased land price and led to conjusted houses. In the town made fallow, agricultural land, water bodies are converted into settlement, commercial and other uses. As a result, the town is experiencing unstoppable development. (d) Apart from this, pollutions, garbage dumps, poor sanitation and lack of drinking water facilities serve as a
threat to human health (Figure 7). This was similar to Rupesh Gupta (2014) who reported that a list of finding in his research works in the Northern part of India. 5.
Conclusion
The urban land use is highly dynamic which undergoes significant changes due to anthropogenic causes, rapid urbanization, human settlements and industrialization. The changes in any form of land use are largely related either with the external forces and the pressure within the system. The present study clearly established that the RS, GIS and GPS tools coupled with WebGIS can be powerful tool for mapping and evaluation of urban land use and land cover changes in the small block of Tiruvallur, Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This study demonstrated an open source based WebGIS in urban context. The major advantages are minimizing cost and time, avoiding data duplication, data standardization, user friendly and fast remedial measures for planning and management etc. The results revealed that the area of landuse features such as agriculture and water bodies were converted for settlement has increased significantly from 1,889 ha in 1988 to 6,696 ha in 2013. The measurement of urban land use and land cover change is very useful and effective tool for future planning at micro level. It is reported that in this study the urban growth is unstoppable but with suitable management and continuous mapping, monitoring and planning it can be restricted and directed in a desirable and sustainable way. 6.
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to Sathyabama University Colonel Dr. Jeppiaar, Chancellor, Directors, Dr. Marie Johnson and Dr Mariezeena Johnson and Vice Chancellor Dr. B. Sheela Rani for the support and encouragement. I sincerely acknowledge Global Visualization Viewer, USGS for free satellite data and MS4W, FIST and PostgreSQL for free open source software, available through online. References [1] R. Manonmani and G. Mary Divya Suganya, Remote Sensing and GIS Application In change Detection Study in Urban Zone Using Multi Temporal Satellite. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 1, 60-65, 2010. [2] S. F. Fonji and G. N. Taff, Using satellite data to monitor land-use land-cover change in Northeastern Latvia. Springer Plus, 61, 1-15, 2014. [3] S. Bijender and S. Joginder, Land Use / Land Cover Change of Delhi: A Study using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, International Research Journal of Earth Sciences, 1, 15-20, 2014.
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A WebGIS based Decision Support System for Land Use and Land Cover Changes: A Case Study of Tiruvallur Block, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu [4] M. T. Lillesand, W. R. Kiefer and N. J. Chipman, Remote sensing and image interpretation, 6th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, 2008. [5] I. Ezeomedo and J. Igbokwe, Mapping and Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover for a Sustainable Development Using High Resolution Satellite Images and GIS. In FIG Working Week 2013 Environment for Sustainability Abuja, Nigeria, 1-18, 2013. [6] S. Selvam, Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Land Use and Land Cover Mapping of Tuticorin Coast, Tamilnadu. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 4, 233-241, 2012. [7] D. K. Tripathi and Manish Kumar, Remote Sensing Based Analysis of Land Use / Land Cover Dynamics in Takula Block, Almora District (Uttarakhand). Journal of Human Ecology, 38, 207212, 2012. [8] C. Kamusoko, J. Gamba and H. Murakami, Monitoring Urban Spatial Growth in Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe. Advances in Remote Sensing, 2, 322-331, 2013. [9] Chris W. Baynard, 2013. Remote Sensing Applications: Beyond Land-Use and Land-Cover Change. Advances in Remote Sensing, 2, 228-241, 2013. [10] B. H. Aithal, Bharath Settur, D. Durgappa Sanna and T. V. Ramachandra, Empirical patterns of the influence of Spatial Resolution of Remote Sensing Data on Landscape Metrics. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 3, 767775, 2012. [11] Gerald Forkuor, and Olufunke Cofie, Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in Freetown, Sierra Leone and its effects on urban and periurban agriculture – a remote sensing approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32, 2011. [12] M. Pandian, N. Rajagopal, G. Sakthivel and D. E. Amrutha, Land use and land cover Change Detection using Remote Sensing and GIS in parts of Coimbatore and Tiruppur districts, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience, 3, 15-20, 2014. [13] H.S. Sudhira, T.V. Ramachandra, and K.S. Jagadish, Urban sprawl: metrics, dynamics and modelling using GIS. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5, 29-39, 2004. [14] Daniel Redo, Mapping land-use and land-cover change along Bolivia's Corredor Bioceánico with CBERS and the Landsat series: 1975–2008. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 33, 6, 2011.
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[15] N. C. Anil, G. Jai Sankar, M. Jagannadha Rao, I.V.R.K.V. Prasad and U. Sailaja, Studies on Land Use/Land Cover and change detection from parts of South West Godavari District, A. P. – Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. J. Ind. Geophys. Union, 15, 187-194, 2011. [16] K. Jayakumar, Remote Sensing and GIS Application in the Management of Godavari Mangrove Wetland, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Thesis submitted to University of madras, 150, 2014. [17] X. Xie, Q. Wang, L. Dai, D. Su, X. Wang, G. Qi, and Y. Ye, Application of China’s National Forest Continuous Inventory Database. Environmental Management, 48, 1095-1106, 2011. [18] J. Y. Choi, B.A. Engle, L. Theller and J. Harbor, Utilizing Web-based GIS and SDSS for Hydrological Land Use Change Impact Assessment. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 48, 815-822, 2005. [19] Census of India 1991, Series – 23, Tamil Nadu, Part II-A, General Population Tables, Directorate of census operation, Tamil Nadu. [20] Census of India 2001, Series-34, Tamil Nadu, Provisional Population Total, Paper - 30 to 2001, Directorate of Census Operation, Tamil Nadu. [21] K. Jayakumar and S. Malarvannan, Remote Sensing and GIS Application in wetland change analysis: case study of Ambattur Lake, Journal of Research, Extension and Development, 1, 11,129-134, 2013. [22] Rupesh Gupta, The Pattern of Urban Land-use Changes: A Case Study of the Indian Cities, Environment and Urban ASIA, 5,1,83-104,2014 [23] A. Mansourian, M. Taleai and A. Fasihi, A Webbased spatial decision support system to enhance public participation in urban planning processes, Journal of Spatial Science, 56, 2, 269-282, 2011.
Figure 1: Study Area Map of Tiruvallur block, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu
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Figure 2 Basic System Architecture
Figure 6 Urban Growth Maps of Tiruvallur Block
Figure 3 Land use and Land Cover Map of 1976
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Figure 4 Land use and Land Cover Map of 1988
Figure 5 Land use and Land Cover Map of 2013
Figure 7: a and b shows the Coovum River and garbage dump on it, c represent domestic sewage inlets and encroachments of slum on the canal d and e indicate industries on the agricultural land, f shows dust pollution on the road, whereas g, h and i represent the agricultural land converted for built up areas.
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 08, No. 04, August, 2015, pp. 1892-1898
A WebGIS based Decision Support System for Land Use and Land Cover Changes: A Case Study of Tiruvallur Block, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu Table 1 Decadal population of Tiruvallur Block Sl. No. 1 2 3
Years 1941 1951 1961
Population 12,700 18,847 19,757
4 5 6 7 8
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
23,324 32,156 38,564 45,517 56,074
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Table 2. Land use and Land cover changes areas in ha between 1988 and 2013 Land use Sl.No. /Land cover classes 1 Settlement Water 2 Bodies 3 Crop Land 4 Fallow Land Total
Change during 1988-2013 1988 2013 Area in Area in (Area in ha) (ha) (ha) 1988-2013 1,889 6,696 4,807 2,684
1,900
2,500 1,876 13,757 10,359 20,830 20,830
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-784 -624 -3,398
