Appendix - Springer

Appen dix Table AI. International Abbreviations for Plastics, Rubbers, and Fibers" Abbreviation

Plastic/fiber/rubber

ABR ................ Copolymers from acrylic esters and butadiene ABS ................. Copolymers from acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene ACM ................ Copolymers from acrylic ester and 2-chlorovinyl ether AMMA .............. Copolymers from acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate ANM ............... Copolymers from acrylic ester and acrylonitrile BR ................. . Poly(butadiene) BT ................. . Poly(butene-1) CA ................. . Cellulose acetate CAB ................ Cellulose acetobutyrate CAP ................ Cellulose acetopropionate CAR ................ Carbon fiber CF ................. . Cresol/formaldehyde resin CFK ................ Man-made fiber-reinforced plastics CHC ................ Chlorohydrin copolymers (from epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide) CHR ................ Chlorohydrin elastomer [poly(epichlorohyd rin)] CL ................. . Poly( vinyl chloride) fiber CMC ................ Carboxymethyl cellulose CN ................. Cellulose nitrate CNR ................ Carboxynitroso rubber CP ................. . Cellulose propionate CPVC ............... Chlorinated poly( vinyl chloride) CR ................. . Poly(chloroprene) CS ................. . Casein CSR ................ Chlorosulfonated poly(ethylene) EA ................. . Segmented polyurethane fiber "From ISO/DR 1252 (International Standardization Organization), DIN 7728 (Deutsch Industrie-Norm German industrial standard). and EEC (European Economic Community) abbreviations. xi vii

=

Appendix

xlviii

Table AI (continued) Abbreviation

Plastic/fiber/rubber

EEA ................ Copolymer from ethylene and ethyl acrylate EC . . . . . . . . Ethyl cellulose EP .................. Epoxide resin EPDM .............. Elastomer from ethylene, propylene, and a diene EPM ................ Elastomer from ethylene and propylene EVA ................ Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl acetate FE .................. Fluorine-containing elastomers GEP ................ Glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy resins GFK ................ Glass-fiber-reinforced plastics GUP. . ...... Glass-fiber-reinforced polyester resins IIR ................. Butyl rubber MA ................. Modacrylic fibers MC . . . . . . . ...... Methyl cellulose MF ................. Melamine/formaldehyde resins MOD . . . . . ....... Modacrylic fibers (EEC abbreviation) NBR . . . . .... Elastomers from acrylonitrile and butadiene NR ................. Natural rubber PA ................. Polyamides PAC ................ Poly(acrylonitrile) fiber PAN ................ Poly(acrylonitrile) PBMA .............. Poly(butyl methacrylate) PC ................. Poly(acrylonitrile) fibers (EEC abbreviation) PCF ................ Poly(trifluorochloroethylene) fiber PCTFE . . . . . . . . . . . . Poly(trifluorochloroethylene) fiber PDAP ... Poly(diallyl phthalate) PDMS .............. Poly( dimethyl siloxane) PE...... . .... Poly( ethylene) PE .................. Polyester fiber (EEC abbreviation) PEO ................ Poly( ethylene oxide) PES . . . . . . .... Polyester fiber PETP . . . . .... Poly( ethylene terephthalate) PF .................. Phenol/formaldehyde resin PFEP ............... Copolymer from tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene PIB ................. Poly(isobutylene) PL .................. Poly(ethylene) (EEC abbreviation) PMMA ............. Poly(methyl methacrylate) PO ................. Phenoxy resin POM ............... Poly(oxymethylene) POR ................ Elastomer from propylene oxide and allyl glycidyl ether PP .................. Poly(propylene) PPO ................ Poly(phenylene oxide) PS . . . ........ Poly(styrene) PSB ................ Copolymer from styrene and butadiene PST ................ Poly( styrene) fiber PS-TSG ............. Injection-molding foam poly( styrene) PTF ................ Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) fiber PTFE ............... Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) PU ................. Polyurethane fiber

xlix

Appendix

Table AI (continued) Abbreviation

Plastic/fiberjrubber

PUA ................ Polyurea fiber PUE ................ Segmented polyurethane fiber PYA ................ Poly( vinyl ether) PVAC ............... Poly( vinyl acetate) PV AL ............... Poly( vinyl alcohol) PVB ................ Poly( vinyl butyral) PVC ................ Poly( vinyl chloride) PVCA ............... Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate PVDC .............. Poly(vinylidene chloride) PVDF .............. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVF ................ Poly(vinyl fluoride) PVFM .............. Poly( vinyl formal) PVID ............... Poly(vinylidene cyanide) PVM ............... Copolymer from vinyl ethers and vinyl chloride SAN ................ Copolymer from styrene and acrylonitrile SBR ................ Elastomer from styrene and butadiene SMS ................ Copolymer from styrene and tx-methyl styrene SI .................. Silicones TR ................. Thermoplastic elastomers UF ................. Urea/formaldehyde resin UP ................. Unsaturated polyester VF ................. Vulcan fiber

Table A2. Trivial and Trade Names of Macromolecular Substances" Name ABS polymers Abson Acetate Aceta Aclar Acrilan Acronal Acrylic Acrylan rubber Adiprene Alathon

Substance Generic term for copolymers or poly blends from acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene ABS Generic name for fibers from cellulose-2!-acetate Cellulose acetate Fluorinated polycarbonate film Poly( acrylonitrile) Dispersions based on uni- and copolymers of acrylic esters Generic name for fibers from at least 85% poly( acrylonitrile) Butyl acrylate/5-10% acrylonitrile copolymer Polyurethane elastomer Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer

Manufacturer

Goodrich, U.S. Bayer, Germany Allied Chemical, U.S. Chemstrand Corp. (Monsanto), U.S. BASF, Germany

Monomer Corp., U.S. DuPont, U.S. DuPont, U.S.

"This list is not claimed to be complete. Register of trade names: J. B. Titus. Trade DesignaTions of PlasTics and RelaTed MaTerials, Plastics Evaluation Center, Dover, New Jersey, 1970 DeuTsche Rhodiaceta, Chemiefasern auf dem Weltmarkt, Deutsche Rhodiaceta, Freiburg/Br., 1966.

Appendix

Table A2 (continued) Name Alberto!, Alberlat Alkathene Alkydal Algoflon Alloprene Amber lite Ameripol Ameripol SM Aralac Araldite Ardil Amite At lac Asplit Balata Bakelite Bar ex Becka cite Bodanyl

Substance Modified phenolic resins Poly( ethylene) (high pressure) Polyester resin Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Chlorinated rubber Synthetic ion-exchange resins Poly(isoprene) Cis-1,4-poly(isoprene) Albumin fiber Epoxide resins Fiber from peanut protein Poly( ethylene terephthalate) (as plastic) Polyester resin Phenoplast Trans-! ,4- Poly(isoprene) Phenol-formaldehyde resins Copolymer from acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate (3: I) Phenoplast Poly( caprolactam)

Cellidor Cell it Cellon

Boronitridc Copolymer !rom butadiene and acrylonitrile. Butadiene/styrene copolymer (elastomer) Poly( vinyl butyral) Cross-linkable plastic produced at high polymerization temperatures from butadiene and styrene Poly(isobutylene) with 2% isoprene Poly(ethylene glycol) Block copolymer of styrene/butadiene/styrene Poly( ethylene) Poly(propylene) Ethylene/propylene copolymer Poly(formaldehyde) (from trioxane with some ethylene oxide) Thermoplast based on Cellit Cellulose acetate or acetobutyrate Cellulose acetate

Cellophane Celluloid

Hydrate cellulose from pulp Cellulose nitrate, plasticized with camphor

Chicle

Raw material for chewing gum (mixture of trans-1.4-poly(isoprene) + triterpenes Graft copolymer of 70'Y., acrylonitrile on 30~;, casein

Boralloy Buna N Buna S or SS Butacite Buton Butyl rubber Carbo wax Cariflex Carlona Carlona Pt c 23 Celcon

Chin on

Manufacturer Chern. Werke Albert, Germany ICI, Great Britain Bayer, Germany Montedison, Italy ICI, Great Britain Roehm & Haas, U.S. Firestone, U.S. Firestone, U.S. National Dairy Prod.,

u.s.

CIBA, Switzerland ICI, Great Britain AKU, The Netherlands Atlas, U.S. Hoechst, Germany Natural product Bakelite Inc., U.S. Vistron, U.S. Reichhold, U.S. Feldmiihle, Rorschach. Switzerland Union Carbide, U.S. Hiils, Germany HUls, Germany DuPont, U.S. Esso, Great Britain Bayer, Germany Union Carbide, U.S. Shell, The Netherlands Shell, The Netherlands Shell, The Netherlands Montecatini, Italy Celanese, U.S. Bayer, Germany Bayer, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Kalle, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Natural product Toyoba, Japan

li

Appendix

Table A2 (continued) Name

Substance

Chlorinated rubber Cibanoid Clarifoil

Chlorinated natural rubber Urea-formaldehyde resin Cellulose acetate

Collacral K Courlene

Industrial poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Poly( ethylene) (fiber)

Courlene PY

Poly(propylene) (fiber)

Courtelle

Poly( acrylonitrile)

Corfam

Cycolac Cycolon Dacron Darvic Delrin Densothene

Permeable artificial leather from polyurethane/polyester/polyester fleece Poly(vinyl chloride) Cis-1,4-poly(isoprene) Optical fibers from polymethyl methacrylate and polyethylene ABS ABS Fiber from poly( ethylene terephthalate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(oxymethylene) (from formaldehyde) Poly( ethylene)

Desmodur Desmophen Dexel

Isocyanate grades for polyurethane Polyester for polyurethanes Cellulose acetate

Dexsil Diofan Diolen Dralon Drawinella Duran it Durethan Durette Dutra! Dyne! Edistir Elvanol Enkatherm

Poly(carborane siloxane) Dispersion of copolymers of vinylidene chloride Fiber from poly(ethylene terephthalate) Poly(acrylonitrile) Cellulose triacetate Butadiene/styrene copolymer Polyamides or polyurethanes Fiber of isophthalic acid and m-phenylene diamine Ethylene/propylene copolymer Vinyl chloride/acrylonitrile copolymer Poly(styrene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(terephthaloyl oxamidrazone)

Enjay-Butyl Epikote Epon Estane Ethocel

Isobutylene/isoprene copolymer Epoxide resin Epoxide resin Polyurethane Cellulose ether

Corvic Coral rubber Crofon

Manufacturer Bayer, Germany CIBA, Switzerland British Celanese, Great Britain BASF, Germany Courtaulds, Great Britain Courtaulds, Great Britain Courtaulds, Great Britain Du Pont, U.S. ICI, Great Britain Goodrich, U.S. DuPont, U.S. Marbon, U.S. Marbon, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. ICI, Great Britain Du Pont, U.S. Metal Box, Great Britain Bayer, Germany Bayer, Germany British Celanese, Great Britain Olin, U.S. BASF, Germany Glanzstoff, Germany Bayer, Germany Wacker, Germany HU!s, Germany Bayer, Germany Monsanto, U.S. Montecatini, Italy Union Carbide, U.S. Montedison, Italy Du Pont, U.S. AKZO, The Netherlands Enjay, U.S. Shell, The Netherlands Shell, The Netherlands Goodrich, U.S. Dow, U.S.

Iii

Appendix

Table A2 (continued) Name

Substance

Manufacturer

Exonol Fiber AF Flu on Gallon Gala lith

Poly( p-hydroxy benzoate) Dehydrogenated cyclic polyacrylonitrile Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly( tetran uoroethylene) Plastic from milk albumin

Geon Glyptal Grafoil

Poly(vinyl chloride) Alkyd resin Pure graphite film "Government rubber," former term for polymers produced in U.S. government-owned factories during the second world war Copolymer from isobutylene with 2% isoprene Poly( chloroprene) Thiokol Copolymer from butadiene and styrene Poly( ethylene) (low pressure)

Carborundum, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. ICI, Great Britain Gachot, France Internationale Galalith, Germany Goodrich, U.S. General Electric, U.S. Union Carbide, U.S.

GR

GR-1

GR-N GR-P

GR-S Grex Grilen

+ terephthalic acid

Grilon

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid + glycol (fiber) Polyamide 6

Grilonit

Epoxide compounds

Gutta Percha H film

Trans-! ,4-pol y( isoprene) Polyimide (pyromellitic anhydride + p,p' -diaminodiphenylene oxide) Poly( ethylene) (low pressure) Poly(trifluoromonochloroethylene) Poly(oxymethylene), containing cyclic acetals as comonomers Poly( ethylene) (low pressure) Poly(propylene) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly( ethylene terephthalate glycol ester) Poly(hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) Group of elastomers (e.g., nitrile rubber, styrene/butadiene rubbers) Urea-formaldehyde resin (foam) Chlorosulfonated poly(ethylene) Block copolymer from poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene glycol) Poly( vinyl chloride) Ionomeric film Urea-formaldehyde foam Irradiated, cross-linked poly( ethylene) Cellular polyurethane Polyimide from pyromellitic dianhydride and p,p' -diaminodiphenyl ether

Hi-fax Hostaflon Hostaform Hostalen Hostalen PP Hostalit Hostaphan Hydron Hycar Hygromull Hypalon Hystrel Igelith Jolon Iporka Irrathene Iso nate Kapton H

W. R. Grace & Co., U.S. Emser Werke, Switzerland Emser Werke, Switzerland Emser Werke, Switzerland Natural product Du Pont, U.S. Hercules Powder, U.S. Hoechst, Germany Hoechst, Germany Hoechst, Germany Hoechst, Germany Hoechst, Germany Kalle, Germany Hydro-Dent, U.S. Goodrich, U.S. BASF, Germany Du Pont, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. BASF, Germany Du Pont, U.S. BASF, Germany General Electric, U.S. Upjohn, U.S. Du Pont, U.S.

Appendix

/iii

Table A2 (continued) Name Kaurit glue Kautex Kel-F Kel-F elastomer

Substance Urea-formaldehyde resin Poly(vinyl chloride)

Marl ex Melan, Melamin Melbrite Meraklon Merinova Methyl rubber

Poly(trifluoromonochloroethylene) Copolymer from vinylidene fluoride and trifluorochloroethylene Polyimide Polyester Polyester from terephthalic acid and I ,4-dimethylol cyclohexane Poly( ethylene terephthalate) ABS Polyester Perfluorinated polyether Phenol/formaldehyde fiber Fiber from milk albumin Fiber from copolymers with 10-15% acrylonitrile and an aliphatic diene Poly( acrylonitrile) Unsaturated polyester Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer Polycarbonate from bisphenol A and phosgene Compressed wood Copolymer from methacrylonitrile and styrene or Q(-methyl styrene (9: 1) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(propylene) Phenoplast Poly( ethylene) (high pressure) Copolymer from styrene/acrylonitrile Poly( styrene) Vinyl chloride-containing copolymers in the form of solutions (L) or dispersions (D) Poly( vinyl ether) Poly( vinyl carbazole) (no longer produced) Poly( vinyl chloride) (film) Elastomer from segments of polyether and polyurethane Polycarbonate from bisphenol A and phosgene base units Poly( ethylene) Melamine/formaldehyde prepolymer Melamine/formaldehyde resin Poly(propylene) Casein fiber Poly(2,3-dimethylbutadiene)

Mipolam

Poly( vinyl chloride)

Kine! Kodar Kodel-2 Kodel-10 Kralastic Kryston Krytox Kynol Lanital Lastrile Leacril Leguval Levapren Lex an Lignostone Lopac Lucite Luparen Luphen Lupolen Luran Lust rex Lutofan Lutonal Luvican Luvitherm Lycra Makrolon

Manufacturer BASF, Germany Kautex Werke, Germany M. W. Kellog, U.S. M. W. Kellog, U.S. Rhone Poulenc, France Eastman, U.S. Eastman, U.S. Eastman, U.S. US Rubber, U.S. Goodrich, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. Carborundum, U.S. Snia Viscosa, Italy Generic name ACSA, Italy Bayer, Germany Bayer, Germany General Electric, U.S. Roehling, Germany Monsanto, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. BASF, Germany BASF, Germany BASF, Germany BASF, Germany Monsanto, U.S. BASF, Germany BASF, Germany BASF, Germany BASF, Germany Du Pont, U.S. Bayer, Germany Phillips, U.S. Henkel, Germany Montedison, Italy Montecatini, Italy Snia Viscosa, Italy Bayer, Germany (World War I) Dynamit Nobel, Germany

liv

Appendix

Table A2 (continued) Substance

Name Mirlon

Polyamide

Modacrylic

Noryl Novodur Novolak

Generic name for fibers with 35-85% poly(acrylonitrile), excluding rubbers Generic name for fibers from regenerated cellulose of modified structure Polyester or polyether + diisocyanate + water (foam) Poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene) Urea, phenol, and melamine/formaldehyde resins Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Polyester (film) Poly(chloroprene) Polyether from propylene and glycerine or 1,2,6-hexantriol Cellulose nitrate Polyamide from isophthalic acid + m-phenylene diamine Poly(phenylene oxide) ABS polymer Phenoljformaldehyde condensate

Nylon Nylon 6-T Nylsuisse

Generic name for polyamides Terephthalic acid + hexamethylene diamine Adipic acid + hexamethylene diamine

Olefin

Fibers from at least 85% other olefins, excluding rubber Poly( isobuty lene) Poly(vinylisobutyl ether) Copolymer from 90~~ isobutene and 10% styrene Poly( acrylonitrile) Light, unsmoked natural rubber Polyester resin Chlorinated rubber Poly(p-xylylene) Poly(monochloro-p-xylylene) Poly(benzimidazole) Post-chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (fiber) Poly(2,2-dichloromethyl trimethylene oxide) Poly( chloroprene) Butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer Thioplasts Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Poly(caprolactam) Generic name for polyamides from caprolactam (nylon 6)

Modal Moltopren Moplen Mouldrite Movil, Mowil Mowilith Moviol Mylar Neoprene Niax Nit ron Nomex

Oppanol B Oppanol C Oppanol 0 Orion Pale crepe Paralac Pari on Parylen N Parylen C PBI PECE Penton Perbunan C Perbunan N Perduren Periston Perlenka Perl on

Manufacturer Viscose-Suisse, Switzerland

Bayer, Germany Montedison, Italy ICI, Great Britain Polymer Ind., Italy Hoechst, Germany Hoechst, Germany Du Pont, Germany Du Pont, Germany Union Carbide, U.S. Monsanto, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. General Electric, U.S. Bayer, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany (DuPont, U.S.) Celanese, U.S. Viscose-Suisse, Switzerland Generic name BASF, Germany BASF, Germany BASF, Germany Du Pont, U.S. ICI, Great Britain Hercules Powder, U.S. Union Carbide, U.S. Union Carbide, U.S. Celanese, U.S. BASF, Germany Hercules Powder, U.S. Bayer, Germany Bayer, Germany Hoechst, Germany Bayer, Germany AKU, The Netherlands

tv

Appendix

Table A2 (continued). Substance

Name

Philprene

Polyurethane Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymer from bisphenol A + epichlorohydrin Polymerized phenylsesquisiloxane (ladder polymer) Butadiene/styrene copolymer

Plaskon Plexidur Plexiglas

Urea-formaldehyde resin Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Plexol

Oil-soluble methacrylate copolymer (viscosity improver) Rubber hydrochloride Cyclo rubber Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer Urea-formaldehyde resin

Perlon U Perspex Phenoxy Phenyl T

Pliofilm Pliolite NR Pluronics Pollopas

Rhodester

Poly(ethylene imine) High-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide) Isobutylene/isoprene copolymer Copolymer from bisphenol A + p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone Poly( ethylene) (high pressure) Poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) Poly(propylene) Poly(vinyl propionate) Fiber from trans-diamino dicyclohexyl methane + dodecane dicarboxylic acid Polyamide from 1,4-bis(aminomethyl) cyclohexane + suberic acid Generic name for fibers from regenerated cellulose or cellulose derivatives Cellulose acetate

Rhodia

Cellulose 21: acetate

Rhodiacetanylon

Nylon 66

Rhovil Ribbon straw

Poly( vinyl chloride) Cellulose 21: acetate (artificial straw)

Rilsan

Nylon 11

Rovicella

Cellulose (viscose)

Royalene RT700

Poly(ethylene) or poly(propylene) Cellulose (viscose)

Polymin Polyox Polysar butyl Polysulfone Polythene PPO Pro-fax Propiofan Qiana Q2 Rayon, rayonne

Manufacturer Bayer, Germany ICI, Great Britain Union Carbide, U.S. General Electric, U.S. Philips Petrol, The Netherlands Allied Chemicals, U.S. Roehm and Haas, U.S. Rohm & Haas, Germany Rohm& Haas, Germany Goodyear, U.S. Goodyear, U.S. WyandotteChem., U.S. Dynamit Nobel, Germany BASF, Germany Union Carbide, U.S. Sarnia, Canada Shell, The Netherlands Du Pont, U.S. General Electric, U.S. Hercules Powder, U.S. BASF, Germany DuPont, U.S. Eastman, U.S.

Soc. Rhone Poulanc, France Soc. Rhodiaceta, France Soc. Rhodiaceta, France Soc. Rhovil, France British Celanese, Great Britain Acquitaine-Organico, France Feldmiihle Rorsch., Switzerland U.S. Rubber Co., U.S. Glanzstoff, Germany

Appendix

/vi

Table A2 (continued) Name

Substance

Rubazote

Natural rubber

Ruvea Ryton Ryton Saflex Saran

Nylon 66 (artificial straw) Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thio-1 ,4-phenylene) Poly(vinyl acetal) Generic name for fibers from polymers with not less than 80% vinylidene chloride Epoxide resin

Scotchcast Silicone

Styroflex

Generic name for polymers with (-SiR 2 - 0 - ) links Polysiloxane rubber Copolymer from butadiene and styrene Smoked natural rubber Poly( chloroprene) Generic name for fibers from elastic polyurethanes Poly(styrene) (fibers)

Styrofoam Styron Styropor P Supra! en

Poly( styrene) (foam) Poly( styrene), also copolymers Poly( styrene) (foam) Poly( ethylene) (pipes)

Surlyn A

Ionomer (copolymer from ethylene +some acrylic acid or maleic anhydride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Copolymer from tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene Phenoplast Poly[ oxy-1,4-(2,6-diphenyl)-phenylene] Poly( ethylene terephthalate) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) High-impact poly( styrene) (graft polymer of styrene and acrylonitrile on styrene/butadiene copolymer) Poly( ethylene terephthalate) Polysulfide (rubber) Graphite yarn Poly( 4-methy 1-pentene-1) Vinyl acetatefvinylidene cyanide copolymer Polyester (fiber) Generic name for fibers from cellulose triacetate Cellulose triacetate Cellulose ether

Silopren SKS Smoked sheet Sov Pren Spandex

Tedlar Teflon Teflon FEP Tego Tenax Terital Terlenka Terluran Terylene Thiokol Thorne! TPX Travis Trevira Triacetate Trice! Trolit AE

Manufacturer Expanded Rubber, Great Britain Du Pont, U.S. Phillips Petroleum, U.S. Phillips Petroleum, U.S. Monsanto, U.S. Minnesota Mining & Mfg., U.S. Bayer, Dow, General Electric Bayer, Germany USSR USSR Ndd. Seekabelwerke, Germany Dow, U.S. Dow, U.S. BASF, Germany Mannesmann, Germany DuPont, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. Resinous Products, U.S. AKZO, The Netherlands Soc. Rhodiadoce, Italy AKU, The Netherlands BASF, Germany ICI, Great Britain Thiokol, U.S. Union Carbide, U.S. ICI, Great Britain Hoechst/Celanese Hoechst, Germany Bayer, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany

Appendix

Ivii

Table A2 (continued) Name

Substance

Trolit F

Cellulose nitrate

Trolitan

Phenol-formaldehyde resin

Trolitul

Poly( styrene)

Trona!

High-impact poly(styrene)

Trovidur

Poly(vinyl chloride)

Trovitherm

Poly(vinyl chloride) (films)

Tylose Tynex Ultramide A Ultramide B Ultramides Ultra pas

Cellulose ether Nylon 6,6 Nylon 6,6 Nylon 6 Nylon 6,10 Melamine-formaldehyde resin

Urylon Versamides

Vestolen A Vestolen P Vestolit Vestopal Vestoran Vestyron Vicara

Poly(nonamethylene urea) Group of "polymerized" vegetable oils whose ester groups are converted with di- and triamines Various nylon grades Polycondensate from terephthalic acid and 1,4-dimethylol cyclohexane Low-pressure poly( ethylene) Poly(propylene) Poly( vinyl chloride) Unsaturated polyester, dissolved in styrene Vinylchloride/vinyl acetate copolymer Poly(styrene) Albumin fiber

Vibrathane Vinidur Vinnipas Vinnol Vinoflex Vinylite, Vinyon

Polyurethane elastomer Poly(vinyl chloride) film Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Vinyl chloride/vinyl ether copolymer Vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer

Vinylon

Poly( vinyl alcohol) (fiber)

Viscoplex

Oil-soluble methacrylate copolymer (viscosity improver) Generic name for fibers from regenerated cellulose (prepared by the xanthate method) Poly(isobutylene)

Vestamides Vestan

Viscose Vistanex

Manufacturer Dynamit Nobel, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Kalle, Germany Du Pont, U.S. BASF, Germany BASF, Germany BASF, Germany Dynamit Nobel, Germany Toya, Japan General Mills, U.S. Hiils, Germany Hiils, Germany Hiils, Germany Hiils, Germany Hiils, Germany Hiils, Germany Hiils, Germany Hiils, Germany Virginia-Carolina Chern., U.S. Naugatuck, U.S. BASF, Germany Wacker, Germany Wacker, Germany BASF, Germany Carbide & Carbon Chern., U.S. Synthetic Fiber Mfrs. Group, Japan Ri:ihm&Haas, Germany Standard Oil, U.S.

Appendix

/viii

Table A2 (continued) Name

Manufacturer

Substance

Vulcollan Worbaloid

Vinylidene fluoridejhexafluoropropylene copolymer Polyurethane Cellulose nitrate

Zein Zetafin Zytel 31 Zytel 101

Generic name for fi hers from vegetable albumin Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer Nylon 6,10 Nylon 6,6

Viton A

DuPont, U.S. Bayer, Germany Worbla AG, Switzerland Dow, U.S. Du Pont, U.S. Du Pont, U.S.

Table AJ. SI Units Quantity

Unit

Length Mass Time Electric current Thermodynamic temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance

meter kilogram second ampere kelvin candela mole

cd mol

radian steradian

rad sr

Force Energy Power Pressure

newton joule watt pascal

N = 1 m- 1 = kg m s- 2 1 = N m =kg m 2 s- 2 W = 1 s- 1 =VA= kg m 2 s- 3 Pa = N m- 2 = 1 m- 3 =

Frequency Electric charge Electrical potential difference

hertz coulomb volt

Electrical resistance Electrical conductance Electrical capacitance Magnetic flux Inductance Magnetic flux density Luminous flux Illumination

ohm siemens farad weber henry tesla lumen lux

Symbol

Abbreviation

Basic quantities m t

I T I,. n

m kg A K

Additional quantities rx, {3, 1 w, Q

Plane angle Solid angle

Derived quantities F E p p

Q

u

R G

c

c1l L B cil, E,.

=kg m-• s- 2 Hz= s-• C =As V=1c-•=wA- 1 = =kgm 2 s- 3 A- 1 Q = VA -• =kg m 2 s- 3 A - 2 s =A v-• = s3 A2 kg- 1 m- 2 F = c v-• = s4 A2 kg-• m- 2 Wb = V s = kg m 2 s- 2 A- 1 H = V sA -• =kg m 2 s- 2 A - 2 T=Vsm- 2 =kgs- 2 A- 1 lm = cd sr lx = lm m- 2 = cd sr m- 2

fix

Appendix Table A4. Prefixes for SI Units Factor

Prefix

Symbol

1012

tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pi co femto at to

T G M k h da d c m

to•

106 10 3 10 2 101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6

to-•

10-12 10-15 10-18

Jl

n p f a

Table A5. Conversion of Old Units into New Units Physical quantity Length Length Length Length Mass Force Force Pressure Pressure Pressure Energy Energy Energy Energy Titer Viscosity Angle

Name of old unit Angstrom micron millimicron inch pound (avoirdupois) kilogram-force dyne atmosphere torr conventional millimeter of mercury kilowatt-hour thermochemical calorie electron volt erg denier centipoise degree

Symbol for old unit A Jl mJl

in. lb kgf dyne atm Torr mmHg kWh cal eV erg den cP

Definition of old unit 10- 10 m = 10- 8 em 10- 6 m= 11m 10- 9 m=nm 0.0254 m 0.45359237 kg 9.80665 N to- 5 N 101,325 N m- 2 (101,325/760) N m- 2 13.5951 x 980.665 x 10- 2 N m- 2 3.6 X 106 J 4.184 J -J.602J X 10- 19 J 10-7 J ! tex = ! g km- 1 0.001 Pas 0.017453 rad

Appendix

lx

Table A6. Fundamental Constants Quantity Speed of light in vacuo Charge of proton Faraday constant Planck constant Boltzmann constant Avogadro constant (Loschmidt number) Gas constant Permeability of vacu urn Permittivity of vacuum

Symbol, value, and unit c = 2.997925 x 10 18 m s- 1 = 1.60210 X 10- 19 C F = 9.64870 x 104 Cmol- 1 h = 6.6256 x w-' 4 J s k = 1.38054 x w- 2 ' J K-' NL = 6.02252 x 10 23 mol- 1

e

R = 83.1433 bar cm 3 K- 1 mol- 1 = 8.31433 J K- 1 mol- 1 /lo = 4n X 10- 7 J S 2 c- 2 ffi-l (exactly) Eo= /1o 1 C- 2 = 8.854185 X 10- 12 r 1 C 2 ffi-l

Index Pages 1-532 will be found in Volume 1, pages 533-1131 in Volume 2. Adsorption chromatography, 34 2 Agar-agar, 1099 Aging, 799 chemical, 843 AH salt, 1001 AIBN, 686 Alanine, 1038 Albumin, 1062 Aldehyde sugar, 1068 Alfm polymerization, 884 Alginates, 1102 Alginic acid, 1102 Alkyd resins, 968 Alkyl sugar, 1072 Allophanate, 1012 Allose, 1069 Allulose, 1069 Allyl polymerization, 701, 927 Alternation, 39 Altrose, 1069 Amine, capped, 1008 a-Amino acid, 1038 N-carboxy anhydride polymerization, 990 a-Amino acid analyzer, 51, 1040 a-Amino acid code, 1046 Amino resins, 980 Amino sugar, 1072 Aminoplasts, 980 Aminoundecanoic acid, 999 Ammoniacal cellulose, 1081

Abbe number, 523 Ablation, 857 Abrasion, 451 ABS polymer, 879 Acceleration polymerization, 720 Acetaldehyde, polymerization of, 938 Acid catalysis, 642 Acrolein, polymerization of, 921 Acryl ester, polymerization of, 920 Acrylamide polymerization, 47, 921, 991 Acrylic acid, polymerization of, 919 Acrylic acid anhydride, polymerization of, 541 Acrylonitrile, polymerization of, 922 Activation energy, 576 Activation volume 742 Active site, 48 Activity coefficient, 204 optical, 13 3 Acyl sugar, 1072 Addition polymerization, 21, 29, 567 Adduct polymerization, 29 Adenine, 1026 Adenosine, 1027 Adenosinediphosphate, 1031 Adenosinetriphosphate, 1031 Adenylic acid, 1027 Adhesion, 503 Adipic acid, 1001 Adsorption, 501 /xi

lxii

Amorphicity, 186 Amylopectin, 1076 Amylose, 1076 biosynthesis, 1073 Anhydride method, 1049 Anhydro sugar, 1072 polymerization, 1076 Aniline, 981 Anionic polymerization, 630 Anomer, 1070 Antagonistic effect, 851 Anti (conformation), 97 Antibody, 1063 Anticlinal, 97 Anticooperativity, 143 Antigen, 1063 Antioxidants, 848 An tiparallel, 97 Antiperiplanar, 97 Antistatics, 468 An tithixotropy, 265 Aperiodic polymer, 7 Apoenzyme, 1053 Arabinose, 1069 Arginine, 1038 Arrhenius equation, 576 Arsane, 40 Artificial horn, 1061 Artificial silk, 1089 Asparagine, 1038 Aspartic acid, 1038 Asphalt, 864 Association, 13, 222 closed, 223, 227 open,223,224 Asymmetry, 75 Atacticity, 85,583 Atropisomers, 96 Autohesion, 504 Autooxidation, 844 Averages, of molecular weights, 289 Avrami equation, 391 Axial dispersion, 34 2 Azelaic acid, 1015 Azide method, 1048 Azobisisobutyronitrile, 680, 686 Azoketones, 1004 Bagley plot, 430 Bakelite, 952 Baker-Williams method, 338

Index

Balata, 887 Banbury mixing, 4 74 Band ultracentrifugation, 337 Barattering, 1088 Barus effect, 429,481 Base pairing, 1030 Base unit, 5 Benzofurane resins, 900 Benzoquinone, action of, 574, 728 Benzoyl peroxide, 687 Benzyl chloride polymerization, 596 Bernoulli statistics, 583 Berry equation, 359 Beryllium hydride, 4 Bicomponent fiber, 489 Bingham body, 265 Binodal, 235 Biopolymer, 7 Biosynthesis lignin, 1108 nucleic acids, 1029 poly(isoprene), 888 polysaccharides, 1073 proteins, 1045 Birefringence, 194 Bisphenol A, 941 Bitumin, 864 Biuret, 1012, 1039 Block copolymer, 50 configurational, 85 physical structure, 190 synthesis, 802 Block copolymerization, 772, 795, 820 Blood plasma expanders, 908, 1078 Blood proteins, 1062 Blowing, 4 75 Boltzmann factor, 576 Bond energy, 42 glycosidic, 1072 Bonded atoms, 94 Borane, 39 Boronalkyls, 687 Boronitride, 1129 Bragg law, 159 Branch density, 68 Branch point, 67 Branched coils, radius of gyration, 131 Branching, 64 regular, 69 Brassylic acid, 1003

lxiii

Index

Bridged polymer, 70 Brinell hardness, 450 Brittle fracture, 45 2 Brittleness temperature, 384 Brookfield viscometer, 266 Bulk polymerization, 731 Bungenberg-de Jong equation, 351 Burchard- Stockmayer-Fix man equation, 358 Butadiene polymerization, 881 Ziegler polymerization, 884 Butene-], 875 Butene-2, 9 Butyl rubber, 876 Cabannes factor, 313 Cage effect, 690 Cage structure, 69 Calendering, 4 74 Calorimetry, 165 Cannon- Fenske viscometer, 348 Capillary break, 4 81 Capillary viscometers, 346 Capped amines, 1008 Caprolactam, 638, 987, 993 Caprolactone, 964 Carbenium ion, 640 Carbodiirnide method, 1048 Carbon black, 864 Carbon fiber, 864 Carbonium ion, 640 Carbonization (of wool), 1057 Carborane, 1125 N-Carboxy anhydride polymerization, 637 Carboxy methyl cellulose, 1096 Carboxypeptidase, 1053 Carrageenine, 1099 Carder resin, 467 Casein, 1061 Casing process, 825 Casting, 4 71 Catalysts, macromolecular, 802 Catenation, 39 Cationic polymerization, 640 Cavity compression molding, 4 72 Ceiling temperature, 556 Cell glass, 1086, 1089 Cellophane, 1086 Celluloid, 1 094

Cellulose, I 07 8 biosynthesis, 107 3 crystallinity, 158 hydrated, 1085 regenerated, 1086 Cellulose acetate, 1094 Cellulose(acetate-co-butyrate), 1095 Cellulose ether, 1096 Cellulose hydroxy alkyl ether, I 096 Cellulose nitrate, 1094 Cellulose wool, I 089 Centrifugal casting, 4 71 Chain average lifetime of growing, 707 branched, 64 folding, 176 linear, 65 one-dimensional, 65 Chain length kinetic, 706 maximum possible, 115 Chain link number, 39 Chain reaction, 566 Chain scission, 828 Chain terminators, 848 Chalcons, polymerization of, 753 Char formation, 851 Characteristic ratio, 119 Char gaff rule, 102 7 Charge transfer complexes, 751 polymerization, 628, 782 Charging, 513, 1055 Chelates, 4 Chemical potential, 203 concentrated solutions, 215 dilute solution, 217 Chicle, 887 Chill rolling method, 4 74 Chipboard, 1105 Chirality, 7 5 Chitin, 1097 Chitosan, 1097 Chloral, 939 Chlorinated rubber, 893 Chloroacrylic acid, 801 Chloromethylation, 1006 Chloroprene, 894 Cholesteric, 229 Chondroitin sulfate, 1100 Chromatography, 338 Chromoprotein, 1039

Index

lxiv

Chrysotile asbestos, 70 Chymotrypsin, 1052 Circular dichroism, 134 Cis (conformation), 97 Cis-eclipsed, 97 Cis-tacticity, 82 Clarity, 530 Cloud point curve, 234 Cloud point titration, 52, 239 Clupeine, 1034 Cluster integral, 126 CMC, 228, 1097 Coal, 864 Coating, 478 electrophoretic, 263 Co-catalyst, 64 2 Cochius tube, 270 Codon, 1032, 1046 Coenzyme, 1050, 1053 Coexistence curve, 236 Cohesive break, 481 Cohesive energy density, 205 Coil molecules, 112 dimensions, 130 free draining, 360 intrinsic viscosity, 357 radius of gyration, 124 shape, 117 virial coefficient, 221 Cold flow, 441 Collagen, 1059 Colligative methods, 297 Collision theory, 576 Colloid, 16 Combustion, 851 Compatibility, 241 Compensation effect, 592 Compliance, 425, 442 Composite, 4 78 Composition, 55 Compounding, 463 Compressibility, 3 75 Compression molding, 4 72 Compton effect, 748 Compton scattering, 160 Condensation polymerization, 23, 595 Conditioning, 464, 467 Conductivity electronic, 516 thermal, 416 Cone and plate viscometer, 266, 429

Configuration, 75 experimentally determined, 87 Configurational entropy, 211 Conformation, 93 in crystal, 102 influence of constitution, 100 proteins, 1043 in solution, 108 transitions, 14 2 Conformational analysis, 99 Conformational energy, 99 Conformational isomer, 93 Conformational transition, 142 Conformer, 93 Coniferyl alcohol, 11 09 Conjugated fiber, 489 Constellation, 93 Constitution, 37 Contact angle, 498 Contact glue, 506 Contact ion pair, 623 Continuous distribution, 281 Contour length, 115 Cooperativity, 143 Coordination polymerization, 661 Copolymer alternating, 50 analysis, 51 block, 50 composition, 51 defmition, 7 fractionation, 5 2 glass transition temperature, 410 graft, 50 light sea ttering, 314 melting temperature, 405 random, 50 sequence distribution, 773 structure, 50 Copolymerization, 761 alternating, 770 azeotropic, 766 block, 772, 795 block formation, 820 equation, 762 free radical, 778 ideal, 772 ionic, 791 kinetics, 783 parameters, 762 thermodynamics, 778

Index Copper silk, 1086 Cori ester, 107 3 Cotton effect, 134 Cotton fiber, 487, 1080, 1084 Cotton-Mouton effect, 260 Couette viscometer, 263, 346 Coupling, oxidative, 950 Crambe, 1003 Craze, 454 Creep, 441 Critical concentration in coil solutions, 130 thermodynamic, 216 Critical micelle concentration, 228 Critical point, 231, 236 Critical temperature, 23 8 Cross-link definition, 66 density, 68 index, 68 Cross-linking, 8 24 Cross termination, 7 84 Cryoscopy, 307 Crystal extended chain, 179 growth, 390 liquid, 229 solubility, 244 structure, 16 7 Crystallization, 386 cr complex, 628, 751, 782 Cumarone/indene resins, 900 Cumene, 953 Cumulative distribution, 280 Cuoxam process, 1086 Curing, 824 epoxides, 924 phenolic resins, 956 Cutting, 479 Cyamelide, 1006 Cyclic rubber, 892 Cyclization, 539, 815 Cycloolefms, polymerization, 806, 895 Cyclopolymerization, 541 Cysteine, 1038 Cystine, 1038 Cytidine, 1027 Cytidylic acid, 1027 Cytochrome C, 1053 Cytosine, 1027

lxv Dabco catalyst, 1011 Dead end polymerization, 715 Death charge polymerization, 64 7 Debye-Bueche theory, 360 Decomposition, induced, 692 Deep-drawing, 4 75 Deformation, 424, 444 Degradation, 828, 843 biological, 84 3 definition, 800 depolymerization, 834 hydrolytic, 830 oxidative, 844, 851 random, 829 thermal, 832 Degree of polymerization, 7 De-initiators, 848 Denaturation, 1043 Denaturing, 133, 1043 Denaturization, 133, 1043 Dendrite, 184 De novo-synthesis, 1029 Density gradient column, 163 gradient equilibrium sedimentation, 334 solid state, 163 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 1025, 1030 Deoxyribose, 1025, 1030 Depolymerization, 828, 834 Dermatan sulfate, 1098 Detour factor, 258 Dextran, 1078 Dextrin, 1076 Diacetylenes polymerization, 758 Diad, configurational, 77, 84 Diamond, 863 Diastereotopic atoms, 89 Diazomethane, 866 Dicyclopentadiene, 899 Dielectric constant, 511 Dielectric field strength, 512 Dielectric loss factor, 51 0 Diels-Alderpolymerization, 537,819, 899 Differential distribution, 281 Differential scanning calorimetry, 382 Differential thermal analysis, 381 Diffusion coefficient, 25 2 rotational, 260 translational, 250 Diisotactic, 82

lxvi

Dilatancy, 264 Dilatometry, 545 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene, 4 7 Dioxolane, 539 Dip-coating, 4 71 Discontinuous distribution, 280 Disk excluded volume, 124 radius of gyration, 124 Dispersion axial, 342 dielectric, 511 optical, 523 optical rotatory, 134 spinning, 483 Dissipation factor, 51 0 Dissymmetry configuration, 78 light scattering, 321 Distribution functions, 280 Distyryl pyrazines, polymerization, 752 Ditacticity, 8 2 DNA, 1025 DNP method, 1041 Donnan equilibrium, 304 Double helix, 1030 Double-rotation centrifugation, 4 77 Double-strand polymers, 70 DP, 291 Draw ratio, 193 Drawing, 486 Drawing stress, 445 Drude equation, 134 Dry blend, 464 Dry spinning, 483 DSC, 382 DTA, 381 Ductile region, 445 Durability, 459 Dyes,466 Dynamic glass transition, 406 Dynamic loading, 443 Ebulliometry, 307 Eclipsed conformation, 94 Ecliptic, 97 Edman degradation, 1041 Effective rotation, 133 Einstein equation, 343 Einstein function, 380 Einstein-Smoluchowsky equation, 252

Index

Einstein-Sutherland equation, 253 Einstein temperature, 380 Elastic fiber, 424 Elastic limit, 445 Elasticity, 4 24 Elastin, 1059 Elastomers definition, 29, 423 processing, 469 Elastoosmometry, 437 Electrets, 515 Electrical properties, 5 09 Electro-dip-coating, 263 Electron, 172 Electron transfer, 627 Electronegativi ty, 4 2 Electrophoresis, 261 Electrostatic charging, 513 Elementary cell, 167 Ellipsoid, 13 2 exluded volume, 124 radius of gyration, 124 Ellipsometry, 502 Elongation at break, 445 definition, 444 Elution chromatography, 338 Elution volume, 339 £-modulus, 425 Emulsion polymerization, 733 Enantiomorphic catalyst, 5 88 Enantiotropic atoms, 89 End groups defmition, 5 determination, 63 End-to-end distance, 114 Energy elasticity, 424 Engineering strain, 446 Entanglement, 271 Entropy elasticity, 427 thermodynamics, 431 Enzyme kinetics, 680 Enzymes, 1050 Epimer, 1070 Epitaxial growth, 184 Epoxide resins, 941 EPR rubbers, 872 EPT rubbers, 873 Equal chemical reactivity, 578 Equatorial reflex, 162 Equilibration, 806, 1120

Index

Equilibrium centrifugation, density gradient, 53 Equilibrium polymerization, 548 Equilibrium sedimentation, 333 Equivalent principle, 102 Erythro-tacticity, 82 Esparto grass, 1085 Ethoxypropioveratrone, 1111 Ethyl cellulose, 1096 Ethylene po1yinsertion, 869 radical polymerization, 866 Ziegler polymerization, 869 Ethylene imine, polymerization of, 979 Ethylene oxide, 677, 940 Exchange capacity, 815 Exchange equilibria, 805 Exciton, 173 Excluded volume, 123, 219 Exclusion chromatography, 339 Exotic polymer, 48 Exotic polymerization, 644 Expansion, thermal, 378 Expansion factor, 125 Exponent rule, 293 Exponential distribution, 288 Extended chain crystal, 179 Extensibility, 426 Extinction coefficient, 309, 531 Extrusion, 474 blow molding, 475 spinning, 483 sweJling, 429 Factice,902 Fatigue, 459 Fiber, 29,423,480 synthetic, 480 Fiber diagram, 163 Fiber formation, 481 Fiber optics, 527 Fiber properties, 487 Fibrillar growth, 386 Fibrils, 4 78 Fibrin, 1063 Fibrinogen, 1063 Fibroin, 1055 Pick's law, 252 Fikentscher constant, 351 Filament, 480 Filament winding, 471

lxvii

Fillers, 464 Fineman-Ross equation, 768 Finishing, 491 cellulose fibers, I 090 Fischer projection, 81 Flame proofmg, 851 Flame retardants, 853 Flame spraying, 478 Flammability, 851 Flax, 1084 Fleece, 490 Flexural strength, 451 Flexuration volume, 188 Floor temperature kinetic, 575 thermodynamic, 557 Flory-Huggins parameter, 213 critical, 23 7 critical value, 231 temperature dependence, 218, 231 Flow curve, 270 Flow exponent, 271 Flow limit, 265 Fluidity, 264 Fluidized bed sintering, 477 Fluorescence, polarized, 195 Foam forming, 476 Fold length, I 79 Fold surface, 177 Ford cup, 269 Form stamping, 475 Formaldehyde, polymerization of, 934 Four-center polymerization, 752 Fractionation, 237 Fracture, 451 Free energy, 203 Free radical polymerization, 685 Free volume, 186 Freeze-drying, 259, 548 Freezing-in temperature, 405 Frequency distribution, 280 Frequency factor, 576 Fresnel equation, 526 Frictional coefficient, 25 3, 3 3 0 Fries rearrangement, 807 Fringed micelle, 174 FRP, 465 Fructose, 1069 Functionality, 536 Fuoss equation, 354 Furanose, 1068

lxviii

Galactose, 1069 Galvanization, 491 Gauche (conformation), 97 Gauche-eclipsed, 97 Gauche effect, 99 Gauche-staggered, 97 Gaussian distribution, 282 Gel defmition, 67 effect, 717 Gel chromatography, 339 Gel extrusion spinning, 483 Gel filtration, 339 Gel permeation chromatography, 338 Gel phase, 237 Gel point, 67, 606 Gel spinning, 483 Germane, 40 g-factor, 131 Gibbs-Duhem relationship, 204 Gibbs energy, 203 Ginning, 1084 Gladstone-Dale rule, 325 Glass, inorganic, 1116 Glass coating, 491 Glass effect, 717 Glass fibers, 111 7 Glass transition, 376, 405 Globulins, 1062 Gloss, 529 Glucose, 1069 Glueing, 505 Glutamic acid, 1038 Glutamine, 1038 Glycine, 1038 Glycogen, 1076 Glycoproteins, 1039, 1063 Glyptal resins, 968 Grade number, 269 Grade value, 269 Graft copolymerization, 821 Graham's salt, 1122 Graphite, 863 Graphite fiber, 864 Griffith theory, 453 Group isomerization, 807 GRP,465 Guanine, 1027 Guanosine, 1027 Guanylic acid, 1027 Guar, 1101

Index

Guarane, 1101 Guinier function, 326 Gulose, 1069 Gum arabic, 1097 Gutta, 887 G-value, 749 Hagen-Poiseuille law, 268 Hagenbach-Couette correction, 346 Halo, 160 Hand application process, 4 71 Hardness, 450 Haze, 530 Head-to-head linkage, 48 Head-to-tail linkage, 49 Heat capacity, 380 Heat distortion temperature, 3 85 Heat forming, 475 Helical conformation, 103 Helix, 131 deoxyribonucleic acid, 107, 1030 dimensions, 131 X-ray diagram, 163 Helix-coil transition, 142 Helmholtz energy, 203 Hemicellulose, 1079 Hemp, 1085 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 811 Henry's law, 256 Heparin, 1097 HET acid, 853 Heteroadhesion, 5 04 Heterochain, 4, 38, 42 Heterogeneity, constitutional, 52 Heteropolymer, 39 Heterosteric atoms, 89 Heterotacticity, 84 Hevea brasiliensis, 886 Hexose, 1068 Hiding power, 528 Hindrance parameter, 116, 358 Histidine, 1038 Histones, 1034 Hole, 172 Holoenzyme, 1053 Homopolymer, 7, 39 Homosteric atoms, 89 Homotacticity, 82 Hooke's law, 424 Hoppler viscometer, 269 Hot blast sprinkling, 4 78

lxix

Index

Huggins equation, 350 Hyaluronic acid, 1097 Hydrazine method, 1042 Hydrocellulose, 1085 Hydrolases, 105 0 Hydroxyproline, 1038 Hydroxypropylcellulose, 1096 Idose, 1069 Imaginary compliance, 444 Imaginary modulus, 444 Impact elasticity, 450 Impact strength, 452,455 Inclusion, 259, 548 Incompatibility, 241 Infrared dichroism, 195 Infrared spectroscopy, 165 determination of configuration, 90 Ingles theory, 452 Inhibition, 720, 727 Initiators anionic polymerization, 631 Br~nsted acids, 641 cationic polymerization, 641 free radical, 6 85 Lewis acids, 642 salts, 641 Ziegler, 661 zwitterions, 633 Injection blowing, 4 76 Injection compression molding, 472 Injection mold blowing, 476 Injection molding, 4 73 Insertion, 661 Integral distribution, 281 Interaction long range, 125 short range, 125 Interfacial phenomena, 495 Interfacial polycondensation, 617 Interfacial tension, 496, 498 Interlamellar links, 180 Internal energy, 203 Internal plasticization, 411 Internucleotide bond, 1027 Interstitial defect, 173 Intrinsic viscosity, see Staudinger index Inulin, 1103 Ion binding, 813 Ion exchange resins, 814 Ion pairs, 623

Ionic polymerization, 623 lonomers, 873 Iridescence, 526 lsochain, 4, 38 Isoleucine, 103 8 lsomerases, 1050 Isomerization, 805 configurational, 808 constitutional, 807 Isomerization polymerization, 47,644,980 Isomorphism, 172 Isoprene, polymerization of, 676, 891 Isopycnic zone ultracentrifugation, 338 Isorubber, 892 lsotacticity, 77, 79 Isotropy, 194 Jog, 174 Jute, 1085 Kapok, 1085 Kelvin element, 441 Kerr effect, 260 Ketene polymerization, 5 72 Keto sugar, 1068 Kinetic chain length, 706 Kink, 174 Kirkwood-Riseman theory, 360 Kofler bar, 385 Kornberg enzyme, 1032 Kraemer equation, 350 Kubelka-Munk theory, 531 Kuhn-Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation,358 Kurrol salt, 1123 K-value, 351 Lacquering, 4 71 Lactam polymerization, 638, 987 Ladder polymers, 71, 819, 1121 Laevan, 1103 · Lamella, 17 6 Lamellar height, 1 79 Laminating, 471,478 Lamm differential ultracentrifuge equation, 330 Langmuir trough, 495 Lansing-Kraemer distribution, 284 Latex, 735 Lattice defect, 172 Lattice modulus, 426

lxx

Layer polymer, 72 Leakage current, 513 Leather, synthetic, 478 Leilich' s rule, 413 Leucine, 1038 LiAlH 4 method, 104 2 Ligases, 1050 Light diffraction, 5 25 Light refraction, 523 Light scattering, 309, 530 Light stability, 854 Light transmission, 527 Lignin, 1108 Limiting oxygen index, 851 Limiting viscosity number, see Staudinger index Lineweaver-Burk plot, 683 Linoxyn, 901 Lint, 1084 Linters, 1084 Lipoprotein, 1039 Liquid crystals, 229 Liquid-liquid chromatography, 339 Liquid rubber, 882 Living polymer, 5 81 Logarithmic normal distribution, 284 LOI,851 Long-range interaction, 125 Lorenz- Lorentz equation, 5 24 Loss compliance, 444 Loss factor, 444,512 Loss index, 512 Lower critical solution temperature, 232 Lubricants, 468 Lumping, 467 Lyases, 1050 Lysine, 1038 Lyxose, 1069 Macroanion polymerization, 634 Macroconforrnation, 93 Macrohomogenization, 464 Macroion, 63 defmition, 3 discovery, 15 inorganic, 5 one, two, three-dimensional, 14 reactions, 7 99 vaporization, 13 Macroporous network, 68 Macroradical, 63

Index

Macroreticular network, 68 Macrostructure, 93 Maddrell salt, 1123 Mandelkern- Flory -Scheraga equation, 332 Manila, 1085 Man-made fiber, 480 Mannose, 1069 Markov statistics, 584 Martens number, 385 Martin equation, 351 Master batch, 464 Mastication, 887 Matrix fiber, 489 Matrix polymerization, 579 Maturation, 1089 Maxwell model, 440 Mechanical properties, 421 Mechanism bimetallic, 666, 669 monometallic, 666, 668 Me lam in resin, 9 80 Melt break, 266, 481 Melt fracture, 481 Melt glue, 506 Melt index, 269 Melt molding, 4 74 Melt spinning, 482 Melt viscosity, 271 Melting, 396 Melting point, 375 Melting temperature, 399 Membrane osmometry, 299 Membranes, nonsemipermeable, 304 Memory effect, 429 Mer, 5 Mercerization, 1086 Merrifield synthesis, 104 9 Meso compound, 76 Mesophase, 229 Messenger-RNA, 1025 Metaldehyde, 933 Metallizing, 491 Metaphosphate, 1122 Metathesis, 806 Methacrylonitrile, 48 Methide, 645 Methionine, 1038 Methyl rubber, 893 Methylcellulose, 1096 Micellar theory, 20

Index

Micellarization, 228 Michaelis-Menten equation, 683 Microconformation, 93 Microencapsulation, 237 Microgel, 67 Microhomogenization, 464 Microsome, I 034 Microstructure, 93 Milk, 1061 Milkiness, 5 30 Millon reaction, 1040 Miscibility, 230 Mixing enthalpy of, 212, 211 Gibbs energy of, 213 Mobility, electrophoretic, 262 Modal fiber, 1089 Model compounds, 800 Modulus of compression, 425 Modulus of elasticity, 425 Moffitt- Yang equation, 134 Mohs hardness, 451 Molar mass, see Molecular weight Molar rotation, 133 Molding, 4 70 Molecular inhomogeneity, 295 Molecular sieve chromatography, 339 Molecular weight defmition, 277 determination, 297 Molecular weight distribution definition, 280 determination, 297 Moment, 55, 288 Monoftl, 480 Monomer anion, polymerization, 637 Monomeric unit, 5 Monosaccharides, 1067 Monotacticity, 81 Mooney-Rivlin equation, 436 Morphology amorphous state, 188 crystalline state, 174 Mucopolysaccharides, 1100 Mucoprotein, 1063 Multiblock copolymer, 190 Multimer, 223 Multimerization, 222 Multiple transition, 414 Multistep polymer, 51 Murissement, 1088

lxxi

Natta projection, 81 Natural fiber, 480 Natural rubber, 886 Natural silk, 1055 Necking, 44 7 Neighboring group effect, 800 Nematic, 229 Network cross-linked, 66 irregular, 66 ordered, 69 Network chain, 244 Network chain length, 67 Network defect, 174 Network polymer, 72 Neutron scattering, 325 Newman projection, 81 Newton's law, 264 Ninhydrin reaction, 1039 Nitrocellulose, 1094 Nitrophenyl ester method, 1049 Nitrosobenzene polymerization, 643 NMR broad-line, 3 83 high-resolution, 87 Nomenclature, 24 polysaccharides, 107 2 Nominal strain, 446 Nonbonded atoms, 94 Nonsense codon, 104 7 Nonwoven fabric, 490 Norbomadiene polymerization, 644 Normal distribution, 282 Normal stress, 428 Norrish mechanism, 750, 855 Novolak, 952 Nozzle ratio, 431 Nuclear magnetic resonance broad line, 383 determination of configuration, 87 high resolution, 8 7 Nucleating agents, 395 Nucleation, 387 Nucleic acids, 1025 Nucleoprotein, 1033, 1039 Nucleoside, 1027 Nucleotide, 1027 Number average molecular weight, 7, 290 Nylon, 985 Nylon 1, 1005 Nylon 2, 989

Index

lxxii Nylon 3, 991 Nylon 4, 993 Nylon 5, 993 Nylon 6, 993 Nylon 6.6, 1001 Nylon 6.10, 1002 Nylon 6.12, 1002 Nylon 7, 996 Nylon 8, 997 Nylon 9, 997 Nylon 10, 998 Nylon 11, 998 Nylon 12, 999 Nylon 13.13, 1003 Okazi fragment, 1032 Olefm metathesis, 806 Oligomer, 6 Onsager's reciprocity principle, 306 Opacity, 531 Optical activity, 133 Optical rotation, 133 Optical rotatory dispersion, 134 Organopolysiloxanes, 1117 Orientation, 191 Orientation factor, 193 Ornithine, 1038 Orthoester synthesis, 1075 Osmotic pressure, 301 Ostwald-deWaele equation, 271 Ostwald dilution law, 652 Ostwald viscometer, 347 Overall conformation, 93 Oxicellulose, 1085 Oxidation, 844 Oxidoreductases, 1050, 1053 Ozone, 40 Pale crepe, 891 Paper, synthetic, 490 Paracrystal, 17 4 Paracyanogen, 71 Paraformaldehyde, 933 Paraldehyde, 933 Parchment paper, 1086 Parquet polymer, 72 Paucimolecularity, 11 Pectin, 1100 Pendulum hardness, 450 Pentose, 1068 Penultimate effect, 780

Pepsin, 1052 Pepsinogen, 105 2 Peptide synthesis, 1048 Periodic polymer, 7 Perlon,985 Permeability, 257 Permeation of gases, 256 of liquids, 25 9 Permittivity, relative, 511 Persistence length, 121 Phantom polymer, 48 Phantom polymerization, 644 Phase separation, 230 1-Phase structure, 157 2-Phase structure, 157 Phenolic resins, 952 Phenomenological coefficient, 305 Phenoxy resin, 946 Phenylalanine, 1038 Philipp off equation, 345 Phonon,l72,520, 748 Phosgenation, 1010 Phosphane, 40 Phosphonitrile chloride, 1124 Phosphorus, 1115 Photoactivated polymerization, 74 7 Photochromicity, 807 Photoisomerization, 807 Photopolymerization, 748, 751 Photosensitizer, 750 Pigments, 466 Pilling, 9 86 Pinacols, 689 Pinene, 900 Planar polymer, 72 Plasticity, 265 Plasticization external, 458 internal, 411 Plasticizers, 468 Plastics, 2 9 Plastomers, 29 Pleated sheet, 170 Point defect, 172 Poisson distribution, 286, 656 Poisson ratio, 425 Polarizability, 510 Poly(acetaldehyde), 938 Polyacetals, 933 Polyacid, 62

Index

Poly(acrolein), 921 Poly(acrylamide), 47, 921 Poly(acrylic acid), 919 Poly(acrylonitrile), 922 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene), 883 Poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene), 879 Poly( acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride), 918 Poly(p-alanine), 47, 991 Polyalkylidene, 897 Polyallyl compounds, 927 Poly(allyl glycidyl ether-co-propylene oxide), 941 Polyamic acid, 1006 Polyamide, 985 aliphatic, 986 aromatic, 1004 cycloaliphatic, 1003 Poly(amide-co-imides), 1008 Poly(a-amino acids), 990 defmition, 1037 optical activity, 136, 140 Poly(amino capric acid), 998 Poly( amino pelargonic acid), 997 Poly( amino undecanoic acid), 998 Polyampholyte, 62 Polyanhydrides, 969 Polyanion, 62 Polybase, 62 Poly(p-benzamide), 1004 Poly(benzimidazoles), 1015 Poly [ 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane], 948 Polyblend, 464 Poly(butadiene), 881 isomers, 10 melt temperature, 9 Poly(butadiene-co-styrene), 882 Poly(butene-1), 875 Poly(butene-1-co-ethylene), 872 Poly(butylene terephthalate), 968 Poly(e-caprolactam), 993 Poly(e-caprolactone), 964 Polycarbonate, 962 Poly(carborane siloxane), 1125 Polycation, 62 Poly(chloral), 939 Poly(chloroprene), 894 Polycondensation, 595 cross-linking, 6 06 definition, 23, 29, 567

lxxiii

Polycondensation (cont'd) equilibrium, 596 heterogeneous, 616 industrial, 620 interfacial, 616 kinetics, 614 molecular weight, 598 molecular weight distribution, 602 Poly(a-cyanoacrylate), 924 Poly(cyanoprene), 894 Poly(cycloamides), 1003 Poly(cyclohexane-1,4-dimethylol-coethylene terephthalate), 968 Poly(2,5-dichlorostyrene), 879 Poly(dicyclopentadiene-co-ethylene), 873 Poly(diene-co-propylene oxide), 940 Polydienes, 880 isomerization, 808 vulcanization, 825 Poly(l, 1-dihydroperfluoroalkyl acrylate), 920 Poly(dimethyl butadiene), 893 Polydispersity, 7, 224, 294 Polydispersity index, 294 Polyelectrolytes defmition, 62 Gibbs energy of mixing, 215 osmotic pressure, 300 titration, 811 viscosity, 351, 352 Poly(enantholactam), 996 Poly(epichlorohydrin), 945 Polyester, 960 aliphatic,963 aromatic, 965 unsaturated, 964 Poly(ester-co-imides), 1009 Polyethers, 939 Poly(ethyl acrylate-co-vinylidene chloride), 918 Poly(ethylene), 865 chlorination, 872 cross-linked, 872 sulfochlorination, 872 Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid), 873 Poly(ethylene-co-propylene), 872 Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), 873 Poly( ethylene-co-N-vinylcarbazole ), 87 4 Poly(ethylene imine), 979 Poly( ethylene oxalate), 963 Poly(ethylene oxide), 940

Index

lxxiv

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), 966 Poly(fluoral), 939 Poly(fluoroalkoxyphosp hazene), 1125 Poly(formaldehyde), 933 Poly(fructoses), 1103 Poly{~glucosamines), 1097 Poly(glycolide), 964 Poly(glycol methacrylate), 926 Poly(hexafluoropropylen e), 948 Poly(hexafluoropropylen e-co-tetrafluoroethylene), 913 Poly(hexamethylene adipamide), 1001 Poly(hexamethylene sebacic acid), 1002 Polyhydantoins, 1020 Polyhydrazides, 1005 Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid), 966 Poly{J3-hydroxybu tyrate), 964 Poly(hydroxymethylene ), 934 Poly(imidazopyrrolone), 1016 Polyimides, 1005 Polyimines, 979 Polyinsertion, 567, 661 Poly(p-iodostyrene), 91 Polyion, 62 Poly(isobutene), 876 Polyisocyanates, 1006 Poly(isoprene), 886 biosynthesis, 888 Poly(isopropyl acrylate), 808 Polylactam, 987 Polylactone, 964 Poly(lauryllactam), 1000 Poly(p-lithiumstyrene), 91 Poly(maltose), 1102 Poly(mannose), 1101 Polymer aperiodic, 7 delmition, 5 inorganic, 1113 living, 581 organometallic, 1126 physical structure, 155 reactions, 799 telechelic, 6 Polymer alloy, 190, 464 Polymer analog reaction, 809 Polymer homologous series, 11 Polymer/polymer equilibria, 805 Polymer reagents, 810 Polymer single crystals, 386 Polymer wood, 1106

Polymerizate, 48 Polymerization activation, 567 allyl compounds, 701 anionic, 630 blend, 773 cationic, 640, 678 dead-end, 715 death charge, 64 7 degree of, 7 diradical, 549 double bonds, 698 electrolytic, 697 emulsion, 733 enthalpy, 561 entropy, 558 enzymatic, 680 exotic, 644 free radical, 685 gas phase, 741 Gibbs energy, 565 ionic, 623 isomerization, 644 kinetics, 648, 671, 704, 736 molecular weight, 711 molecular weight distribution, 653, 713 monomer activation, 698 oxygen influence, 697 phantom, 644 pressure influe11ce, 7 41 principles, 5 35 pseudoanionic, 676 radiation-activated, 74 7 rings, 698 solid state, 754 stepwise, 566 stereocontrol, 581, 729, 757 ionic polymerization, 657 stereospecific, 581 suicide, 64 7 suspension, 731 termination, 701 thermal, 693 tw