Atmospheric composition observations

Geir Braathen, WMO/GAW: Monitoring Matters, EEA, 10-11 April 2013

Atmospheric composition observations Research networks responding to modern needs for NRT data delivery by Geir Braathen, WMO’s Research Department

1


Many ground based networks and projects

ICOS N A U R G SHADOZ EARLINET GAW N NDACC O I ACTRIS NOR L S A G S O EME G IA P BSRN Photons AERO NET AGAGE SOGE N C O A R C IBIC TC CAPMon 2


Earth’s atmosphere: A thin layer 3

The atmosphere: A very thin layer

Troposphere


Stratosphere Troposphere


Upper atmosphere Stratosphere Troposphere



Two examples why monitoring matters

8


First 2.5 years of CO2 observations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii: Seasonal cycle, but no trend is visible

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After 55 years of continuous observations: The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing exponentially (approx. 0.5%/yr)

10

Montreal 1987

4

EESC (relative amounts)


Thanks to the Montreal Protocol, the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere should come down to the natural background level around the end of this century

No Protocol

Effect of the Montreal Protocol Long-term changes in equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC)

3 London 1990 2 Beijing 1999

Montreal 2007 1

Copenhagen 1992

Zero Emissions in 2011

Natural sources

0 1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

Year

2060

2080

2100

11

HCl column above Jungfraujoch, CH 5e+15

11 years: -1.0±0.2 %/yr

2

HCl STRATOPSHERIC COLUMN (molec./cm )


Unexpectedly, stratospheric HCl is increasing again after a decade of gradual decline

5 years: +1.4±0.5 %/yr

4e+15

3e+15

2e+15

Daily means 1997.0 1998.0 1999.0 2000.0 2001.0 2002.0 2003.0 2004.0 2005.0 2006.0 2007.0 2008.0 2009.0 2010.0 2011.0 2012.0

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Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW): A world wide network of atmospheric composition observatories

Pt. Barrow

Ny-Ålesund

Alert

Pallas/Sodankylä

Mace Head Jungfraujoch Trinidad Head Mauna Loa

Zugspitze/Hohenpeißenberg

Monte Cimone Izaña Cape Verde

Assekrem / Tamanrasset Mt. Kenya

Samoa

Mt. Waliguan Pyramid

Minamitorishima Danum Valley

Bukit Koto Tabang

Arembepe Cape Point Amsterdam Island Ushuaia

Cape Grim

Lauder

Neumayer South Pole

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GAW delivers data in six categories Greenhouse gases Geir Braathen, WMO/GAW: Monitoring Matters, EEA, 10-11 April 2013

CO2, CH4, N2O etc

Stratospheric ozone Reactive gases

CO, NOx, O3, VOCs, SO2, H2 etc.

Aerosols

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) etc.

Precipitation chemistry

Major ions: SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, NH4+ etc.

Solar ultraviolet radiation 14


SAGs

Since 1989: Global Atmosphere Watch: First of all about data quality and ensuring a homogeneous network Ozone

GAW

UV

CAS Open Programme Area Group

Secretariat

IGACO-Ozone

EPAC

Precipitation chemistry

Greenhouse Gases

Environmental Pollution & Atmospheric Chemistry

IGACO-GHG IGACO-Aircraft

Reactive gases

GURME

Joint Steering Committee

Aerosols IGACO-Aerosols

IGACO-Air Quality

Quality Assurance & Science Activity Centres

Central Calibration Laboratories

World & Regional Calibration Centres

GHG

N2O

NOAA ESRL/GMD (USA)

IMK-IFU (DE)

VOC

CH4

Precip. chem.

JMA (JP)

Physical aerosol properties

SUNY Albany (USA)

IFT (DE)

Contributing networks

EMPA (CH)

Total O3

Optical depth

O3

3 WCC (US, CA, RU) 6 Dobson RCC (JP, AU, ZA, AR, DE, CZ) 1 Brewer RCC (ES)

WORCC (CH)

Sondes

CO2, CH4, N2O CO, Dobson O3

Brewer total O3

Ozonesondes

In situ O3

NOAA ESRL/GMD (USA)

Environment Canada

FZJülich (DE)

NIST (USA)

FZJülich (DE)

GAW stations & GAWSIS Pt. Barrow

BSRN

TCCON

In situ O3, CO, CH4

Host GAW World Reference Standards

Ny-Ålesund

Alert

Pallas/Sodankylä

Mace Head Jungfraujoch Trinidad Head Mauna Loa

CAPMoN

Zugspitze/Hohenpeißenberg

Monte Cimone Izaña Assekrem / Tamanrasset

Cape Verde

Mt. Kenya Samoa

Satellites & Aircraft

Mt. Waliguan Pyramid

Minamitorishima

CARIBIC

Danum Valley Bukit Koto Tabang

Arembepe Cape Point Amsterdam Island Ushuaia

Cape Grim

Lauder

products

Neumayer South Pole

World Data Centres WOUDC

Ozone & UV Environment Canada (CA)

Greenhouse gases

WDCA

WRDC

Aerosols

Radiation

JMA (JP)

NILU (NO)

MGO (RU)

WDCGG

WDCPC

WDC-RSAT

SUNY Albany (USA)

DLR (DE)

Precip. chem.

Satellite data

GHG Bulletins O3 Bulletins Assessments Global fields

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WMO GREENHOUSE GAS BULLETIN

Antarctic Ozone Bulletin No 4 / 2006

-60

-120

0

60

120

60

Clear-sky 11 October 2006

Erythemal UV index

The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2011

SCIAMACHY - KNMI/ESA

60

Aerosol Bulletin will be published soon

0

ISSN 2078-0796

No. 8 | 19 November 2012

Total CO2 Observed CO2

430

Emissions CO2 increase Sink

7.5

PgC yr–1

370

-60

2.5 -120

0 –2.5

340

-60

CO2 (ppm)

5.0

400

0


GAW is much more than just observations. It is also an end to end programme contributing to international assessments and with its own dissemination products, such as the WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin and the WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletin

0

2

-60

4

–5.0

1960

1970

1980 1990 Year

2000

2010

Since the industrial revolution, about 375 billion tonnes of carbon have been emitted by humans into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Atmospheric measurements show that about half of this CO2 remains in the atmosphere and that, so far, the ocean and terrestrial sinks have steadily increased. Accurate measurements of atmospheric CO2 by WMO/GAW partners provide the basis for understanding the fate of CO2 that has been emitted to the atmosphere. The figure (left) shows globally averaged CO2 since 1958 inferred from measurements by GAW partners (blue) and as estimated in the absence of oceanic and terrestrial sinks (green). The figure (right) shows the

Executive summary The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme shows that the globally averaged mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2011, with CO2 at 390.9±0.1 ppm [2] , CH4 at 1813±2 ppb [3] and N2O at 324.2±0.1 ppb. These values constitute 140%, 259% and 120% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels, respectively. The atmospheric increase of CO2 from 2010 to 2011 is similar to the average growth rate over the past 10 years. However, for N2O the increase from 2010 to 2011 is greater than both the one observed from 2009 to 2010 and

1960

1970

1980 1990 Year

2000

6

0

8

60

10

UV index

12

120

14

16

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The map above shows the erythemal UV index for clear-sky conditions as forecasted for 11 October from SCIAMACHY data. It shows a typical global distribution of the erythemal UV index with values around 14 to 16 in the equatorial region and values near zero close to the poles. However, there is a region around South Georgia which will be exposed to unusually high UV. Whereas most areas around 50°S experience a UV index between 2 and 4, South Georgia and the ocean areas to the east experienced a UV index of about 12. This is 3-6 times higher than the normal value for this latitude at this time of the year. To the left is a map of chlorophyll concentration from the SeaWifs instrument on the SeaStar spacecraft. This map shows that the region which will now be exposed to intense UV radiation is a region with large bioproduction compared to other regions of the globe and is hence particularly vulnerable to elevated UV radiation.

2010

annual emissions in PgC [1] from fossil fuel combustion and other industrial processes, the annual atmospheric increase, and the amount of carbon sequestered by sinks each year. These sinks constitute the small net difference between large fluxes (~100 PgC per year) into and out of the atmosphere from the terrestrial biosphere and oceans. This small net difference varies with climate oscillations, such as El Niño and La Niña events. The ocean sink is less susceptible to human interference than the terrestrial biosphere. Net uptake of CO2 by the ocean makes it more acidic with potentially large impacts on the ocean food chain. (The figures and text are based on Ballantyne et al., 2012 and Levin, 2012.)

the average growth rate over the past 10 years. Atmospheric CH4 continued to increase at a similar rate as observed over the last 3 years. The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index shows that from 1990 to 2011 radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases increased by 30%, with CO2 accounting for about 80% of this increase. 7 Oct. 2006

Overview

G l o b a l At m o s p h e r e Wa t c h

This eighth WMO/GAW Annual Bulletin reports on the atmospheric burdens and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-12 and CFC-11 – and

http://www.wmo.int/gaw

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Long term observations = slow delivery High quality atmospheric chemistry measurements meant for trend analysis need to be quality checked Meteorological data used in weather forecasting (e.g. radiosondes) don’t need long term consistency. Raw data often deleted after a short while. GAW and others now try to fulfil both needs:

One stream of high quality verified data for use in Assessment and scientific work

One stream of NRT or rapid delivery data for use in model and satellite validation, publishing on the web etc.

Many GAW reports deal with measurement guidelines, also for NRT data delivery

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw-reports.html

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Examples of GAW reports dealing with measurement guidelines and NRT data delivery


GAW Report No. 209

GAW Report No. 204

GAW Report No. 201

GAW Report No. 200

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

WMO/GAW Standard Operating Procedures for

Guidelines for Continuous Measurements of

for Air Sampling in Stainless Steel Canisters

Quality Assurance and Quality Control for

In-situ Measurements of Aerosol Mass Concentration,

Ozone in the Troposphere

for Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Analysis

Ozonesonde Measurements in GAW

Light Scattering and Light Absorption

For more information, please contact:


World Meteorological Organization


Research Department

Research Department

Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch


7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland



Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81

WMO-No. 1110



Research Department Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch

Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81

Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81

E-mail: [email protected]



Website: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html



GAW Report No. 193

GAW Report No. 192

GAW Report No. 189

GAW Report No. 185

Guidelines for Reporting Total Ozone Data in

Guidelines for the Measurement of

Report of the MACC/GAW Session on the

Guidelines for the Measurement of Methane and

Near Real Time

Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide

Near-Real-Time Delivery of the GAW Observations of

Nitrous Oxide and their Quality Assurance

Reactive Gases (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 6-8 October 2009) For more information, please contact:




Research Department

Research Department





E-mail: [email protected] – Website: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/index_en.html

World Meteorological Organization Research Department 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81

Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81

Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81 WMO/TD - No. 1552



WMO/TD - No. 1551


WMO/TD - No. 1527


WMO/TD - No. 1478

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NRT delivery often means more work Many data providers are obliged to submit data to several data centres, often in different formats Pressure to deliver data also in NRT in order to be visible and relevant

GAW collaborates with a number of networks, programmes and projects. Here follow two examples: IAGOS and NORS 19


Near Real Time evaluaMon of MACC results by in-‐situ verMcal profiles of CO and O3

IAGOS Flights 2012: LUFTHANSA – CHINA AIRLINES Network 2013: LH, CAL + Air France, Iberia, Cathay Pacific 20


IAGOS-ERI

IAGOS-ERI is one of the new European Research Infrastructures on the ESFRI Roadmap 2006 . It will establish and operate a distributed infrastructure for long term observations of atmospheric composition, aerosol and cloud particles on a global scale from a fleet of initially 10-20 long range in-service aircraft of internationally operating airlines.

IAGOS-ERI deploys newly developed high-tech instruments for regular in-situ measurements of atmospheric chemical species (O3, CO, CO2, NOy, NOx, H2O), aerosols and cloud particles. The data will be available in near real time to weather services and GMES service centres.

IAGOS-ERI will provide a data base for users in science and policy, including near-real time data provision for weather prediction and air quality forecasting. It will provide data for climate models, including those used in the GMES Atmospheric Service, and the carbon cycle models used for the verification of CO2 emissions and Kyoto monitoring.

Data are uploaded via GPRS immediately after landing. In the future data will be transferred in real-time during the flight over the AMDAR system

More info: http://www.iagos.org

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NDACC/NORS pilot and future sites


  Quality assessment of Copernicus Atmospheric Service on operaDonal basis

  Ground-‐based remote sensing rapid data delivery   Data characterisaDon and uncertainDes

LIDAR, MWR, DOAS, FTIR O3, NO2, HCHO, CO, CH4, aerosol exDncDon, total and parDal columns and verDcal profiles 22


NORS

The principal objective of the NORS project is to improve the quality and validation of the products delivered by the Copernicus Atmospheric Service (CAS), previously known as GAS (GMES Atmospheric Service), using independent ground based remote sensing data from the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). NDACC is a crossborder research network with a strong European contribution, providing high-quality reference observational data for understanding the physical / chemical state of the stratosphere and troposphere, and for assessing the impact of atmospheric composition changes on climate.

The project will demonstrate operational rapid delivery of NDACC data to CAS, including a comprehensive set of metadata and a user guide. It will also develop and implement a web-based server for providing consistent validation reports of the CAS products using the NORS data products, on an operational basis. In support of the re-analyses planned in CAS, NORS will deliver timeseries of ground-based data back to 2003.

More info: http://nors.aeronomie.be/

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NDACC: A global network of ~80 stations for GB remote sensing 90˚

Eureka Resolute

Barrow

60˚

NDACC Sites Lerwick

Toronto

30˚

Mt. Barcroft Table Mountain & Pasadena

Summit Scoresbysund

Ny-Ålesund

Søndre Strømfjord

Fairbanks

Laramie Boulder Billings Kitt Peak

Alert Thule

Greenbelt Wallops Island

Andøya Kiruna

90˚

Heiss Island

Sodankylä Salekhard Arckangel'sk

Harestua Onsala Aberdeen Zvenigorod Bremen Valentia Legionowo Aberystwyth Uccle DeBilt Praha Groß-Enzersdorf Villeneuve d'Ascq Hoher Sonnblick Bern & Jungfraujoch Kislovodsk Arosa & Payerne Garmisch & Zugspitze Hohenpeissenberg Bordeaux Briançon & Lannemezan Haute Provence &Plateau de Bure

Zhygansk

Issyk-Kul

Yakutsk

Moshiri Suwon

Izaña

60˚

Rikubetsu Tsukuba Kiso & Toyokawa

30˚

Mauna Kea, Hilo, & Mauna Loa Paramaribo

Tarawa

0˚ Natal

0˚

Ciater/Bandung

Samoa Bauru

Reunion Island

Alice Springs

-30˚

Wollongong

-30˚

Lauder Rio Gallegos Punta Arenas Ushuaia

-60˚

Rothera

-90˚

Palmer Faraday (Inactive)

Kerguelen Island

Syowa Base Dome C Neumayer Station Arrival Heights, McMurdo Station & Scott Base South Pole Station

Campbell Island (Inactive) Macquarie Island

-60˚

Dumont d'Urville

-90˚

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Total Column Lidar

Microwave spectrometer

FTIR

Lidar

Backscatter sondes

Lidar

Lidar

Observational Capabilities of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change Temperature

Aerosols

Reactive gases

GHGs FTIR (CO2 , CH4 , N2O) FTIR (CO, hydrocarbons)

NOy

Fy/Cly /Bry

H 2O

FTIR (NO, NO2 , HNO3)

FTIR (HF, HCl, ClONO2 )

Microwave (ClO)

Frost point hygrometer sondes

0 km

Microwave spectrometer

45-50 km

Ozonesondes

10-15 km

FTIR

O3

UV radiation

Surface spectral UV radiance and irradiance

Altitude

Halocarbons

NOy

H 2O Fy/Cly /Bry

O3

FTIR (CFC11, CFC12, HCFC22, SF6)

UV-Vis DOAS (NO2)

UV-Vis DOAS (OClO, BrO)

Microwave radiometer

Dobson, Brewer, UV-Vis DOAS


The NDACC Observational Capability Chart

Ripples indicate approximate vertical resolution.

Vertical Profiles

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Antarctic stations delivering ozone data in NRT AFRICA

South Atlantic Ocean

Scale 1:68,000,000 0

500

0

1000 Kilometers 500

Anta rc

1000 Miles

tic C onv erg enc

40

e

50

Neumayer

Scotia Sea

Río Gallegos

AR

NA

Drake Passage

Vernadsky

Punta Arenas

Bellingshausen Sea

70

Queen Maud Land

Halley

Syowa Enderby Land

Weddell Sea

Palmer Land

Rothera and San Martin 90 W

Novolazarevskaya

Marambio

Ushuaia

CHILE

60 60

Belgrano

Mac. Robertson Land

80

Ronne Ice Shelf

Amery Ice Shelf

Davis and Zhong Shan

South Pole

Ellsworth

Indian

Vinson Massif

90 E

Mirny O c e a n

(highest point in Antarctica, 4897 m)

Peter I Island

Land

Vostok

d

Bentley Subglacial Trench

Dôme C es

Ross Ice Shelf

80

McMurdo and Arrival Heights W

Amundsen Sea

ilk

Marie Byrd Land

South Pacific Ocean

Shackleton Ice Shelf

Lan

(lowest point in Antarctica, -2540 m)

Ross Sea

Bernardo O'Higgins (CHILE)

55

Ci

c cti tar An

Graham Land

BALLENY ISLANDS

0

Circle

Dumont d’Urville

66

Arturo Prat (CHILE)

Marambio (ARGENTINA)

rcl e

60

rctic

70

12

Anta

Esperanza (ARGENTINA)

Scott Island

Victoria Land

nc e

64

average minimum extent of sea ice

62


Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

60

Macquarie Island

t ar An

c c ti

Co

ge er nv

South Pacific Ocean

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Reactive gas data for MACC A routine has been set up for transfer in NRT of data on reactive gases for use in the MACC-II project Stations submit data to an ftp server at the German Weather Service (DWD) Guidelines on how to submit data are found in a WMO/GAW report:

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/documents/WMO_TD_No_1527_ GAW_189_web.pdf

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Many ad hoc arrangements for NRT data delivery Current situation data users

data providers

(individual research groups)

(e.g. ESA, NASA, NASDA, ECMWF, NCEP, station networks, individual stations, field campaign data centers, ...)

bureaucratic procedure, i.e., submission of proposal, annual reports, final report, etc. simple registration or free access

IGACO Workshop Greece, 15 May 2006

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Ideal situation Data providers

Data protocol

GTS/WIS

Data centres

Data users

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Flow of ozonesonde data

D ATMOSPHER AN IC

NATIONAL OC EA

TRATION NIS MI AD CE

AR

ER

EP

D

NDACC DHF

C NI

S.

NADIR Data centre

Environment Canada, Toronto

U.


GTS

WOUDC

TME

O NT OF C

MM

SHADOZ data centre

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Volcanic ash: An example of need for research network data in NRT

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EARLINET: A research network that turned into 24/7 operational mode for a few days/weeks


27 aerosol lidar stations distributed over Europe Many of these stations delivered data 24/7 during the Eyjafjalljökull eruption in April 2010. More info on EARLINET

http://www.earlinet.org/

Munich 16-17 April 2010

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Some ground based NRT data services

SAOZ data (total ozone and NO2) from 13 stations around the globe


Ozone data from several stations in Antarctica made available by British Antarctic Survey

http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/jds/ozone/

Data from stations run by NOAA’s Global Monitoring Division

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/data/

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/iadv/graph.php?code=SPO&program=ozw v&type=vp

Several data sets are available at NILU

http://saoz.obs.uvsq.fr/

http://ebas.nilu.no

NRT NDACC data set up through the NORS project

ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/RD/

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Some recommendations

It would help if the number of data centres and data formats could be reduced

Hard enough to sustain long term (slow delivery) measurements with funding from short term (2-3 years, typically) projects. A more sustainable funding model is needed for the long run

Even more difficult if NRT data delivery is asked for in addition to long term archiving

Extra funding is needed if one wants 24/7 readiness (e.g. volcanic ash)

IPR of data originators has to be respected

Many data providers live under the “Publish or Perish” regime

Many stations submit data in NRT

But the initiatives are scattered

Need for a more systematic approach

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There are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. We are all crew. Marshall McLuhan, 1964