Assessment of Bus Rapid Transit in Efficient ...

Vol. 35, No. 1

2016

Assessment of Bus Rapid Transit in Efficient Movement of Commuters in Lagos State

AFOLABI Oluwaseyi J*

FASHOLA Olawunmi K†

*

[Corresponding Author], [Department of Management Technology, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria], [[email protected]], [+2348033687419] † [Lagos State Law Enforcement Training Institute (LETI) PSSDC, Magodo Phase 2, Lagos State, Nigeria], [[email protected]], [+2348028352010]

© 2016. Afolabi, O. J. & Fashola, O. K. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly © JournalsBank.com (2016) ISSN 2220-9425

European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016

Assessment of Bus Rapid Transit in Efficient Movement of Commuters in Lagos State AFOLABI Oluwaseyi J. and FASHOLA Olawunmi K. Abstract An increase in population generates increasing travel demand. Lagos is one of the most populated states in Nigeria and one of Africa’s megacities. An increased road length and new roads generate faster and longer trips, more trips by car and higher car ownership all of which adds up to more traffic congestion and pollution. The purpose of this study is to examine the perception and preference of commuters towards the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Lagos State. This is carried out to identify how commuters perceive and value the BRT system and its attribute in view of providing affordable, quality and accessible service. BRT-lite is now carrying almost 200,000 people per day despite a capacity that does not allow it to satisfy all forecast demand. After 100days the system had carried 4.7 million passengers and within its first 6 months of operation had carried a total of 29 million. The BRT lite in Lagos State consists of a 22km route that is 65% physically segregated and 20% separated by road and markings but its success is not purely down to its infrastructure but a holistic approach that involved reorganisation of the bus industry, financing of new bus purchase, creating a new institutional structure and regulatory framework to support it, together with the training of personnel to drive, maintain enforce and manage BRT (LAMATA, 2009). The study concludes that the introduction of BRT is the first step towards integrated transport and development in the city of Lagos. Further steps are necessary to increase the number of BRT bus stops; to regulate and improve the service deliveries of other modes of transport for effective interdependence between the BRT and other modes. Keywords: Rapid transit, satisfaction, mobility, transportation, accessibility

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 1. Introduction

activity have increased the demand for and

Transport is an important element in economic

dependence

development and it affords the social and political

Consequently, urban transportation problems like

interaction that most people take for granted

congestion, accidents, environmental degradation

(Ogwude, 2011). The provision of transport

and urban sprawl have increased. Sustainable

infrastructure has grown extensively across the

transport development plans are thus replacing the

globe through a range of networks of modes which

routine approach of building more roads to alleviate

have undergone technological improvements cutting

congestion with an integrated transport system

across the motive power, the tracks as well as the

which is affordable, space and resource-efficient,

means which serve as compartment for passengers

and minimize environment impacts and transport

and goods. It is also a key player in the transfer and

nuisance (Badejo, 2014).

distribution of goods from the input points through the manufacturing line to the customers (Badejo, 2002). Perhaps, this led to the assertion by Munby (1968), that there is no escape from transport since it is a key stone of civilization.

on

motorized

transportation.

In Nigeria, road transport is the dominant mode of movement for both freight and passenger traffic. The impact of the railway has been dwindling and it eventually collapses about a decade ago. Air transport is unavailable to the urban poor while the

Transport is the backbone of urban life. It is one of

potentials of water for inland transportation have not

the factors which determines the form and socio-

been fully exploited. The mono transport mode

economic development of a city. Mobility and

nature of urban mobility in the country has been

accessibility provided by the transport system have

responsible for the collapse of public transport and

been playing a major role in shaping countries,

the concomitant suffering of commuter in urban

influencing the location of social and economic

centres (Badejo, 2014).

activity, the form and size of cities, and the style and pace of life by facilitating trade, permitting access to people

and

resources,

and

enabling

greater

economies of scale, worldwide and throughout history (Olawole, 2012).

The transport sector is the mover of the Nigeria economy and indeed of any economy. The importance of mobility to a nation’s economic base cannot be overemphasized. Specifically, transport is central to the developmental process of a healthy

However, increased urbanization and population

economy and societal growth. This is due to the fact

growth, urban expansion, dispersal of amenity and

that transport influences and is influenced by other

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 sectors that make up, not only the total urban system, but the entire human settlements as well (Okanlawon and Oni, 2010).

2. Overview of Public Transport System in Lagos And for a population of such magnitude, it is

Transport is also significant to the society in promoting national unity and social integration, generating sense of transport is further evident in the fact that the world’s biggest cities are found in foci of transport routes – rail, water, road and air (BawaAllah, 2007).

rationally right to expect the existence of flexible and comprehensive integrated urban transport system. Rather, the existing urban transport system in Lagos is grossly inefficient and inadequate. About 90% of urban transit systems are restricted to automobile. In other words, other modes of transportation such as urban rail (light rail),

Mobility refers to the speed of travel and the manner

waterways services, and tramways, inadequately

in which travel is undertaken. It is a reflection of

provided are neither developed fully nor integrated

people’s individual personalities and their status.

to the desolate urban road gridlocks. Rather, the

Different modes of transport offer different levels of

skeletal and erratic services rendered by these other

mobility

different

mode are run parallel alongside road transport.

circumstances. By and large, people seek to increase

These however compound the mobility crisis. Thus,

their mobility to improve accessibility which is the

created an unpredictable urban travel pattern/design

ease with which desired social and economic

in infrastructural supply in the metropolitan. More

activities can be undertaken from a specific point in

than 95% of Public transport vehicles in Lagos are

space (Oni, 2010).

owned by private individuals.

Nigeria has been branded a country with an

The standard of services rendered by these private

unenviable record of road traffic accidents in the

operators in Lagos as well as other cities in Nigeria

world the contribution of road transport to the Gross

continues to deteriorate. Hence, Lagos roads are

Domestic product of the country has been adversely

littered

affected as a result of losses suffered from road

structurally unfit automobile locally called “Molue”

traffic accidents and its attendant loss of property

meaning (mould them together), other brands are

and human life (Gbadamosi, 2006).

Kombi bus called “Danfo”. The operational methods

and

accessibility

under

with

smoky,

scrap,

poorly

design,

are ludicrous. Nevertheless, women on daily basis especially at peak periods patronize commercial motorcycles and tricycles. Some even mount/climb © JournalsBank.com (2016).

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 the motorbikes with sizeable quantity of load put on

and commercial nerve centre of West Africa and

the head, and infant strapped at the back.

therefore the introduction of BRT as part of the

Consequently, many a woman has ended up in

overall public transport improvement scheme is a

Orthopedics Hospital even with child, while the

remarkable turnaround towards an effective and

unlucky ones ended up the journey in mortuaries.

efficient movement of passengers, goods and

And, because of the urban density, people now live

services.

in suburb, and mandatorily travel down to urban

Public transport in Lagos metropolis is generally

centres (Lagos Metropolis) in any available means

poor

of

For

efficiency, quality and safety for the commuters.

example, many have moved to Mowe, Ibafo, a

The main factors leading to the above situation

distance of approximately 21 kilometres from the

include; rapid expansion of the city which has far

city centers. However, the time has come to endow

outpaced the capacity to provide basic infrastructure

the city with a transport network, effectively

(such as good roads) and services, poor state of

structured and integrated and able to be competitive

majority of the buses, untrained bus drivers and

against individual transport advantages, offering less

conductors driven by the pursuit of daily revenue

perverse alternatives to the urban economy and the

targets payable to the bus owners, non-adherence to

environment, towards alleviating urban poverty in

traffic rules and regulation and lack of an organized

the metropolitan.

public transport system. Public transport service is

transportation,

at

exorbitant

charges.

Lagos is a megacity on the move with a huge six (6) million people move around requiring one form of mobility or the other, therefore the choice of BRT as

and

unsafe,

lacking

professionalism,

mainly dominated by small buses called Danfo, with capacity ranging from 12 to 16 passengers (Afolabi, 2012).

a roadway system becomes inevitable (Badejo,

Although the commercial bus (Danfo and Molue)

2008). BRT in Lagos is the first of its kind in sub-

are by far the major public transport mode, the

Saharan Africa, and it remains the only BRT whose

service offered is usually poor and characterized by

cost of delivery is very low when compared to other

the following main problems (Afolabi, 2008).

BRT projects in other parts of the world (Mobereola, 2008). Despite

the

Lagos

1. Overloading of buses: Overloading and overcrowded buses particularly during peak

transport

the

hours, also characterized by reckless driving,

metropolis remains the nation’s economic engine

route shortening, this overloading resulting

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challenges,

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 in pick-pocketing, impaired air circulation,

infrastructure,

vehicle

primp

and

scheduling

bad smells, harassment of women and school

dynamism in combination to bus to provide a

children, sexual abuse and commuters

service that is of a better standard and quality than

worries about the spread of diseases.

the mere bus ways systems.

2. Travel time: The majority of the commuters consider travel time long. 3. Poor comfort level: Many commuters consider Danfo and Molue noisy and unhygienic. Also commuters remarked the poor treatment of conductors and the dangerous driving style of the bus drivers. 4. Air pollution: The current transportation system is characterized by polluting vehicles particularly during peak hours dominated by traffic jams in most major roads which have a significant negative impact on the health of the city residents. [See Figure I] 3. Concept of BRT in Lagos

Wright (2003) propounds that BRT is high quality, customer-oriented

transit

that

delivers

fast,

comfortable and cost effective urban mobility. Similarly, Oyesiku (2009) posit that BRT is a flexible rapid transit mode that combines stations, vehicles, services running ways and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) elements into an integrated system with a strong positive identity that evokes a unique image. Also Gbadamosi (2010) viewed the BRT as rapid mode of transportation that can combine that quality of rail transit and the flexibility of buses. In this light, all these propositions and definitions above gave an awesome insight into the concept of BRT that set it apart from the conventional bus travel

The concept of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is one of

system, but share some features with higher level

the many public transport technology options

public transport typologies such as metroline, LRT

available for the movement of passenger in many

and etc.

cities of the world. It is bus based technology typically operating on exclusive right of way lanes at the surface level, in some cases underpasses or tunnels are utilized to provide grade separation at intersections or in dense city centres (Ogunkoya, 2008). In other words, it encompasses all forms of transportation system which through upgrade to © JournalsBank.com (2016).

This makes the BRT concept to become increasingly adopted in most cities of the world and of which Lagos metropolis is one because it provides for speedy, effective, efficient and cost effective option of moving the people above that of para transit and intermediate mode. The cost advantage of BRT is 4-

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 20 times less than a Light Rail Transit (LRT) system

economic activities and are complex spatial

and 10-100 times less than a metro system, but

structures that are supported by transport systems. In

essentially close up the performance and amenities

Nigeria, there is a great predominance of buses over

characteristics of a modern rail-based transit system.

rail-based technologies in the provision of transit services. The operation of bus transit systems is

BRT provides the unique ability to offer a combination

of

express

and

local

service.

Depending upon demand, vehicles can stop at all stations, some stations, or no stations between their origin and destination. Unlike many rail systems, passengers are not forced o sit through multiple stops before reaching their destination (Oyesiku, 2009). In other words, BRT provides high frequency service throughout the day, eliminating the need to consult a trip schedule. Just arrive at the station, and the next vehicle appears within minutes. Moreover, in the area of route structure, BRT’s flexibility makes it possible to design systems that offer more passengers the option of a no-transfer, one-seat ride to their destination. For the price of a single rail line, multiple BRT routes can be implemented, offering the community a thicker network of rapid transit routes (Odufuwa, 2009). The route structure can be presented in easy to read format, eliminating the need to follow complicated bus maps. This makes the system more attractive to a greater number of customers, thus enhancing ridership (Somuyiwa, 2009).

and operating costs. As cities attempt to address their urban mobility problems ranging from traffic congestion to road safety and environmental issues, the alternative transportation options have grown in recent years to include Bus Rapid Transit System which combines the most popular features of rail with the flexibility and cost advantages of roadway transit. Hence, in a bid to tackle such problems, the Lagos State Government introduced the BRT through private partnership. The difference between a bus system and BRT is that, BRT operates longer buses on dedicated bus lanes thereby making passengers get a regular, faster and congestion-free drive. It is pertinent to stress here that, BRT has been adjudged by transport planners and policy makers all over the world at providing quality urban transportation services as it will help in tackling the huge public transport and pollution predicaments that besiege the city, thereby, enhancing good transportation quality and an improvement in the standard of living of the commuters. Because BRT system is a relatively new mode of public transit in

Cities all over the world are characterized with high level

mostly private, with fares covering vehicle capital

of

accumulation

and

© JournalsBank.com (2016).

concentration

of

Lagos, and despite a gap in literature and a lack of documented case studies on transit impact, the

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 emergence of BRT provides a unique opportunity to

commercial southern part of the city with the

change negative perceptions regarding public transit

dormitory settlement of the North. As a result,

in Lagos State.

Lagos has the potential of benefiting from a

The traditional bus service is highly patronized because it is flexible and inexpensive. But it has the problems of negative public image, air and noise

seamless transportation system. Ironically, road transport dominates more than 90 percent of all intra-urban movement (Oni, 2004).

pollution, slow speed and ramshackle state of the

Taiwo, (2005) stated that there are about 2,600 km

buses (Mobereola, 2009). A significant advantage of

of roads in Lagos. These roads are frequently

BRT over regular bus service is that BRT vehicles

congested with over 1 million vehicles on a daily

can carry more passengers than an ordinary bus. The

basis. Lagos has about the highest national vehicular

marketing campaign for BR T has helped to detach

density of over 222 vehicles/km against country

itself from the common stigmatism of "dirty,

average of 11/km. The major identified corridors

bumpy" buses, and is beginning to pay off with

with predominant heavy vehicular traffic are Lagos-

increases

Metropolis.

Badagry road axis and the Ikorodu road. The first

However, this task is challenging, without reliable,

phase of the Lagos BRT which runs from Mile 12

quantifiable methods that measures performance. It

through Ikorodu road and Funsho Williams Avenue

is in the light of this that the paper to examine the

up to Church Missionary Society (CMS) Road

impact of BRT on passengers' satisfaction in Lagos

began operations on March 17, 2008. It was

metropolis.

expected to operate on eight routes on special BRT

in

ridership

in

Lagos

Lagos Metropolis is made up of 20 LGAs which includes both the Islands of the former municipality of Lagos and the Mainland suburbs. The population of Lagos Metropolis as at 2006 population census was 7,937,932 with a density of 7,941 (inh. per km2) and a land area of 999.6 km2 (Wikipedia, 2010). In terms of transportation, Lagos area is naturally endowed with navigable creeks, lagoons and water body that are suitable for urban transit

lanes running through the city but will expand its operation. The BRT corridor is about 22 kilometres in length and the system was projected to carry about 10,000 passengers per direction per hour during peak travel hours. The Lagos BRT runs 16hour operation running from 6.00 a.m to 10.00 p.m while the bus has a maximum seating capacity of 47 (Okoko, 2014). [See Table I]

services. It also has rail line that links the

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 The BRT lite in Lagos State consists of a 22km

Reliability, (4) Image and Identity, (5) Passenger

route that is 65% physically segregated and 20%

Safety and Security, (6) Accessibility and (7)

separated by road and markings but its success is not

System Capacity.

purely down to its infrastructure but a holistic approach that involved re-organisation of the bus industry, financing of new bus purchase, creating a new institutional structure and regulatory framework to support it, together with the training of personnel to drive, maintain enforce and manage BRT

The overall objective of the Lagos BRT system is 'to improve mobility and transport affordability in the city of Lagos through regulatory reform and facilitation of person movement on major corridors through a combination of traffic management and implementation of a high quality, high performance

(LAMATA, 2009).

bus rapid transit system'. [See Table 2] 4. Recommendations and Conclusion The introduction of the Lagos BRT-Lite in 2008 was to address and proffer solution to some identified perennial traffic problems in Lagos such as congestion, incessant price increase by the private commercial vehicle drivers, strike by the union of the commercial vehicle drivers, and so on. Also, there was need to establish an image and identity separate from local bus operations and previous bus transit schemes, to maximize the potential for attracting additional riders who might not be able to or want to use the current system, and win the support

from

the

populace

of

government’s

investment in the system (LAMATA, 2014). Identity here refers to “branding” and image relates to the style and aesthetics and compatibility of BRT’s physical elements. The BRT performance is based on these seven key attributes of transit

High increasing motorization in Lagos causes many problems in traffic congestion, a high level of pollution, a high consumption non-renewable energy resource, a threat to quality of life and a high number of traffic accidents. Public bus transport should become the solution for sustainable transport in the future, which is the reason to increase customer satisfaction. High quality public bus transport not only keep customer to continue using public bus transport to fulfill their travel demand but also attract potential customer. The functional factor has a strong influence on customer satisfaction and need a higher attention to improve customer satisfaction. Frequency, price, punctuality and travel time are the crucial factor that is

responsible

in

bringing

higher

level

of

satisfaction. Thus, public bus transport cannot

system: (1) Travel Time, (2) Travel Cost, (3) © JournalsBank.com (2016).

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 compete with the attractiveness of the private car

their choice into private motorize. The study should

(Oni 2009). Lagos State ministry of transportation

be conducted annually to evaluate public bus

should start to pay attention to the voice of

transport performance and create some corrective

commuters to make better public bus transport

improvement

to

satisfy

customer.

otherwise disappointed existing customer will turn

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 References [1] Adesanya, A (2004), Analysis and Management of Transport Sector Performance and Its Intersectoral Linkages. A paper Presented at the Training Programme on Sectoral Policy Analysis and Management, Ibadan, June 21-July 9, 2004. [2] Adreassen, T.W (1995): Dis(satisfaction) with public services: the case of public transportation: Journal of service marketing. [3] Afolabi, J.O (2008): “Road traffic congestion and its impact on social and Economic Activities in Lagos State. B.Sc. Dissertation, Department of Transportation Planning and Management, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria. [4] Badejo, B.A (2002): The dilemma of emerging urban public transportation in Nigeria. Lasu Journal of Social Science Vol.4 [5] Badejo, B.A (2014) Transporting the Future: Portrait of Nigeria. 65th university inaugural lecture, Olabisi Onabanjo University Press, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria. [6] Department for Transport (2003): Understanding customer needs. UK Department for Transport. [7] Gbadamosi, K.T (2010): An evaluation of the impact of Bus Rapid Transit in Urban Intra-city Passenger movement in Lagos. Centre for transport studies. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye. [8] Innocent Ogwude (2011) “Transport Infrastructure and Mobility in Nigeria” Journal of Environmental Studies. [9] Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA), 2014. Public Transport. [10] LAMATA (2009): Lagos BRT-Lite Summary Evaluation Report Scheme Evaluation. [11] Mobereola, D (2009): Lagos Bus Rapid Transit: Africa’s First Bus Rapid Transit: The World Bank. [12] Nkurunziza, D (2008): Commuter’s Attitude towards the proposed Bus Rapid Transit System in Dar’es Salam, Tanzania. [13] Ogunkoya, A.O (2008), The Impact of BRT on Passenger’s Movement in Lagos Metropolitan Area of Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. [14] Okoko, E and Akinsehiwa, F (2014): An Assessment of Public Transport Security and Safety: An Examination of Lagos Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Journal of Civil and Environmental Science. [15] Oktiani A.B (2009): Customer Satisfaction in Public Bus Transport. [16] Olawole, M.O (2012): Accessibility to Lagos Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Bus Stops: An Empirical Study. [17] Olufemi, O.B. and M.S Oluseyi (2007): The urban poor and mobility stress in Nigeria Cities. Environmental Research Journal 1 (1-4): 1-8, 2007. [18] Olushina, J and Adejare, O (2012): Statistical Evaluation of the Performance of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. [19] Oni. S.I (2004): Development of Urban Transportation. In Chikolo, I. Ogunsanya, A.A. and Sumaila, A.G. (Eds). Perspectives on Urban Transportation in Nigeria. NITT. Zaria. [20] Oyesiku, O and Somuyiwa, B (2010), Passengers’ Satisfaction, Driver and Bus Scheduling: The Case of Lagos Metropolis. [21] Somuyiwa, A and Adebayo, T (2012): Impact of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT) on Passengers Satisfaction in Lagos Metropolis.

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 Appendix

Figure I: Map of Lagos Showing All the Local Government Area

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 Table 1: Bus-stop Interval (km) Bus-stop Mile 12 Terminus Mile12 – Ketu Ketu- Ojota Ojota – Maryland Maryland – Idiroko Idiroko – Anthony Anthony – Obanikoro Obanikoro – P/groove P/groove – Onipanu Onipanu – Fadeyi Fadeyi – Barracks Barracks – Stadium Stadium – Costain Costain – Leventis Leventis – CMS CMS – TBS Total Source: LAMATA 2014

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Km 1.38 1.42 1.71 1.31 0.61 1.31 0.58 0.96 0.57 2.70 0.71 2.20 3.36 1.32 1.74 21.88

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European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 35, No.1, 2016 Table 2: No. of Passengers Carried by BRT between March 2008 and September 2014. Year/Month 2008

No. of 2009 Passengers Carried

2010

No. of Passengers Carried

2011

No. of Passengers Carried

Jan

Jan

5,427,776

Jan

4,818,777

Jan

2,854,156

Feb

Feb

5,429,663

Feb

4,833,650

Feb

2,867,943

Mar

800,254

Mar

5,938,250

Mar

4,853,770

Mar

3,210,699

Apr

2,908,134

Apr

5,904,332

Apr

4,234,479

Apr

2,226,387

May

3,465,276

May

6,130,344

May

4,094,932

May

2,882,612

Jun

3,545,196

Jun

6,070,787

Jun

4,567,151

Jun

2,664,462

Jul

4,506,286

Jul

6,111,135

Jul

5,302,424

Jul

2,611,647

Aug

4,639,876

Aug

6,202,318

Aug

4,482,723

Aug

2,862,853

Sept

4,701,847

Sept

6,067,900

Sept

4,059,952

Sept

2,874,763

Oct

4,608,254

Oct

6,070,365

Oct

4,458,597

Oct

2,549,330

Nov

5,096,426

Nov

4,980,493

Nov

4,369,697

Nov

2,549,988

Dec

5,186,413

Dec

5,338,970

Dec

4,274,055

Dec

2,568,567

Sub Total

39457962

2012

Sub Total

No. of Passengers Carried

No. of Passengers Carried

69,672,333

2013

No. of Passengers Carried

54,350,207

2014

Jan

1,884,348

Jan

2,774,072

Jan

3,233,967

Feb

2,743,248

Feb

2,866,777

Feb

2,130,270

Mar

3,187,823

Mar

2,502,129

Mar

2,262,537

Apr

2,602,249

Apr

2,184,310

Apr

2,047,525

May

2,716,929

May

2,268,514

May

1,987,015

Jun

2,562,819

Jun

2,122,593

Jun

2,050,121

Jul

2,032,453

Jul

2,284,225

Jul

2,190,955

Aug

2,765,720

Aug

2,611,323

Aug

2,042,507

Sept

2,764,047

Sept

2,177,553

Sept

2,111,996

Oct

2,805,115

Oct

2,160,680

Oct

Nov

2,600,000

Nov

2,363,924

Nov

Dec

2,600,000

Dec

2,563,267

Dec

31,516,523

Grand Total

28,786,097

29,848,644

No. of Passengers Carried

19,898,391 273,530,157

Source: LAMATA (2014)

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