Article Download - ejbps

ejbps, 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4,258-274.

Research Article

SJIF Impact Factor 2.062

2349-8870 Journal Biomedical Annadurai et al.European European Journal of of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical ISSN Sciences Volume: 2 AND Issue: 3 258-274 Pharmaceutical sciences Year: 2015 http://www.ejbps.com

ENVIRONMENT-ASSISTED GREEN APPROACH AGNPS BY NUTMEG (MYRISTICA FRAGRANS): INHIBITION POTENTIAL ACCUSTOMED TO PHARMACEUTICALS F. J. Jelin, S. Selva Kumar, M. Malini, M.Vanaja and G. Annadurai* Environmental Nanotechnology Divisions, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi – 627412, Tamilnadu, India. Article Received on 10/05/2015

Article Revised on 07/06/2015

Article Accepted on 01/07/2015

ABSTRACT *Correspondence for Author Dr. G. Annadurai

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles using the green approach is the great interest in term of nanotechnology. The present works, deals with

Environmental

the silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using the Bark Extract and

Nanotechnology Divisions,

Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans. The synthesized nanoparticles

Sri Paramakalyani Centre for

were characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction

Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar

(XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-

University, Alwarkurichi –

ray analysis (EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

627412, Tamilnadu, India.

(FTIR). UV- observation is 460 nm in the UV-Vis spectra for bark and seed synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver

metal ions into silver nanoparticles. The XRD analysis contributed the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The SEM images shows that the bark and seed synthesized silver nanoparticles were within the some of spherical and polydispersed respectively, the FTIR was identify the responsible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial assay of the green approached silver nanoparticles was examined against gram positive and gram negative pathogen of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella planticola. This antibacterial results use of silver nanoparticles appears to be an important issue in medicine and related fields. KEYWORDS: Green approach, Myristica fragrans, silver nanoparticles, SEM, FTIR and antibacterial assay.

www.ejbps.com

258

Annadurai et al.

European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Graphical Abstract INTRODUCTION Noble metal nanomaterials like silver, Zinc oxide, Titanium oxide, gold and etc are increasingly incorporated into many applications of nanoparticles in materials such as textiles, medicine and as preservative in cosmetics.[1] Generally, nanomaterials are synthesized through a variety of different physical and chemical methods.[2,3] There is a growing need to develop an increasing demand of environment-assisted for the synthesis of green approach nanoparticles that does not employ toxic chemicals and minimize the environmental pollution. In recent days green chemistry procedures using biological systems such as Fungi[4], bacteria[5], plants[6] and algae[7] for the synthesis of nanoparticles that are both cost-effective and environmentally benign. Silver Nanoparticles are occupying an

www.ejbps.com

259

Annadurai et al.


important place as a source of biomedical and other field applications. The small size and large surface area of silver nanoparticles are useful for its applications in optical receptors, cryogenic superconducting materials, catalysts in chemical reaction, biolabel ling and as antimicrobials. Green Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with precise control over size distribution, shape selectivity and stability remains a challenge and has been reported by many processes. Silver nanoparticle synthesis by plants depends on their secondary metabolites such as alkaloids or flavonoids. Some recent biosynthesis includes Garcinia Mangoostana (Fruit peel)[8], Piper nigrum (stem)[9] as so on. Many Plants growing under different ecological conditions such as Xerophytes (Bryophyllum sp), hydrophytes (Potamogeton sp) and mesophytes (Cyperus Sp) are able to synthesis the metallic nanoparticles.[10] However the main bioactive compounds in the plants, probably secondary metabolite plays an important role in the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles.[11] Myristica fragrans is an evergreen tree of the family Myristicaceae under the order Magnoliopsid. This seed of the plant is known as “Nutmeg” and the tree constituents have many individual pharmacological activities. Myristica fragrans yields the nut-meg (actual seed of the tree) and mace (dried “lacy” reddish covering on the seed), both contain many volatile oils and aromatic compounds with high fragrance and flavours. These seeds are most important economically and medicinally. This tree is used in all parts of the world for both food flavours and for medicinal purposes. In this paper, we have demonstrated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using bark and seed extract derived from Myristica fragrans and their antimicrobial activity were described against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella planticola. Further the synthesised silver nanoparticles are characterized by UV, XRD, SEM, EDAX and FTIR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials The seed and bark of Myristica fragrans were collected from Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India. All the chemicals were obtained from sigma Aldrich. All the experiments were done in triplets. Double distilled water used for this all experiments. Preparation of the Myristica fragrans bark and seed extract Bark and seeds of Myristica fragrans were collected, washed thoroughly with deionized water dried and powdered. About 10 g of Myristica fragrans bark powder transferred into a 100 ml distilled water beaker, mixed well and boiled at 80 °C for 15 min. After that this

www.ejbps.com

260

Annadurai et al.


extract was filtered through whatman No.1 filter paper. The same procedure is followed for preparation of seed extract. This filtrate was collected and stored at 4 °C for further use. Green approach synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Aqueous solution (1mM) of silver nitrate (AgNO3) was prepared and used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. 10 ml of extract was added to 90 ml of 1mM silver nitrate solution. The solution is mixed well and the colour change is observed. Characterization techniques The reduction of the silver solution was monitored on a double beam UV Spectrophotometer. A small aliquot of the reaction solution was analyzed at different reaction times in the wavelength range between 300 – 700 nm. The crystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction studies. The reaction mixture was purified by repeated centrifugation at speed of 10000 rpm for 10 min and the pellets were dried at room temperature. The dried powder of silver nanoparticles was characterized by XRD (Philips PW 1830). The morphology of the silver nanoparticles was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (Philip model CM 200). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer determines the chemical functionalities present in the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. Differential Thermal Analysis or DTA used to analyse the temperature difference between the Nanoparticles. Bacterial and fungal strains used The bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (3053) and Klebsiella planticola (2277) used for present study. Bacterial strains were obtained from MTCC, India. The bacterial stock cultures were maintained on Mueller Hinton Agar medium at 4 °C. Antibacterial assay of green approach silver Nanoparticles Agar Well diffusion method was used to assay the bactericidal effect of green approach silver nanoparticles using Muller-Hinton agar medium against the bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis (3053) and Klebsiella planticola (2277). A single colony of test strains was grown overnight in LB broth medium on a rotary shaker (200 rpm) at 35 C. After 24 h of incubation a loopful of bacterial culture was swabbed on the petriplate containing Muller-Hinton agar medium. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were taken at different concentration from 20 to 80 µl to assess the bactericidal effect of

www.ejbps.com

261

Annadurai et al.


silver nanoparticles. All the plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37C. Then the presence of zone of inhibition could be measured on the plates. All tests were performed in triplicate, and clear zones greater than 10 mm were considered as positive results. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Visible observation of nanoparticles synthesis The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was preliminary confirmed by the change of colour of the extracts. The inset in figure 1 (A) and (B) shows the conical flasks containing bark and seed extracts of Myristica fragrans after reaction with silver ions. The formation of dark brown colour clearly indicates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and it confirmed by the surface plasmon resonance.[12] After 2 h no colour change occurred this shows the reaction between silver nitrate and extracts was ended. The dark brown colour confirmed the oscillation of free electron in the silver nanoparticles.[13] and the similar result was reported by Sivaraman et al.[14]

Figure.1: UV- vis spectra recorded the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The silver nitrate 1mM was added to the A) Bark Extract, B) Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans and incubated at different growth periods like 30min – 24 h. Insert picture is visual identification of synthesis of silver nanoparticles using A) Bark Extract, B) Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans www.ejbps.com

262

Annadurai et al.


UV- visible Spectrum of silver Nanoparticles The green approach silver nanoparticles are initially characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, which is an important technique to analyse the synthesis of nanoparticles.[15] Figure 1 (A) and (B) show the UV- vis spectra of the reaction mixture of silver nitrate solution with Myristica fragrans bark and seed extracts when exposed at different time intervals such as 30 min, 1 h, 2h, 3 h, 4 h and 24 h. The surface plasmon resonance peak at 460 nm indicates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Myristica fragrans seed and bark extracts. The UV observed peak 460 is well assigned due to the effect of surface Plasmon on the synthesized for various metal nanoparticles.[16] Figure 1 (A) shows the broad and low absorbance peak at 460nm reveals the presence of large sized nanoparticles. The UV- vis spectra of Myristica fragrans seed absorbance of silver nanoparticles slowly increased from 30 min to 24h. Figure 1 B show that, there is no peak observed at the initial stage indicating that there is no synthesis of silver nanoparticles. After 3 h of incubation time the SPR band for silver nanoparticles was positioned at around 460 nm and the synthesis was steadily increasing with the increasing in time of the reaction without change in the peak position. The broad band indicates the presence of polydispersed nanoparticles. Rani and Rajasekharreddy reported that the broad band observed around 450 to 470 nm favour the synthesis of large and polydispersed particles.[17] In seed and bark extracts of Myristica fragrans the colour intensity increased with increase in the duration of incubation. The nucleation of silver ions is between 30 min and 3 h. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy FTIR analysis is used to identify the presence of the possible functional group for nanoparticle synthesis in the Myristica fragrans extract. These functional groups are responsible for the reduction and stabilization of green manufacturing silver nanoparticles. Figure 2 (A) and (B) shows the bark and seed extracts of Myristica fragrans silver nanoparticles FTIR bands are observed. Table 1 shows the functional groups. The functional groups of nitro compounds, aliphatic amines, aromatic and so might be present in the bark and seed extracts of Myristica Fragrans. Silver nitrate reductase activity is mainly dependent on these compounds and hence silver nanoparticles are synthesized vigorously by the active response functional groups with silver nitrate.

www.ejbps.com

263

Annadurai et al.


Figure. 2 FTIR Spectrum of silver nanoparticles using A) Bark Extract, B) Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans Table 1: FTIR analysis and Functional groups of Extract of Bark and Seed of Myristica Fragrans. S.No.

Myristica fragrans Extracts

1

Bark Extracts

2.

Seed Extracts

Wavenumber (cm-1) 1014,1079 cm-1 1149 cm-1 1329 cm-1 1613 cm-1 1739 cm-1 2850, 2916 cm-1 3270 cm-1 823 cm-1 1042 cm-1 1327 cm-1 1590 cm-1 3252 cm-1

Functional Groups C-N Stretch, aliphatic amines [18] C=N Stretch Aliphatic amines N-O Symmetric Stretch Nitro Compounds N-H bend 1° amines -C=O Stretch aldehydes Saturated aliphatic C-H bend , alkanes -C= C-H: C-H Stretch alkynes C-Cl Stretch , alkyl halides C-N Stretch, aliphatic amines N-O asymmetric Stretch, nitro compounds C-C Stretch, (in ring) aromatic compounds N-H Stretch 1°, 2° amines, amides[19]

XRD Pattern of Silver Nanoparticles The XRD analysis used to confirm the crystalline nature of the synthesised nanoparticles. Figure3 (A) and (B) exhibited the crystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles synthesized by using Myristica fragrans seed and bark extracts. The Bragg reflections of silver nanoparticles are observed at 2θ values of 38.26°, 64.77°, 77.44° for Myristica fragrans seed and 38.63°, 64.96°, 77.83° for Myristica fragrans bark. This corresponds to the lattice planes (111), (220) and (311), respectively, which indicates the silver nanoparticles are crystalline in nature (JCPDS file nos. 84-0713 and 04-0783). The obtained Bragg peaks indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. www.ejbps.com

264

Annadurai et al.


The XRD pattern of these peaks indicates the silver nanoparticles is crystalline in nature and detect some unassigned peaks were observed, it may fewer biomolecules of stabilizing agents such as enzymes, flavonoids, quinine and etc [20] and also this similar result was reported by geranium leaves.[21]

Figure. 3: XRD of the air-dried silver nanoparticles synthesized using A) Bark Extract, B) Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans. EDAX Pattern of Silver Nanoparticles Elemental analysis EDAX is carried out to confirm the presence of silver nanoparticles in the reaction mixture. Figure 4 (A) and (B) shows the EDAX analysis of Myristica fragrans seeds and bark extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The EDAX analysis shows an intense strong signal at 3 keV confirms the formation of silver nanoparticle and its elemental nature. This signal was formed due to the excitation of SPR of silver nanoparticles.[9] EDAX Figure 4 (A) and (B) shows the some of the weak signals of Cl also formed. These types of signals were found due to the presence of impurity from the biological molecules of Myristica fragrans seeds and bark extracts.

www.ejbps.com

265

Annadurai et al.


Figure. 4: EDAX analyses of silver nanoparticles synthesized by A) Bark Extract, B) Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans Scanning Electron Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscope is one of the powerful tools to identify the shape of the nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles synthesized by Myristica fragrans seed and bark extract. Figure 5 (A and A1) shows the predominantly large size and spherical shaped nanoparticles synthesized by Myristica fragrans bark extracts. Figure 5 (B and B1) shows the irregular shape nanoparticles synthesized by Myristica fragrans seed extract. The aggregation of nanoparticles is acquired only after 3h for Myristica fragrans seed and bark extracts respectively, resulting in the large sized nanoparticles. This aggregation may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the leaf extract.[22] In Myristica fragrans seed extract reduction the Ag + to Ag0 is acquired from 30 min to 1 h. After 1 h, the growth of the nanoparticles leads to the formation of large spherical sized silver nanoparticles. In Myristica fragrans bark extract reduction of silver metal into silver nanoparticles is acquired from 2h to

www.ejbps.com

266

Annadurai et al.


3 h. After 3 h, the growth of the nanoparticles leads to the formation of large sized and irregular shaped silver nanoparticles. Similar result was reported Chandran et al., [23] in Aloe Vera extract and Elumalai et al, in Euphorbia hirta Leaves extract.[24]

Figure. 5: SEM analyses of silver nanoparticles. SEM images shows some sphericalshaped and poly dispersed silver nanoparticles synthesized using A, A1) Bark Extract, B, B1) Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans. Differential Thermal Analysis Thermogram of silver nanoparticles sample temperature can be observed in figure 6 A & B respectively, the silver nanoparticles can conveniently be determined as a residue in DTA, the weight changes, instruments recording the temperature difference between the specimen (differential thermal analysis, or DTA). The thermogram also provides additional information about the composition of the oxidation products. A ceramic crucible was used for heating and measurement was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere at the heating rate at 10 °C/min. According to DTA curves, the thermal decomposition process is represented by temperature ranges from 50 to 125, and 400 °C, each of these changes was seen as a peak in the derivative www.ejbps.com

267

Annadurai et al.


curves. It is observed from DTA curve that dominant weight loss of the sample occurred in temperature region between 100 and 500 ° C, there is almost no weight loss below 100 ° C and above 500 ° C. It can be generally attributed to the evaporation of water and organic components. The DTA analysis curve of the silver nanoparticles green fabricated by using Myristica fragrans seeds and Myristica fragrans bark extracts showed a curve weight loss in the temperature of 175 ° C and 438.7 ° C. The weight loss was mainly due to desorption of organic biomaterial surrounding the silver nanoparticles.

Figure. 6 DTA analyses of silver nanoparticles synthesized by A) Bark Extract, B) Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans Antibacterial assay of green approach silver Nanoparticles The well diffusion method was carried out assay of antibacterial activity of green approach silver nanoparticles under in vitro conditions against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella planticola. Among many different antibacterial agents, silver as an antibacterial agent possesses great potential and can be used efficiently in many diverse applications.[25] Silver nanoparticles are an eminent antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial agent. Silver nanoparticles www.ejbps.com

268

Annadurai et al.


always have unique physical and chemical properties due to their size, shape, dispersity and surface area, which provide better contact with microorganisms so shown to have immense impact on the antibacterial efficacy.[26, 27] The silver nanoparticles (bark extract) exhibit to the admirable zone of inhibition at 80 µl against the organisms of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella planticola these results shows to (Table 2). Similarly, the silver nanoparticles (seed extract) shows the maximum zone of inhibition of against Bacillus Subtilis and Klebsiella planticola respectively (Table 2). The silver nanoparticles (bark and seed extract synthesized) compared shows better zone of inhibition when compared to the control. There is a slightly increased zone of inhibition that is observed in seed extract silver nanoparticles when compared to the bark extract silver nanoparticles. This results clearly demonstrate that bark extract and seed extract of Myristica fragrans synthesized silver nanoparticles are promising antibacterial agents. The green approach is a good source, which is easily available and easily produced and extensively useful to pharmaceutical applications. The exact antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles has been documented by clinicians over many years. Some of the authors have demonstrated the mechanism of antibacterial assay of silver nanoparticles. Egger et al., and Morones et al., have conformed nano size particles possesses a large surface area for contact with the bacterial cell and hence exhibits better interaction than bigger particles.[28,29] Pattabi et al., depicted silver nanoparticles attack on the respiratory chain and cell division, finally leading to cell death.[30] This concept is also illustrated by Lala et al ., that bacterial cell contains electron donor groups like nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, electrostatic interaction take place between negatively charged electron donor and positively charged silver nanoparticles , which results damage the structur al and functional changes of cell membrane. This damage leads to release of the lipopolysaccharides and finally cell is totally collapsed.[31] Generally, the antibacterial property of silver is depended to the amount of silver and the rate of silver released. Silver in metallic state inert, but it reacts with moisture and become ionized.[32-34] This ionized silver was highly reactive and so silver ions interact with thiol groups of cell membrane- bound enzymes and proteins, resulting in membrane structure and permeability changes. Silver ions penetrate and it uncoupled the respiratory chain from oxidative phosphorylation[35] and also binds with DNA and RNA by denaturing and prohibits the microorganism replications.[36] www.ejbps.com

269

Annadurai et al.


Antibacterial activity depends on the both silver nanoparticles and the efficiency of the green approach synthesized method. The higher susceptibility mentioned against the silver nanoparticles gives a promising indication of developing a new potent drug from natural sources. It is used in combating the infections due to such pathogens. A particular group of bacteria have more susceptibility because it was due to the difference in their structure and their composition level of the cell wall.[37] In this antimicrobial assay seed extract of Myristica fragrans silver nanoparticles had a maximum inhibition zone when compared to the bark extract of Myristica fragrans silver nanoparticles. Similar findings were also reported by Esteban – Tejeda at al., and Birla et al. Nithya and Raghunathan authors reported silver nanoparticles show more activity against gram negative strain compared to gram positive strain due to the presence of a peptidoglycan layer in gram positive strains. Thus, among the different antimicrobial actions involved, silver as an antibacterial agent possesses great potential and can be used in many field applications.[38-40] According to our antibacterial studies results, seed extract of Myristica fragrans synthesized silver nanoparticles has the highest antimicrobial activities than bark extract of Myristica fragrans synthesized silver nanoparticles. Finally, increased resistance to old antibiotics requires try to find a new substitutes. These results for green approach of silver nanoparticles synthesis may lead to remarkable promising antibacterial agents obtain from natural and traditional source material as an alternative to substitute the existing antibiotics, which are already used to develop new drugs. Table 2: Antibacterial activity Assay Extract of Bark and Seed of Myristica fragrans. Extract of S.No Myristica fragrans 1

Bark Extract

2

Seed Extract

Zone of Inhibition (mm) Test Organisms

20µl

40µl

60µl

80µl

Bacillus subtilis

9.366±0.088 10.56±0.120 11.23±0.202

12.46±0.066

Klebsiella planticola Bacillus subtilis

12.63±0.285 13.33±0.088 14.23±0.033 16.366±0.088 11.7±0.404 12.7±0.360 13.66±0.290 14.8±0.305

Klebsiella planticola

12.63±0.285 14.06±0.410 16.23±0.033

18.36±0.088

CONCLUSION In this work, we were able to show that the green approach of silver nanoparticles by using the bark extract and seed extract of Myristica fragrans. The silver nanoparticles production by plants depends on their metabolism. In recent day, highly effective silver containing

www.ejbps.com

270

Annadurai et al.


antibacterial materials are used in various ways, more of them already commercialized. The bark extract and seed extract of Myristica fragrans synthesized silver nanoparticles shows excellent antibacterial activity. So the recent emergence green approach nanotechnology has provided a new therapeutic modality in silver nanoparticles for use in biomedicine. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors gratefully acknowledge the DST-FIST sponsored programme, Department of science technology, New Delhi, India for funding the research Development (Ref no S/FST/ESI101/2010) to carry out this work. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. REFERENCE 1. Panigrahi S.; et al. General method of synthesis for metal nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res., 2004; 6: 411–414. 2. Solomon, S. D. et al. Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles. J. Chem. Educ., 2007; 84: 322. 3. Li, W.; Jia Q.; and Wang, H. L., Facile synthesis of metal nanoparticles using conducting. polymer colloids. Polymer., 2006; 47: 23–26. 4. Chitra, K.; Annadurai, G. Bioengineered silver nanobowls using Trichoderma viride and its antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry., 2013; 3(9): 1-7. 5. Malarkodi, C.; Annadurai, G.; (2012) A novel biological approach on Extra synthesis and characterization of semiconductor Zinc Sulfide nanoparticles. Applied Nanoscience (Published in online) DOI: 10.1007/s13204-012-0138-0. 6. Gnanajobitha, G., Rajeshkumar, S.; Annadurai, G.; Kannan, C.; Preparation and Characterization of Fruit-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles using Pomegranate Extract and Assessment of its Antimicrobial Activities J. Environ. Nanotechnology., 2013; 2: 04-10. 7. Rajeshkumar, S.; Kannan, C.; Annadurai, G. Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial

Silver

Nanoparticles

Using

Marine

Brown

Seaweed

Padina

tetrastromatica Drug Invention Today., 2012; 4: 511-513. 8. Karthiga, P.; Soranam, R.; Annadurai G. Alpha-mangostin, the major compound from Garcinia mangostana Linn. Responsible for synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles: Its www.ejbps.com

271

Annadurai et al.


characterization and Evaluation studies. Research journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology., 2012; 2: 46-57. 9. Paulkumar, K.; Gnanajobitha, G.; Vanaja, K.; Rajeshkumar, S.; Malarkodi, C.;1 Kannaiyan Pandian, and Annadurai, G.

Piper nigrum Leaf and Stem Assisted Green

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial Activity Against Agricultural Plant Pathogens, The Scientific World Journal., Article ID 829894, 2014, 9 pages. 10. Jha, A.K.; Prasad, K.; Prasad, K.; Kulkarni, A.R. Plant system: nature’s nanofactory. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces., 2009; 73: 219–223. 11. Gade, A.; Gaikwad, S.; Tiwari, V.; Yadav, A.; Ingle, A.; Rai, M. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles by Opuntia ficus-indica: in vitro antibacterial activity and study of the mechanism involved in the synthesis. Curr. Nanosci., 2010; 6: 370–375. 12. Krishnaraj, C.; Jagan, E.G.; Rajasekar, S.; Selvakumar, P.; Kalaichelvan, P.T.; Mohan, N. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces., 2010; 76: 50–56. 13. Mulvaney, P. Surface plasmon spectroscopy of nanosized metal particles. Langmiur., 1996, 12: 788–800. 14. Sivaraman, S.K.; Elango, I.; Kumar, S.; Santhana, V. A green protocol for room temperature synthesis of silver nanoparticles in seconds. Current Science., 2009; 97: 1055-1059. 15. Kalishwaralal, K.; Deepak, V.; Ramkumarpandian, S.; Nellaiah, H.; Sangiliyandi, G. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the culture supernatant of Bacillus licheniformis, Materials Letters., 2008; 62: 4411–4413. 16. Shahverdi, A. R.; Minaeian, S.; Shahverdi, H. R.; Jamalifar, H.; Nohi, A. A.; Rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using culture supernatants of Enterobacteria: a novel biological approach, Process Biochemistry., 2007; 42: 919–923. 17. Rani, P.U.; Rajasekharreddy, P. Green synthesis of silver -protein (core-shell) nanoparticle using Piper betle L leaf extract and its ecotoxicological studies on Daphnia magna. Colloids and surf A., 2011; 389: 188–194. 18. Satyavani, K.; Ramanathan, T.; Gurudeeban, S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using stem derived callus extract of bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis). Dig J Nanomater Biostruct., 2011 6,1019–1024.

www.ejbps.com

272

Annadurai et al.


19. Prathana, T.C.N.;Chandrasekaran, A.M.; Raichur, Mukherjee, A.; Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles bt Citrus limon (lemon) aqueous extract and theroretical prediction of particle size, Colloids Surf B , Biointerfaces., 2011; 82: 152-159. 20. Daizy, P.; Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au–Ag nanoparticles using edible mushroom extract. Spectrochimica Acta Part A., 2009; 73: 374–381. 21. Shankar, S.S.; Ahmad, A.; Sastry, M. Geranium leaf assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Biotechnol Prog., 2003; 19: 1627– 1631. 22. Vanaja, M.; Annadurai, G. Coleus aromaticus leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its bactericidal activity. Applied Nanoscience, 2013; 3: 217-223. 23. Chandran, P.S., Chaudhary, M.; Pasricha, R.; Ahmad, A.; Sastry, M. Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract. Biotechnology Prog., 2006; 22: 577–583. 24. Elumalai, E.K.; Prasad, T.N.V.K.V.; Hemachandran, J.; Viviyan, S.T. Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Euphorbia hirta and their antibacterial activities. J Pharm Sci Res, 2010; 9: 549–554. 25. Sharma, V. K.; Yngard, R. A.; Lin, Y. Silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Adv Colloid Interface Sci., 2009; 145: 83–96. 26. Rai, M.; Yadav, A.; Gade, A.

Silver nanoparticles: As a new generation of

antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv., 2009; 27: 76–83. 27. Lara, H.H.; Ayala-nunez, N.V.; Ixtepan-Turrent, L.; Rodriguez-Padilla, C. Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles aginst HIV-1. J Nanobiotechnol., 2010; 8: 1–10. 28. Egger, S.; Lehmann, R.P.; Height, M.J.; Loessner, M.J.; Schuppler, M. Antimicrobial properties of a novel silver-silica nanocomposite material. Appl Environ Microbiol., 2009; 75: 2973–2976. 29. Morones, J. R.; Elechiguerra, J. L.; Camacho, J. B.; Ramirez, J.T.; The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology., 2005; 16: 2346– 2353. 30. Pattabi, R. M.; Sridhar, K. R.; Gopakumar, S.; Vinaychandra, B.; Pattabi, M. Antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized by electron beam irradiation. Int J Nanopar., 2010; 3: 53–64. 31. Lala, N. L.; Ramakrishnan, R.; Li, B.; Sundarrajan, S.; Barhate, R.S.; Ying-Jun, L.; Ramakrishna, S. () Fabrication of nanofibres with antimicrobial functionality used as filters: Protection against bacterial contaminants. Biotechnol Bioeng., 2007; 97: 1357–1365.

www.ejbps.com

273

Annadurai et al.


32. Liau, S.Y.; Read, D.C.; Pugh, W.J.; Furr, J.R.; Russell, A.D. Interaction of silver nitrate with readily identifiable groups: relationship to the antibacterialaction of silver ions. Lett Appl Microbiol., 1997; 25: 279–283. 33. ZeiriL,Bronk, B.V.; Shabtai,Y.; Eichler, J.; Efrima, S. Surface-EnhancedRaman Spectroscopy as a Tool for Probing Specific Biochemical Components in Bacteria. Appl Spectrosc 2004; 58: 33–40. 34. Ghandour, W.; Hubbard, J.A.; Deistung, J.; Hughes, M.N.; Poole, R.K. The uptake of silver ions by Escherichia coli K12: toxic effects and interaction with copper ions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol., 1988; 28: 559–565. 35. Schreurs, W.J.; Rosenberg, H.

Effect of silver ions on transport and retention of

phosphate by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol., 1982; 152: 7–13. 36. Ohko, Y.; Utsumi, Y.; Niwa, C.; Tatsuma, T.; Kobayakawa, K.; Satoh, Y.; Kubota, Y.; Fujishima, A. Self-sterilizing and self-cleaning of silicone catheters coated with TiO2 photocatalyst thin films: a preclinical work. J Biomed Mater Res., 2001; 58: 97–101. 37. Malini, M. ; Ponnanikajamideen, M. ; Malarkodi, C. ; Rajeshkumar, S. ; Explore the Antimicrobial Potential from Organic Solvents of Brown Seaweed extracts (Sargassum Longifolium) alleviating to pharmaceuticals.’International Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences and Research., 2014; 6: 28-35. 38. Esteben-Tejeda, L.; Malpartida, F.; Esteban-Cubillo, A.; Peccharoman, C.; Moya, J. S. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of a soda-lime glass containing silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology., 2009; 20: 085103. 39. Birla, S. S.; Tiwari, V. V.; Gade, A.K.; Ingle, A. P.; Yadav, A.P.; Rai, M.K. Fabrication of silver nanoparticles by Phoma glomerata and its combined effect against Escherichi a coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appld Microbiol., 2009; 48: 173–179. 40. Nithya, R.; Ragunathan, R.; Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Pleurotus sajor caju and its antimicrobial study. Digest J Nanomater Biostruct., 2009; 4: 623–629.

www.ejbps.com

274

Article Download - ejbps

Article Download - ejbps

Suggest Documents