Chapter 2: Wireless IP Network Architectures

Chapter 2: Wireless IP Network Architectures

This material is protected under all Copyright Laws as they currently exist. ©2004 Jyh-Cheng Chen and Tao Zhang, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Notwithstanding user’s ability to use and modify the PowerPoint Slides, it is understood that the original version of these slides, as well as any and all modifications thereof, and all corresponding copyrights, shall at all times remain the property of Jyh-Cheng Chen and Tao Zhang, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Jyh-Cheng Chen and Tao Zhang

IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. January 2004

Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outline

2.1 3GPP Packet Data Networks 2.1.1 Network Architecture 2.1.2 Protocol Reference Model 2.1.3 Packet Data Protocols, Bearers, and Connections for Packet Services 2.1.4 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context 2.1.5 Steps for a Mobile to Access 3GPP Packet-Switched Services 2.1.6 User Packet Routing and Transport 2.1.7 Configuring PDP Addresses on Mobile Stations 2.1.8 GPRS Attach Procedure 2.1.9 PDP Context Activation and Modification 2.1.10 Radio Access Bearer Assignment 2.1.11 Packet-Switched Domain Protocol Stacks 2.1.12 Accessing IP Networks through PS Domain

2.1 3GPP Packet Data Networks 2.2 3GPP2 Packet Data Networks 2.3 MWIF All-IP Mobile Networks


2


3

4


Fig. 2.1 3GPP conceptual network architecture (Release 5) PSTN and Circuit-Switched Wireless Network

2.1.1 Network Architecture Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN): a public network administrated by a single network operator for providing land mobile services Radio Access Networks (RANs)   

GSM/EDGE RAN (GERAN) UMTS Terrestrial RAN (UTRAN) Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRANs)

External IP Networks

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

GMSC Circuit Switched Domain

MSC + VLR

GGSN Information Servers Shared by PS and CS Domain (HSS, EIR, AuC)

SGSN Core Network

Core Network (CN)    

Circuit-Switched (CS) Domain Packet-Switched (PS) Domain IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Information Servers


Packet Switched Domain

GSM RAN (i.e., Base Station Subsystems)

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) Radio Access Networks

5


6

1

2.1.1.1 Mobile Devices, Subscribers, and Their Identifiers

GERAN and UTRAN GERAN 

Mobile Station (MS): in GSM User Equipment (UE): in UMTS

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)  Base Transceiver Station (BTS)



 Base Station Controller (BSC)

 Terminal Equipment (TE)

UTRAN 

Mobile Equipment (ME)  Mobile Termination (MT)

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)



 Node B



Terminal Adapter (TA)

UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

 Radio Network Controller (RNC)


7

Fig. 2.2 Functional architecture of an user equipment (UE)


8

Identifiers International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI): identify MT

UE ME



International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): globally unique and permanently assigned for each subscriber

MT

USIM TE

TA




manufacturer, country, type

9

Fig. 2.3 Structure of International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

stored on USIM


10

Identifiers (Cont.) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) 

No more than 15 digits



3 digits

2 – 3 digits



4-octet number assigned to a mobile temporarily by a MSC/VLR or by a SGSN P-TMSI mapping between TMSI and IMSI: only known by mobile and network

IP address Mobile Country Code (MCC)

Mobile Network Code (MNC)

Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN)

 


11

single or multiple may acquire an IP address only when necessary


12

2

2.1.1.2 Circuit-Switched Domain in Core Network

Switching vs. Call Control

Mobile-services Switching Center (MSC) Gateway MSC (GMSC) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and Authentication Center (AuC)


13

2.1.1.3 Packet-Switched Domain in the Core Network

14

Access control Location management: track the locations of mobiles; may report the location information to the HLR Route management: maintain and relay user traffic between the mobile and the GGSN Paging: initiating paging to idle mobiles Interface with service control platforms: contact point with CAMEL (Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic)

15

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Packet routing and forwarding center: all user packets to and from a mobile in a PLMN will be sent first to a GGSN (refer to as the mobile’s serving GGSN) Route and mobility management: maintain a route to the SGSN that is currently serving a mobile and uses the route to exchange the user traffic with the SGSN



Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Network access control: registration, authentication and authorization, admission control, message filtering, usage data collection Packet routing and transport: route user packets toward their destinations Mobility management: tracking the locations of mobile terminals, initiating paging, maintaining up-to-date routes Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

MSC Server: call control and mobility management CS Media Gateway (CS-MGW): circuit switching, media conversion, payload processing (e.g., echo canceller, codec), payload transport

17


16

Identifiers of SGSN and GGSN IP address 

may be private IP address

SGSN Number and GGSN Number 

used primarily with non-IP protocols, e.g., MAP or other SS7-based protocols


18

3

2.1.1.5 Information Servers

2.1.1.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem

Shared by CS and PS domains Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

Release 5 introduced the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Support real-time voice and multimedia IP services Use the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for signaling and session control for all real-time multimedia services Will be discussed in Chapter 3

  

Authentication Center (AuC)  

maintain information to authenticate each user and to encrypt the communication accessed by the HSS

Equipment Identity Register (EIR) 


master logical database maintain user subscription information to control network services Home Location Registrar (HLR): main component of HSS which maintains users’ identities, locations, and service subscription information

maintain IMEIs of the subscribers

19

To external IP networks

To PSTN

Fig. 2.4

2.1.2 Protocol Reference Model

Gi

C

Nc



Gc HSS (HLR)

H

EIR

Gf

AuC Gn Gr

F

VLR

VLR B

E

GGSN

D

G B

Gs

SGSN

MSC Server Mc

NC

Iu-PS Gb

CS-MGW

Core Network

CS-MGW

many interfaces use MAP protocol

Nb A

PS CN Internal Interfaces

A IuCS

Iu-CS

Iu-CS Iur UTRAN

BSC

RNC

Abis Traffic interface Signaling interface

GSM BSS

BTS

BTS

RAN Internal Interfaces



Uu

 




Abis Um



22

A or Iu-CS: CS CN domain Gb or Iu-PS: PS CN domain

UTRAN 

Iub Iur: logical signaling interface Uu


MT

GERAN

UTRAN 

Node B Cell Cell

RAN-to-CN Interfaces

GERAN 

Node B Cell Cell

Um Radio Access Networks

21

RNC

Iub

MT


Gp

Gi

Go

GMSC Server

Nb

MSC Server Mc

To external To GGSN in IP networks Other networks

IMS Mc CS-MGW

RAN Internal Interfaces RAN-to-CN Interfaces CS CN Internal Interfaces

20




Iu-CS: CS CN domain Iu-PS: PS CN domain

One and only one mode  

23

A/Gb mode Iu mode


24

4

Fig. 2.5 Protocol reference model for 3GPP PS domain D

MSC + VLR

Mobile

RNC

Uu

Gr

SGSN

Iub

IuPS

UTRAN

Packet Data Protocol (PDP): used to exchange user packets over a 3GPP PS CN domain Packet Data Unit (PDU): user packet transported inside a 3GPP network over traffic bearer Traffic bearer: a set of network resources and data transport functions used to deliver user traffic between two network entities

HSS/HLR

Gs

Node B

2.1.3 Packet Data Protocols, Bearers, and Connections for Packet Services

Gc External Packet Network

GGSN Gn

Gi

PS CN Gp

GGSN PS CN in different PLMN

25


Fig. 2.6 3GPP bearers (connections) for supporting packet-switched services Mobile

RNC

SGSN

Radio Bearer

Lower Layer Bearers

The (Traffic) Radio Bearers, Iu (Traffic) Bearers, Radio Access Bearers, and CN Bearers are managed by different protocols and procedures.

GGSN

CN Bearer

Iu Bearer

 Lower Layer Bearers

Lower Layer Bearers

 Iu

27

Fig. 2.7 Signaling and traffic connections between mobile and SGSN

Mobile

Signaling Radio Bearer

Mobile-SGSN Signaling Connection

Iu Signaling Bearer


28

Connections Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection

RANAP Connection

RNC

allows different protocols and procedures to be used; evolve with less dependency on each other facilitates mobility management

Gn


RRC Connection

26

Separation of Bearers

3GPP Bearer

Radio Access Bearer (RAB)


SGSN

 

Signaling Radio Bearer Traffic Radio Bearer

Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) connection Traffic Radio Bearer




Iu Traffic Bearer




29

Iu Signaling Bearers Iu Traffic Bearers Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

30

5

2.1.4 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context

PDP States

A set of information that the network uses to determine how to forward user packets destined to and originated from a particular PDP address Contain the following main information  



ACTIVE state 



INACTIVE state 

PDP Address Routing Information: identifiers of tunnels and Access Point Name (APN) Quality of Service (QoS) Profiles: QoS Profile Subscribed, QoS Profile Requested, QoS Profile Negotiated


 





31

Fig. 2.8 3GPP PDP context state transitions

32

State Transition PDP Context Activation PDP Context Modification

PDP Context ACTIVE





PDP Context Activation

modify the PDP Address or the attributes of the QoS profile Release 5 only allows the GGSN-initiated PDP Context Modification

PDP Context Deactivation

PDP Context INACTIVE


may contain a valid PDP address, but will not contain valid routing and mapping information needed to determine how to process PDP packets no user data can be transferred changing location of a mobile user will not cause an update for the PDP context If a GGSN has user packets to send to a mobile, the GGSN may use Network-requested PDP Context Activation procedure to change the PDP context of the destination mobile into ACTIVE state. The GGSN may also discard packets destined to a mobile if the corresponding PDP context is in INACTIVE state.


PDP Context Modification

PDP Context Deactivation or Mobility Management state changes to PMM-IDLE or PMM-DETACHED

contains update-to-date information for forwarding PDP packets between the mobile and the GGSN RABs may be established only when there are user packets

33

34


2.1.5 Steps for a Mobile to Access 3GPP Packet-Switched Services

HSS

GPRS Attach

SGSN

Fig. 1.9 Three-phased access to 3GPP packet-switched network and services

Mobile

GPRS Attach PDP Context Activation and RAB Establishment Register with the IMS

(a) Phase 1: Mobile registers with PS CN via GPRS Attach

1. Activate PDP Context Request 2. PDP Context Activation 3. Establish Radio Access Bearer Mobile

SGSN

GGSN

4. Activate PDP Context Accept

(b) Phase 2: Activate PDP Context and establish Radio Access Bearer.

SGSN

GGSN

Registration with IMS

IMS

Mobile


35

(c) Phase 3: Registers with the IMS (only if the mobile wishes to use services provided by IMS). Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

36

6

PDP Context Activation and RAB Establishment

GPRS Attach A mobile registers with SGSN. A mobile provides its identity and service requirements to the SGSN and will be authenticated and authorized by the SGSN. Establish a Mobility Management Context on the mobile, in the RAN, and on the SGSN. This allows the RAN and the SGSN to track the mobile’s location. Establish a signaling connection between the mobile and the SGSN. The mobile and the SGSN use this signaling connection to exchange signaling and control messages needed to perform the GPRS Attach procedure. Allow the mobile to access some services provided by the SGSN. Such services include sending and receiving SMS messages and being paged by the SGSN. Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

37

38


2.1.6 User Packet Routing and Transport

Register with the IMS When a mobile wishes to use the IPbased real-time voice or multimedia services provided by the IMS, the mobile needs to perform registration with the IMS. SIP registration procedure is used for a user to register with the IMS. Will be described in detail in Chapter 3 Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

A mobile can request the network to establish and activate a PDP Context for its PDP address after the mobile has performed GPRS Attach successfully. A successful PDP context activation will trigger the PS CN domain to establish the CN Bearer and the RAB. A mobile will be able to send and receive user packets over the PS CN domain.

Inside the PS CN domain, IP is the main protocol for transporting user packets between network nods. IP is used for routing between GGSNs. Routing of user packets between SGSN and GGSN is based on GPRS-specific protocols and procedures.

39

40


IP Network

Fig. 2.10

Packet Routing

GGSN

Gn

Gn GTP Tunnel

GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP): routing and mobility management

SGSN

SGSN

Iu GTP Tunnel

GTP Tunnel

maintain an individual routing entry as part of a PDP context for every mobile terminal that has an active PDP context

RNC

RNC

User packets

Radio Bearer

Source Mobile Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

GTP Tunnel

Iu

Host-specific routes are used to forward user packets between a mobile and a GGSN. 

Gi

GGSN

GGSN acts as a central point for routing of all user packets. User packets are tunneled between RNC and SGSN, between SGSN and GGSN, and between two SGSNs. 

Gi

41

Radio Bearer

Destination Mobile


42

7

Mapping between Identifiers

IP Address

Packets addressed to the PDP address are delivered by the lower protocol to the IP layer through the Service Access Point. 



PDP Context

PDP Address

PDP Address

IMSI

IMSI

P-TMSI

P-TMSI

……

……

NSAPI

NSAPI

RAB ID

identified by a Network-layer Service Access Point Identifier (NSAPI) a unique NAPSI is used for each IP address

RAB ID

RAB ID

NSAPI

TEID


Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (TEID) 

PDP Context

RB ID

exchanged during tunnel setup process

RB ID

TEID

TEID

Radio Bearer (RB)

Radio Access Bearer Identifier (RAB ID) Radio Bearer Identifier (RB ID)

Mobile

TEID GTP Tunnel

Iu Bearer

RNC

SGSN

GGSN

Mapping X Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

43

2.1.7 Configuring PDP Addresses on Mobile Stations

44

Dynamic PDP Address from an External IP Network

Use a static PDP address assigned by the visited 3GPP network Use a static PDP address assigned by an external IP network Acquire a PDP address dynamically from the visited 3GPP network Acquire a PDP address dynamically from an external IP network Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Y


The visited PS domain first activates a PDP context without a PDP address for the mobile. The visited PS CN will not forward other user packets to or from the mobile before a valid PDP address is added to the mobile’s PDP context. The mobile’s serving GGSN in the visited network will have to learn the PDP address assigned to the mobile.

45


MS

New SGSN

Old SGSN

EIR

GGSN

46

HLR

Attach Request

2.1.8 GPRS Attach Procedure

Identification Request

Fig. 2.12

Identification Response Identity Request Identity Response

GPRS Attach procedure to attach to the PS domain IMSI Attach procedure to attach to the CS domain May combine GPRS Attach procedure and IMSI Attach procedure to attach to the PS and the CS domain simultaneously

Authentication and Authorization

IMEI Verification

Authentication and Authorization

IMEI verification Update Location Cancel Location Cancel Location ACK Delete PDP Context Request Delete PDP Context Response Insert Subscriber Data Insert Subscriber Data ACK Update Location ACK

Attach Accept


47

Attach Complete Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

48

8

2.1.9 PDP Context Activation and Modification

Attach Request Identifiers of the mobile: P-TMSI or its IMSI, but not both P-TMSI Signature:   

3-octet number assigned to the mobile by the SGSN that assigned the P-TMSI used by the SGSNs to authenticate a P-TMSI can also be used by the mobile to authenticate the network node that is assigning the P-TMSI

Attach Type: indicate whether the Attach Request is for GPRS Attach only, GPRS Attach while already IMSI attached, or combined GPRS/IMSI Attach Location information: Routing Area Identity (RAI) (will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 4) Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

PDP Address allocation: The network allocates an PDP address to the mobile if needed. CN Bearer Establishment: The network creates and activates the PDP context on GGSN and SGSN and establishes all the necessary bearers between SGSN and GGSN for transporting user and signaling traffic for the activated PDP context. RAB Assignment: The network establishes the Radio Access Bearers to carry user traffic.

49

2.1.9 PDP Context Activation and Modification (Cont.)


2.1.9.1 Mobile-Initiated PDP Context Activation and Modification Activate PDP Context Request

2.1.9.1 Mobile-Initiated PDP Context Activation and Modification 2.1.9.2 Network-Requested PDP Context Activation 2.1.9.3 PDP Context Modification





   


51

Fig. 2.13 3GPP mobile-initiated PDP context activation

1. Activate PDP Context Request

RNC

SGSN

2. Create PDP Context Request

GGSN

8. Activate PDP Context Accept




6. Update PDP Context Request

APN Network Identifier APN Operator Identifier: identify the PLMN (optional)

Same name syntax as the Internet Domain Name Domain Name System (DNS) can be used to translate an APN to an IP address

7. Update PDP Context Response


52

Select a service (or a GGSN) in the PS domain or a contact point in an external packet network Contain two main parts 

4. Establish or Modify Radio Access Bearers

Mobile

PDP Address: either 0.0.0.0 or specified by the mobile Network-layer Service Access Point Identifier (NSAPI) PDP Type Access Point Name (APN) QoS Requested PDP Configuration Options: optional PDP parameters directly with GGSN

Access Point Name (APN)

3. Create PDP Context Response

5. Invoke Trace

50

53


54

9

Create PDP Context Request

Create PDP Context Response TEID: to identify the GGSN side of the GTP tunnel PDP Address:

NSAPI: copied from Activate PDP Context Request PDP Type: copied from Activate PDP Context Request PDP Address: from the Activate PDP Context Request message APN: selected by SGSN QoS negotiated: QoS profile the SGSN agrees to support Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (TEID): created by SGSN based on mobile’s IMSI and on the NSAPI in the Activate PDP Context Request Selection Mode: whether the APN was subscribed by mobile or selected by SGSN Charging Characteristics: what kind of charging the PDP context is liable for PDP Configuration Options: copied from the Activate PDP Context Request


 

a PDP address assigned by the GGSN 0.0.0.0 if the mobile asks to acquire from an external network

QoS Negotiated: QoS profile agreed by the GGSN PDP Configuration Options: relayed by intermediate nodes transparently to the mobile

55

Fig. 2.14 3GPP networkrequested PDP context activation

2.1.9.2 Network-Requested PDP Context Activation GGSN must have static information about the PDP address 

HSS/HLR

For example, the GGSN needs to know the mobile’s IMSI in order to query the HLR

A Request PDP Context Activation message to the mobile to instruct the mobile to start the Mobile-initiated PDP Context Activation procedure described in Figure 2.13 Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Send Routing Info for GPRS ACK

2. Send Routing Info for GPRS 1. User packets

4. PDU Notification Request 5. PDU Notification Response 6. Request PDP Context Activation SGSN

GGSN

7. Mobile-Initiated PDP Context Activation Mobile

57


58

Fig. 2.15 3GPP GGSN-initiated PDP context modification

2.1.9.3 PDP Context Modification Active PDP context can be modified PDP address: only a GGSN can initiate the process to modify the PDP address in an active PDP context QoS profiles: can be initiated by the mobile, GGSN, SGSN, or the RAN


56


59

RNC

2. Modify PDP Context Request

SGSN

1. Update PDP Context Request

GGSN

3. Modify PDP Context Accept

4. RAB Assignment Procedure (to modify existing RABs) Mobile

5. Update PDP Context Response


60

10

2.1.10 Radio Access Bearer Assignment

Update PDP Context Request

RAB Assignment: assignment, modification and release of RAB In R5, can only be initiated by the network

TEID: identify the SGSN end of the GTP tunnel NSAPI: identify the PDP context to be modified PDP Address: a new PDP address if the GGSN wishes to modify the PDP Address (optional) QoS Requested: new QoS profile suggested by the GGSN



Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol will be used to establish, maintain, and release the Radio Bearers SGSN negotiates with the RAN about the QoS profile for the mobile

61


Fig. 1.16 3GPP Radio Access Bearer Assignment

RNC

3. RAB Assignment Responses

2.1.11 Packet-Switched Domain Protocol Stacks 2.1.11.1 Gn and Gp interfaces and the GPRS Tunneling Protocol 2.1.11.2 The Iu-PS Interface 2.1.11.3 Gi, Gr, Gc, and Gs Interfaces 2.1.11.4 Mobile-to-GGSN Protocol Stacks

SGSN

Mobile


63


64

Fig. 1.17 3GPP Gn and Gp interface protocol stacks

2.1.11.1 Gn and Gp interfaces and the GPRS Tunneling Protocol Gn: between SGSN and GGSN as well as SGSNs in the same PLMN Gp: between an SGSN and a GGSN in a different PLMN GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) is used for both user plane and control plane


62


1. RAB Assignment Request 2. Establish, modify, and release Radio Bearers

initiated by the SGSN upon triggered by other network entities in the CN or the RAN

65

GTP-U

GTP-U

GTP-C

GTP-C

UDP

UDP

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

IP

IP

Layer 2

Layer 2

Layer 2

Layer 2

Layer 1

Layer 1

Layer 1

SGSN

GGSN

Layer 1 SGSN

GGSN (a) Gn and Gp Interface User Plane.

(b) Gn and Gp Interface Control Plane.


66

11

GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

GTP Messages Tunnel Management: activate, modify and remove PDP Contexts and their associated GTP tunnels Location Management: used by a GGSN to retrieve location information from the HLR Mobility Management: used between SGSNs to transfer mobility related information Path Management: used by a node to determine if a peer node is alive and to inform the peer node of what GTP header extensions it can support

GTP-C: manage (create, modify, and release) GTP-U tunnels, manage PDP contexts, location management, and mobility management 

multiple PDP contexts with the same PDP address will share a common GTP-C tunnel

GTP-U: establish and manage GTP tunnels used to tunnel user packets 

one GTP-U tunnel between SGSN and GGSN will be established for every active PDP context


67


68

Fig. 2.18 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) header format

GTP Header Format

8

7

6

Version

Version: 1 for the current version PT (Protocol Type): for 3GPP CN or GPRS/GSM E (Extension header Flag): indicates whether the Next Extension Header is present S (Sequence Number flag): indicates if the Sequence Number field is present PN (N-PDU Number Flag): indicates whether the N-PDU Number field is present Message Type: indicates the type of the GTP message N-PDU Number: used in inter-SGSN Routing Area Update procedure and some inter-system handoff procedures for coordinating data transmission between a mobile terminal and a SGSN

5

4

3

2

1

PT

(*)

E

S

PN

Message Type Length (1st octet) Length (2nd octet) Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (1st octet) Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (2nd octet) Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (3rdoctet) Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (4th octet) Sequence Number (optional) (1st octet) Sequence Number (optional) (2nd octet) N-PDU Number (optional) Next Extension Header Type (optional)


69

70

Fig. 2.19 3GPP Iu-PS interface protocol stacks

2.1.11.2 The Iu-PS Interface Tunnel Management: establishing, maintaining and releasing the GTP tunnels between a RNC and a SGSN Radio Access Bearer Management: establishing, maintaining and releasing Radio Access Bearers (RABs) Radio Resource Management: Radio Resource Admission Control by RNC Mobility Management: handoff between RNC; paging; positioning services



71

GTP-U

GTP-U

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

Layer 2

Layer 2

Layer 1

Layer 1

RNC

(a) Iu-PS User Plane.

SGSN

RANAP

RANAP

SCCP

SCCP

Signaling Bearer

Signaling Bearer

AAL 5

AAL 5

ATM RNC

ATM (b) Iu-PS Control Plane.

SGSN

RANAP: Radio Access Network Application Part SCCP: Signaling Connection Control Part


72

12

Fig. 2.20 3GPP Gi interface protocol stack

2.1.11.3 Gi, Gr, Gc, and Gs Interfaces Gi: used by GGSN to connect to any external IP network Gr: between SGSN and HLR Gc: between GGSN and HLR Gs: between SGSN and MSC/VLR


MAP

MAP TCAP

IP Layer 2

Layer 1

Layer 1 Gi

GGSN

73

Fig. 2.21 3GPP control-plane protocol stack between SGSN (or GGSN) and HLR

TCAP

IP Layer 2

External IP Network

74


Fig. 2.22 3GPP control-plane protocol stack between GGSN and HLR based on GTP

GTP-C

MAP

MAP

TCAP

TCAP

GTP-C

SCCP

SCCP

UDP

UDP

SCCP

SCCP

Signaling Bearer

Signaling Bearer

IP

IP

MTP 3

MTP 3

Layer 2

Gr or Gc SGSN or GGSN

Layer 1

HLR

TCAP: Transaction Capabilities Application Part


Layer 2

MTP 2

Layer 1

Layer 1

Gn

GGSN

75

Fig. 2.23 3GPP control-plane protocol stack between SGSN and MSC/VLR

MTP 2 Layer 1 Gc

GSN serving as Protocol Converter

HLR


76

2.1.11.4 Mobile-to-GGSN Protocol Stacks Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 

Header compression for higher-layer data streams  IP Header Compression (IPHC)

BSSAP+

BSSAP+

SCCP

SCCP

Signaling Bearer

 Robust Header Compression (ROHC) 

Signaling Bearer Gs

SGSN



MSC

BSSAP+: Base Station System Application Part+


77

Mapping higher-layer data into the underlying radio interface protocols Maintaining data transmission orders for upper layer protocols that have such requirement


78

13

Fig. 2.24 3GPP user-plane protocol stack between mobile and GGSN

Radio Link Control (RLC) Provides logical link control over the radio interfaces A mobile can have multiple RLC connections Support

Applications

PDP (e.g., IP, PPP)

PDP (e.g., IP, PPP)

 

PDCP

PDCP

RLC

RLC



GTP-U

GTP-U

GTP-U

GTP-U

UDP

UDP

UDP

UDP



IP

IP

IP

IP



MAC

Layer 2

Layer 2

Layer 2

Layer 2



Layer 1

Layer 1

Layer 1

Layer 1



MAC Layer 1

Iu-Ps

Uu MS

Layer 1 Gn

UTRAN

SGSN

GGSN

79


Fig. 2.25 3GPP control-plane protocol stack between mobile and SGSN

GMM

SM

SMS

GMM

SM

RRC

RRC

RANAP

RLC

RLC

SCCP

SCCP

MAC

MAC

Signaling Bearer

Signaling Bearer

GPRS Mobility Management (GMM): support mobility management functions including GPRS Attach and Detach operations, security, and routing area update procedure. Session Management (SM): support PDP context activation, modification, and deactivation SMS (Short Message Service): support short messages

SMS

AAL 5

ATM MS

GMM, SM, and SMS

Layer 1 Uu

ATM Iu-PS

RNS


SGSN

81

82


Fig. 2.26 Access another IP network through 3GPP PS domain

2.1.12 Accessing IP Networks through PS Domain User registration (e.g., authentication and authorization) with the external IP network Dynamic assignment of IP addresses to the mobile by the external IP network Encryption of user data transported between the mobile and the external IP network Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

80


RANAP

AAL 5 Layer 1

Broadcast information related to the RAN and the CN to the mobiles Establish, maintain, and release RRC connections Establish, maintain, and release Radio Bearers Paging Radio power control Control of radio measurement and reporting Control of the on and off of ciphering between the mobile and the RAN

83

User Traffic

RNC

SGSN

Router

GGSN

External IP Network

Gi Mobile

RAN

3GPP PS Domain


84

14

Transparent Access vs. Nontransparent Access

2.1.12 Accessing IP Networks through PS Domain

Transparent Access: The GGSN does not participate in any interaction between the mobile and the external IP network except transporting user packets. Non-transparent Access: The GGSN participates in at least one of the interactions between the mobile and the external IP network described above.


2.1.12.1 Transparent Access 2.1.12.2 Non-Transparent Access Using Mobile IP 2.1.12.3 Acquiring IP Address Dynamically Using DHCP from an External Network 2.1.12.4 Dial-up Access Using PPP

85

86


Fig. 2.27 Protocol stacks for transparent to IP networks through 3GPP PS CN

2.1.12.1 Transparent Access Gain access to a GGSN in the local PS CN Acquire an IP address from the local PS domain to use as its PDP address in local PS CN domain Register with the external IP network

Higher-Layer IP Protocols (e.g., MIP, IPsec)

Higher-Layer IP Protocols (e.g., MIP, IPsec)

UDP/TCP

UDP/TCP

IP

IP

IP

IP

Layer 2

Layer 2

3GPP Packet Domain Bearer Layer 1

Layer 1 Gi

Mobile Terminal


87

2.1.12.2 Non-Transparent Access Using Mobile IP

GGSN

External IP Network

88


Fig. 2.28 Protocol stacks for non-transparent access to IP networks through PS CN domain

GGSN also serves as a MIPv4 FA Mobile uses the IP address of the GGSN as its FA CoA HA may be inside an external IP network

MIPv4

MIPv4 Foreign Agent

MIPv4

UDP

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

IP

UDP IP

Layer 2

Layer 2

3GPP Packet Domain Bearer Layer 1

Layer 1 Gi

Mobile Terminal


89

GGSN

External IP Network


90

15

Fig. 2.29 Mobile

GGSN With Mobile IP FA

SGSN

Activate PDP Context Request (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0 APN=MIPv4FA)

Activate PDP Context Accept (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

Mobile IP HA

Create PDP Context Request (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0 APN=MIPv4FA)

Before an IP address is assigned to the mobile by the external IP network, the PS CN domain should be able to relay DHCP messages between the mobile and external DHCP server. When an IP address is assigned to the mobile by the external IP network, the mobile’s PDP contexts on the SGSN and the GGSN need to be updated to include the mobile’s IP address.

Create PDP Context Response (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

Mobile IP Agent Advertisement

Mobile IP Registration Request (CoA = FA CoA = Address of GGSN)

2.1.12.3 Acquiring IP Address Dynamically Using DHCP from an External Network

Mobile IP Registration Request (CoA = FA CoA = Address of GGSN) Mobile IP Registration Reply Extract mobile’s home address And enter it to PDP Context

Mobile IP Registration Reply

GGSN-initiated PDP Context Modification

91


Fig. 2.30 3GPP protocol stacks for supporting IP address assignment by external network using DHCP

Fig. 2.31 Mobile

DHCP Relay Agent

Activate PDP Context Request (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

UDP

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

IP

IP

Lower Layers Mobile Station

Lower Layers Lower Layers GGSN

DHCP Server in External IP Network

Create PDP Context Request (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0) Create PDP Context Response (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

DHCPDISCOVER

DHCP Server Process

UDP

GGSN with DHCP Relay Agent

SGSN

Activate PDP Context Accept (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

DHCP Client Process

92


DHCPDISCOVER

DHCPOFFER

DHCPOFFER

DHCPREQUEST

DHCPREQUEST

Lower Layers

DHCPACK

External IP Network

Extract IP Address Assigned to Mobile DHCPACK

GGSN-initiated PDP Context Modification


93

2.1.12.4 Dial-up Access Using PPP

Fig. 2.32 Protocol stacks for dialup through 3GPP packet domain to an IP network

Dialup refers to the process of establishing a link-layer connection to an IP network PPP connection is a natural choice for implementing the portion of a dialup connection over the PS domain L2TP may be used to extend the PPP connection from GGSN to external IP network


94


95

PPP

Lower Layers Mobile

PPP

Lower Layers

Protocols for tunneling over IP network (e.g., L2TP)

Protocols for tunneling over IP network (e.g., L2TP)

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

Lower Layers

Lower Layers

GGSN (LAC)

LNS in External IP Network


96

16

Fig. 2.33 Signaling flows for dialup through 3GPP packet domain to an IP network Visited Network

1. Activate PDP Context Request (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

4. Activate PDP Context Accept (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

Mobile

External IP Network

2. Create PDP Context Request (PDD Address = 0.0.0.0)

SGSN

3. Create PDP Context Response (PDP Address = 0.0.0.0)

GGSN

6. L2TP Negotiation

LNS

5. Establish PPP and Configure IP over PPP

2.2.1 3GPP2 Network Architecture

98


Radio Networks (RNs) cdma2000 base station

Core network 

2.2.1 3GPP2 Network Architecture 2.2.2 3GPP2 Packet Data Network Architecture 2.2.3 Protocol Reference Model 2.2.4 Access to 3GPP2 Packet Data Network 2.2.5 User Packet Routing and Transport 2.2.6 Protocol Stacks for Packet Data Services

97




2.2 3GPP2 PACKET DATA NETWORKS

circuit-switched domain packet-switched domain

 

Radio Networks (RNs): based on circuitswitched technologies and is used for both circuit-switched and packetswitched services

 

Base Station (BS)  

99


Fig. 2.34 3GPP2 conceptual network architecture Circuit Switched Core Network Servers (e.g., SCP, VMS, MC, PDE, NPDB, SN)

PSTN

MSC C


100

2.2.1.1 Circuit-Switched Core Network 

 VLR

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Information Servers 

Pi

B

A HLR

Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver System (BTS)

Switching and call control components Ai

Radio Network

System ID (SID): identify a system Network ID (NID): identify a network pair (SID, NID) (SID, NID): uniquely identify a network within a system



Home Location Registrar (HLR) Visitor Location Registrar (VLR) Equipment Identity Registrar (EIR)

Service control servers BTS

BSC

Packet Switched Core Network Aquinter

AAA Server Pi

 HA  Pi Pi

Aquater PCF

IP Network

 

PDSN

 


101

Service Control Point (SCP) Voice Message System (VMS) Message Center (MC) Position Determining Entity (PDE) Number Portability Database (NPDB) Service Node (SN) Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

102

17

2.2.2 3GPP2 Packet Data Network Architecture

2.2.2.1 Functional Architecture

2.2.2.1 Functional Architecture 2.2.2.2 Reference Network Architecture


103

Fig. 2.35 3GPP2 packet data network functional architecture

RRC

MS

PCF

PDSN

104

Route IP packets between the 3GPP2 network and any external IP networks Route IP packets between mobile terminals inside the same operator’s 3GPP2 network Act as an IP address server to assign IP address to mobiles Act as a PPP server for mobiles (i.e., establish, maintain and terminate PPP session to a mobile terminal) Provide mobility management functions (FA) Communicate with an AAA server to authenticate and/or authorize MS

AAA

105

Packet Control Function (PCF)


106

Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Establish, maintain, and terminate layer-2 connections to the PDSN Maintain reachability information for mobile terminals Relay IP packets between RN and PDSN Tracks status of radio resources Communicate with RRC function on the BSC to manage radio resources Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)

HA


Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) Packet Control Function (PCF) Radio Resource Control (RRC) Mobile Station (MS) Home Agent (HA) Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA)

107

Establish, maintain, and terminate radio connections to mobiles and management radio resources allocated to these connections Broadcast system information to mobiles Maintain status of mobile terminals (e.g., active, dormant) Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

108

18

Fig. 2.36 Functional architecture of a mobile station (MS)

Mobile Station (MS) User Identity Module (UIM): removable or integrated into ME Mobile Equipment (ME)   

MS ME

Terminal Equipment (TE) Mobile Terminal (MT) Terminal Adapter (TA)

MT

TE

TA

UIM Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

109

2.2.2.2 Reference Network Architecture

Fig. 2.37 3GPP2 packet data network reference physical architecture Home Access Visited Access Provider Network 1

Provider Network MSC/ VLR

Simple IP Access 



mobile is assigned an IP address dynamically by PDSN obtain a new IP address when MS moves to a new PDSN

Mobile IP Access 

HLR

Home AAA Home IP Network

IP Network

AAA Broker AAA Network

A10/A11

Mobile Terminal

111

PDSN

P-P Interface

Visited Access Provider Network 2

IPv6

SS7 Network

Visited AAA

RN

Mobile IP (v4 or v6)


110


HA

Home IP Network, Private Network, or Home Access Provider Network

PDSN Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

112

Relation with CS Network

PDSN acts as an IPv6 access router PPP is established between MS and PDSN IPv6 over PPP PDSN sends Router Advertisement MS can use IPv6 stateless autoconfiguration to construct and configure a local IPv6 address Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Many critical capabilities in PS network rely on CS network 

handoff, paging, connection setup

PS network does not directly interface with the CS network CS procedures are initiated by the BSC inside RN upon receiving data or requests from PCF 113


114

19

Fig. 2.38 3GPP2 protocol reference model

2.2.3 Protocol Reference Model

MSC

A Reference Point Ater Reference Point Aquinter Reference Point Aquarter Reference Point P-P Interface (optional) 

Call Control And Mobility Management

A1 (Signaling)

A2 (User Traffic)

Circuit Switch

PDSN

A5 (User Traffic)

P-P Interface

A Reference Point A3 (User Traffic) BSC2

A3 (Signaling)

A8 (User Traffic) BSC1

A9 (Signaling)

A10 (User Traffic) PCF

A11 (Signaling)

PDSN

A7 (Signaling)

PDSN-to-PDSN Interface is used support fast handoff between PDSNs

Ater Reference Point

Aquinter Reference Point

Aquater Reference Point (R-P interface)

Traffic interface Signaling interface Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

115

A Reference Point

117

Interface A3: carry signaling and user traffic between SDU on a source BSC and a target BTS for supporting soft handoff 

A3 signaling controls the allocation and use of A3 user traffic channels

Interface A7: carry other signaling information not carried by the A3 interface between a source and a target BS


118

Aquarter Reference Point (R-P Interface)

Aquinter Reference Point A8 interface: transport user data traffic A9 interface: signaling between a BSC and a PCF The A8 and A9 interfaces are also used to support mobility between BSCs under the same PCF


116

Ater Reference Point

Interface A1: carry signaling traffic between the Call Control and Mobility Management functions of the MSC and the Call Control function of the BSC Interface A2 and A5: carry different types of user traffic between the switch component of MSC and Selection and Distribution Unit (SDU) on BSC Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.


119

A10 interface: provide a path for user traffic A11 interface: signaling between the PCF and the PDSN The A10 and A11 interfaces are also used to support mobility between PCFs under the same PDSN


120

20

2.2.4 Access to 3GPP2 Packet Data Network

MS



Step 1

Establish A10 A9-Connect-A8

Establish PPP connection Mobile IP Agent Advertisement Mobile IP Registration Request

Authorization Request

Authorization Request Authorization Response

Authorization Response

Mobile IP Registration Request

Step 2

Mobile IP Registration Request Reply Mobile IP Registration Request Reply

Accounting Request Accounting Response

User packets over PPP

121

2.2.5 User Packet Routing and Transport

122


IP Network

Fig. 2.40

IP

IP

PDSN 2

PDSN 1

A10/A11

Mobile maintains a PPP connection to its serving PDSN All user packets to and from the mobile will be sent to the serving PDSN first A8 and A10 connections are implemented as IP tunnels using Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)

A10/A11 GRE Tunnel

GRE Tunnel

PCF 2

PCF 1

A8/A9

A8/A9 GRE Tunnel

GRE Tunnel PPP connections

BSC 2

BSC 1

User packets

Radio Bearer

Source Mobile

123

2.2.6 Protocol Stacks for Packet Data Services

Radio Bearer

Destination Mobile


124

2.2.6.1 Protocol Stacks over A9 and A11 Interfaces

Stacks over A9 and A11

Main messages of A9 

Stacks over A8 and A10

 

Stacks over P-P

 

Stacks Between Mobile


Mobile IP Home Agent

Assignment Complete

Step 2: MIPv4 registration

2.2.6.1 Protocol Interfaces 2.2.6.2 Protocol Interfaces 2.2.6.3 Protocol Interface 2.2.6.4 Protocol and PDSN

Home AAA Server

Fig. 2.39 3GPP2 Packet Service Activation (using Mobile IP)

A9-Setup-A8

Step 1-C: Establish PPP connection between mobile and PDSN.


Foreign AAA Server

PDSN

Establish Traffic radio channel

Step 1-A: Gain access to the Radio Network. Step 1-B: Setting up resources between the BSC and the PDSN.


PCF

CM Service Request

 May not need to set up A8 connection 

MSC

Assignment Request

Step 1: Gain access to PDSN 

BSC Origination ACK

125



A9-Setup-A8 and A9-Connect-A8 A9-Release-A8 and A9-Release-A8 Complete A9-Disconnect-A8 A9-Update-A8 and A9-Update-A8 Ack A9-Air Link (AL) Connected and A9-Air Link (AL) Connected Ack A9-Air Link (AL) Disconnected and A9-Air Link (AL) Disconnected Ack


126

21

2.2.6.1 Protocol Stacks over A9 and A11 Interfaces (Cont.)

Fig. 2.41 3GPP2 protocol stacks for the A9 and A11 interfaces

A11 signaling protocol is modeled after the Mobile IPv4 protocol  

PDSN acts as if it was a MIPv4 HA PCF acts as if it was a MIPv4 FA

Main messages of A11    

A11 Registration A11 Registration A11 Registration A11 Registration

A9 Signaling

Request Reply Update Acknowledge



C R K S s

Recur

Flags

Offset (optional)

Physical Layer

Physical Layer

Physical Layer A11

PCF

PDSN

128


GRE

GRE

GRE

IP

IP

IP

IP

Link Layer

Link Layer

Link Layer

Link Layer

Physical Layer

Physical Layer

A8

PCF

GRE

Physical Layer A10

PDSN


130

The P-P interface is an optional interface used to support fast inter-PDSN handoff (see 4.4.4) Two individual interfaces

Routing (optional)



(a) GRE header format.

Flags

Link Layer

2.2.6.3 Protocol Stacks over P-P Interface

Sequence Number (optional)

Recur

Link Layer

129

Key (optional)

C R K S s

UDP

Protocol Type

Checksum (optional)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 1 2 3 4 5

Link Layer

BSC

6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2

Ver

IP

Link Layer

Physical Layer

Fig. 2.43 Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) protocol header 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 1 2 3 4 5

IP

A9

UDP

Fig. 2.42 3GPP2 protocol stacks for the A8 and A10 interfaces

PCF Session Identifier (PCF SID) PDSN Session Identifier (PDSN SID)


IP

127

GRE encapsulates a user packet by adding a GRE header to the user packet Sequence Number: ensure packet delivery order Key: identify the IP packets to and from each mobile terminal 

A11 Signaling

IP

BSC

2.2.6.2 Protocol Stacks over A8 and A10 Interfaces

A11 Signaling

TCP/UDP

Physical Layer

Soft state: PCF periodically sends A11 Registration Request to refresh A10 connection


A9 Signaling

TCP/UDP



6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2

Ver

Protocol Type

Key

P-P Bearer Interface: P-P traffic connection to tunnel user packets between the PDSNs by GRE tunnel P-P Signaling Interface: signaling messages and procedures for managing the P-P traffic connections

Sequence Number (optional)

(b) Format of GRE header used for tunneling between PCF and PDSN or between BSC and PCF. Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

131


132

22

Fig. 2.44 Protocol stacks for the P-P interface

P-P Signaling

P-P Signaling

Modeled after the Mobile IPv4 protocol  

Serving PDSN acts as if it was a MIPv4 HA Target PDSN acts as if it was a proxy/MIPv4 FA

Main messages of A11    

A11 A11 A11 A11

P-P Signaling

UDP

UDP

IP, IPsec

IP, IPsec

Link Layer

Link Layer

Physical Layer

Physical Layer

Target PDSN

Serving PDSN (a) Control-plane protocol stack

Registration Request Registration Reply Registration Update Registration Acknowledge

GRE

GRE

IP, IPsec

IP, IPsec

Link Layer

Link Layer

Physical Layer

Physical Layer

Target PDSN

Serving PDSN (b) User-plane protocol stack

133


Fig. 2.45 3GPP2 protocol stacks for user data between mobile terminal and PDSN (without P-P interface)

2.2.6.4 Protocol Stacks Between Mobile and PDSN Mobile is not in the process of fast inter-PDSN handoff (without P-P interface) 

Link Access Control (LAC): establish, use, modify, remove of radio links



IP

IP

PPP

PPP

LAC

With P-P interface Signaling between a mobile and its serving PDSN 

Link Physical

GRE

GRE

GRE

GRE

IP

IP

IP

IP

Link

Link

LAC

Link

Link

Physical Physical

Mobile

135

BSC

IP

IP

Link

Link

Link

Physical Physical A8

Set up PPP MIPv4 registration Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

134


Physical Physical

PCF

Serving PDSN

CH

136


Fig. 2.46 Protocol stacks for end-to-end user traffic transport when P-P interface is used

Fig. 2.47 3GPP2 protocol stacks for signaling between mobile terminal and PDSN MIPv4 Client

UDP

UDP IP

IP

IP PPP

IP

IP

GRE

PPP

PPP

LAC

LAC

Link

Link

Physical

GRE

GRE

GRE

Link IP

IP

IP

IP

IP

IP

Link

Link

Link

Link

Link

Link

Physical Physical


Mobile

GRE

IP

MIPv4 Foreign Agent

UDP

PPP GRE

IP

Physical

A10 (R-P)

BSC

Physical Physical

A10 (R-P) PCF

Link

GRE LAC

IP

Physical Physical

Physical

P-P Target PDSN

MAC Physical

Serving PDSN

137

GRE

MAC

IP

Link

GRE

IP

Link

Physical Physical

CH

BSC

IP

Link

Link Layer

Link


Mobile


GRE

LAC

Physical

Physical

A10 PCF


Serving PDSN

138

23

2.3 MWIF ALL-IP MOBILE NETWORKS

2.3.1 Network Architectures

MWIF seeks to develop an end-to-end all-IP wireless network that will use IETF protocols to support all networking functions at the network-layer and higher layers, including naming and addressing, signaling, service control, routing, transport, mobility management, quality of service mechanisms, security, accounting, and network management. Unlike the 3GPP and 3GPP2 networks, the MWIF architecture will no longer rely on protocols or network entities in circuitswitched core networks.

Core Network  

All-IP using standard IETF protocols Independent of access-specific technologies used in different Access Networks

Access Networks

139



Fig. 2.48

Layered Functional Architecture Transport Layer (in both Access Network and Core Network) Control Layer Service Layer Application Layer

Application Layer

3rd Party Applications

Service Layer Applications/Services, Directory Servers, Global Name Servers, Location Servers, Authorization Server, Policy Server Control Layer Mobility Management, Communication Session Management, Address Management, Resource Manager, Authentication, Accounting.

Security Functions

OAM&P

Transport Layer Core Network Access Network

The security and the OAM&P (Operation, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning) functions may span across multiple functional layers.

Access Gateway

141

Router

Router

IP Gateways

Mobile Terminals Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

140

Router

Media Gateways

External IP Networks

Signaling Gateway

PSTN and Circuit-Switched Wireless Networks


142

O p e r a t io n s , A d m in ist r a tio n , M a in t e n a n c e & P r o v is io n in g C o n f ig u r a t io n M anagem ent

F a u lt M an agem en t

S63

S66

S65

S41

S41

L o c a tio n Server

S39

S38

R esource D ir e c t o r y

G lo b a l N am e Server

S40

S25

G e o g r a p h ic L o c a tio n M anager

T h ir d P a r ty A p p lic a tio n

C ore N etw ork A p p lic a t io n

S16

D ir e c t o r y S e r v ic e s S41 S26

S67

A p p lic a t io n F u n c t io n a l E n t itie s

S11 S e r v ic e D is c o v e r y Server

B illin g M anagem ent

P erfo rm a n ce M anagem ent

S e c u r it y M anagem ent

S64

C o r e N e tw o r k F u n c tio n a l E n t itie s

P r o file Server

S13

S33

S59

S58

S15

A u t h o r is a tio n Server S56

A u t h e n tic a t io n Server S55

S41

A c c o u n t in g Server

S18

S41 S29

S e s s io n A nchor S28

S53

S35 M o b ile A tte n d a n t

A ccess G atew ay

S47

A ccess T ra n sp o rt G atew ay

IP A ddress M anager

B 04

M u lt im e d ia R esource F u n c tio n

S30

R ou ter B 07

S31

B 10

S43

B 05

B 05

In te r n e t

B 05

B 06

In tr a n e t

S46

P STN

T e r m in a l



K ey

B 08 S68



S45 M A P N e tw o rk

E n te r p r is e N etw ork

A c c e ss N e tw o rk

U ser I d e n tit y M o d u le

C o lle c t iv e

Snn R e fe r e n c e P o in t ( S ig n a llin g )

N etw ork F u n c tio n a l E n tity

B nn R e fe r e n c e P o in t (U se r D a ta B e a re r)

Enable a mobile to gain access to the core network and to send and receive IP packets over the core network

SIP Registration

S ig n a llin g G atew ay

T r a n sp o r t G a te w a y F E s

C N I n te r w o r k in g F u n c tio n s

S37

S42

S44

M e d ia G a te w a y

IP G a te w a y

B 09

S12

M e d ia G atew ay C o n t r o lle r

S23

S27

B 02

B 01 B 03



S21 S22

R esource M anager S52

M u ltim e d ia R esource C o n t r o lle r

Specific to each access network

Basic Registration for Core Network

S54

S32 S41

S34

S61 S62

S20

S19

S e s s io n P roxy

S17



S57

S41 S60

C o m m u n ic a t io n S e s sio n M anager

S36

2.3.2 Access to MWIF Networks Access Network Registration

A A A F u n c tio n a l E n tit ie s S48 S50 S51 S49

H om e M o b ilit y M anager

H o m e IP A ddress M anager

Fig. 2.49

S14

P o lic y R e p o s ito r y S24

Enable a user to use SIP to initiate and receive multimedia communications An integral part of session and service management

N etw ork

A r e fe r e n c e p o in t to a c o lle c tiv e g o e s to e v e r y n e tw o rk f u n c tio n a l e n tity w ith in th e c o lle c tiv e


143


144

24

Serving Network

Mobile Attendant

Terminal

Home Network

Authentication Policy Policy Server Repository Server

Home Mobility Authentication Policy Server Repository Manager

Home IP Address Manager

Profile Server

Access Network Registration Step 1

2.3.3 Session Management

Obtain IP Address and Mobile Attendant Address Request Terminal Registration

Request Authentication

2.3.3.1 Functional Entities, Protocol Reference Points and Stacks 2.3.3.2 Mobile-Initiated Call Setup

Policy Request Policy Response Policy Request

Request Authentication Step 2

Policy Response

Fig. 2.50 MWIF basic registration procedure

Request Terminal Registration Response Terminal Registration

Address Request Address Response

Profile Request Response Response Terminal Authentication Registration Step 3

Profile Response

Response Authentication

QoS Procedure

145


Serving Network DIAMETER AAA Server

Authentication Authorization Accounting Terminal Global Name server

Resource Directory

S25

Core Network

S49

S49

Access Transport Gateway

Home Network

IP Gateway

Session Proxy

SIP INVITE

SIP INVITE

Session Anchor

S19

S20

S18

Communication Communication Session Session Manager Manager

S18

S21

Session S20 Anchor S41

Service Discovery Server S41

S29

Media Gateway Controller

S27 S28 Media Resource Controller

IP Gateway

Fig. 2.52 MWIF mobile-originated call setup procedure

S17

183 Call Processing

183 Call Processing

PRACK

Access Gateway

Fig. 2.51

PRACK

Authorization Server

Profile Server

Policy Repository

Request Authentication

Request Authorization

Request Profile Response Profile Request Policy

Response Authorization

Response Policy

ACK

Home Network User Data Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

147

183 Call Processing from destination

PRACK 200 OK

200 OK

200 OK Radio Access Network

Visited Network

Authentication Server

SIP INVITE sent to destination

Session Proxy

Session Proxy

CSM

Response Authentication

S24 S22

Communication Session Manager

146


ACK User Data

ACK User Data


148

25

Chapter 2: Wireless IP Network Architectures

Chapter 2: Wireless IP Network Architectures

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