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6.1

Webercise 6

CHEMISTS, CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY For the use of the Internet, either go directly to the sites given or load the Wiley Chemistry Webercises Directory site using your Internet browser by typing in the URL below in the location box. If you are using your personal computer, it will save considerable time if you set a Bookmark at the site after reaching it. Parenthetical outline references (e.g., III-B-2) will refer to this site. http://www.wiley.com/college/webercises

Wiley Chemistry Webercises Directory site

A. Nobel prize winners in chemistry and other famous chemists. To answer Questions 1-3 in Part A of the Questions and Solutions , go to the sites directly or via the Chemistry Webercises Directory. Under History of Chemistry and Nobel Prizes, click on one of the sites under Nobel Prizes (V-D-1): http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ http://www.almaz.com/ To answer Questions 4 and 5 in Part A of the Questions and Solutions, you will probably want to use one of the Search Engines such as Google accessible in the Chemistry Webercises Directory (IX-A). For a list of famous chemists (extracted from three sources: Chemical and Engineering News, 1/12/98, 171 -185, a list of Chemistry Nobel Laureates and M. B. Rubin, The Chemical Intelligencer, 1997, 3, 44 - 49. “The ‘Wall of Fame’ in the Chemistry Department at the Technion, Haifa”), see page 6.2. [This author has performed an Internet search for people on the “Page of Fame” list only if they were included in the lists in the questions in section A on page 6.6]. For another list and pictures of many historically important chemists, in the Chemistry Webercises Directory under History of Chemistry, click on chemists photo gallery to lead to the URL (V-B): http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Gallery/GalleryMenu.html To answer Question A-6, in the last section of the Chemistry Webercises Directory under History of Chemistry, click on Pictures of Alchemists to lead to the URL (V-E): http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/smurov/teniers.htm B. Search Design. Browse through some of the sites in the Chemistry Webercises Directory or another chemistry directory and find a topic of interest. Write a question that could be used for a search by other students. C. Perform a search on one of the topics described on pages 6.3 and 6.4. To find information on the topic, you will probably want to use a search engine. These search engines can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate link under Search Engines in the Chemistry Webercises Directory.

6.2 Page of Fame Chemists (c - Chemical and Engineering News, 1/12/98, 171 -185, n - Chemistry Nobel Laureate through 2007, w - M. B. Rubin, The Chemical Intelligencer, 1997, 3, 44 - 49) A. Abragam (w), R. Adams (c,w), P. Agree (n), K. Alder (n), S. Altman (n,w), C. B. Anfinsen (n,w), D. Arigoni (w), Aristotele (w), D. I. Arnon (w), S. Arrhenius (n,w), F. W. Aston (n,w), K. Von Auwers (w), A. Avogadro (w), R. Bacon (w), L. H. Baekeland (w), A. Von Baeyer (n,w), A. Bader (c), J. C. Bailar Jr. (w), P. D. Bartlett (w), D. H. R. Barton (c,n,w), A. R. Battersby (w), A. O. Beckman (c), R. P. Bell (w), P. Berg (n,w), F. Bergius (n,w), T. Bergman (w), M. Bergmann (w), J. D. Bernal (w), M. Berthelot (w), C. L. Berthollet (w), J. J. Berzelius (w), J. Bigeleisen (w), J. M. Bijvoet (w), A. J. Birch (w), N. J. Bjerrum (w), J. Black (w), K. Bloch (w), F. Block (w), W. Bodenstein (w), H. Boerhaave (w), N. Bohr (w), L. Boltzmann (w), K. Bosch (n,w), P. D. Boyer (n), R. Boyle (w), S. F. Boys (w), J. Brachet (w), W. L. Bragg (w), A. E. Braunstein (w), J. Bredt (w), R. C. D. Breslow (c), P. W. Bridgman (w), J. N. Bronsted (w), H. C. Brown (c,n,w), E. Buchner (n,w), R. W. Bunsen (w), A. F. J. Butenandt (n), A. Butlerov (w), J. I. G. Cadogan (w), M. Calvin (c,n,w), S. Cannizzaro (w), W. H. Carothers (c,w), G. W. Carver (c), H. Cavendish (w), T. Cech (w), E. B. Chain (w), J. A. C. Charles (w), M. E. Chevreul (w), A. Chiechanover (n), Y. Chuvin (n), L. Claisen (w), S. G. Cohen (w), J. B. Conant (c), A. C. Cope (c,w), E. J. Corey (c,n,w), C. F. Cori (w), J. W. Cornforth (n,w), C. D. Coryell (w), F. A. Cotton (c,w), C. A. Coulson (w), D. J. Cram (c,n,w), B. L. Crawford, Jr. (w), F. H. C. Crick (c,w), P. Crutzen (n), M. Curie (c,n,w), R. F. Curl, Jr. (n),T. Curtius (w), J. Dalton (w), R. Daudel (w), H. Davy (w), P. J. W. Debye (c,n,w), G. De Hevesy (n), J. Deisenhofer (n,w), Democritus (w), B. V. Deryagin (w), P. Deslongchamps (w), O. Diels (n,w), C. Djerassi (c,w), W. von E. Doering (w), E. A. Doisy (w), P. Doty (w), H. H. Dow (c), A. Dreiding (w), P. L. Dulong (w), J. B. A. Dumas (w), J. D. Dunitz (w), P. S. DuPont (c), G. Eastman (c), G. M. Edelman (w), P. Ehrlich (w), M Eigen (n,w), E. L. Eliel (c,w), G. B. Elion (c), P. J. Elving (w), H. J. Emeleus (w), W. A. Engelhardt (w), H. Erdtman (w), E. Erlenmeyer (w), R. Ernst (n,w), G. Ertl (n), A Eschenmoser (w), H. K. A. S. V. Euler-chelpin (n), H. Eyring (c,w), M. Faraday (w), F. Feigl (w), J. Fenn (n), L. F. Fieser (c,w), M. Fieser (c), E. Fischer (w), E. O. Fischer (n,w), H. Fischer (n,w), H. E. Fischer (n,w), P. Flory (n,w), G. Fodor (w), J. Franck (w), E. Frankland (w), K. Freudenberg (w), H. Freudlich (w), K. Fukui (n,w), R. M. Fuoss (w), L. J. Gay-Lussac (w), C. Gerhardt (w), F. F. Giaque (n,w), J. W. Gibbs (w), W. Gilbert (n), J. R. Glauber (w), V. M. Goldschmidt (w), M. Gomberg (w), M. L. Good (c), H. B. Gray (c), C. Graebe (w), T. Graham (w), D. E. Green (w), V. Grignard (n,w), R. H. Grubbs (n), E. A. Guggenheim (w), C. M. Guldberg (w), I. C. Gunsalus (w), H. G. Gutowsky (w), F. Haber (n,w), G. Hagg (w), O. Hahn (n,w), L. P. Hammett (c,w), G. S. Hammond (w), A. R. Hantzsch (w), A. Harden (n,w), O. Hassel (n,w), H. Hauptman (n,w), R. D. Haworth (n,w), W. N. Haworth (w), A. Heeger (n), M. Heidelberger (w), E. Heilbronner (w), I. M. Heilbron (w), D. Herschbach (c,n,w), A. Hershko (n), G. Herzberg (n,w), G. H. Hess (w), G. Hevesy (w), J. Heyrovsky (n,w), J. H. Hildebrand (c), C. N. Hinshelwood (n,w), J. D. Hirschfelder (w), J. W. Hittorf (w), D. Crowfoot Hodgkin (c,n,w), J. H. Vant Hoff (n,w), R. Hoffmann (c,n,w), A. W. Von Hofmann (w), R. W. Holley (w), R. Hooke (w), B. Horecker (w), F. Huber (n,w), E. Huckel (w), C. S. Hudson (w), R. Huisgen (w), C. K. Ingold (c,w), V. N. Ipatieff (w), F. Jacob (w), O. Jeger (w), W. S. Johnson (c,w), F. Joliot-Curie (n,w), I. Joliot-Curie (c,n,w), E. R. H. Jones (w), J. Lennard-Jones (w), P. L. Julian (c), N. O. Kaplan (w), J. Karle (n,w), P. Karrer (n,w), A. Kekule (w), E. C. Kendall (w), J. C. Kendrew (n,w), J. A. A. Ketelaar (w), M. S. Kharasch (w), H. G. Khorana (w), F. S. Kipping (w), J. G. Kirkwood (w), G. B. Kistiakowsky (w), J. Kjeldahl (w), A. Klug (n,w), R. Knoevenagel (w), W. S. Knowles (n), F. Kohlrausch (w),, W. Kohn (n), I. M. Kolthoff (w), A. Kornberg (w), R. D. Kornberg (n), H. A. Krebs (w), H. W. Kroto (n), R. Kuhn (n), A. Kupperman (w), A. Ladenburg (w), R. Landau (c), I. Langmuir (c,n,w), A. Lapworth (w), A. Laurent (w), A. L. Lavoisier (w), J. A. Lebel (w), H. Lechatelier (w), J. Lederberg (n), E. Lederer (w), Y. T. Lee (n,w), R. J. W. LeFevre (w), J. M. Lehn (c,n,w), L. Leloir (n,w), N. J. Leonard (w), P. A. T. Levene (w), G. N. Lewis (c,w), W. F. Libby (n,w), J. Von Liebig (w), J. W. Linnett (w), R. P. Linstead (w), F. Lipmann (w), W. N. Lipscomb, Jr. (n,w), M. Lomonosov (w), F. A. Long (w), H. G. Longuet-Higgins (w), K. Lonsdale (w), P. D. Lowdin (w), S. E. Luria (w), A. Lwoff (w), F. Lynen (w), A. G. MacDiarmid (n), R. MacKinnon (n), P. J. Macquer (w), M. Magat (w), Albertus Magnus (w), R. Marcus (c,n,w), H. F. Mark (c,w), V. V. Markovnikov (w), A. J. P. Martin (n,w), C. S. Marvel (c,w), S. P. Massie, Jr. (c), J. C. Maxwell (w), J. E. Mayer (w), M. Goeppert Mayer (w), E. M. McMillan (n,w), H. Meerwein (w), L. Meitner (c), L. Melander (w), D. Mendeleev (w), B. Merrifield (c,n,w), K. H. Meyer (w), L. Meyer (w), V. Meyer (w), O. Meyerfhof (w), A. I. Meyers (w), A. Michael (w), L. Michaelis (w), H. Michel (n,w), P. Mitchell (n,w), E. A. Mitscherlich (w), W. Moffitt (w), H. Moissan (n,w), M. Molina (n), J. Monod (w), S. Moore (n,w), R. S. Mulliken (c,n,w), K. Mullis (n,w), G. Natta (c,n,w), W. H. Nernst (n,w), A. N. Nesmeyanov (w), C. Neuberg (w), A. Neuberger (w), H. Neurath (w), J. A. Nieuwland (w), M. Nirenberg (w), R. G. W. Norrish (n,w), J. H. Northrop (n,w), R. Noyori (n), N. S. Nyholm (w), S. Ochoa (w), G. Olah (c,n,w), L. Onsager (n,w), A. I. Oparin (w), W. Ostwald (n,w), D. F. Othmer (c), J. Th. G. Overbeek (w), Paracelsus (w), R. G. Parr (w), C. L. Parsons (c), L. Pasteur (w), L. Pauling (c,n,w), C. Pedersen (n,w), W. H. Perkin (w), M. F. Perutz (n,w), A. T. Petit (w), G. C. Pimentel (c), K. S. Pitzer (w), M. Planck (w), J. Polanyi (n,w), J. A. Pople (n,w), G. Porter (n,w), R. R. Porter (w), F. Pregl (n,w), V. Prelog (c,n,w), J. Priestley (w), I. Prigogine (n,w), J. L. Proust (w), J. F. Queeny (c), G. Quinkert (w), E. Racker (w), W. Ramsay (n,w), F. M. Raoult (w), R. A. Raphael (w), T. Reichstein (w), O. A. Reutov (w), F. O. Rice (w), T. W. Richards (n,w), J. Richter (w), E. Rideal (w), D. Rittenberg (w), J. D. Roberts (c,w), J. M. Robertson (w), R. Robinson (c,n,w), I. Rose (n), F. S. Rowland (n), E. Rutherford (n,w), L. Ruzicka (n,w), P. Sabatier (n,w), L. Salem (w), F. Sanger (2n,w), A. M. Saytzev (w), C. W. Scheele (w), H. Schmid (w), R. Schoenheimer (w), R. R. Schrock (n), E. Schrodinger (w), G. M. Schwab (w), G. Schwarzenbach (w), G. T. Seaborg (c,n,w), N. N. Semenov (n,w), D. Seebach (w), K. B. Sharpless (c,n), J. C. Sheehan (w), M. M. Shemyakin (w), Abu Ali Ibn Sina (w), P. S. Skell (w), J. C. Skou (n), J. C. Slater (w), R. E. Smalley (c,n), E. F. Smith (w), M. Smith (n,w), C. P. Smyth (w), H. Shirakawa (n), F. Soddy (n,w), F. Sorm (w), G. E. Stahl (w), S. Spiegelman (w), W. M. Stanley (n,w), W. H. Stein (n,w), H. Staudinger (c,n), G. Stork (c,w), J. B. Sumner (n,w), T. Svedberg (n,w), R. L. M. Synge (n,w), A. Szent-Gyorgyi (w), H. Tamiya (w), K. Tanaka (n), H. Taube (c,n,w), H. S. Taylor (w), H. Theorell (w), L. Thiele (w), A. Tiselius (n,w), M. Tishler (c), A. R. Todd (n,w), L. A. Tschugaev (w), K. Tsuda (w), H. C. Urey (c,n,w), V. du Vigneaud (n,w), A. I. Virtanen (n,w), E. Vogel (w), P. Waage (w), J. D. Van Der Waals (w), G. Wald (w), P. Von Walden (w), J. E. Walker (n), O. Wallach, (n,w), O. Warburg (w), J. D. Watson (c,w), A. Werner (n,w), F. H. Westheimer (c,w), F. C. Whitmore (w), H. Wieland (n,w), G. Wilke (w), G. Wilkinson (c,n,w), R. Willstatter (n,w), E. B. Wilson Jr. (w), A. Windaus (n,w), S. Winstein (c,w), J. Wislicenus (w), G. Wittig (c,n,w), F. Wohler (w), R. B. Woodward (c,n,w), A. Wurtz (w), K. Wuthrich (n), L. Yaffe (w), R. S. Yalow (c), L. Zechmeister (w), A. Zewail (n), K. Ziegler (c,n,w), R. Zsigmondy (n,w)

Webercise 6

6.3

Chemical Topics of Societal Importance Each of the following chemicals or topics is controversial and important for society to understand. Perform a search on one of the items and write a paper on the pros and cons of the issues concerning the topic. Some of the searches will yield literally thousands of hits but most of the sites rank the hits by priority. The following site (X-Q) contains some more ideas for topics related to science and society and some case studies on the topics: http://www.chemcases.com/ acrylamide - what is it used for and is it safe for the environment? asbestos - what is it and how dangerous is it? aspartame - are there any problems or dangers associated with the use of this artificial sweetener? AZT - is this drug effective as a treatment for AIDS? BFR’s (brominated fire retardants) - are they safe for the environment? bisphenol A - what is it used for and is it safe for the environment? biacetyl (2,3-butanedione) - what is it used for and is it safe for the environment? caffeine - does the drinking of coffee, tea and colas adversely affect your health? di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate - what is the function of this plastic additive and is it harmful to the envrionment? ellagic acid - (search the word "ellagic") does this chemical found in berries help prevent cancer? estrogen - what are the benefits and problems associated with estrogen therapy? fluoridation - should fluoride be added to water supplies (what are the benefits and problems)? global warming - is it occurring and is it the result of the burning of fossil fuels? Malathion - is Malathion a safe pesticide especially for use in California against the Medfly? methyl acrylate - what is it used for and is it environmentally safe? Naproxen and Ibuprofen - are these analgesics related and are they safe to use? nicotine - is nicotine addictive and how dangerous is this chemical? nitrites - why are they added to food and are they potentially harmful? nuclear fission - what are the problems and should we build more power plants? nuclear fusion - is it feasible for a power source? octane rating - how is it measured? olestra - is it safe to eat this new food substitute? ozone depletion - was it due to freons and is it reversible? Prozac - what are the effects of this drug and is it safe to use? radon - how serious a hazard is it in homes? rogaine - does this chemical really cause hair to grow and are there side effects? RU486 - is this drug safe to use as an abortion pill?

6.4 Shroud of Turin - what have chemists found out about its origin? styrofoam - is this polymer a threat to our environment and are paper cups better? sun screens - do sun screens help to prevent skin cancer, are there any problems with sun screens? superconductors, high temperature - what are they and what will they be used for? supercritical fluids - what are they and what are they used for? thalidomide - what are the benefits and problems of this drug and can the problems be eliminated? valium - what are the benefits and problems with this drug? vinyl chloride - is it safe to use this compound to make PVC? vitamin C - does this vitamin help prevent colds, diminish their intensity or provide other benefits? vitamin E - what are the benefits of this vitamin and does it slow the rate of aging?

6.5

Webercise 6 CHEMISTS, CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY - QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS A.

Nobel prize winners in chemistry and other famous chemists. 1.

By looking at the reasons for the Nobel chemistry prizes from 1901 on, attempt to categorize each of the awards according to one of the following fields of chemistry: # of awards analytical

_____________

bioorganic and biochemistry

_____________

inorganic

_____________

nuclear and isotopic

_____________

organic, organometallic and polymer

_____________

physical

_____________

theoretical

_____________

2.

Marie Curie and Linus Pauling each won Nobel Prizes in chemistry and another field. Give the reasons for the awards given to these two great scientists.

3.

The work of most, if not all, Nobel Prize winners has had a significant impact on our lives. For any of the very selected group that follows, write a couple of biographical paragraphs on the person including the reason for the Nobel Prize and the impact of the discovery on society: Hermann Emil Fischer Johann F. W. A. Von Baeyer Fritz Haber Harold C. Urey Otto Hahn Glenn T. Seaborg

Frederick Sanger (2 awards) Willard F. Libby Karl Ziegler Paul Berg Kary B. Mullis F. Sherwood Rowland

6.6 4.

The scientists listed below have all attained fame and/or notoriety for an activity related to chemistry. Perform a search for at least one of the scientists and write a short essay on the contributions and life of the person. Leo Baekeland Wallace Carothers James Chadwick Erwin Chargaff Carl Djerassi Alexander Fleming Howard Florey Rosalind Franklin

John W. Gofman Felix Hoffman Gilbert N. Lewis Lise Meitner Marshall Nirenberg Robert Noyce Stanley Pons Fritz Strassmann

5.

The following people have all made significant discoveries: Henri Becquerel, Alexander Fleming, Edward Jenner, Roy Plunkett, Wilhelm Roentgen, Horace Wells. Search the Internet and describe each discovery. What do all of the discoveries have in common? All of these people had interesting lives. You might want to write a short biography on one of them. As the information on the Internet could be insufficient, this assignment might require a trip to the library.

6.

One of the problems associated with the field of science is that society often views scientists as a very unusual breed of people. When children are asked to draw pictures of scientists, there are many common and disturbing features that are common to most of the drawings. For a discussion of the public perception of scientists, see: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3667/is_200211/ai_n9160846/pg_1 http://folk.uio.no/sveinsj/SASweb.htm http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~slosh/RevDrawAScientist3.doc http://www.ed.psu.edu/CI/journals/96pap44.htm An example of four drawings are available at the site: http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/smurov/teniers.htm . List the common characteristics of the modern day drawings and based on the drawing by David Teniers the Elder, comment on the possibility of a several hundred year stereotype of scientists.

B.

Search Design - Suggest a question that could be answered using the Internet.

C.

Write a paper on one of the topics suggested on on pages 6.3 and 6.4.