The 3rd National Graduate Conference (NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.
Implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) on Existing Multi-storey Residential Building in Achieving Better Thermal Comfort Fathoni Usman College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected] Hanis Adibah Binti Khairulzaman College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected] Nursimaa Binti Banuar College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract—Malaysia is experiencing rapid economic development where manufacturing and service sector was projected to be the backbone of the Malaysia economy and by 2020; Malaysia is expected to be a developed country. As a developing country, an increase in job opportunities in urban areas has resulted in rising demand for housing. This paper presents remodeling of existing residential buildings that has been conducted by using Autodesk BIM’s software. It is found that level of thermal comfort of occupant can be improved if the orientation of the building took into consideration during design process. It also found that size of opening of the buildings play big role in indoor thermal comfort. Keywords—residential building; modelling; green building index
I.
building
information
green building rating system to certify and accredit green rated buildings and it is specifically implemented in Malaysia construction industry. The GBI rating tool helps to construct eco-friendly and sustainable buildings that can save water, electricity, energy and can also bring healthier indoor environment to the occupants. This green building concept has implemented worldwide including Malaysia that also has accepted the green building initiative. However, this is still not a common practice. One of the reasons that have prevented the growing popularity of the green building initiative in Malaysia is that the process of preparing the project documentation for the sustainability rating certification is very complex and tedious. Furthermore, traditional data collection and documentation tend to be inaccurate and often result in the loss of vital information [6].
INTRODUCTION
Construction industry in Malaysia contributes to the growth of the nation with the total project of RM 68.65 billion and 22.66 billion for residential development based on the Construction Industry Board (CIDB) quarterly statistic bulletin 2014. Construction project are getting much more complex and difficult to manage nowadays where performance problems such as schedule slippages and cost overruns have long shackle the construction industry in Malaysia [1]. BIM can be define as an advanced evolution of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) which is able to provide all aspects of building information in the form of an intelligent format [2]. While it manages to improve quality of the design and construction and reduces rework during construction, therefore it will be able to contribute to a greater construction industry efficiencies [3]. Migilinskas in [4] summarized that BIM is useful in developing the strategy of building project design, construction and facility management and thus will be able to perform life cycle operation of a construction project more effective, faster and with substantial reduction of costs. GBI as stated by Chua and Oh (2011) was launched by Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) and the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM) supported by MGBC together with the building industry in April 2009 [5]. GBI is a
II.
BIM AND GBI IN MALAYSIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Cao et al., (2015) discovered from previous studies that from the utilization of BIM, design errors can be reduced while design productivity can be increased, faster cost estimation and reduction in production cycle time. It indicates that by implementation of BIM concept in projects, the effectiveness of project tasks can not only be improved but also it helps in advancing the efficiency of design and construction activities. BIM has gained serious attention from construction players in Malaysia and several of them have started applying BIM concept in their project. The projects that has been adopting BIM concept are Proposed Educity Sports Complex (using BIM 4D Project Planning Consultant by adopting BIM and Microsoft Project Planning Tools), Multi-purpose Hall, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (utilizing Integrated Project Delivery and BIM), Proposed Hotel Ancasa (involving consultation on applying BIM modeller, 4D Project Planning Consultant by using BIM and Microsoft Project Planning Tools), and IDEA House by Sime Darby Properties [7]. Also based on study conducted by Ali et al, (2014), there are several main barriers discovered that hamper the adoption of BIM in Malaysia, and thus leading to other factors on why
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BIM is rarely implemented in Malaysia. The two main barriers are lack of knowledge regarding BIM, and reluctance or no insistence by the clients, consultants and contractors on the utilization of BIM concept in their projects. The BIM level of implementation in Malaysia is between Level 0 and 1, proving that the level of BIM implementation in Malaysia is still in infancy [8]. Level 0 and level 1 indicate that the construction players in Malaysia are mostly only know how to manage 2D and 3D format while actually the fully utilization of BIM concept are also involve 4D (project sequencing), 5D (cost information) and 6D (project lifecycle management information) as in Level 3. BIM level of adoption in construction industry can be differentiated based on level of maturity. It is acknowledged that implementation of BIM in Malaysia is still lag behind compared to other countries. This could be happened due to barriers that hamper its implementation in the country. In [8], Zahrizan also stated that lack of government involvement in the BIM implementation in construction industry worsens the current situation that BIM is still limitedly utilized in Malaysia. The government should play the main role in promoting the implementation of BIM to ensure that it is tremendously implemented in the country. The percentage of barrier in implementing BIM in Malaysia are cost with 26.2% brings the highest percentage to the barriers of BIM implementation in the country, followed by IT components (23%), time (16.4%), readiness to change (14.8%), and others which are include knowledge, technology and information which bring the lowest percentage of barriers discovered.
III.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This study is aimed to determine the effect of building orientation an opening of existing residential building in achieving better or higher indoor thermal comfort. For that purpose, existing residential building located at Putrajaya have been selected for re-modelling. The model of the buildings are made using Autodesk Revit Structure 2013. Different sizes of opening have been studied to evaluate the thermal comfort. Analysis for the thermal analysis and best orientation of the buildings were conducted using Autodesk Ecotec Analysis 2011.
Fig. 1. Plan view of the residential building in Revit Structure 2013
According to Ali in [7], there are many factors that could increase the pace of BIM implementation in Malaysia and thus reduce the barriers that have been hampering its implementation. It can be divided into two main areas of factors which are by external push and internal push. Support and enforcement of BIM implementation by government and training program are what have been suggested the most by construction players. This indicates that a strong external push which is by government in line with training program about BIM is essential in order for BIM to develop in Malaysia. It is followed by leadership of senior management who should play a vital role in encouraging the company to implement BIM in construction projects. According to Isa in [9], residential sector is leading in the number of green properties if it is compared with commercial sector. Only five buildings have received final certification under non-residential new construction (NRNC) category out of 228 commercial buildings applying for GBI green certification. Among the NRNC offices that met the criteria are GTower, Menara Felda, Menara Worldwide and First Avenue Building, the Energy Commission Building (Diamond Building) in Putrajaya. While based on article from Business Times entitled “Green Building Fever Fast Spreading in Malaysia” by Dass (2013), there are currently 20 development projects certified by Green Building Index (GBI) as being green buildings. Fig. 2. Isometric view of the residential building
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There are several type of windows located on the exterior façade of the building. The windows are include single shutter multi-panel (600×1500mm) placed at living room of houses, double shutter (1200×1500mm) placed at the bedrooms, single shutter multi-panel (600×2400mm) placed at master bedrooms of each house, single panel type (900×1500mm) at each bath room of houses in the building and fixed type of window with 406×1220mm dimension placed at toilets. The model was then transferred to Autodesk Ecotec Analysis 2011 as in Figure 3. The original orientation of the building was fed before analysis. Figure 3 shows original orientation of the building and its one day sun path.
Adjacent surfaces: it was set to use specified value of ‘surface adjacency tolerance’ of 1410.0 Shading masks: ‘Perform detailed shading calculations’ is selected and ‘use fast calculation method’. The ‘calculate overshadowing’ is ticked but the level is set up to be nearly low.
Optimum Orientation Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 69.2 Overheated Stress: 586.9 Compromise: 37.5° © Weather Tool N 345°kWh/ m² 330°
15° 30°
3.60 3.20
315°
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Best Worst Compromise: 37.5° 45°
2.40 300°
60°
2.00 1.60 1.20
285°
75°
0.80 0.40
270°
90°
255°
105°
240°
120°
Fig. 3. Orientation of the building
127.5° 135°
225° 210°
The latitude and longitude coordinate of the building is at 2.923175˚ and 101.704952˚ respectively, and the time zone is at +8.00 indicating the exact location of the building. The original orientation is 300˚ from North. The best orientation of the building was analyzed using Kuala Lumpur’s weather data available in Ecotec Analysis 2011. It is discovered that the best orientation of the building is at 37.5˚ from North. Following the best orientation using weather tool, analysis on indoor thermal comfort was conducted. The analysis was comparing the different size of opening on the exterior part of the building. Size of openings in this project refers to size of windows used in the building especially windows facing the sunlight. Size of openings is believed influencing level of thermal comfort in the building. Before the thermal comfort analysis is started, there are few settings need to be set up. This is to avoid the run analysis from taking up too much computational time for the results to be obtained. The settings involved are as follow: Surface Sampling: ‘Surface point sampling grid accuracy’ was set up to be 2150.0 which the value is nearly ‘very low’
150° 195°
180°
165°
Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period
Avg. Daily Radiation at 37.0° Entire Year: 1.14 kWh/ m² Underheated: 1.70 kWh/ m² Overheated: 0.48 kWh/ m²
Fig. 4. Best orientation using the weather tool.
The mean radiant temperature indicates the indoor temperature of the building. It is desirable for indoor temperature to be lower compared to outdoor temperature especially during the day. Figure 5 shows the analysis grid on mean radiant temperature. As the color of the grid goes yellower, it indicates that the temperature of spaces inside the building is high, while as the color of the grid goes darker to purple and turning blue. It indicates that the indoor temperature of the building is getting lower. It also shows that with the best orientation of the building and smaller size of windows, the
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The 3rd National Graduate Conference (NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.
indoor temperature could be lowered in line with the purpose of the thermal comfort analysis conducted which is to decrease its indoor temperature.
It is assumed that the building is not influenced by anything around it for examples shadows from other blocks of the apartment, and any existing natural features like trees etc. It is also assumed that there is no limit constraint on the available spaces around the building. The thermal comfort analysis is done on original building with its original orientation and original size of openings based on drawings obtained. Further detail study is required to achieve better result.
(a) In original condition
(a) In original condition (b) In best orientation and smaller size of opening Fig. 5. Mean radiant temperature analysis result
The indoor thermal comfort is improved by orienting the building to its best orientation and by downsizing its windows. Figure 6 shows the graph of thermal comfort analysis for original existing building and modified existing building respectively. The blue line in the graph indicates its outdoor temperature, while the green color line indicates the wind speed during the day. The grouped lines in the graph show the indoor temperature of every room inside the building. From observations on both graphs, it is clearly shown in the figure that the indoor temperature of all rooms are lower if the building is oriented at its best and the windows are downsized compared to the indoor temperature with the original conditions of the building. Thermal comfort of occupants in the building would be improved because based on study it is discovered that the desirable indoor temperature that would bring comfort to building’s occupants is ranging between 22˚C to 24˚C. IV.
(a) In best orientation and smaller size of opening Fig. 6. Indoor air temperature
REFERENCES [1]
CONCLUSION
In this paper discussion on implementation of BIM and GBI in Malaysia’s construction industry have been presented. The thermal comfort analysis is also performed on existing residential building orientation and opening size. It is observed regardless to the site limitation that by orienting building to its best orientation, and by downsizing the size of openings exposing to sun, the thermal comfort of building would be improved. A proper design of building should consider this factor. However, both thermal comfort analysis performed in this study are not considering the surrounding of the building.
[2] [3]
[4] [5]
Cao, D. et al., 2015. Practices and effectiveness of building information modelling in construction projects in China. Automation in Construction, 49, pp.113–122. Barlish, K. & Sullivan, K., 2012. How to measure the benefits of BIM — A case study approach. Automation in Construction, 24, pp.149–159. Masood, R., Kharal, M.K.N. & Nasir, A. R., 2014. Is BIM Adoption Advantageous for Construction Industry of Pakistan? Procedia Engineering, 77, pp.229–238. Migilinskas, D. et al., 2013. The Benefits, Obstacles and Problems of Practical Bim Implementation. Procedia Engineering, 57, pp.767–774. Chua, S.C. & Oh, T.H., 2011. Green progress and prospect in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(6), pp.2850–2861.
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[6]
[7]
[8]
Wong, J.K. & Kuan, K., 2014. Implementing “BEAM Plus” for BIMbased sustainability analysis. Automation in Construction, 44, pp.163– 175. Ali, M., Haron, T. & Marshall-ponting, A., 2014. Exploring the Barriers and Driving Factors in Implementing Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the Malaysian Construction Industry : A Preliminary Study. , 75(1), pp.1–10. Zahrizan, Z. et al., 2013. Exploring The Adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in The Malaysian Construction Industry :
[9]
A Qualitative Approach., International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume: 02 Issue: 08, pp.384–395. Isa, M. et al., 2013. Factors Affecting Green Office Building Investment in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, pp.138– 148.
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