Architecture for Implementing the Mobile Government Services in Korea
Yoojung Kim1, Jongsoo Yoon2, Seungbong Park3, Jaemin Han3
1 2
IT Infrastructure Division, National Computerization Agency, Seoul, Korea,
[email protected]
College of Business Administration, Kangnam University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea,
[email protected] 3
School of Business, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, {sbpark, jaemin}@korea.ac.kr
Abstract. Each nation’s architecture for the m-Government including Korea’s is being laid out somewhat differently according to its strategy, approach, and its own structural conditions and challenges. Despite such differences, all of them are making numerous efforts to establish the advanced service architecture for the m-Government. In the meantime, they are confused in securing and managing strategic resources which are needed to create
constant mobile values, diversifying wired and wireless connection sections, and dealing with technological complexities and differences in various kinds of mobile technologies. Therefore, this study proposes the m-Government service architecture, which can effectively provide nationwide m-Governmental services. It also defines key components of the m-Government service architecture and specific characteristics of applied technologies.
1 Introduction Mobile government (m-Government) has been designed to provide the public with more efficient mobile administrative services and more convenient access to public services anytime and anywhere through the wireless Internet. In an attempt to advance e-Government services and expand customer channels, this system is being put in place in some of the European nations, the United States, and Korea, all of which have succeeded in establishing advanced wireless Internet environments [3]. Some European countries such as Sweden have attempted m-Government in many different practical applications and Canada is proceeding with their m-Government project focusing on mobile (wireless) portal. In the United States, federal and local governments have taken the lead and emphasis has been placed on the wireless and mobile technology in order to develop applications for public safety and response, such as assistance for field staffs, information sharing, staff monitoring, and maintenance of network communications [3]. In the case of Korea, the number of wired Internet subscribers reached 29.22 million as of December 2003, and 33.093 million as of March 2004. As the first nation in the world that succeeded in commercializing the CDMA technology, Korea has now become fully equipped with the 3G mobile communications infrastructure such as cdma20001x EV-DO
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and W-CDMA with maximum transmitting speeds of 2.4 Mbps [6]. In addition, it has become more efficient and convenient to use the Internet and search and process information through mobile terminals, thanks to the faster spread of mobile virtual machines and further development of multimedia supportive technologies [9]. Based on these circumstantial advantages, the number of mobile businesses using the wireless Internet is growing and the informatization process is being rapidly adopted by the business sector. The m-Government is also being swiftly established in an effort to advance the wired e-Government service which was first launched in 2002. Korea is applying mobile technologies to government agencies and each agency has a mobile page, similar to a web page, exclusively for the mobile terminals. A common gateway and platform are also in the process of being mapped out for the m-Government as well. In the meantime, Korean local governments and governmental agencies have selectively adopted the mobile electronic signature systems and mobile field force automation service, by using the wireless Internet infrastructure and platforms of private mobile telecommunications service providers [5]. However, they have been facing various challenges and limits to applying these mobile technologies to the public sector. Specifically, they are having difficulties in securing and managing strategic resources which are needed to create constant mobile values, diversifying wired and wireless connection sections, and dealing with technological complexities and differences in various kinds of mobile technologies. Also, the waste of resources caused by overlapping development and vulnerability of the nation’s information security are other urgent problems to address. To cope with these challenges, debates are heated in the Korean government to find a way to build public G/W and platforms of the m-Government service. In short, each nation’s architecture for the m-Government including Korea’s is being laid out somewhat differently according to its strategy, approach, and its own structural conditions and challenges. Despite such differences, all of them are making numerous efforts to establish the advanced service architecture for the m-Government [3]. Therefore, this study takes a close look at current moves around the world to launch m-Government services and infrastructure, while comprehensively examining references related to this issue. By doing so, it come up with possible solutions to challenges that Korea is facing in implementing e-Government services, and thereby draft a blueprint best suited for Korea. The specific goal of the study is to propose the m-Government service architecture, which can effectively provide nationwide m-Governmental services. It also defines key components of the m-Government service architecture and specific characteristics of applied technologies.
2 Outlines of the m-Government 2.1 Definition and Characteristics of the m-Government
M-Government stands for the use of mobile wireless communication technology within the government administration and in its delivery of services and information to citizens and firms [11], [12]. By connecting a wireless section to a wired end section, the m-Government will create and guarantee mobility and portability for the public, business, and
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government. Furthermore, convenience in accessing information, real time access to information, and personalization of information access are guaranteed to maximize benefits of using information and, in turn, create further advanced eGovernment services. The merits and new services that m-Government can provide to e-Government can be summarized as the following: the enhanced convenience of the citizens and governmental employees that can get access to the e-Government anytime and anywhere; implementation of customized services and governmental CRM (Citizen Relationship Management) as mobile devices are more personalized; enhancement of productivity in the public sector by building mobile office; improvement of public safety through new mobile technologies such as LBS(Location-Based Services); government synergy effect through technological integration and convergence of government's wired and wireless IT infrastructure. It seems that each country considers that the integration of wireless Internet infrastructure with the existing wired Internet infrastructure is timely and desirable. Given these, the m-Government can be defined as a integrated service; through the wireless Internet, it provides not only governmental services for its people (G2C), such as information on civil affairs and locations, small financial transaction, and electronic identification, but also mobile administrative services for governmental bodies (G2G) that can enhance their administrative autonomies, cultural tourism, public health and welfare, and science technology. It also offers industry-based services for businesses (G2B) through the wireless Internet, such as information on procurement, distribution, payment, taxes and so on [9].
2.2 Types of the m-Government Service
As it is in e-Government services, the m-Government service may be classified into various types including mobile G2B, G2G, mobile G4C, and mobile G2E [2]. From the technological point of view, mobile G2B and G2G should belong to the mobile extranet, while mobile G4C and mobile G2E are included in the mobile Internet and mobile Intranet respectively. However, in Korea, the m-Government service is often classified largely into two infrastructural services and six general services [5]. The former are services that can be used only with the support of general services, such as the authentication service designed to confirm a user’s identification and location information service that uses information on a user’s location. The latter is the services including electronic civil petitions, information search, and urgent notification. According to the service type offered, they are divided into six service categories (see Table 1).
Table 1. Mobile Services Type Service category Information search service Electronic civil petition service Information collection service
Specific service list Inquiry service that provides information on investigation, weather, and transportation Service that files, reviews, and issues civil petition documents Research service that provides environmental pollution management, demography and business related information
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Urgent notification service Public commercial transaction service Tax payment service
Mobile messenger service in case of accident and disaster Reservation and payment service on bidding, procurement and transportation National and local tax payment service
2.3 Status of m-Government Services and Approaches to Building Infrastructure
Current m-Government Services Used in Foreign Countries. Canada's m-Government strategy and implementation is in the very early stages. Canada currently has a prototype on line that can be accessed by pointing a mobile device to www.gc.ca. However, Canada is still in the stages of identifying the services that should be made available via mobile channel. Canada is working with key stakeholders and representatives from other government departments to further define and evolve the m-Government strategy [3]. Canada’s architecture of the m-Government service is based on G/W, infrastructure of mobile telecommunication service carriers and has launched m-Government portal in an attempt to integrate channels for m-Government services. In Denmark, m-Government is seen in close relation to the implementation of e-Government. That is, m-Government is increasingly seen as a tool to make the e-Government vision encompass also those functions of government that are being carried out in the field, especially out of the traditional bureaucracies in town-halls, agencies and ministries [3]. The focus in Denmark is primarily on the promises of using wireless technologies in relation to public sector employees G2E (G2G). However, there are also a few examples of G2C solutions, for example in relation to parking. Most initiatives up to now have focused on improving work-processes and divisions of labor for public employees. As in every other area of e-Government, it is believed that the "e-Promises" of more efficiency and better quality in public service provision will only be fulfilled if digitization-initiatives (also in m-Government) are accompanied by changes in the working processes and organization. So in conclusion, m-Government in Denmark is mainly focused on G2E. But that being the case, improving the working conditions of public employees will often result in better service for citizens and business. Denmark’s mGovernment service has been provided by each central and local government agency, which is using mobile telecommunications infrastructure. In Sweden, Short Message Service (SMS) is often adopted in the public sector. One service is that it is possible to subscribe to information on job postings that match the profile of "the type of job I'm interested in". Hits will be emailed, and the email may be read using a mobile phone. Another service is that mobile phone numbers for SMS can be published in the job seeker's CV, so that job provider can get in touch via an SMS [3]. Another service is m-Parking. The city of Stockholm, Huddinge University Hospital, and airports operated by the Swedish Civil Aviation Authority, are examples of m-Parking providers at the three Swedish government levels. In the case of Mobile elderly care worker service, several of the 289 Swedish municipalities have implemented or are running pilot applications, the gist of which are to provide field workers with information on elderly, ailing or handicapped people in need of home care. By providing field workers with small portable devices for updating information on their work schedule, they don't have to start their working day by visiting the central care office. And
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when paying visits to the needy citizens, they can use short codes to input information on actions taken or not taken, so as to ease the hand-over to the next care worker. In Sweden, central and government agencies and local governments have been involved in planning and establishing the m-Government service. In order to secure reliable interoperability between m-Government services, however, Government Agency Board has been the one that defined technical roaming, network roaming and information roaming [3]. In North Ireland, the OFMDFM e-Strategy work includes two examples of how staff might access information whilst on the move. CITU (NI) has led a pilot project for proofing the concept for the use of a variety of mobile devices that would enable the wider acceptance of truly mobile computing throughout the NICS [3]. To date, there has not been much by way of mobile implementation in the public sector in Northern Ireland. There is an increasing use of mobile working within the public sector, but up to now, this has largely been by Secure Remote Access using fixed line connections with dial back. This mobile computing pilot project will address the security issues and will hopefully be the catalyst for a rapid increase in the use of mobile computing solutions. North Ireland is currently developing policy, guidelines and standards to enable joined up services to the citizen and businesses in Northern Ireland by a variety of channels including mobile [3]. A technical architecture framework in support of this work is being developed like Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The UK m-Government Gateway Approach
M-Government Service in Korea. In Korea, the m-Government service has been planned and introduced as one of the strategies to realize e-Korea. In particular, this has been driven with a goal to diversify existing e-Government channels and ultimately advance them into the ubiquitous e-Government [5]. Much of m-Government projects has been carried out by ministries and local governments, respectively. SMS is a killer application for mobile G4C and G2G services. Public agencies primarily send administrative and policy status information, events and notification through SMS. Also, the PDA-based services are provided in an interactive and informative way in some mobile G2G services. 5
Mobile G2G Services are a kind of FFA (Fields Force Automation) and are primarily provided through PDA. Specific services include m-Police which is the wireless service used to search wanted vehicles, m-Tax Management designed to manage those who are delinquent in paying local taxes, the mobile tour guide service of Daegu Metropolitan City, household gas inspection service based on PDA, and so on (see Appendix). Unfortunately, however, overlapping resource investment has been made into m-Government services, since different mobile systems have been adopted randomly to satisfy each government agency’s demand and other specific needs at working unit levels. So, a consensus is being reached that these systems should be interconnected and a common foundation for information sharing should be established. On the other hand, current m-Government services are exposed to potential risks of serious security breaches because they are based on platforms of private service providers. To straighten out these problems and successfully establish reliable m-Government service, the Korean government is laying out ISP/BPR plans and is aggressively seeking ways to establish more integrated m-Government service infrastructure based on ISP/BPR project.
Approaches to Building m-Government Service Infrastructure. Different approaches to building m-Government service infrastructure can be adopted in accordance with the presence of an integrated channel for the m-Government service (for instance, the m-Government portal) and exclusive GW, and locations of exclusive G/W [5], [10]. Given this, approaches to building m-Government service infrastructure can be largely divided into seven categories and main characteristics of each approach are as follows (see Fig. 2).
① ② BTS
BSC/MSC
IWF/PDSN GGSN
Carrier’s G/W
Carrier’s Portal
④ Dedicated m-Gov. portal
Inside Mobile Telecommunication Carrier
⑤ Dedicated M-Gov. Portal
⑥ Dedicated m-Gov. G/W
Outside Mobile Telecommunication Carrier
Fig. 2. Approaches to Building m-Government Service Infrastructure
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⑦
Dedicated m-Gov. Portal
Central & Local m-Government Servers
③
Under the first approach ①, government agencies or local governments independently launch m-Government services by using G/W of existing mobile telecommunication service providers such as SKT, KTF, and LGT. The second method ② is basically the same as the first one. But, the m-Government service is provided through mobile portal channels of existing mobile telecommunications companies such as Nate, Magic-n, and ez-Web. Under the third approach ③, apart from G/W of mobile telecommunication companies, exclusive G/W for the mGovernment service is established in the mobile IDC of mobile telecommunications carriers so that pubic infrastructure can be provided for government agencies and local governments. However, an integrated channel for the m-Government service is not offered. The forth approach ④ is basically the same as the third one, but it provides the m-Government portal service as an integrated channel for mobile services. The fifth method ⑤ to connect exclusive lines to G/W of existing mobile telecommunication service providers in order for the government to establish mobile portal servers in certain controlled areas. This eventually provides an integrated m-Government service channel for government agencies and local governments. The sixth method ⑥ is to connect exclusive lines to IWF/PDSN/GGSN of mobile telecommunication operators to enable the government to build exclusive G/W for the m-Government services in certain controlled areas as mGovernment infrastructure for public use. The final approach ⑦ is basically the same as the sixth one. However, under this approach, the government launches an exclusive portal designed for the m-Government service, as an integrated service channel.
3 Architecture for the m-Government Service in Korea 3.1 Architecture and Components for the m-Government Service
From the beginning of 2004, the Korean government has been carrying out the ISP/BPR project to form m-Government service infrastructure that is key to implementing the m-Government. And, considering recent studies related to mGovernment service architecture [10], the approach to establishing Dedicated m-Government Gateway (see the sixth and seventh approaches in Fig. 2) may be considered as the best m-Government service architecture for Korea. Under this approach, exclusive m-Government gateways can be built in certain area without using MIDC of mobile telecommunications service providers and provide foundations for central and local governments to establish mGovernment infrastructure. There are several reasons for adopting this method. First of all, by building public infrastructure as a strategic resource, every government agency can play a role in creating a reliable and constant mobile value and thereby maintain a comprehensive and positive view on service interoperability and information sharing [4].
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Second, on the technological front, integration of wired and wireless access points is needed, in that mobile Internet services should be available in both wired and wireless spaces. Furthermore, this integration may eliminate technological complexities caused by using different terminal platforms, wireless Internet access protocols, and interworking modes [4]. Third, this approach is economically beneficial. By establishing a common platform rather than depending on the M:N Spaghetti connection method, overlapping development can be prevented and the waste of resources can be minimized. M-Government service infrastructure for central and local governments can be integrated as well, which may ultimately create effects of economies of scale, and reduce fees for using mobile networks of mobile telecommunications operators. Fourth, making a collective contract with mobile telecommunications service providers can ensure enhanced convenience. Moreover, with only less than 10 staffs, more effective and systemic operation management can be achieved. Finally, when it comes to security management, security breaches in the wireless Internet structure can be overcome by building gateways for the m-Government service in certain areas under the government control. Along with overall directions and particular conditions of the mobile service in Korea, these advantages explains why Dedicated m-Government G/W should be selected as the architecture for Korea’s m-Government service which is clearly shown in Fig. 3. In addition, given key components of the architecture suggested in Kalakota and Robinson [4], MB-net consortium [8], Lawrence and Littman [7], Balfanz et al. [1], and Yeoul [13], key components for the architecture should include mobile public services, wireless Internet platforms, Terminal access devices for users, and security devices.
User Terminal Devices
PC
PDA, Cellular Phone Web Browser/VM
Carrier Mobile Telecommunication Operators
Common Proxy G/W
Common Messaging G/W
LBS/GIS G/W
Service Platform
Security Service
Wireless Internet Platform
Certification/Billing
Mobile Public Service
Presentation & Translation of Web Browser Existing DBC
DBC
Back-end System
Mobile System
Fig. 3. Architecture for m-Government Service in Korea
Mobile Public Service. Mobile pubic service is the service designed for governmental organizations to not only boost mobility of internal works but also to make a mobile administrative work process more efficient and to deliver better public service. This service includes governmental agencies’ back-end systems and mobile systems that provide mobile
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public services. Therefore, this service should be considered importantly in the technologies linked to wireless Internet platforms. The mobile Internet here can serve as mobile Internet network infrastructure based on wireless networks of mobile telecommunications service providers (SKT, KTF, LGT), and wireless network infrastructure covers IS95A/B, 2G, 2.5G, and even 3G. Meanwhile, the mobile web-browser presentation and conversion service are the ones that control interaction between mobile web-browsers and back-end systems/mobile systems. Specifically, they deliver user demands collected through mobile web-browsers to back-end or mobile systems. At the same time, they receive outcomes of user demands from back-end or mobile systems and then present those outcomes to mobile web-browsers. Related technologies are web-page formats (WML, m-HTML, XML), client-side script languages (WML, scripts), server-side script languages (JSP, PHP, ASP) and web-browser built-in programs (Java Applet, Java Script).
Wireless Internet Platforms. Wireless Internet platforms include an integrated wireless Internet gateway, integrated messaging gateway, LBS gateway and service platform, which is designed to deliver the mobile public service more efficiently. Among these, the integrated wireless Internet gateway is one of the most critical components in connecting wireless networks to wired Internet. WAP Proxy (SKT, LGT) and ME Proxy (KTF) are examples of this gateway. The integrated messaging gateway is part of the wireless data service and, along with SMSC of the three major mobile telecommunications operators, serves as a hub in the wireless data service adopted in the public sector. In the meantime, the Location-Based System (LBS) gateway is the positioning service that, in effect, may realize realtime public service by positioning the current location through a variety of wireless terminals.
User Terminal Access Devices. A user terminal access device is the terminal device for mobile public service users and includes hand-held devices such as a mobile phone, PDA, and smart phone. Finally, mobile web-browser is the standard user interface provided in user terminals. This include WAP browser and ME browser.
Security. The security service should be designed to protect each component of the m-Government service architecture. Communications security, user authentication, and encryption are included in this service.
3.2 Definition of Technology Applied to Key Components of m-Government Service Architecture
This study presents three major technological factors in the architecture for the m-Government service in Korea: technology for mobile Internet web browsers and middleware, technology applied to constructing exclusive gateways designed for the m-Government service as well as service platforms, and technology which are needed in linking mobile systems of governmental agencies to wireless Internet platforms. Table 2 clearly shows main characteristics of technologies needed in each architecture component.
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Table 2. Key Technologies Applied to Each Component of Architecture for the m-Government Service Components of m-Government service architecture
Technology
Mobile Internet Web browser & middleware
Outlines
Mobile web-browser
Browser that helps users get access to the Internet and web services through mobile terminals
Virtual machine
Middleware that drives public mobile service in a terminal, after downloading it from a server Proxy that operates in IWP (PDSN, GGSN), with functions such as converting the mobile markup language, supporting security models of mobile telecommunications operators, and creating a real-time user access list Proxy that operates in the SMSC/SMS server, transmits a message, and confirms message arrival, with a function of Callback URL transmission Interworking is possible with GMLC of mobile telecommunication companies and LBS application
Wireless Internet G/W G/W
Messaging G/W
Wireless Internet platform
LBS G/W Contents conversion device
Service Platform
Mobile web-browser representation Mobile Public Service
Mobile system integration
Security
Program that manages XSLT according to each mobile Internet device, receives a required page in XML from the contents server, and converts it into the one to be suitable for the device that requests it Platform whose functions are subscriber management and authentication, contents branding, contents billing, and contents Portal platform downloading and management Mobile web page format Formats and versions of mobile pages which are provided for diverse mobile terminals Client-side script language Script language which belongs to the Mobile markup language and is run in the mobile web browser Data exchange format
Data exchange format between wireless Internet platforms and mobile systems Data exchange format mobile systems and back-end systems
Communications linkage format
Communications protocol between wireless Internet platforms and mobile systems Protocol between mobile systems and back-end systems
Telecommunications security
Protocol designed for end-to-End communications
Encryption User authentication
Data encryption Function of controlling a user’s access and conforming the user’s identification
Along with this, Table 3 presents m-Government service guidelines for each technological factor, profiles of commonly applied technology. This further specifies not only components of architecture for the Korean mobile service mentioned in Table 2 but also related technologies.
Table 3. Profiles of Technologies Commonly Used in the m-Government Service Mobile service architecture Mobile web browser Mobile web browser representation and conversion Middleware
Technology
Commonly applied technology profile
Mobile web browser
Mobile web page format
User interface
Mobile terminal (client) script language Virtual machine
Wireless Internet G/W
G/W Messaging G/W Wireless Internet platform
LBS G/W Converter
Service Platform
Portal platform
Specifications of Commonly applied technology profile -Browser
Proxy function
-Screen management (text, image) -Data input format -Hyper text switching format -Style sheet -Mobile web page script language -Virtual machine program -Defining the proxy function for WAP 1.x, 2.0, ME, and VM -Defining the IWF (PDSN, GGSN) interworking format of mobile telecommunications companies -Defining the mutual conversion function for mobile markup language -Processing a security model which receives additional support from mobile telecommunications service providers -Defining the function of processing the user access list for taxation and accounting in real time -Defining the cache function for each contents and each user
-Defining a linkage format for SMSC/MMSC, and LMSC of mobile telecommunications service providers -Defining the Call back URL transmission function Messaging linkage -Defining the function of automatic conversion into the messaging format that can be supported in a (Data and terminal communications format) -Defining the interworking format with the terminal information system of mobile telecommunications service providers -Defining an interworking format between LBS G/W and GMLC of mobile telecommunications service LBS G/W providers Interworking -Defining common API for interworking between LBS G/W and LBS applications User interface -Managing XSLT and converting it into a web page that can be represented in a terminal -Authenticating and managing a subscriber -Logging on to contents that a subscriber uses -Contents menu management function Service management -Providing a menu for each subscriber or each subscriber group -Setting a menu of a subscriber’s own -Managing CP
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Information on terminals and subscribers
-Linkage to both subscribers of mobile telecommunications service providers and the terminal information system
Contents downloading and management
- Menu function for various VM applications - Downloading VM applications into terminals - Managing information on each contents rate - Rating contents that a user utilizes -Ticketing function with issuing a notice -Diverse Pre-Paid function (ARS charge, credit card charge, mobile charge)
Contents billing
Data switching format
Data switching
Communications format
Communications linkage
Mobile system linkage/ integration
Communications security Security
Encryption
Security
User authentication
-Character set -Definition and verification of the data switching format structure -Data modelling -Switching format for various information modes -Messaging -Transport -Networking -Routing -Mail -File transmission -Hyper text transmission -Directory -Web service -Mobile web access security -Mail security -Wired and wireless network security -Open Key algorithm -Electronic signature - Electronic signature algorithm -Hash algorithm
4 Conclusions This study not only takes look at foreign nations’ moves to establish their own m-Government service and infrastructure, but also reviews references related to this matter. By doing so, it hopes to maps out the architecture for the mGovernment service that is best suited to Korea and can effectively deliver nationwide m-Government services. Moreover, this study demonstrates key components of the proposed architecture and specific characteristics of technologies applied to them. Major outcomes of this study are as follows. First of all, the study comprehensively examines key factors in the establishment of the m-Government, such as the presence of exclusive G/W designed for the m-Government, location of exclusive G/W, and presence of the mGovernment portal (integrated service channel). Based on this examination, it proposes Dedicated m-Government G/W as more suitable method for Korea to build m-Government service infrastructure than any other approaches used home and abroad. It also presents components of the Dedicated m-Government G/W that are needed in building exclusive infrastructure for the m-Government service (G/W and Service platforms). Those components are Mobile Web Browser and Middleware (Virtual Machine, VM), Wireless Internet Platform (G/W, Translator, Service platform), Mobile Public Services (Presentation of mobile web browser, integration of Mobile system with legacy system), and security factors. This study also delivers significant implications as follows. First, it thoroughly reviews a variety of current domestic and overseas approaches to building infrastructure of mGovernment services and suggests the most suitable and feasible architecture of the m-Government service for Korea.
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Second, the proposed architecture, its components, technology applied to each component, and profiles of technologies commonly applied to the components, may serve as a guideline for Korea and other advanced nations in launching the integrated m-Government service and securing interoperability between diverse e-Government services. However, there is a limit to this study. It presents the feasible and specific m-Government architecture and its components that fit well with nations like Korea, where, up to now, each government agency and local government has delivered m-Government services, using the infrastructure of private mobile telecommunications service providers. Therefore, it might be hard for nations under different environments to apply outcomes of this study to their situations. Nevertheless, the outcomes of this study may be very useful for either nations that are going through similar conditions to Korea or nations that are less developed than Korea in terms of Internet infrastructure.
References 1. Balfanz, D., Schirmer, J., Grimm, M., Tazari, M.R.: Mobile Situation Awareness within the Project Map, Computers & Graphics Vol.27 (2003) 893~898 2. Dawes, S.S., Pardo, T.A., Cresswell, A.M.: Designing Electronic Government Information Access Programs - A Holistic Approach, Government Information Quarterly Vol.21 (2004) 3-23 3. GOL-IN: Implementation Strategy for Mobile Government, Mobile Government Project (2002) 4. KalaKota, R., Robinson, M.: M-Business: The Race to Mobility, McGraw-Hill (2001) 5. Kim, Y.: Understanding of Mobile Government, 2003 Fall Conference of Korea Society of Management Information Systems (2003) 63-86 6. Korea Network Information Center (KRNIC): Internal Statistics DB of Informatization, http://www.krnic.or.kr (2004) 7.
Lawrence,
P.,
Littman,
L.:
Preparing
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and
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in
Government, http://www.businessofgovernment.org (2002) 8. MB-net Consortium: Final White Paper on m-Business Applications and Services Research Challenge (2001) 9. National Computerization Agency (NCA), White Paper Internet Korea 2004 (2004) 10. Oh, K., Byun, I.: The Effective Implementing Strategy for Mobile Government, 2003 Spring Conference of The Korean Society for Cyber Communications, Korean Society for Cyber Communications (2003) 75-87 11. Ostberg, O.: A Swedish View on Mobile Government, 2003 International Symposium on Digital Mobility and Mobile Government, KISDI (2003) 67-78 12. Ovum: Mobile E-commerce - Market Strategies, Ovum Press Release (2003) 13. Yeoul, H.: m-Government Initiatives for Korean e-Government, 2003 International Symposium on Digital Mobility and Mobile Government, KISDI (2003) 25-60
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Appendix: Summary of Mobile Services in Korea Mobile Services
Service Type
Description
Information Public Procurement Service, Ministry of Finance and Economy
G2B
Firms can get access to bidding information on domestic/foreign procurement, and lease over the wireless Internet
Ministry of Finance and Economy, Korea National Statistical Office
G2B
Collecting the population census data and transmitting the collected data to the central server using handset in real time, on the spot, reducing data error and speeding up the statistical processing
Mobile Messaging Service Ministry of Information and for Disaster Communication
G2G G2C
When an emergency happened, immediately offering emergency status messaging and reaction methods to the handsets of people in emergency area
Ministry of Information Ministry of Information and and Communication Communication
G2C
Through wireless terminals, the results of electronic civil services processes and tracking by application number, and information on processes and required documents are provided.
Koreapost ePOST Mobile MIC Service Koreapost
G2C
Through wireless terminals, current special products are sold and information is provided. Delivery services can be applied for and tracking of parcels is also possible.
G2C
Diverse methods of filing returns, open civil service processes, wider use of electronic notification, and information on tax related issues are provided.
Korea Customs Service International Parcel Ministry of Finance and Mobile Tracking Service Economy
G2C
Delivery status of international parcels or cargo can be tracked and customs charge or notifications are sent through emails or SMS.
Notification of passport issue status and passport Chungcheong Buk-Do expiration date
G2C
Congressmen are notified North on congress management Cungcheong matters Province
G2C
Sending SMS text message about regular and temporal meetings, notification of assembly, and talks to the cellular phones of Congress Members of North Chungcheong Province.
Notification of official document issuance Busan Metropolitan City through SMS
G2C G2G
Schedule of emergency of Civilian defense drills and other civil services are provided through SMS if applied for. It can also be used as an emergency contact administrative tool.
Mobile Bids Retrieval Service
Real-time Collection Population census Data
Service Agency
of
National Tax Service National Tax Wireless HTS (Home Tax Related Agencies Service)
Mobile Tourism Information Service
Service
Daegu Metropolitan City
G2C
Sending SMS message on the passport issue date and passport expiration date to the citizens, reducing telephone inquiry of when the passport is issued.
The tourism information system has been developed and will be offered through PDA in August, 2003 when Summer Universiade Daegu 2003 is scheduled to be held - This tourism information system offers the tourism information & tips, on-line help, and shopping and real-time interpretation reservation through PDA.
Reserve troops resource Ministry of Government management mobile Administration and Home service Affairs, local Governments
G2G G2C
Connect to the local office database to download the list of participants onto PDA and find absent participants on the spot. The absentees are automatically extracted and warnings and notifications of another session are sent.
Ministry of Information & Communication, Ministry of Construction and Transportation
G2C
The high-way traffic information is offered through handsets on matters such as traffic jam area, urgent accident, average speed of car on the high-way, traffic status)
Mobile Public Information Service
Traffic
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