Caderno Pesquisa Bio - Volume 16-1 - TSpace

A Genetic Study of Some Earliness Related Characters in Cotton...

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A GENETIC STUDY OF SOME EARLINESS RELATED CHARACTERS IN COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.) Saeed Rauf1 Kausar Nawaz Shah Irfan Afzal2 ABSTRACT Field experiment was conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties and lines with differing maturity to determine plant growth factor contributed to early crop maturity. Earliness was measured in term of Flowering, boll setting, length of boll maturation and crop maturity. Genotypic correlations of earliness index with different morphological traits were studied. Analysis of genotypic correlations showed that earliness index is negatively correlated with all earliness related characters. The analysis of variance indicated the importance of additive gene action for all earliness related characters except days to 50% flowering. The genotypes NIAB-78 and KARISHMA was identified as super combiner for all traits related to earliness. Among nine crosses, KARISHMA x NIAB-78 and FH-634 x SL7-9 seemed good for all earliness related characters. It has been shown that greater earliness is one of the principal manifestations of heterosis in the cotton. A maximum of 31.25% of heterosis was obtained by cross of CIM-448 x NIAB-78 and 7.469 heterobeltiosis by KMA x N-78 for earliness index. These hybrids also showed negative heterosis for other earliness related characters. Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum L., correlation, earliness, heterosis, combining ability.

RESUMO Experimentos de campo foram realizados com variedades e linhagens de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.) em diferentes estágios de maturidade para ________________ 1 Department of plant Breeding & Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 Department of crop physiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan Caderno de Pesquisa Sér. Bio., Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 17, n. 1, p. 81-93, jan./jun . 2005

RAUF, S.; SHAH, K. N.; AFZAL, I.

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determinar o fator de crescimento vegetal que contribui para a maturidade precoce do cultivar. A precocidade foi medida em termos de florescimento, formação da maçã, tempo de maturação das maçãs e maturidade do cultivar. Correlações genotípicas de um index de precocidade com diferentes tratamentos morfológicos foram estudadas. A análise das correlações genotípicas demonstrou que o índice de precocidade é negativamente correlato com todos os caracteres relacionados com precocidade. A análise da variância indicou a importância da ação de genes aditivos para todos os caracteres relatados com a precocidade exceto dias para 50 % de florescimento. Os genótipos NIAB-78 e KARISHMA foram identificados como um “super combiner” para todos os tratamentos relacionados com precocidade. Dentre os nove cruzamentos, KARISHMA x NIAB-78 e FH-634 x SL7-9 pareceram bons para todos os caracteres relatados à precocidade. Tem sido demonstrado que a maior precocidade é uma das maiores manifestações da heterose em algodão. Um máximo de 31.25% de heterose foi obtido pelo cruzamento de CIM-448 x NIAB-78 e 7.469 heterobeltiose por KMA x N-78 para o índice de precocidade. Estes híbridos também apresentaram heterose negativa para outros caracteres relatados a precocidade. Palavra-chave: Gossypium hirsutum L., Correlação, Precocidade, heterose, habilidade combinatória.

INTRODUCTION Cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a perennial plant with an indeterminate growth habit that has been adapted to annual crop cultivation. Plant breeders have placed enormous selection pressure on earliness of crop maturity (NILES, 1970). Earliness is a term peculiar to cotton industry that embodies the desire to harvest the crop as soon as possible with out incurring significant yield penalty. Earliness in cotton enables the crop to develop during period of more favorable moisture and to be picked before damage from unfavorable weather. In some areas, it is necessary to permit the crop to mature early before being killed by frost. Early crop maturation and harvest of cotton can enhance production efficiency by alleviating late-season risks associated with insect problems and adverse weather (ANDERSON et al., 1976). Various measurements have been used to evaluate earliness of cotton. RICHMOND and RADWAN (1962) found significant correlation between phenological (first Caderno de Pesquisa Sér. Bio., Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 17, n. 1, p. 81-93, jan./jun . 2005


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square, flower, and open boll) and product-quantity measurements (ratio of fractions relative to total yield). They suggested that most practical method for measuring maturity involved examining the ratio of weights in early harvests to total seed cotton harvested. Date of peak flower and node at which first sympodial is borne is also an index of earliness, lower such node earlier is variety (RAY, 1972). Combining ability provides guidelines for the assessment of breeding potential of parental material, which can be used in pursuing a systematic breeding program. The present study was conducted to provide information on the Correlation, combining ability and heterosis for earliness traits of six desirable genotype mated in (Line x Tester) fashion.


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and Torrie (1964). Standard error for genotypic correlation was calculated by using formulae given by Reeve (1955) and Robertson (1959). The genotypic correlation was considered significant if its absolute value exceeds the twice of its respective standard error. Statistically significance of phenotypic correlation coefficient was determined by using “t” test as described by Steel and Torrie (1980). Heterosis was calculated by the formulae given by Fonseca and Patterson (1958). On the basis of the results, cotton genotypes under study were divided into three categories and are presented according to their relevant maturity group in Table1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Field experiment was carried out on four cotton varieties and two lines with varying degree of maturity. These parents i.e. NIAB-78, KARISHMA, FH-634, CIM-448, HRVO, SL7-9 had been maintained by self fertilization for several generations and were therefore considered as homozygous lines. Plants were sown in three replications in a complete randomized design (RCBD). Ten plants, free of mechanical damage or obvious defects and with plants on either side with in row, were individually identified. All flowers on these plants were tagged with dated tags on the day of anthesis. Individual open bolls and tags were harvested from each plant. Earliness for each plant was measured as (i). Mean days to 50% flowering (ii). Mean node number of first sympodial branch (iii). Percentage of first picking from total picking (earliness index) (iv). Number of bolls matured per plant (v.) Seed cotton produced per plant and (vi) Lint %age (vii). Boll maturation Period (viii). Height of first sympodial branches. Data on average plant growth was taken which include (i). Plant height (ii). Internodal length (iii). No of sympodial branches (iv). Fruit points/ sympodial Data on above mentioned characters was obtained and subjected to analysis of variance as outlined by Steel and Torrie (1980) to observe level of significance among various F hybrids and their parents. All earliness related 1 characters showing highly significant or significant differences were subjected to the analysis of specific and general combining ability as suggested by Kempthorne (1957). Genotypic Correlations were calculated using the method given by Kwon

The earliness of cultivar KARISHMA was expressed by flowering 7 days earlier and at one node lower than parental mean. Earliness of KARISHMA was further enhanced by an average of 10 days earlier boll maturation period and earliness index of 80.33, which is 11% higher than total parental mean of earliness index. However the determinant plant type of KARISHMA resulted in the production of five less boll per plant, and total lint yield was reduced by combination of lower number of boll and low lint %age (Table 2). SL7-9 Line proved to be an extremely indeterminate cultivar with late maturing growth habit, which is expressed by its flowering 13 days and boll maturation period 11 days later than parental mean. Lowest earliness index was obtained form cultivar CIM-448 with flowering three days later than parental mean and seven days later boll maturation period. KOHEL AND BENEDICT (1987) analyzed cultivars with differing growth habits on the basis of yield component and plant growth characters and found that earliest crop produce lowest yield per plant. HINTZ AND GREEN (1954) found lateness in their varieties under study due to (i) Delayed appearance of flowers (ii) Slower rate of squaring and (iii). Longer boll period. The analysis of genotypic correlation showed that negative genotypic correlation exist between the earliness index and other earliness related characters. However genotypic correlation was significantly positive between boll maturation period, node number of 1st sympodial branch and between node number of 1st sympodial branch and height of 1st sympodial branch. Correlation between boll maturation period and height of 1st sympodial was found higher than one, which

Caderno de Pesquisa Sér. Bio., Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 17, n. 1, p. 81-93, jan./jun . 2005


MATERIALS AND METHODS


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may be due to environmental interactions (Table 4). Mendez and Hall (1995) found negative genotypic correlation between earliness index, days to first floral bud and node number of first floral bud. The analysis of variance for GCA and SCA revealed significant differences for all the five characters of interest. However variance due to SCA was only significant for days to 50% flowering (Table 5). Analysis of GCA and SCA variances revealed that both additive and non-additive gene actions were important in the expression of traits (Table 5). GCA variance was higher in all earliness related traits except days to 50% flowering. Non-additive gene actions were important in days to 50% flowering (Table 5). The presence of both additive and non-additive variances suggest the simultaneous exploitation of these variations through F hybrid development. The GCA effects were significantly negative for 1 KARISHMA and NIAB-78 for position of 1st sympodial branch, boll maturation Period, height of 1st sympodial branch. Apart from these genotype CIM-448 exhibited a significantly negative GCA effect for days to 50% flowering. Highly significant, positive GCA effect of KARISHMA and NIAB-78 were found in earliness index. There was good agreement between the performance of parents and GCA effects. This suggested that the selection of parents on the basis of performance would be reliable (Table 7,8,9). These results are in accordance with Sarvanan, et al. (2000) who found that GCA variance were predominant for all earliness related characters and the presence of additive and non-additive gene action were important in evolving early maturing genotypes. The SCA estimates represent dominance and epistasis. Among nine cross combinations evaluated, the hybrids 448LxHRVOM (late x medium) for days to 50% flowering, 634M x SL7-9L (medium x late) for days to boll maturation, KMAE x N-78E (early x early) for position of first sympodial branch and earliness index, 634M x SL7-9L (medium x late) for height of first sympodial branch were identified as good specific combiner. Among these crosses KMAE x N-78E (early x early) and 634M x SL7-9L (medium x late) seemed to be good specific combiner for all earliness related characters (Table 6). This could be utilized to isolate early maturing segregants in later generations. Superior cross combinations involved at least one high general combining parent. The cross 634M x SL7-9L (medium x late) exhibited high SCA effects together with low GCA performance. So it, could be reliably included in heterosis breeding programmes for earliness. The performance of the crosses was compared on the basis of heterosis response and SCA effect. The best crosses selected and the SCA effects for the characters of interest are presented in Table 6. A critical perusal of the table

showed that the crosses, KMA x N-78 and CIM-634 x N-78 were the common crosses for the earliness characters. It was found that the ranking on the basis of heterotic responses or SCA effects is not similar. Also, with the same amount of heterosis, the SCA effect may be lower, where the performance of the parents is higher. This means that a selection of the crosses based on the heterotic response would be more realistic than on the basis of SCA effects. These results are in accordance with the finding of Sarvanan, et al., (2000). The range of heterosis was quite considerable, indicating the variability present in the material (Table 7). The estimation of heterosis, heterobeltiosis, degree of dominance and mean performance of selected hybrids SCA effects, GCA effects of parents are presented in Table-8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, and 8E. A review of Table 8A indicated that maximum of negative heterosis and heterobeltiosis was registered by KMA x N78 for boll maturation period, showing overdominance type of gene action governing the inheritance this character. A perusal of Table 8B revealed that cross 634 x SL7-9 had the highest magnitude of negative heterosis for days to 50% flowering, with contribution of overdominace type of gene action. This hybrid was accounted to 8 days earlier than the hybrid population mean (Table 8 B). The cross KMA x N-78 produced maximum negative heterosis and heterobeltiosis for position of first sympodial branch, almost two nodes lower than hybrid population mean, showing over dominance type of gene action (Table 8C). This cross further produced highest lower heterosis and heterobeltiosis for height of first sympodial branch (Table 8E). Table 8-D revealed that highly significant heterosis was exhibited by the cross 448 x N-78 for earliness index which involved over dominance type of gene action for the inheritance of this character. However highest positive heterobeltiosis for this character was shown by the cross of KMA x N-78 (Table 8D). Negative heterosis for earliness was also reported by Khaleque et al., (1977) and Nuruzzaman et al. (2002). It was evident that early x early, late x early type varieties produced hybrids having lower boll maturation period, position of 1st sympodial branch, height of 1st sympodial branch and higher earliness which shows dominance of earliness over lateness. The dependency of earliness index on boll maturation period had been demonstrated diagrammatically in fig1, which showed that linear relationship existed between earliness index and related characters.




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CONCLUSION KARISHMA and NIAB-78 were found general best combiner for earliness related traits. The crosses, CIM-448 x N-78, KMA x N-78 gave the best hybrids, exhibiting very high percentage of heterosis as well as significant SCA effects, capable of giving maximum transgressive effects. Indirect selection for early maturity could be possible by selecting genotypes having lower node number of 1st sympodial branch, boll maturation period, height of 1st sympodial branch as they significant negative correlation with earliness index. As all earliness characters except days to fifty percent flowering showed significant additive gene action there fore “Progeny to Row Selection” is recommended for the improvement of these traits following hybridization in transgressive generation.

REFERENCES ANDERSON, J.M.; BRIDGE, R.R.; HEAGLER, A.M.; TUPPER, G. R. The economic impact of recently developed early-season cotton strains on firm and regional cropping systems and income. In: Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Las Vegas, NV. 5-7 Jan. 1976, Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. p. 98-100 FONSECA; PATTERSON, L., Yield components heritabilities and interrealtioship in winter wheat (T. aestivum L.), Crop Sci., 1958, 8: 614-617. HINTZ, G. D.; GREEN, J. M. Component of earliness in upland cotton Varieties. Agron. J., 1954, 46: 114-117.

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MENDEZ, C. M.; HALL, E. A., Heritability of Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Correlations with earliness in cow pea. Crop Sci., 1995, 35:673-678. NILES, G. A. Development of Plant types with special adaptation to narrow-row culture. In: J.M. Brown (ed.) Proc. Beltwide cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Houston, TX. 6-7 January. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN., 1970, p.63-64. NURAZZAMAN, M.; ALAM, M. F.; AHMED, M. G.; BISWAS, M. K.; AMIN, M. R.; HASSAIN, M. M. Studies on parental variability and heterosis in rice (Oryza Sativa L,) Pak. J. Biol Sci, 2002, 5(10): 1006-1009. RAY, L. Growth and fruiting comparisons of early maturing lines of cotton. In J.M. Brown (ed.) Proc. Beltwide cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Houston, TX. 1012 January. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN., 1972, P.64-65. REEVE, E. G. R., The variance of genetic correlation coefficient. Biometrics. 1955, 15: 459- 485. ROBERTSON, A. The sampling variance of genetic correlation coefficient. Biometrics, 1959, 15: 459-485. RICHMOND, T. R.; RADWAN S. R. H. Comparative study of seven methods of measuring earliness of crop maturity in cotton. Crop Sci., 1962, 2:397-400. SARVANAN, T.; THRIUGNANA, S. K.; GANESAN, J. Combining Ability and heterosis for earliness characters in Seasame (Sesamum Indicum L.). Seasame and Saff flower News letter, 2000, 15:7-13. STEEL, R. G. D.; TORRIE, J. H. Principles and procedures of statistics, a biometrical approach 2nd eddition, McGraw Hill Inc: New york. 1980

KEMPTHORNE, O. 1957. An Introduction of genetic statiscs. John wiley and son., Inc.: London Chapman & Hall, Ltd. KHALEQUE, M. A.; JORDER O. I.; EUNUS A. M. Heterosis and combining ability in diallel cross of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Bangla. J. Angril. Sci., 1977, 4:137-145. KOHEL, R. J.; BENEDICT, C. R. Growth analysis of cottons with differing maturities. Agron. J., 1987, 79:31-34. KWON, S. H.; TORRIE J. H. Heritability and Inter relationship among traits of two soyabean populations. Crop Sci., 1964, 4: 196-198. Caderno de Pesquisa Sér. Bio., Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 17, n. 1, p. 81-93, jan./jun . 2005



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Table 1 - Parents with their relevant maturity group PARENTS

MATURITY GROUP

Lines KARISHMA FH-634

DISTINTIVE FEATURE

Early Medium

Neactariless (ne1 ne1 ne2 ne2) Obsolete Local Cultivar

Boll maturation period Node no. of 1st sympodial branch

Late

Local Cultivar

Early Medium

Obsolete Local Cultivar Okra Leaf Type (L0 L0)

SL7-9

Late

Exotic Line

Days to 50% flowering

Table 2 - Measurement of earliness and yield component of cotton varieties and lines.

NIAB-78 KARISHMA FH-634 CIM-448 HRVO SL7-9 Mean

Table 4 - Genotypic (G) and phenotypic (P) correlation coefficients between earliness characters based on parental and F1 data. Characters

CIM-448 Testers NIAB-78 HR-VO

Varieties


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Boll *2Boll Days to 50% *1Node Seed *3Height Maturation Flowering no. 1st Sym. no./plant Cotton (g/plant) of 1st sym. Period 51±4.35 7.43±0.98 33 41.66±1.91 119±15.52 33.31±8.88 27.5 51.33±3.51 6.6±0.52 39.51±1.83 85.33±6.7 27.1±1.33 60±3.51 6.68±0.92 34 52±2.0 110.66±21.33 40.66±2.01 32.3 61±5.0 9±1.0 57.33±2.3 101.33±26.33 40.16± 8.67 55.5±3.5 8.16±0.28 38.33 48.07±2.0 128±7.06 43.2±4.15 26.66 71.66±1.52 7.9±1.04 60.33±3.21 100±7.06 44.68±13.48 58.41±7.71 7.62±0.90 31.97NS 49.81±8.33 107.38±15.15 38.18±6.69

EI Earliness Index 73±1.0 80.33±2.51 54.33±17.47 23±9.0 60±18.16 65.33±12.66 59.33±20.04

*1 Node number of 1st sympodial branch *2 No of bolls per plant *3 Height of 1st sympodial branch

Height of 1st sympodial branch

G P G P G P G P

*1Node no. *2Days 50% 1st Sym. Fl. 0.85** 0.41 0.85** 0.32 0.16 0.02

*1 Node number of 1st sympodial branch *2 Days to 50% flowering *3 Height of 1st sympodial branch *,** Significant at 5% and 1% levels respectively

Table 5 - Mean squares (MSS) for combining ability for earliness characters in cotton. Source GCA for line GCA for tester SCA Error

df 2 2 4 16

Node no. of 1st Sympodial Branch 5.405* 7.10* 2.63 0.475

Days to 50 % Flowering 43.75 0.02 110.435** 5.91

CIM-448 FH-634 KARISHMA NIAB-78

72.5±1.5 94.33±10.96

HRVO SL7-9 Mean

113±7.2 133±5.19 100.66±20.91

Varieties

Height of First Sympodial Branch 512.08* 600.37* 52.12 50.42

Boll Maturation Period 501.59* 539.37* 41.13 13.06

Earliness Index 744.11* 738.11* 83.39 164.20

Significant at 5% and 1% levels respectively

Characters

Maturity

Crosses

Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late

634MXSL7-9L KMAEXHRV0M KMAExN78E KMAEXSL7-9L KMAEXN78E KMAEXSL7-9L 448lxN78E KMAEXSL7-9L KMAEXN78E KMAEXSL7-9L

lines Internodal Sympodial Length (cm) No. 4.43 18.33±2.56 6.06 34.73±8.10 4.13 36.93±2.11 4.43 27.83±9.82 5.3 26.13±2.76 5.63 26.76±10.09 4.915NS 28.45±6.61

E.I Earliness Index -0.85** -0.57* -0.91** -0.37 -0.20 -0.08 -0.89** -0.38

Table 6 - Best crosses selected for earliness characters on the basis of heterosis response and SCA effects along with GCA effects of Parents involved

Table 3 - Measurement of average plant growth of cotton varieties and Plant Height (cm) 88.33±4.7 102.66±7.5

*3Ht. 1st Sym. 1.10 0.71** 0.85** 0.76** 0.37 0.28

Fruit Points/Sympodial Branch 5.41 6.87 8.43 7.03 5.14 4.33 6.20NS

Days to 50% flowering Boll maturation period Position of 1st sympodial branch Earliness index Height of 1st sympodial branch

GCA effects of Parents showing High heterosis

Line

Tester

- 0.42 2.37** -5.26** -5.26** -0.58** -0.58** -8.00** 9.88** -3.15** -3.15**

-0.41 -0.41 -7.40** 8.03** - 0.74** 1.00** 10.44** -5.67** -7.14** 8.63**

Crosses 448lxHRVOM 448LXS7-9L 634MXSL7-9L 634MXN78E KMAEXN78E 634MXN78E KMAEXN78E KMAEXSL7-9L 634MXN78E 634MXSL7-9L

GCA effects of Parents showing High SCA effects

Line -1.95** -1.95** 3.81** 3.81** -0.58** -0.3** 9.88** 9.88** 0.97 0.97

Tester -0.41 -0.41 8.03** -7.40 - 0.74** -0.74** 10.44** -5.67** 7.14** 8.63**

*,* Significant at 5% and 1% levels respectively Superscript (E,L,M) denotes Early, Late and Medium respectively




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Table 8C - Best heterosis for position of 1st sympodial branch

Table 7 - Range of heterosis for earliness characters. Character Days to 50% flowering Position of first Sympodial branch Height of first sympodial branch Boll maturation period Earliness index

Heterosis

Heterobeltiosis

-21 to 17.59 -13.96 to 22.73 -25.16 to 14.89 -20.45 to 26.21

Potence Ratio

Gene Action

Heterosis (%) Over –Partial dominance

-0.94 to 2.56

-11.78 to 10.17 -8.85 to 39.20 -24.48 to 31.25 -31.53 to 7.469

-2.13 to 0.41 -0.49 to 1.31

Table 8A - Best heterosis for boll maturation period KMAEXSL7-9L

Best crosses Days for boll maturation period

55±1.0

Best crosses Node#

-1.8 to 15 -2.12 to 1.11

-19.39 to 45.07 -10.18 to 93.24


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KMAExN78E

448LXN78E

36±1.0

26.21**

-2.24

-20.45**

0.46

-0.79**

-0.99**

GCA effect of line

-0.58**

-0.3

-0.58**

GCA effect of tester

1.0**

-0.26

-0.74**

Potence ratio Gene action

0.82 Partial Dominance

-0.60 Partial Dominance

-2.12 Over Dominance

** Significant at 1% level

43.66±2.08

10.17**

-11.78**

-11.28**

39.20

-8.851

11.04

SCA effects

2.52**

0.93

-2.48**-

GCA effect of line

-5.26**

-5.26**

-3.81**

Heterosis (%)

-7.40**

Heterobeltiosis (%)

-0.36

SCA effects

Partial Dominance

GCA effect of line

Potence ratio Gene action

-7.40**

0.24

-2.13

Partial Dominance

KMAEXN78E 5.25±0.75 -25.16**

SCA effects

Heterosis (%)

8.03**

634MxHRVOM 6.53±0.68 -12.00**

Heterobeltiosis (%)

Heterobeltiosis (%)


KMAEXSL7-9L 8.33±1.13 14.89**

Over Dominance

**, Significant at 1% level respectively

Table 8D - Best heterosis of earliness index 448LxN78E 63±5.00 31.25**

KMAEXN78E 86.33±2.51 12.61**

-31.53**

-13.69**

7.469

-8.56**

6.67

1.25

9.88**

-8

9.88**


-5.67

10.44**

10.44**

Degree of dominance Gene action

0.3 Partial Dominance

1.31 Over Dominance

1.18 Over Dominance

Best crosses Earliness (%)

KMAEXSL7-9L 55±6.08 -24.48**

** Significant at 1% respectively

Table 8B - Best heterosis for days to 50% flowering Best crosses Mean days Heterosis ( %) Heterobeltiosis (%) SCA effects GCA effect of line GCA effect of tester Potence ratio Gene action

KMAEXHRVOM 63.33±4.0 17.59** 23.37** 3.63** 2.37** -0.41 2.29 Over Dominance

448LXHRVOM 48.33±1.52 -17** -13.0** -6.67** -1.95 -0.41 -1.8 Over Dominance

634MXSL7-9L 51.33±2.51 -21.0** -14.45** -5.27** -0.42 -0.41 -1.19 Over Dominance


Table 8E - Best height of 1 st sympodial branch Best crosses Height (cm) Heterosis (%) Heterobeltiosis (%) SCA effects GCA effect of line GCA effect of tester Degree of dominance Gene action

KMAEXSL7-9L 52.39±18.37 45.97** 93.32** 6.63** -3.157 8.63** 0.93 Partial Dominance

448LxN78E 34.16±6.18 -6.99 -2.5 -2.03 3.06 -7.14** -0.37 Partial Dominance

KMAEXN78E 24.35±5.9 -19.39** -10.14** -5.52** -3.157 -7.14** -0.94 Partial Dominance





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y = -1.3968x + 128.85 R2 = 0.54

100 Earliness Index (%)

93

80 Earliness Index

60

Linear (Earliness Index)

40

Linear (Earliness Index)

20 0 0

20

40

60

80

Boll maturation period

Figure 1 - Scatter Plot of Earliness Index against Boll maturation Period



Caderno Pesquisa Bio - Volume 16-1 - TSpace

Caderno Pesquisa Bio - Volume 16-1 - TSpace

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