Jim Kurose, Keith Ross. Addison-Wesley, July. 2004. ... local ISP company
network regional ISP router workstation server mobile ... World's smallest web
server.
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. Digital broadcast technology is hot. A casual glance
... communicate over wireless networks, broadcast is a natural communication.
We are a dedicated group of students seeking a Bachelor in Science of Mechanical .... Choosing the optimum FOS is important and BS 5950-. 1:2000 guidelines ...
The Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth. Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support. Built directly onto the ...
the Atlantic Ocean by the St Georges Channel and to the north by the North ... largest offshore disposal ground in Europe (Beddington and Kinloch, 2005;.
Jan 29, 2008 - But this isn't South. London; I can't just phone up a compost toilet builder or ask my landlord ...... Dragon Environmental Network website, 2004.
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Windows program manager. 2. Choose. Programs, Autodesk ,AutoCAD 2004. 3.
At that time, only thyristor power semiconductors were available for ... major concern in the direct torque control of switched reluctance motor drives is the torque ...
Provisioning Using Optimal Call Admission Control for Wireless Cellular Networks" ... This thesis work marks an important period in my life during which many people ... Although the author's name is the only one to appear on the cover, it is the.
technologies that are available for presenting information on mobile phones; different ... Technology ()IHISM) Project â a departmental project aimed at developing and ...... Users who need information such as health information, license applicatio
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following design flow: first, they implement the design using Hardware
Description ...
Digital System Designs and Practices Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs @ 2008~
2010, John Wiley. 1-1. Chapter 1: Introduction. Department of Electronic ...
relate them with the theory that had been written in chapter 2. CHAPTER5: ...
Warren, James M. Reeve, and Philip R. Fess, the definition of accounting is: “
Accounting is an ...... Swastha, Basu, and Ibnu Sukotjo W. Pengantar Bisnis
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2.4.3 Three classes of unaccusative verbs and three types of transitive concepts25. Chapter 3: The ...... 'Dan's car got burnt.' ... It was about two days before prom night when Danny made himself ...... 'Hanna got turned on by auto mechanics.
THROUGH THE USE OF ANDROID MOBILE HANDSETS by ... system which runs on GPS enabled Android mobile phones. The mobile .... 1.5.3 Data collection .
Solutions: 1. Management science and operations research, terms used ...
Uncontrollable inputs: profit (10,5), labor hours (5,2) and labor-hour availability (
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biometrics as the system used for human recognition consisting of identification and ... face, hand, hand geometry, finger prints, ear shapes, iris or retina.
Black households persist even with considerations of SES (Farley and Allen 1987). ...... Schneider, Eric C., Alan M. Zaslavsky, and Arnold M. Epstein. 2002.
with British schools via the 'Connecting Classrooms with the Middle East ... First and most of all, I thank the teachers who were interviewed. ..... I searched ...... education asked the school if they would nominate a teacher who would be able to.
to Dr. Phumin Kirawanich, who introduced me to antenna theory and design. Finally, I thank Royal Thai Navy, my family and friends for their continuous support ...
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1
Control Systems
(1) What is a control systems? (2) Why control systems are important? (3) What are the basic components of a control system?
Example 1.1.1 Idle-speed control system Engine speed w
Load torque TL Engine Throttle angle a
Example 1.1.2 Printwheel control system
1
1.1
Class Notes of Control Systems
qr
MICROPROCESSOR
q r (reference input)
DC MOTOR
POWER AMPLIFIER
CONTROLLER
Position of printwheel
KEYBOARD
Instructor: Dr. Chih-Chiang Cheng
q v ( t )(output)
t1
0
Printing
Positioning
t2
Time
(4) Why feedback is incorporated into most control systems? I. Open-Loop Control System (Nonfeedback systems) Reference Input r
Actuating signal u Controller
Controlled variable c Contolled process
Major drawback: there isn’t a good way to control output. Advantage: simplicity, economy, used in many noncritical application. II. Closed-Loop Control Systems (Feedback Control systems) General block diagram: error detector +
output -
Controller
Controlled process
_
Transducer
Example 1.1.3 Closed-loop idle-speed control system Textbook: Automatic Control Systems
2
Author: B. C. Kuo
1.2
Class Notes of Control Systems
Instructor: Dr. Chih-Chiang Cheng
TL
wr
Error detector
w
we ENGINE
CONTROLLER
SPEED TRANSDUCER
Application of T L
Open-loop
Desired idle speed wr
Time
Application of T L
Closed-loop
Desired idle speed
Time
wr
Example 1.1.4 Closed-loop printwheel control system KEYBOARD
qr
MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLER
POSITION ENCODER
1.2
DC MOTOR
POWER AMPLIFIER
Feedback
The Effects of Feedback on Control System
The reduction of system error is merely one of the many important effects that feedback may have upon a system. There are other important effects, such as stability, bandwidth, overall gain, disturbance, and sensitivity.
r +
y
e
G
_ H If H D 0 ) open loop system. The input-output relation is M D
Textbook: Automatic Control Systems
y G D r 1 C GH 3
Author: B. C. Kuo
1.2
Class Notes of Control Systems
Instructor: Dr. Chih-Chiang Cheng
1. Effect of Feedback on Overall Gain open-loop gain=G G 1 C GH The general effect of feedback is that it may increase or decrease the gain G, and the gain of the system could increase in one frequency range but decrease in another. closed-loop gain=
2. Effect of Feedback on Stability If GH D
1, the system becomes unstable.
Feedback can improve stability or be harmful to stability if it is not properly applied. 3. Effect of Feedback on Sensitivity Definition 1.2.1 The sensitivity of the gain of the overall system M to the variation in G is defined as @M percentage change in M SGM D M D @G percentage change in G G I. if M D
G (closed-loop), then 1 C GH SGM D
.1 C GH / GH @M G D @G M .1 C GH /2
G G 1CGH
D
1 1 C GH
) Sensitivity can be made arbitrarily small by increasing GH . Note: GH is a function of frequency. II. if M D G (open loop), then SGM D 1. 4. Effect of Feedback on External Disturbance or Noise A good control system should be insensitive to noise and disturbances and sensitive to input commands. Consider the following system: n + r
++
e
G1
e1 +
e2
G2
y
_
H
I. Open loop system: H D0
Textbook: Automatic Control Systems
) y D G1 G2 e C G2 n; 4
eDr
Author: B. C. Kuo
1.3
Class Notes of Control Systems
Instructor: Dr. Chih-Chiang Cheng
II. Closed-loop system: yD
1.3
G1 G2 G2 rC n 1 C G1 G2 H 1 C G1 G2 H
Types of Feedback Control System
Feedback control systems may be classified in a number of ways, depending upon the purpose of the classification. 1. linear versus nonlinear control systems
Linear: r
+ _
G1
G2
y
Nonlinear:
b
Saturation
Ideal relay
Dead band
2. time-invariant versus time-varying systems time-invariant system: Parameters of a control system are stationary with respect to time during the operation of the system. Otherwise: time-varying system. 3. Continuous-data versus discrete-data systems Continuous-data systems: the signals at various parts of the system are all functions of the continuous time variable t. Discrete-data systems: the signals at one or more points of the system are in the form of either a pulse train or a digital code.
