2.9 Chinese Demonstration Projects. 89. 2.9.1 The Longhu Project, Chongqing. 91. 2.9.2 Yu'an and .... 7.5.2 Isle of Dogs in the City of London. 311. 7.5.3 Urban ...
Rob Roggema
Adaptation to Climate Change: A Spatial Challenge
fyj. Springer
Contents
Create Space for Climate! 1.1 Climate Change 1.2 The Dutch Approach 1.2.1 Dutch Climate Scenarios 1.2.2 The Dutch Adaptation Strategy 1.2.3 The Dutch Adaptation Agenda 1.3 The British Approach 1.3.1 UK-Climate Scenarios 1.3.2 Risk Management 1.3.3 Social and Cultural Scenarios 1.3.4 Built Environment 1.3.5 Urban Water Management . . 1.3.6 Energy Supply 1.3.7 Other Research Themes 1.3.8 Conclusion 1.4 Spanish Approach 1.4.1 PNACC 1.4.2 Implementation Through Work Programmes . . . . . . 1.4.3 Spatial Planning and Construction 1.4.4 Accents in the Spanish Adaptation Strategy 1.5 Climate Adaptation Strategy of Denmark 1.5.1 Objective of the Adaptation Strategy 1.5.2 Sectors that May be Affected by Climate Change . . . . 1.5.3 Cross-Cutting Initiatives 1.5.4 Spatial Planning 1.5.5 Character of the Danish Approach 1.6 Wise Adaptation to Climate Change, Japan 1.6.1 Impacts of Climate Change in Japan 1.6.2 Wise Adaptation 1.6.3 Future Challenges 1.6.4 The Japanese Approach
Finland 1.7.1 The Impact of and Adaptation Measures to Climate Change in Different Sectors 1.7.2 Cross-Sectoral Issues 1.7.3 The Finnish Strategy 1.8 Comparison of Strategies 1.9 Conclusions References
52 52 52 55 55 56 57
2
Design Adaptation to Climate Change 2.1 Design of a Climate Proof Netherlands 2.2 The Role of Spatial Planning 2.3 An Innovative Approach 2.4 Climate Atlases 2.4.1 First Results 2.5 Development of Design Principles 2.5.1 Meaning for Nature and Agriculture 2.5.2 Meaning for Spatial Patterns 2.5.3 Time 2.6 The Groningen Case 2.6.1 Starting Point Groningen: Two Scenarios 2.6.2 Knowledge of Climate 2.7 Consequences for Different Functions 2.7.1 Nature and Agriculture 2.7.2 An Offensive Coastal Defence 2.7.3 Urban Developments 2.8 Idea-Map Climate Adapted Groningen 2.9 Chinese Demonstration Projects 2.9.1 The Longhu Project, Chongqing 2.9.2 Yu'an and Anjing in Yunyan District, Guiyang 2.9.3 Vanke's Stream Valley, Shenzhen 2.9.4 Chinese Experience 2.10 Chances of a Design Approach 2.10.1 Implementation References
The Coast 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Dutch Coastal Defence 3.2.1 A forever Changing Coastline 3.2.2 Dutch Weak Links 3.2.3 Integrated Development Perspective for the South Holland Coast 3.2.4 ComCoast 3.2.5 Land in Sea! 3.2.6 Groningen Combinatory of Coastal Defences
113 114 114 114 116 117 118 125 131
Contents
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3.2.7 Attention for Safety 3.2.8 The Dutch'Delta Commission' 3.2.9 Synthesis 3.3 Hamburg - Hafencity 3.3.1 Masterplan 3.3.2 Dealing with Potential Flooding 3.4 Thames Gateway - London 3.4.1 Thames Estuary 2100 3.4.2 Delivery Plan for the Gateway 3.4.3 Element in the Gateway: Thames Barrier 3.4.4 A Floating City 3.4.5 Three of a Kind 3.5 New Orleans 3.5.1 Coast 2050 3.5.2 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) 3.5.3 State of Louisiana Master Plan 3.5.4 The MIR Project 3.6 Conclusion References
Water Management 4.1 Water Policies in The Netherlands 4.1.1 Risk 4.1.2 Water Policy in the 21st Century 4.1.3 Dutch National Water Vision 4.1.4 Water Safety 4.2 SAFER and ELLA Projects 4.2.1 ELLA 4.2.2 SAFER 4.3 Flood Risk 4.4 Building a House 4.4.1 Type of Water 4.4.2 A Japanese Experience 4.4.3 Types of Houses 4.4.4 Combination of House and Water Typologies 4.5 Conclusion References
Effects of Climate Change on Nature Sensitivity Dilemma: Strict Rules or Flexibility Adaptation Strategies The BRANCH Project Use of BRANCH Principles in Groningen Province Climate Buffers 5.11.1 River Landscape 5.11.2 High Parts of the Netherlands (Higher Sand and Hilly Landscapes) 5.11.3 Lower Parts of the Netherlands (Lower Peat Landscapes) 5.11.4 The Coast, the Wadden and Estuaries (Estuaries and Dunes) 5.12 Conclusion References
225 226 230 230 237 240 242 244
Energy Potentials 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Towards a Sustainable Provision of Energy 6.1.2 The Oil Price 6.1.3 Predicting the Price of Oil 6.1.4 Consequences 6.1.5 Capitalisation of Land and Real Estate 6.1.6 Implications to Commuters 6.1.7 Spatial Solutions 6.1.8 Different Energy Resources 6.1.9 Sustainable Development 6.2 Energy Potential Mapping 6.2.1 Background 6.2.2 The Methodology of Mapping Energy Potentials . . . . 6.3 The Local Energy Toolbox 6.3.1 Climate and Energy 6.3.2 The Sun 6.3.3 Electricity 6.3.4 Heat 6.3.5 Wind 6.3.6 Water 6.3.7 Biomass and Waste 6.3.8 The Underground 6.3.9 Exchanging and Cascading Heat and Cold 6.4 Example: Energy Potentials of the Province of Groningen . . . . 6.4.1 Electricity 6.4.2 Heat and Cold
6.4.3 CO 2 Capture 6.4.4 An Overlay of Potentials 6.4.5 Towards a Sustainable Provincial Plan 6.4.6 Outcomes of the Groningen POP Study 6.5 Conclusions 6.5.1 Considerations References
282 283 285 285 285 286 286
The Urban Environment 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Occupation Strategy 7.3 Precipitation 7.3.1 Thames Gateway 7.3.2 Urban Flood Management in Dordrecht 7.3.3 Zuidplaspolder 7.3.4 Building with Water in Haarlemmermeer 7.4 Heat in the City 7.4.1 Non-physical Heat Effects 7.5 Good Practices Guide (UK) 7.5.1 The Centre of Bedford 7.5.2 Isle of Dogs in the City of London 7.5.3 Urban Expansion: Isle of Sheppey 7.6 Concluding Remarks References
Landscape 2.0 8.1 In Patagonia 8.2 Web 2.0 8.2.1 A New Energy Order? 8.2.2 Landscape 2.0 8.3 Challenges of Complexity in Planning 8.3.1 A Society in Turbulent Circumstances 8.3.2 Internet-Economy: The Turbulence Driver 8.3.3 The State of Today's Spatial Planning Practice 8.3.4 New Environment for Planning: Small Adjustments Made 8.3.5 Increase Resilience 8.3.6 Complex Adaptive Systems 8.3.7 Typology of Complex Systems 8.3.8 Tipping Points 8.3.9 A New Design Paradigm, Swarm Planning 8.4 The Groningen Case 8.4.1 Understanding the System: Mapping Climate and Energy Potentials 8.4.2 Improving Resilience: Use of Swarm Planning Paradigm
