ISSN: (print) 1746-4498. ISSN: (on-line) 1743-3509. The texts of the papers in this volume were set individually by the authors or under their supervision.
WIT Transactions on
The Built Environment VOLUME 169, 2017
BIM 2017
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line) doi:10.2495/BIM170111
114 Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
115
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
116 Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
117
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
118 Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)
122 Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
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Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations II
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WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 169, © 2017 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1746-4498 (on-line)