Answers to EK 1H

Answers to EK 1H An Examkrackers simulated MCAT

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

Physical Sciences Passage I (Questions 1-6) 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

C is correct. Phenolphthalein loses color before the solution reaches neutral from a basic pH. The solution reaches neutral when all the Barium hydroxide is dissolved by the sulfuric acid, leaving barium sulfate solid and water (no electrolytes). Thus the light goes off. D is correct. The Ksp equals [Ba2+][OH-]2. Thus 4x10-3 = (x)(2x)2. x = 10-1. Thus there are 10-1 barium ions and 2x10-1 hydroxide ions. A is correct. Distilled water contains an insufficient concentration of electrolytes to conduct electricity efficiently. D is correct. The barium sulfate precipitate removes barium and sulfate ions from solution. The reaction in experiment 2 produces sodium ions. D is correct. Both solutions must contain the same number of hydroxide ions since they are at the same pH. However, for each hydroxide ion it contributes, barium hydroxide only contributes ½ of a barium ion, while NaOH contributes one hydroxide ion. C is correct. The solution is a NaCl solution and does not become saturated for some time. B is ridiculous. In D, the voltage is set by the wall socket. Thus, only C is left. The solution has a resistance that is decreased by the addition of ions. But only to a certain point. The current is governed by Ohm’s law: V = iR. Since V is constant, as R decreases, i increases.

Passage II (Questions 7-12) 7. 8.

B is correct. Use "dimensional analysis" (units). A Faraday is the number of Coulombs per mole. We want the number of electrons per mole. To get that we must have the number of Coulombs per electron (the charge). A is correct. You must draw a Lewis structure to determine molecular geometry: O

S O

(Of course, there is another resonance structure with the double bond on the right). The S is sp2 hybridized, making the shape bent. Answer C is not correct: the "underlying" or "electron" geometry is trigonal planar, but molecular geometry refers to the arrangement of the atoms, not the electrons. 9. B is correct. The thickness of the monolayer should be proportional to the volume of the acid, so C is ruled out. On the other hand, the larger the watchglass, the thinner the acid is spread, so the thickness should be inversely proportional to the area of the watchglass, so the correct answer is B. The 0.0001 is the 0.01% by volume of the arachidonic acid, but the other answers have already been eliminated anyway. 10. C is correct. Hydrogen to oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine. 11. B is correct. Although A is factually true, it does not explain. Based on this fact alone, we would expect arachidonic acid to be soluble in water, but not benzene! The third paragraph of the passage makes it clear that the behavior of the Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

water/arachidonic acid interface is determined by intermolecular bonding, not density. 12. C is correct. A would throw off the thickness calculation. B would invalidate the whole concept of the monolayer. D would alter the calculation of the volume of one molecule based on its length and shape. Stand alones 13. A is correct. No volume change, no work. 14. A is correct. Count the electrons. 15. B is correct. The radius is doubled, so the area is quadrupled, so the velocity is reduced by a factor of 4. 16. C is correct. The resistance drops from 4 to 3 ohms. The current goes up from 3 to 4 amps. P =i2R. Passage III (Questions 17-22) 17. B is correct. 277 days is two half lives, so the amount of polonium is cut in half twice. The remaining 0.150 grams does not just disappear, however; under alpha decay it becomes the isotope with two fewer protons and two fewer neutrons. 18. C is correct. The total momentum of the sun and the comet is conserved, but a large part of this momentum is carried away by the sun. If the comet changes direction, its momentum was certainly not conserved, because momentum is a vector (dependent on direction). Since only the conservative force of gravity is acting, mechanical energy is conserved similar to an elastic collision. 19. D is correct. Newton’s First Law! 20. A is correct. In this model, there is no single particle with a large mass which could “hold its own” against the alpha (think momentum, or, for a macroscopic example, think of a runaway truck with only bicycles and potholes in the way). 21. D is correct. This is really not well-phrased, but the MCAT repeatedly uses this phrasing. It would be more correct to say that the rest mass of the polonium is transferred to the kinetic energy of the alpha. At any rate, none of the other answers work. 22. C is correct. Since a flash is seen, photons are clearly being emitted. It is clear from the experiment that the incoming particle is an alpha. Passage IV (Questions 23-27) 23. C is correct. Since both enthalpy and entropy(Reaction 1 goes from 2 gas molecules to 1 gas molecule) are negative, temperature governs the spontaneity of the reaction. At high temperatures, entropy dominates, the reaction is nonspontaneous. 24. C is correct. : H2 + ½O2 → H2O Mg + 2H+ → H2 + Mg2+

-285 kJ/mol -420 kJ/mol

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

H2O + Mg2+ → 2H+ + MgO 115 kJ/mol Mg + ½O2 → MgO -590 kJ/mol 25. A is correct. In the passage, the reaction is spontaneous at room temperature. Since entropy increases (no gas molecules to one gas molecule), the reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures. 26. C is correct. All enthalpies are zero except magnesium ion in Reaction 3, thus this is the enthalpy of formation for magnesium ion. 27. D is correct. This is definitional Stand alones 28. C is correct. Once the student adds the 2 additional moles of NO gas, we would expect the pressure to increase by 2 atm, from 10 to 12. However, because NO is a reactant, and because the left side of the balanced reaction equation contains more gaseous molecules, we would expect the forward reaction to proceed resulting in a final pressure of less than 12 atm, based on LeChatelier’s principle. 29. B is correct. Na2SO4 contributes 2 sodium ions for every mole. Thus there are 3 moles of sodium ion in 200 ml of solution. 30. B is correct. The net force is zero. 31. A is correct. The work done is mgh = 1 x 10 x .05. Passage V (Questions 32-36) 32. C is correct. Use v = λf. The first little wrinkle is to realize we were given the period, not the frequency. The frequency is the reciprocal of the period, or 0.5 Hz. Now it's just a matter of finding the speed of an S wave in the passage: 4 km/s. Plugging in, we get a wavelength of 8 km. 33. B is correct. Sound waves are longitudinal. 34. D is correct. At 4 km/s, the S waves take approximately fifty seconds to travel 200 km. The P waves, at 7 km/s, take a bit less than thirty seconds. The best answer is therefore D. 35. C is correct. Young's modulus has to do with compression or extension, not transverse oscillations. 36. D is correct. The largest recorded earthquake is said to be Richter magnitude 9. If each step on the Richter scale is a factor of 10, four steps is a factor of 104, or 10,000. Passage VI (Questions 37-42) 37. D is correct. Multiple solution strategies are possible here. My favorite is a bit of common sense: real light would pass through the lens, so a real image would appear to be closer to the person than the glasses, and thus would be impossible to focus on. The image must be virtual. Since the lens is meant to bring distant objects closer, they must also appear reduced in size to keep a reasonable proportion. Alternately, try the lens equations with a negative focal length and an infinite object distance. Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

38. A is correct. It is the difference in the index of refractions of two substances that causes light to bend. Think of Snell’s law: n1sin 1 = n2sin 2. The difference in theta is maximized by a difference in n. 39. D is correct. It’s called a converging lens because the rays are bent towards the middle. 40. C is correct. A hyperopic individual wears converging lenses. A converging lens has a positive focal point and thus positive power. The focal point is moved toward the lens, and the power of the eye lens system is increased. 41. B is correct. A convex mirror has a negative focal length. This guarantees a negative image distance, and so the image will be virtual. 42. D is correct. If the object is within the focal distance, di will come out negative regardless of the sign of the focal length. Passage VII (Questions 43-47) 43. C is correct. D is nonsense, since it has ten electrons on an oxygen, a second period element. A, B, and C are resonance structures of each other: choice C is best, since the negative formal charge is on the oxygens. 44. A is correct. It should always be possible to do questions like this without a lot of calculation. This is a particularly tricky one, though: H2PO4– is amphoteric. As an acid, we use the pKa2=7.21. As a base, it is the conjugate of H3PO4, and thus has a pKb of 14–2.16 = 11.84. It is therefore a better acid than a base, and the resulting solution must be acidic. Do not waste time performing the actual calculations! The Stronger the acid or base, the lower the pKa or pKb. pKa < pKb.

45. B is correct. A is tempting, but the passage says it's the size of the atom that is significant, not the size of the molecule. A little thought about organic acids will confirm that the size of the molecule does not affect the strength of the acid significantly. B is basically a rephrasing of resonance stabilization. C can lead to lots of arguments, but note: the conjugate of a strong acid, such as HCl, or HNO3, is so weak that it is neutral in water (is NaCl basic?). The conjugate of a weak acid like HF or HNO2, on the other hand, is itself a weak base. 46. B is correct. Notice that the acid is decidedly the limiting reagent; it should all be consumed. That means there should be OH– left over, and choice A is out. Also both protons on the sulfuric acid will react, eliminating choices B and C. 47. D is correct. Most reactions are Lewis acid/base reactions, radical reactions being an exception (Lewis reaction require the donation of a pair of electrons.). Stand Alones 48. B is correct. Momentum is zero, and is conserved. The center of gravity does not move; it remains at .5 49. B is correct. Beaker B will have a lower vapor pressure than Beaker A. All the solvent will go to Beaker B. 50. A is correct. The substance is just like ice. In fact, it could be ice. 51. B is correct. ∆T = kfmi. m = about 1. One mole of NaCl = 57.4 g. 52. C is correct. The F lever arm is three times long so three times less force is required. The fulcrum must bear the total force. Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

Verbal Test 1H Answers and Explanations Passage I (Questions 53-58) 53. According to information in the passage, in the past, it was believed that a behavior based solely on genetics: I. would be likely to respond to treatment. WRONG: This question most directly refers to the paragraph beginning; “Early theorists found that shyness runs in families, and often concluded that children of shy parent(s) were genetically predisposed to shyness” (lines 22-24). However, the statement, “If this were true, it seems there is little point in seeking effective therapies” (lines 24-25), is the author’s, and not a belief from “in the past”, as the question requires. II. would be unlikely to respond to treatment. WRONG: This question most directly refers to the paragraph beginning; “Early theorists found that shyness runs in families, and often concluded that children of shy parent(s) were genetically predisposed to shyness” (lines 22-24). However, the statement, “If this were true, it seems there is little point in seeking effective therapies” (lines 24-25), is the author’s, and not a belief from “in the past”, as the question requires. III. *This information is not provided. CORRECT: There is no information in the paragraph that would tells us whether or not “in the past” it was believed that genetically based behavior could be treated effectively or not. This question most directly refers to the paragraph beginning; “Early theorists found that shyness runs in families, and often concluded that children of shy parent(s) were genetically predisposed to shyness” (lines 22-24). However, the statement, “If this were true, it seems there is little point in seeking effective therapies” (lines 24-25), is the author’s, and not a belief from “in the past”, as the question requires. A. I only B. II only C. *III only CORRECT: See above answer explanations. D. I, II, and III 54. What distinction is implied in the passage between self-described shy people and self-described non-shy people, respectively ? A. Shyness and non-shyness was perceived by others WRONG: Notice that the question asks for a distinction between “self-described” people. This answer would be an external test, which is admittedly “far from accurate” (lines 15-19). B. Genetically predisposed WRONG: This is refuted in the passage. “Today, it is well known that personality is determined by some combination of heredity and environment” (lines 26-28). C. Poor and strong social skills WRONG: Notice that the question asks for a distinction between “self-described” people. This answer would be an external test, which is admittedly “far from accurate” (lines 15-19). D. *Feels and does not feel shy CORRECT: Given that “observer’s perceptions” and external tests of shyness are “far from accurate” (lines 15-19), this answer can be arrived at through process of elimination. Further, notice that the question asks for a distinction between “self-described” people. 55. Suppose it is discovered that severe stutterers rarely suffer from negative self-images. Does this discovery support the author’s argument? - This question might relate to the last paragraph and “conversation skills”, “social impressions”, “negative selfevaluations” and the like. Be aware of the assumptions and generalizations involved in this question and the answer choices. A. Yes; it confirms it. WRONG: The supposed discovery in the question neither supports nor weakens the author’s argument. It may be natural to assume that “severe stutterers” might have difficulty conversationally or with making ‘social impressions’. However, even if this were the case, this answer would still be incorrect. B. *No; it does not affect it. CORRECT: The supposed discovery in the question neither supports nor weakens the author’s argument. It may be natural to assume that “severe stutterers” might have difficulty conversationally or with making ‘social impressions’. Much more information on people who stutter is required in order for the supposition in the question to affect the author’s argument.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

C. No; it weakens it. WRONG: The supposed discovery in the question neither supports nor weakens the author’s argument. It may be natural to assume that “severe stutterers” might have difficulty conversationally or with making ‘social impressions’. Given these assumptions, this answer choice is tempting. However, it is based purely on the aforementioned assumptions and, thus, not the best answer. Much more information on people who stutter is required in order for the supposition in the question to affect the author’s argument. D. No; it disproves it. WRONG: The supposed discovery in the question neither supports nor weakens the author’s argument. It may be natural to assume that “severe stutterers” might have difficulty conversationally or with making ‘social impressions’. Given these assumptions, this answer choice is tempting. However, it is based purely on the aforementioned assumptions and, thus, not the best answer. Much more information on people who stutter is required in order for the supposition in the question to affect the author’s argument. 56. The passage suggests that some of the difficulty of classifying shyness derives from the fact that: A. “truly” shy people avoid these types of studies. WRONG: This is not suggested. There is no mention of ‘avoiding’ studies by anyone. B. *suffering from the symptoms of shyness does not mean one feels shy. CORRECT: This is suggested. “Interestingly, even those who don’t describe themselves as “shy” may actually experience the same symptoms as those who do” (lines 9-11). C. there are no external tests for shyness. WRONG: This is not suggested. The passage tells us that “there is no external test for measuring shyness, other than observers’ perceptions” (lines 17-18). D. shyness is blamed on society. WRONG: This is not suggested. Though the author seems to lay some of the blame for shyness on American society, there is no indication that this causes additional difficulty in classifying shyness itself. 57. Which of the following assertions does the author support with an example? I. *Shyness is not easy to classify. CORRECT: The entire second paragraph provides examples for this assertion. II. *Shyness is a widespread problem. CORRECT: “About 80% of Americans admit to having been shy at some point in their lives. Forty percent consider themselves shy now” (lines 2-4). III. *Certain modern lifestyle trends perpetuate shyness. CORRECT: “… certain modern lifestyle trends perpetuate shyness. For example, the ease of travel combined with job mobility exposes… ” (lines 57-59). A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. *I, II, and III CORRECT: See above answer explanations. 58. Which of the following statements is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the author’s description of American society (line 49)? - “… American society’s emphasis on competitiveness and self-reliance, and its habit of judging people by beauty, money, and status” (lines 49-51). A. Parents should protect their children from exposure to American society. WRONG: This statement is not a reasonable conclusion. The author specifically notes the futility of attempting this. “Even if parents created an ideal atmosphere, their children would still be exposed to American society’s emphasis …” (lines 47-49). B. American society nurtures overachievers. WRONG: This statement is not a reasonable conclusion. The reference to ‘nurturing overachievers’ (line 43) relates to parents and not necessarily to American society. C. American societal emphasis is the root cause of shyness. WRONG: This statement is not a reasonable conclusion. It is certainly not supported by passage information. D. *American society is not an ideal atmosphere for raising children. CORRECT: This statement is a reasonable conclusion. Given that the author apparently believes that parents could create an “ideal atmosphere” for raising their children (lines 47-51), but for the exposure to American societal influences, this is a reasonable conclusion.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

Passag e II (Qu estions 59-63) 59. Which of the following assertions is the most effective argument against the author’s concept that, from an economic standpoint, “forced labor … is not the most unproductive use of jail time” (lines 70-73)? - Notice that the author’s use of the double negative makes this statement somewhat confusing. It translates to “forced labor … is the most productive of jail time”. A. *It is even more expensive to pay for the guards which would be required to force prisoners to work. CORRECT: This assertion is the most effect argument against the author’s concept. This answer responds directly and economically to the authors argument. B. It is less expensive to simply fine the prisoners for their unproductive use of jail time. WRONG: This assertion is not the most effect argument against the author’s concept. The author has responded to this assertion indirectly by noting that “many felons are indigent” (line71) and thus unable to pay a fine. C. Forced labor is tantamount to slavery and was abolished during the Civil War. WRONG: This assertion is not the most effect argument against the author’s concept. This assertion avoids the author’s pointed references to the economic benefits of requiring that prisoners work. It is not responsive to the argument in the question. D. Forcing the prisoner to pay his own way is the most productive use of jail time. WRONG: This assertion is not the most effect argument against the author’s concept. Similarly to Answer B, the author has responded to this assertion indirectly by noting that “many felons are indigent” (line71) and thus unable to pay their way. 60. On the basis of the passage, it is reasonable to conclude that: A. a competent economist could devise the means to successfully reform the criminal justice system. WRONG: This is not a reasonable conclusion on the basis of the passage. The use of the word “ successfully” is vague. The author admits that his arguments are from a purely “economic standpoint” (line 9). Further, the author seems to believe that the public and legislature would not accept an economist’s suggestions for reform. B. a competent economist would not be able to successfully reform the criminal justice system. WRONG: This is not a reasonable conclusion on the basis of the passage. This conclusion suffers from some of the same faults as Answer A. However, it inaccurately presents the author’s apparent confidence in the abilities of economists. C. *the author recognizes that his economic perspective would not be widely accepted. CORRECT: This is a reasonable conclusion on the basis of the passage. The author immediately questions, “Yet would the public, or the legislature, accept [an economist’s] suggestions” (lines 1011)? Later he refers to his ideas as “unpalatable” and “unpopular”, and understands that they would not be tolerated. D. the author fails to recognize that his economic perspective would not be widely accepted. WRONG: This is not a reasonable conclusion on the basis of the passage. The author clearly recognizes this. The author immediately questions, “Yet would the public, or the legislature, accept [an economist’s] suggestions” (lines 10-11)? Later he refers to his ideas as “unpalatable” and “ u npopular”, and understands that they would not be tolerated. 61. The author argues that, it is debatable whether consensual sex imposes any societal harm that should be prevented. Which of the following claims, if true, would most WEAKEN the argument? A. Young boys and older men should not be allowed to have consensual sex. WRONG: This claim would not most weaken the argument. The claim offers no evidence of “harm that should be prevented”. It simply states a belief. B. *Young women who become pregnant frequently take the lives of their newborn babies. CORRECT: This claim would most weaken the argument. We know from the passage that statutory rape refers to consensual sex with young women. If these young women frequently murder their babies, this is illegal, and has already been determined to be harmful to society. It is common knowledge that murder is harmful and should be prevented. C. Consensual sex involving a minor more frequently results in conception. WRONG: This claim would not most weaken the argument. This is not commonly known to be harmful to society since abortions are readily available. This is not as good an answer as Answer B. D. Consensual sex among several partners results in a marked increase in sexually transmitted disease. WRONG: This claim would not most weaken the argument. If this claim provided additional information that sexually transmitted diseases harmed society be requiring everyone to pay for the treatment with their taxes, or something of the kind, then this claim might have been appropriate. However, it does not show harm to society and something that should be prevented.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

62. The author most likely believes that one of the main purposes of the criminal justice system should be to provide society with: A. *an economically efficient system of preventing crime. CORRECT: This is the author’s most likely belief. The entire passage is based upon economic ideas. Further, numerous suggestions regarding “incentives” refer to preventing and reducing crime. B. an economically efficient system for housing and caring for incarcerated prisoners. WRONG: This is not the author’s most likely belief. Though the entire passage is based upon economic ideas, only the last paragraph refers to incarcerated prisoners. And even here, the economics suggested by the author would impose “added incentives [on criminals and potential criminals] to stay legal” (line 70). C. a more modern system, based less upon archaic notions. WRONG: This is not the author’s most likely belief. It may be a belief, but it is not as specific or accurate as Answer A. D. a more equitable system for determining punishment. WRONG: This is not the author’s most likely belief. This answer is not supported by the passage. 63. The passage suggests that its author would probably disagree with which of the following statements? A. It might be worth jailing minor offenders if their sentences were slightly reduced. WRONG: The author would not probably disagree with this statement. There is no strong way to tell if the author would agree or disagree with this statement. B. Statutory rape should not really be considered rape. WRONG: The author would not probably disagree with this statement. Though the author seems to think that statutory rape is a questionable crime, it is not completely clear whether he believes that it is rape or not. This lack of clarity is absent from the correct answer, Answer A. C. A young person is able to make up their own mind regarding what is right and wrong. WRONG: The author would not probably disagree with this statement. Paragraph three supports this statement. D. *A woman can bear no fault for being forcibly raped. CORRECT: The author would probably disagree with this statement. Notice that this statement is unequivocal. The author apparently believes that there may be some degree of culpability on the part of the victim. He refers to this as a “proper degree of bilateral precaution”. Referring to “crimes such as forcible rape, for which the proper degree of bilateral precaution is unclear …” (lines 51-52).

Passage III (Questions 64-69) 64. The author claims that Aristotle’s idea of “power sharing minimizes class struggle, resulting in a stable and moderate (Golden Mean) government with a large middle class, which tends to gravitate toward the Golden Mean in its policies” (lines 39-43). The support offered for this conclusion is: - Notice that the question seems to be asking you for an opinion; did you think the “support offered was weak?” Like all of the other questions in this test booklet, this is an actual style of MCAT test question. It may be answered by initially ignoring the references to “weak” and “st rong.” These are value judgments. Ask instead, “ W hat support was offered by the author?” You will find that the aspect of the answer following the “weak” or “ strong” is either accurate or inaccurate; it is either the support offered or it is not. However, if the answer is premised with “weak,” it may accurately repeat passage assertions, but negate them, if it is the correct answer. A. strong; the acceptance of this system is based upon unreasonable assumptions. WRONG: The statement following “strong” is inaccurate. The only assumption in the passage regarding this question is that the reader would know what the “ G olden Mean” is. B. strong; the author outlines one of the suggested methods for peacefully transferring power. WRONG: The statement following “strong” is inaccurate. There is no outline in the passage for peacefully transferring power. C. weak; there is no information provided regarding ‘how’ power sharing would take place. WRONG: This is a tricky answer choice. The statement following “weak” is accurate and thus, seems to indicate that this is a good answer choice. But that same statement really doesn’t have anything to do with the claim in the question. The subject of ‘how power sharing would take place’ is not an important aspect of the claim in the question. Answer D, on the other hand, is much more responsive to the question. D. *weak; there is no information provided regarding ‘how’ minimizing class struggle would result in a large middle class. CORRECT: The statement following “weak” is accurate. Further, it focuses on the seemingly critical subject of this “middle class”. The subject is critical because the claim in the question uses a linear form of reasoning from ‘class struggle’ to ‘middle class’ to policies gravitating towards the ‘Golden Mean’.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

We are expected to simply “buy” this statement with no further information or support. 65. Author Aldous Huxley wrote that “Morality is always the product of terror; its chains and strait-waistcoats are fashioned by those who dare not trust others, because they dare not trust themselves, to walk in liberty”. Based upon passage information, it is most likely that Aristotle would have: A. disputed that morality could be related to liberty or laws. WRONG: This is not Aristotle’s most likely response. For Aristotle, morality is related to laws. “[Aristotle] clearly holds the government responsible for the … moral condition of its people. For example, in his criticism of an existing Hellenic city-state’s constitution … he concluded that unwisely framed property laws and civil codes had caused dissent, avarice, militarism, and arrogant feminism in an originally moral populace” (lines 24-30). B. *argued that morality actually contributed to stability through good laws. CORRECT: This is Aristotle’s most likely response. For Aristotle, morality is related to laws. “[Aristotle] clearly holds the government responsible for the … moral condition of its people. For example, in his criticism of an existing Hellenic city-state’s constitution … he concluded that unwisely framed property laws and civil codes had caused dissent, avarice, militarism, and arrogant feminism in an originally moral populace” (lines 24-30). Notice that this answer does not say that Aristotle ‘did argue in the passage that …’. Instead we are hypothesizing regarding Aristotle’s most probably response; this is it. C. concurred that laws concerning morality were the result of the minority inflicting its will on the majority. WRONG: This is not Aristotle’s most likely response. This is pure conjecture. There is no passage information to back up this answer. D. agreed that this might be so but that it is not related to passage information. WRONG: This is not Aristotle’s most likely response. The question is related to passage information. Specifically, that “[Aristotle] clearly holds the government responsible for the … moral condition of its people. For example, in his criticism of an existing Hellenic city-state’s constitution … he concluded that unwisely framed property laws and civil codes had caused dissent, avarice, militarism, and arrogant feminism in an originally moral populace” (lines 24-30). 66. Which of the following statements most strongly challenges one of the assertions made in the passage? A. A dictatorship is one of the most oppressive forms of government. WRONG: This statement does not strongly challenge one of the assertions made in the passage. There is no assertion in the passage related to this answer. B. In one form of democracy, the people actually vote for representatives. WRONG: This statement does not strongly challenge one of the assertions made in the passage. For this answer choice to be correct there would have to exist within the passage an assertion that in a democracy people never actually vote for representatives. C. *The best and most stable forms of government cannot be overthrown from within. CORRECT: This statement does strongly challenge one of the assertions made in the passage. For one thing, the entire thesis of the passage is that the form of the government is unimportant. Further, and more specifically to this answer, “Locke reasons, there is another reason the form of government is not critical. If the people are ever dissatisfied with it, they always retain their “natural” right to dissolve the government and choose another configuration, or a return to the natural state” (lines 71-75). In the final sentence, the author even seems to be referring to this statement as a “safeguard” in support of his thesis. D. A popular uprising is an acceptable result of a form of government gone awry. WRONG: This statement does not strongly challenge one of the assertions made in the passage. This supports a passage assertion. “Locke reasons, there is another reason the form of government is not critical. If the people are ever dissatisfied with it, they always retain their “natural” right to dissolve the government and choose another configuration, or a return to the natural state” (lines 71-75). 67. The author is primarily concerned with demonstrating that the form a government takes is less important than: - Notice that the reader may have an opinion regarding what the “ primary concern” of the author is. However, if that choice is not offered then you must choose the answer choice which is the “most primary”. A. the people who are ruled by that government. WRONG: This is not the primary concern of the author. B. *the rulers of that government. CORRECT: This is the primary concern of the author. It would seem from the passage that the author, Aristotle, and Locke are all depending very much upon benevolent rulers and governors. If this is not satisfactory, then they consider that dissolution of the government by the people is always an option. C. has ever been theorized in the past. WRONG: This is not the primary concern of the author. This is certainly not even correct according to the passage. The author uses personages from the past in order to bolster his case. D. western political theorists think that it is. WRONG: This is not the primary concern of the author. This refers to the first line of the passage. Do

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

not mistake the first line of the passage as a classic ‘thesis statement’, or ‘topic sentence’. Lines 1-3, “Today, most Western-looking political theorists view the democratically elected republic as virtually the only viable form of government”, is merely an attention getter. It is true that the author is arguing that the form a government takes is not important. But he is arguing in general, not specifically rebutting “ Western-looking political theorists”. This is not the best answer. 68. The existence of which of the following prevalent situations would most strongly CHALLENGE the information in the passage? A. *Irrefutable evidence that a monarchy was the most successful and virtuous form of government. CORRECT: This situation would most strongly challenge the information in the passage. Not because the author specifically argues that a monarchy is not the most successful form of government. But because the author, Aristotle, and Locke, argue that the specific form a government takes is not important; ergo, there is no “most successful and virtuous form of government”. B. The simultaneous existence of several forms of oppressive governments. WRONG: This situation would not most strongly challenge the information in the passage. Since the form a government takes is not the determiner of its success, this would actually support the passage. C. The simultaneous existence of several forms of successful governments that were neither successful nor virtuous. WRONG: This situation would not most strongly challenge the information in the passage. Since the form a government takes is not the determiner of its success, this would actually support the passage. D. Strong evidence indicating that no government can satisfy all of its citizenry. WRONG: This situation would not most strongly challenge the information in the passage. There is no argument in the passage that “all of [a government’s] citizenry” can ever be satisfied. This does not challenge passage information in any way. 69. Which of the following conclusions about Aristotle can be inferred from the passage? A. Aristotle was apparently renowned in his time and ours as a great philosopher. WRONG: This conclusion cannot be inferred from the passage. We can infer from the passage that Aristotle was a philosopher, but not necessarily a great one. The choice of this answer depends upon outside information not provided in the passage. B. Aristotle’s Hellenic period was predominantly characterized by small towns. WRONG: This conclusion cannot be inferred from the passage. “ W hile this [polis, suggested by Aristotle was definitely fair, it becomes impractical in any polis larger than a small town” (lines 48-50). It is a mistake to extrapolate on this sole referral to “small towns” in the passage and believe that this is a correct answer choice. C. *Aristotle was not a supporter of what we today might refer to as “women’s rights”. CORRECT: This conclusion can be inferred from the passage. Notice the ‘softener’ “might” in the answer. “For example, in his criticism of an existing Hellenic city-state’s constitution … he concluded that unwisely framed property laws and civil codes had caused dissent, avarice, militarism, and arrogant feminism in an originally moral populace” (lines 26-30). This is the best answer. D. By “dominate” (line 38), Aristotle meant that the leadership’s decisions should never be questioned. WRONG: This conclusion cannot be inferred from the passage. “ t he “polity” … provides freedom (or, at least, the chance to dominate) by revolving leadership among the citizens” (lines 34-39). This answer is certainly not what Aristotle meant.

Passag e IV (Qu estio ns 70-75) 70. Which of the following scientific conclusions would most compromise the research reported in the passage? A. Depressed patients frequently believe that a failure on their part was not their fault. WRONG: This conclusion would not most compromise the research in the passage. This supports passage information that depressed patients are less subject to “ illusions” of this type than nondepressive patients. B. When offered additional opportunities to win, the depressed patients tended to refuse. WRONG: This conclusion would not most compromise the research in the passage. This has nothing to do with the passage information and consequently, cannot compromise the research. C. Illusions are more commonly found among those who are not depressed than those who are. WRONG: This conclusion would not most compromise the research in the passage. This would support the passage. “In their introduction, the investigators review the theoretical idea of “realism”, … that nondepressives often succumb to an “illusion of control,” sometimes believing their actions can influence objectively-random outcomes” (lines 62-67), among others. D. *Non-depressives easily distinguish any random event from that over which they have control. CORRECT: This conclusion would most compromise the research in the passage. “In their introduction, the investigators review the theoretical idea of “realism”, … that non-depressives often succumb to an “illusion of control,” sometimes believing their actions can influence objectively-

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

random outcomes” (lines 62-67), among others. 71. The author’s primary purpose in the passage is apparently: A. *to question the experiment described therein. CORRECT: The author questions aspects of the experiment throughout the passage. B. to clarify further what the experimenters expected to find out regarding depression. WRONG: This is only a small aspect of the passage. C. to evaluate the type of experimentation used by Abramson and Viscusi.. WRONG: For one thing, the specificity of this answer leaves Dr. Alloy conspicuous by his absence. If this answer were correct, then are we to assume that the author’s primary purpose was NOT to also evaluate the type of experimentation used by Dr. Alloy? D. to justify the premise that those who are depressed have a negative outlook. WRONG: There is no indication from the passage that depressed people have a negative outlook. They are identified as ‘realists’ with no further comment regarding whether this is negative or positive. 72. According to the passage, one of the author’s arguments is that: A. *the experiment does not consider whether depressives might believe that they have no control when they actually do. CORRECT: This is one of the author’s arguments according to the passage. “This experiment does not suggest whether the depressive relinquishes control in all contingencies, or in realistic accordance with the circumstances” (lines 77-80). B. the operation definitions of the experiment were vague and did not appear reliable. WRONG: This is not one of the author’s arguments according to the passage. “The operational definitions of “depressed” or “elated” mood were specific, and appeared reliable” (lines 28-29). C. the subjects of the experiment were never proven to conclusively be ‘clinically depressed’. WRONG: This is accurate information from the passage. However, this is not one of the author’s arguments according to the passage. “Nonetheless, the symptoms of depression never expressly contradict any recognized symptom of clinical depression, allowing some speculation about their similarity” (lines 45-48). D. handwriting speed is an inexact method of gauging depression. WRONG: This is not accurate according to the passage, and this is not one of the author’s arguments according to the passage. The author actually admits that a “decrease in writing speed is commonly found in clinically depressed individuals, the experimenters tested subjects’ writing speed to help assess their mood” (lines 50-53). 73. According to information in the passage, depressive moods would be likely to exist when an individual: I. *believes that she never has control over positive random events. CORRECT: We know from the passage that a person actually does not have control over random events. It does not matter whether the events are negative or positive. The “realist” individual with a depressive mood disorder recognizes this, unlike the non-depressive who has the illusion that positive random events are under her control. II. *believes that she never has control over negative random events. CORRECT: We know from the passage that a person actually does not have control over random events. It does not matter whether the events are negative or positive. The “realist” individual with a depressive mood disorder recognizes this, unlike the non-depressive who has the illusion that positive random events are under her control. III. believes that she never has control over any events in her life. WRONG: Look at the extremity of this statement; “never” and “ any”. This answer does not encapsulate and restate a combination of I and II. According to the passage, those with depressive moods are realists. Though it is not explicitly stated, it is conceivable that an individual with a depressive mood would believe that she had some control over at least one event in her life. If this were the case, then this answer would be wrong. A. I only B. II only C. *I and II only CORRECT: See above answer explanations. D. I, II, and III 74. In order to distinguish the nature of the experiment’s subjects, the author of the passage draws a distinction between: I. random and realism. WRONG: There is neither a comparison, nor a distinction drawn between the two words. II. the BDI and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. WRONG: There is neither a comparison, nor a distinction drawn between the two tests.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

III. *depressed mood and clinical depression. CORRECT: Lines 33-48 deal with this concept at length. A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. *III only CORRECT: See the above answer explanations. 75. According to passage information, which of the following situations would the non-depressive inaccurately attribute to her own abilities? A. Controlling her vehicle during a long skid on an icy road WRONG: The non-depressive would not inaccurately attribute this situation to her own abilities. This is not a completely random situation and certainly depends upon more than luck. B. Remembering the birth date of an acquaintance’s sister WRONG: The non-depressive would not inaccurately attribute this situation to her own abilities. This is not a completely random situation and certainly depends upon more than luck. C. Helping the neighbor to locate his lost car keys WRONG: The non-depressive would not inaccurately attribute this situation to her own abilities. This is not a completely random situation and certainly depends upon more than luck. D. *Choosing the winning numbers in the California state lottery CORRECT: The non-depressive would inaccurately attribute this situation to her own abilities. This is a perfect example of a commonly-known random situation with positive results. From the passage we know that “non-depressives often succumb to an “illusion of control,” sometimes believing their actions can influence objectively-random outcomes” (lines 64-67).

Passag e V (Qu estions 76-81) 76. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following ideas expressed by other historians detailing the colonization of Malaysia? A. Without the colonial impact of the Dutch, it is doubtful that Malaysia’s economy could compete in today’s markets. WRONG: The author would not most likely agree with this idea. For some reason the author does not even consider that Malaysia was colonized during the Dutch period. “By 1641, the Dutch gained control of Malacca. At this point, colonization was nonexistent” (lines 20-22). B. *It is quite clear that the major port cities were significant to controlling Malaysia during its colonial periods. CORRECT: The author would most likely agree with this idea. The port cities of Malacca and then Singapore are mentioned repeatedly by the author in describing the forcible seizure and control of the Portuguese, Dutch, and then British (lines 17-34). C. Singapore’s unique ethnic mix allowed Malaysia to prosper well beyond other countries in the region. WRONG: The author would not most likely agree with this idea. Choosing this answer is based upon complete conjecture since the author mentions nothing that would support this idea in the passage. D. In Southeast Asia, colonialism has, for the most part, served to improve and strengthen the region’s politics and culture. WRONG: The author would not most likely agree with this idea. Choosing this answer is based upon complete conjecture since the author mentions nothing that would support this idea in the passage. Simply because the “region was strongly influenced by colonialism” (lines 1-2) does not mean that it was a positive influence. 77. One can infer from the passage that the underlying goal of the British in colonizing Malaysia was: A. to exert political and cultural control in order to further monetary goals. WRONG: This cannot be inferred from the passage. “England never strove to control Malaysia politically” (lines 51-52). B. to achieve cultural and physical control in order to further profitable goals. WRONG: This cannot be inferred from the passage. There is no evidence to support the idea that a British “goal” was to achieve “cultural control”. C. *to gain physical control in order to further economic goals. CORRECT: This can be inferred from the passage. It is implied that all of the colonizers exerted their control in order to further their own economic goals. “The British controlled Malacca and the other major port, Singapore, through the 1860s. They intervened in the Malayans’ local wars, and thereby obtained the Pangkor Agreement, which allowed Britain to obtain a stronger foothold in the region. The British ruled this land exclusively until 1957” (lines 23-28). D. to apply political control in order to further money-making goals. WRONG: This cannot be inferred from the passage. “England never strove to control Malaysia politically” (lines 51-52).

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

78. Elsewhere, the author of the passage states that, “Today, Malaysia remains heavily influenced by England; a carryover from the British colonial occupation of the late 18th and early 19th centuries”. This statement most directly supports the passage assertion that: A. *Large economic contributions to Malaysia ensure that British interests are still strongly considered. CORRECT: This statement does support a passage assertion. “ [England’s] large contribution to Malaysian businesses’ revenues ensures that its interests are articulated often by local concerns mindful of maintaining friendly trade relations” (lines 53-56). B. The British colonialism of Malaysia strove for political and economic control. WRONG: This statement does not support a passage assertion. “ E ngland never strove to control Malaysia politically” (lines 51-52). C. Due to British efforts to control Malaysia politically, Malaysia remains influenced by England. WRONG: This statement does not support a passage assertion. “ E ngland never strove to control Malaysia politically” (lines 51-52). D. Because of early British influence, Singapore remains Malaysia’s most widely used port city. WRONG: This statement does not support a passage assertion. There is no evidence that Singapore is the most widely used city. Most importantly, “Singapore left the [Malaysian] federation” (line 32). 79. According to the author, the provinces of Sarawak and Sabah: A. contain Kuala Lumpur, the nation’s capital. WRONG: This is conjecture, not based upon passage information. B. are located on Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, respectively. WRONG: This is not accurate according to passage information. C. *comprise the eastern half of Malaysia. CORRECT: “To the east, … is the island of Borneo. On Borneo are the two provinces … Sarawak and Sabah. Together, they comprise the other half of Malaysia” (lines 13-16). D. are port cities. WRONG: This is conjecture, not based upon passage information. 80. Based upon passage information, it is safe to assume that: A. colonization has proven to be a boon to many heretofore underdeveloped countries. WRONG: This is not safe to assume, based upon passage information. B. *post-colonization, most nations divest themselves of the vestiges of their colonizers. CORRECT: This is safe to assume, based upon passage information. “After England’s rule ended, Malaysia acted atypically. De-colonization is the usual process whereby colonies attempt to free themselves from their mother nation’s customs. Malaysia did the opposite” (lines 35-38). C. the long-term effects of colonization are poorly understood. WRONG: This is not safe to assume, based upon passage information. D. Malaysia’s prosperity is an anomaly in the litany of post-colonized nations. WRONG: This is not safe to assume, based upon passage information. 81. According to passage information, Malaysia’s history includes control by Portuguese, Dutch, and finally British subjects. Yet the Dutch differed in that: A. they were more concerned with trade than colonization. WRONG: Possibly, but this is conjecture, not based upon passage information, and, therefore, not a safe assumption. B. *under their control, there was no colonization. CORRECT: “By 1641, the Dutch gained control of Malacca. At this point, colonization was nonexistent” (lines 20-22). C. Singapore became the focus of the colonization efforts. WRONG: D. they were able to obtain the Pangkor Agreement. WRONG: The British obtained the Pangkor Agreement.

Passag e VI (Qu estio ns 82-87) 82. According to the passage, which of the following is most likely to be true about the relationship between the government and the economy of a state? A. It is generally a poor idea to print more money in an effort to manipulate a state’s economy. WRONG: This is not most likely to be true. It is a matter of opinion. “… printing more money at the risk of inflating the currency. … Interestingly these are the same instruments neoclassical economists always warn governments to avoid manipulating, at the risk of disrupting the free market’s efficiency”

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

(lines 19-23). Finally, it is important to see that the author seems to side more with the ‘statists’ than the neoclassicists. B. State-owned enterprises are generally more efficient than privately-owned enterprises. WRONG: This is not most likely to be true. “Socialist economies may attempt to privatize their inefficient state-owned enterprises …” (lines 37-39). C. The neoclassical economic model has been largely disproved. WRONG: This is not most likely to be true. Though the author is likely more a ‘statist’ than a neoclaccisist, he admits that “A more objective, proactive measure of a government's efficiency is still needed” (lines 14-15). Thus, other than Prof. Wade’s suggestions, there is still no way to truly gauge the effectiveness of government intervention. The neoclassicists might be right in the end. D. *It has proven difficult to evaluate a government’s efficiency and success in economic intervention. CORRECT: This is most likely to be true. “A more objective, proactive measure of a government's efficiency is still needed” (lines 14-15). Thus, other than Prof. Wade’s suggestions, there is still no way to truly gauge the effectiveness of government intervention. 83. According to the passage, if government involvement can change the course of development, then: A. the state should carefully minimize this intervention in a dogmatic fashion. WRONG: This is the antithesis to the passage. “Logically, then, advocating a minimalist approach for the state, instead of finding and pursuing those policy instruments found to be effective, is dogmatic rather than pragmatic” (lines 28-31). B. intervention in most areas of economic development is pragmatic. WRONG: There is no support for this assertion. C. studies should be conducted prior to the involvement in order to avoid disruptions. WRONG: Since there are no methods available for accurately gauging the effectiveness of government intervention, this would be futile. D. *the government should intervene using those policy instruments which have been found effective. CORRECT: “Logically, then, advocating a minimalist approach for the state, instead of finding and pursuing those policy instruments found to be effective, is dogmatic rather than pragmatic” (lines 2831). 84. According to the passage, one of the requirements for the developmental state is that “it must be relatively autonomous from the influence of business” (lines 8-9). Based upon this information, it would generally be mistaken for the state to: A. “lead the market”. WRONG: “When policies “lead the market,” they are proposed by government and implemented (with assistance) through business …” (lines 51-53). Implementation “ w ith assistance” from businesses would be more autonomous than ‘adopting the advice of private business leaders’, as in Answer B. B. * “follow the market”. CORRECT: “… when [policies] “follow the market,” they are adopted by governments on the advice of private business leaders” (lines 49-55). If the state “must be relatively autonomous from the influence of business” then this would be a mistake to follow the advice of private business leaders. C. use “explicit” tools. WRONG: “ ‘Explicit ’ tools are those policies reached by negotiation between industry and government leaders, or incentive programs publicly offered to all interested firms” (lines 41-44). Similarly to Answer A, this “negotiation” would be more autonomous than ‘adopting the advice of private business leaders’, as in Answer B. D. use “implicit” tools. WRONG: “Those [policies] imposed by the state without consultation, or those that are secret or not available to all firms on a competitive basis are ‘implicit ’” (lines 44-46). This policy is completely autonomous, and therefore, cannot be considered mistaken in light of the question ’s requirement. 85. Suppose it is discovered that independent, privately owned colleges in the former Soviet Union produced more graduates with greater technical expertise than did the colleges with a state-mandated curricula. How would this information affect the author’s claims about controlling college curricula? A. It would support the claim that nations cannot improve technical expertise through control of state college curricula. WRONG: This is not an accurate representation of the author’s claims, and is not how the discovered information would affect the author’s claims. “Nations can improve technical expertise through control of state college curricula …” (lines 33-35). B. It would support the claim that independent, privately owned colleges are more efficient than those that are state-run. WRONG: This is not an accurate representation of the author’s claims, and is not how the discovered information would affect the author’s claims. “Nations can improve technical expertise through control of state college curricula …” (lines 33-35).

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

C. *It would weaken the claim that nations can improve technical expertise through control of state college curricula. CORRECT: This is how the discovered information would affect the author’s claims. “Nations can improve technical expertise through control of state college curricula …” (lines 33-35). D. It would weaken the claim that independent, privately owned colleges are less efficient than those that are state-run. WRONG: This may seem like an accurate representation of the author’s. But this is not an accurate representation of the author’s claims, and is not how the discovered information would affect the author’s claims. “Nations can improve technical expertise through control of state college curricula …” (lines 33-35). This is not the same idea that is presented in the answer. 86. The existence of which of the following situations would most strongly CHALLENGE the information in the passage? A. Discovery of an accurate diagnostic tool for evaluating the usefulness of government economic intervention WRONG: This situation does not most strongly challenge the information in the passage. The author argues, almost in passing, that there is no such tool now. He does not argue that one will never be found and even points out Prof. Wade’s ideas as a possibility. B. Evidence that the usefulness of policy tools varies depending upon the maturity of the economy WRONG: This situation does not challenge the information in the passage. C. *Proof that the neoclassical economic theories are the most valid CORRECT: Notice the use of the word “most” in this answer, rendering it even more correct. This situation does most strongly challenge the information in the passage. The passage is not objective. The author clearly seems to disagree with the neoclassicists. Particularly in the third paragraph which he ends with, “Logically, then, advocating a minimalist approach for the state [which the neoclassicists would do], instead of finding and pursuing those policy instruments found to be effective, is dogmatic rather than pragmatic” (lines 28-31). D. Verification that Soviet and Red Chinese economies compare poorly with those of the free world WRONG: This situation does not most strongly challenge the information in the passage. This is very vague and relies upon the line, “Socialist economies may attempt to privatize their inefficient stateowned enterprises” (lines 37-39). “Compare poorly …”? What does that mean exactly? 87. Which of the following opinions would the author be most likely to endorse? A. The ability to allocate money within an economy should be spread among several governmental agencies. WRONG: The author would not most likely endorse this opinion. “… the developmental state: it must be … efficient and coordinated enough to implement a unitary policy” (lines 7-10). This would be rendered more difficult with “several governmental agencies”. B. The managers of a governmental agency tasked with economic intervention should come from the industries themselves. WRONG: The author would not most likely endorse this opinion. Can you say, “Conflict of interest”? Apparently, the developmental state “must be relatively autonomous from the influence of business” (lines 8- 9). With this answer, that would hardly be the case. C. A blend of the neoclassicist and statist approaches is required for the most effective results. WRONG: The author would not most likely endorse this opinion. There is no evidence that the author believes this. He comes down on the side of the statists. “Logically, then, advocating a minimalist approach for the state, instead of finding and pursuing those policy instruments found to be effective, is dogmatic rather than pragmatic” (lines 28-31). D. *A completely reliable and accurate method of gauging the effectiveness of government intervention has not yet been developed. CORRECT: The author would most likely endorse this opinion. “A more objective, proactive measure of a government's efficiency is still needed” (lines 14-15). And, though the author seems encouraged by Prof. Wade’s ideas, he does not strongly endorse them, and certainly does not imply that they are “ completely reliable and accurate”.

Passag e VII (Qu estions 88-92) 88. The claim that “it is to preserve property that governments were formed” (line 41), necessitates which of the following conclusions? A. *The concept of property existed before governments. CORRECT: This conclusion is necessitated by the claim. Further, it is promoted by Belle in the passage. For instance, “property is an intrinsic right of man which precedes government and continues after it” (lines 51-52). B. Governments were formed based upon greed. WRONG: This conclusion is not necessitated by the claim. The use of the word “greed” is vague. This answer is not as responsive as Answer A.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

C. England should be considered the first true form of government. WRONG: This conclusion is not necessitated by the claim. Though, the “new, pro-property ideology arose, appropriately enough, in mercantile England” (lines 37-38), England’s was certainly not the first government. The naming or defining of an ideological form does not render that moment necessarily the first time that form existed. D. Belle had probably been studying the theories of Plato. WRONG: This conclusion is not necessitated by the claim. Neither is it necessitated by any passage information. 89. According to one of the positions presented, Plato held “to the proverb that extremes of both wealth and poverty should be avoided” (lines 11-12), and “the masses can accumulate unlimited wealth” (lines 68-69). If both of these premises are true, what conclusion is most reasonable? A. Plato most likely believed that his theories should not be forced upon the guardians of the state. WRONG: This is not a reasonable conclusion. The ‘positions’ in the question have to do with the “masses”, not the “guardians” who Plato felt should not have any “private property whatsoever” (line 21). B. *Plato probably felt that it was most important for the rulers to adhere to these tenets. CORRECT: This is a reasonable conclusion. Depriving the guardians of property was “done not with the final aim of helping the guardians themselves attain personal virtue …, but rather because virtuous guardians are necessary for the city to prosper. Were Plato interested in the moral perfection of every citizen, he would not allow any class to accumulate wealth, but he sees no point in trying to stop it, since the strength of the city (i.e., its military defense) does not rely on the lower classes…” (lines 2836). C. Perhaps Plato felt that the military defense of the city relied upon the masses. WRONG: This is not a reasonable conclusion. “the strength of the city (i.e., its military defense) does not rely on the lower classes…” (lines 35-36). D. Plato doubtless understood that unlimited wealth would eventually destroy them. WRONG: This is not a reasonable conclusion. This idea is vague, and not supported by passage information. 90. What distinction is implied in the passage between Belle and Plato, respectively? A. Limit and limit WRONG: This distinction is not implied in the passage. It is true that both theorists would limit property, but only Belle would limit everyone’s property. B. *Deprive none and deprive some CORRECT: This distinction is implied in the passage. This refers to Belle depriving none of the citizens private property, and Plato depriving some of the citizens (the lower classes) private property. This is still a correct choice even taking into account the final line of the passage. Here, Belle seems to approve “limiting” property somewhat. Yet he certainly would not approve “deprivation”. C. Early and modern WRONG: This distinction is not implied in the passage. This is not a “respective” distinction. This would imply that Belle was early and Plato was modern, which is inaccurate. D. Unnecessary and natural right WRONG: This distinction is not implied in the passage. Again, this is not a “respective” distinction. This would imply that Belle felt that property (or something) was unnecessary and Plato felt that it was a natural right, which is inaccurate. 91. Apparently, both Plato and Belle assume that luxury is: A. a necessity. WRONG: This is not apparent. B. natural. WRONG: This is not apparent. C. wasteful. WRONG: This is not apparent. There is no specific link to Plato and the concept of “wasteful”. This is not as appropriate an answer as Answer D. D. *harmful. CORRECT: This is apparent. Notice that “luxury” seems to be defined as “excess property”. “both [theorists] agree that excess property can be the cause of harm. Plato notes that luxury corrupts the individual, while Belle argues that [luxury] will harm …” (lines 61-63). 92. According to the passage, Belle believed that if a citizen’s right to property were infringed upon by his government, then: A. that citizen had the right to retaliate. WRONG: Given the situation, this is not what Belle believed. Prior to joining or forming a

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

government citizens “had the right to stop infringement upon their property, through retaliation. In consenting to join a governed society, they gave up the latter, agreeing to be bound by civil laws” ` (lines 44-47). B. that citizen had given up the right to retaliate. WRONG: Given the situation, this is not as clear as the choice in Answer D. “. A governing body which “invade[s] the property of the subject” has betrayed its purpose and its trust, and Belle advocates dissolving it” (lines 52-55). Perhaps this “dissolution” could be accomplished in a peaceful and non-retaliatory fashion. C. that government could no longer bind him through civil laws. WRONG: Given the situation, this is not as clear as the choice in Answer D. D. *that government should be disbanded. CORRECT: Given the situation, this is what Belle believed. “. A governing body which “invade[s] the property of the subject” has betrayed its purpose and its trust, and Belle advocates dissolving it” (lines 52-55).

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

Biological Sciences Passage I (Questions 93-99) 93. D is correct. From the passage you should deduce that since acid phosphatase is inside the lysosome, and it is not detectable by the assaying techniques of Dr. Duve until after these procedures. Therefore, all these procedures must open the lysosome by disrupting the phospholipid bilayer. 94. B is correct. From the passage, phosphorylation of mannose is part of the packaging process of lysosomal enzymes, so if mannose six is not phosphorylated, the enzymes will not be packaged into the lysosome. From this you should deduce that the lysosomes will be unable to degrade some macromolecules and be left with these lysosomes holding the leftovers. This is called a lysosomal storage disease. 95. B is correct. The passage states that the enzymes are hydrolytic, so water is a reactant. Acid phosphatase is the enzyme catalyst, so it is not a reactant. 96. D is correct. The techniques must not have disrupted the membrane because they did not reveal the acid phosphatase concealed within the membrane of the lysosomes until after disruption of the membrane occured. 97. C is correct. The passage says that the phosphorylation of mannose targets lysosomal enzymes for the lysosome. If they are not phosphorylated, a likely fate is secretion via secretory vesicles. A and B are incorrect because they do not result in the enzymes in the blood or urine. D is wrong because they do not explain why only eight of the enzymes are found in the blood and not all the others, and they do not account as well for why the enzymes are found in the blood at all. 98. A is correct. You can memorize this or you can reason it out. Secretory vesicles have the glycoproteins on the inside surface. When they fuse with the membrane during exocytosis, this becomes the extracellular surface of the cell. 99. B is correct. The passage states that secretory vesicles are not targeted by carbohydrate markers, so only lysosomal enzymes would be affected. Without mannose, they would be secreted. Passage II (Questions 100-103) 100. B is correct. The carbon has two sigma and one pi bond so it must be sp2 hybridized. 101. D is correct. Molecule A and molecule B are mirror images of each other, therefore, they are enantiomers. Epimers are distereomers with one center different. 102. B is correct. An ester if formed in set 2 by reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol. 103. A is correct. They have opposite absolute configurations. Passage III (Questions 104-109) 104. C is correct. Since the DNA that codes for the codon of glutamic acid is CTC, one codon for glutamic acid is GAG. So D is wrong. The passage states that an A→T Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

inversion (pyrimidine to purine, or purine to pyrimidine) results in valine. Thus the T must change to an A. The DNA strand CAC codes for GUG which must be valine. 105. C is correct. Anything containing DNA. 106. B is correct. A hybrid cross. 107. A is correct. The passage talks about Hb A and Hb S differing in their amino acid sequence. 108. D is correct. Protists are single celled eukaryotes. They do not normally have a cell wall of chitin like fungi. 109. A is correct. The passage states that fetal hemoglobin does not contain the polypeptide chains affected by sickle cell anemia, besides, B doesn’t address the question; and C & D are just wrong. Stand Alones 110. B is correct. A, C & D are true statements. B is not because at some point the increasing temperature will denature the protein diminishing its’ function. 111. B is correct. Serum is plasma with out the clotting proteins. The major clotting factor that you should know for the MCAT is fibrinogen or fibrin. 112. C is correct. E. coli is a prokaryote, and prokaryotes have ribosomes. Monocytes have organelles. Tetrahymena is a protist, and has organelles, but you should have known that red blood cells lose their organelles, including their nucleus. 113. B is correct. Calcitonin responds to an increase in blood calcium by “toning” the bone with calcium. Passage IV (Questions 114-117) 114. D is correct. You should know that action potentials are generated through cardiac muscle via gap junctions and purkinje fibers. 115. D is correct. The sodium-potassium pump establishes a concentration gradient for potassium toward the outside of the cell. You should know that an efflux of K+ to the exterior of the cell results in hyperpolarization of the cell. 116. A is correct. Muscarinic receptors use acetylcholine and are inhibitory. Therefore they would be found between the postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system and an effector which is normally inhibited by parasympathetic activity, like the heart. 117. A is correct. One property of a chemical synapse that you must know for the MCAT is that it is unidirectional. Passage V (Questions 118-123) 118. A is correct. A chiral carbon has four different substituents attached. Caffeine has none. 119. B is correct. Sodium carbonate is a strong base. Its purpose would be to remove a proton.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

120. A is correct. Sodium carbonate is a strong base. It will deprotonate the tanins and make them soluble in water. 121. A is correct. To remove a liquid from a dissolved solid requires that the liquid be boiled off. Distillation is the only method that works. 122. C is correct. To use a substance as an extraction solvent from an aqueous layer, we want the substance to be immiscible with water – and to hold the extracted substance more strongly than water does. 123. D is correct. Sublimation is the phase change from solid to gas.

Stand Alones 124. B is correct. By LeChatelier’s principle, when CO2 is exhaled, the reaction moves to the left. 125. D is correct. B and D are opposites so one must be the right answer. Smooth muscle does not contain sarcomeres, and thus is not striated. 126. C is correct. The longest chain fatty acid is the least water soluble. 127. C is correct. The Hammond postulate states that the structure of the transition state will resemble the structure of the closest stable species. In an exothermic reaction, the closest stable species are the reactants. Passage VI (Questions 128-133) 128. A is correct. The middle dip represents the cation intermediate. This first step is endothermic and is catalyzed by heat; however, the second step is exothermic. The second step is the fast step, so its activation complex must be at a lower energy. 129. D is correct. Strong bases remove protons as opposed to behaving like nucleophiles and attacking carbons. Bulky bases have difficulty attacking carbons and thus tend to remove protons. Heat favors the increase in entropy that occurs with elimination. Polarizability makes for a better nucleophile. 130. A is correct. In SN1 or E1, the halogen drops off leaving a carbocation. 131. A is correct. The substrate is tertiary, so SN2 is out. Product D is the result of SN2 because its inverted configuration. The strong base will favor an E2 product. Product A is the more substituted alkene, and thus the major product. 132. A is correct. Answer A is the only product where the leaving group and the proton are trans and both axial. 133. B is correct. In elimination reactions, a base removes a proton. Passage VII (Questions 134-139) 134. D is correct. This is the correct order. 135. B is correct. Excretion by the kidney is the net result of the filtration, secretion, and reabsorption processes. Clearance is the hypthetical volume of plasma that would be entirely cleared of a solute in a certain unit of time. Reabsorption is the reverse of secretion, where solute is taken up from the filtrate into the epithelial cells.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.

136. D is correct. Reabsorption is the difference between filtration and excretion, unless there is also secretion. The question does not allow for the complication, so reabsorption is correct. 137. A is correct. The mechanism described is secondary active transport. The passage states that actively transported molecules most likely follow the transport maximum system. 138. C is correct. The passage states that sodium follows a gradient-time system as shown in Figure 2. This system shows that filtration increases faster than excretion when plasma concentration increases. 139. C is correct. Once a substance has reached its transport maximum, any additional amount is excreted, while the amount absorbed remains the same.

Stand Alones 140. D is correct. The liver arises from endoderm. 141. B is correct. The peptide bond has partial double bond character. 142. B is correct. This is a myth. A dog and a wolf, for instance. 143. A is correct. This is the purpose of fermentation, to regenerate NAD. 144. A is correct. This is the 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Copyright © 2003 Examkrackers, Inc.