Common Themes and Topics in International Business Textbooks By: Tagi Sagafi-nejad /*/ Aziz Bakay /**/ Aditya Limaye /**/ Murad Moqbel /**/
/*/ The Radcliffe Killam Distinguished Professor of International Business The A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business Texas A&M International University 5201 University Boulevard, Laredo, TX, 78041 Tel. (956) 326-2547 Fax (956) 326-2544
[email protected]. Corresponding author /**/ PhD Student in International Business Administration, Texas A&M International University
Submitted for presentation at the 2011 annual conference of the Academy of International Business/Southwest USA Chapter Houston, Texas March 9-12, 2011
February 3, 2011
[An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the annual conference of the Academy of International Business-US Midwest region Chicago, March 24-26, 2010]
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1910252
ABSTRACT We analyze the contents of major international business (IB) textbooks, both classic and new, to find the extent to which these textbooks cover the various components of the common body of knowledge in international business, as organized around a conceptual model. Using this model, we study some 27 textbooks and categorize their content. Our primary objective is to determine the extent to which there is commonality among textbooks. Additionally, we study the evolution over time in the content of the same textbooks from one edition to the next and explore the reasons for these changes. We present the results in graphic and tabular forms, depicting areas of convergence of themes. This study‟s conclusions will contribute to a better understanding of the epistemological roots of the field and its evolution over time. Scholars who write textbooks, other textbook users, and publishers will benefit from this analysis. Keywords: International Business, IB textbooks content, evolution of IB, globalization, content analysis. INTRODUCTION As a field of study, or discipline, international business (IB) has a short history relative to its mother disciplines of economics and management; and it continues to evolve. With increasing internationalization of business, research is being influenced and directed towards more interdisciplinary areas (Dunning, 1989, p. 430; Millar, Grant & Choi, 2000, p. 3). Businesses seeking greater global opportunities and networks challenge current paradigms and perspectives towards international business study. There is a trend toward decreasing importance of geographical boundaries and an increasing focus on cultural and political issues. Technological changes and the nearly global spread of technology have encouraged the businesses to build strategic alliances in order to capture gains from joint projects which enhance their competitive positions (Dunning, 1989, p. 420). The field of international business has been enriched by co-opting and incorporating ideas from the full spectrum of social sciences. Current IB research is focused on entry strategies and on the influence of culture. Transaction cost analysis and markets and hierarchies (Williamson, 1975) have also been a widely utilized concept in IB research. Joint ventures, MNE-subsidiary relations, market entry, corporate social responsibility, and ethical issues will continue to be of interest to many scholars (Griffith et al., 2008, p. 1224). Technology is one of the most prominent factors affecting the international business activity. (Dunning, 1989, p. 417). Changes in the cost of production, partially led by innovation, is a motive for firms to interact with each other so that strategic partnerships pertaining to information and knowledge trade can be formed among industry members (Dunning, 1989, p. 417). In that particular study, technology appeared to be one of the major themes addressed in the most frequently cited articles in the period 1996–2006 (Griffith et al., 2008, p. 1224). There is disagreement regarding the study of IB. A major dispute concerns classification of IB as a „self-contained’ discipline or as a set of issues implying „each of the functional areas 1
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1910252
Box: The IB Textbook Market Publication of IB Textbooks and auxiliary books continue to accelerate. Below is a sample of such publications from Edward Elgar Publishing, one of the players in this market.
Managing Global Organizations Learning in the Global Classroom Managing the Contemporary Multinational Theories of the Multinational Firm Globalization and the Global Factory Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, 2nd Ed. Narratives of Internationalisation Multinationals and Emerging Economies International Business Marketing in Emerging Country Markets International Business Strategy in Emerging Country Markets International Business under Adversity International Business in Korea
Other global publishers including Prentice-Hall, McGraw-Hill, Palgrave MacMillan, Taylor&Francis, Routledge have IB-related textbooks and other books in their portfolios.
comprising business studies…internationalized‟ (Dunning, 1989, p. 414). Cross-fertilization among disciplines with a primary understanding of each combined with a thorough training in the field of business could “lower the transaction costs of IB study” (Dunning, 1989, p. 421). Therefore, an understanding of culture and its inclusion in IB textbooks is recommended by Tipton (2008, p. 28) and the extensive usage of Euro-American-centric perspective to understand culture and the insufficient room for other perspectives are of concern to his study. Kuhne‟s article (1990) note that the enrollment in the US doctoral programs in International Business increases, but slowly, as the academics realize the IB as a thorough discipline rather than subdiscipline of more traditional areas. Besides, vigorous training of international business students were proposed in this early study. The internationalization of the curriculum and the student body in the business schools should undergo some changes including but not limited to overseas experience and foreign language as the program requirements in order to fulfill the qualifications of the academics who will research and teach in this discipline in the future. In this paper, we first provide an overview of the discipline of international business. We then present the methodology and parameters applied in content analysis. After identifying these key modules of the field, we study 27 textbooks, ranging in date of publication from the earliest to some of the most recent, and categorize their content. Where they differ, we explore possible explanations for the divergence. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the epistemological roots of the field and its evolution over time. Scholars who write textbooks, textbook users, and publishers will benefit from this analysis.
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METHODOLOGY We began the research by identifying the modules or building blocks that comprise the field. See Figure 1. To identify common themes among IB books, we reviewed the table of contents of major international business (IB) textbooks from 1976 to 2008. After this initial scanning, we delved more thoroughly, studying 27 textbooks. Ten of these books were written by individual authors, nine by two authors, and the rest by three or more authors. Five were published by Addison Wesley, six by McGraw-Hill Irwin, two by Thompson Southwestern, two by Sage Publications, and the rest by different publishers. Fourteen books were published in 2000 or earlier, one in 2002, three in 2003, three in 2004, one in 2005, one in 2006, and four in 2008. The number of pages contained in the 27 books ranged from a low of 343 to a high of 911. We utilized the content analysis method to review the table of contents of the 27 textbooks. We categorized the contents based on the conceptual model presented in Figure 1 and recorded the number of pages (and corresponding percentage) devoted to each category in a give book. Consistent with the typical taxonomy used in textbooks, contents were divided into two groups – external environment and internal operations. Topics dealing with the environment on international business consist of globalization, competitiveness, trade, culture, foreign exchange, International financial/monetary system, MNEs, modes of entry, foreign direct investment (FDI), risk, economics, political variables, legal issues, and topics dealing with ethics, corruption, and social responsibility. The operation factors consist of accounting, finance, human resource management, information technology, manufacturing, logistics and supply chain, R&D, marketing, and strategy and control. This process enabled us to identify and compare the common themes and their relative emphasis given to each topic in various textbooks. Figure 1 about here RESULTS The results of the content analysis of all the textbooks are shown in Table 1. This table shows the number of pages and the percentages of the various themes covered. The environment section took up 70% of the textbooks examined, while the operations section covered 30%. Trade accounted for the highest level of coverage, representing 16% of the total and ranking first overall. The least covered category was information technology, representing merely 2% of the total coverage, ranking 15th overall. Environment The environment factors are those that cannot be controlled by the individual firm. Within this group, trade was the most widely covered category (23%) followed by MNEs, Modes of Entry, FDI & Risk (19%), Economics, Politics and Laws (16%), Foreign Exchange, and International Finance/Monetary System (15%). Despite its importance in the international business field, Corruption, Ethics and Social Responsibility was the least explored category, representing only 3%, the same as the Competitiveness topic. Among the authors‟ coverage of the categories of the environment group, (C. W. Hill, 2003) had the highest coverage on culture (50 pages); (Hill, 2005) had the highest coverage on globalization (166 pages); (Daniels et al, 1998) had the highest coverage on trade (177 pages); (Root , 1984) had exceeded other authors in covering 3
foreign exchange, international finance/monetary system (156 pages); and (Ball, 2008) had the highest coverage on competitiveness (71 pages). Our study reveals that both corruption/ethics and competitiveness received minimal coverage, although they both are critical parts of the international business body of knowledge. (see Table 4) Operation Factors subsumed under “operation” are categories that are internal to and controllable by the firm. In other words, they are functional areas. Strategy and Control was the most widely covered topic, comprising the operation group, and ranking 6th overall. On average, 49 pages were written on Strategy and Control issues, representing 28% of the operation group and 8% of the overall textbooks‟ coverage. This is because this category consists of strategies as well as structures of the firm, an essential part of firm success. The Marketing category represents 18% of the operation group, covering an average 31 pages per book. Information Technology (IT), an important success factor in the multinational firm‟s functional operation, represented merely 5% of the operation category and 2% of the overall textbook coverage. This crucial category of body of knowledge of international business has been responsible for dynamic change in the way multinational business is conducted, yet it ranked last (15th) overall, as seen in Table 4. We then chose one of the most successful textbooks and compared earlier and later editions. Figure 2 illustrates the various themes covered in the 1976 and the 2004 editions of the textbooks authored by Daniels and his colleagues. Table 3 shows a comparison of all the themes in the six editions of Daniels et al textbooks from 1976 to 2004.
A summary of all books examined, presented in Tables 4, shows the percentage of topic coverage in all textbooks considered for analysis. Trade is the most covered topic among our textbook sample selected. Trade was followed by MNEs, Modes of Entry, and FDI & Risk. Corruption/Ethics & Social Responsibility and IT were the least covered topics. However, the data clearly shows that Corruption/Ethics & Social Responsibility slightly gained in popularity in the early 1990s, slowed between 1997 and 2003, and resumed in coverage from 2003 forward. IT began to become popular in 1989, but there is a gap in the magnitude of coverage between 1990, 1997, and 2002. Overall, more attention has been paid to IT and Corruption/Ethics and Social Responsibility in recent years, and we expect them to increase in the future. We also examined publication intervals between successive editions, noting that recently, the pace of publication of newer editions has accelerated. This is akin to the compression of the product life cycle. Similarly, the average time for newer editions of textbooks to go to market has been reduced. Consider Daniels et al, which has undergone no less than thirteen editions. Starting from the year 1976, the average time for each edition was about 2.9 years. If we divide thirteen editions into two groups, the first seven editions from 1976 (1st ed.) to 1995 (7th ed.) took 3.1 years on average from one edition to the next. However the next six editions, from 1976 to 2011 (13th ed.), a new edition has come out in 2.6 years on average. The 11 editions of the textbooks by Ball et al took an average of 2.5 years. The 4th and 5th editions of Global Business Today by Charles Hill were published every two years after the earlier editions. 4
INFLUENCE OF AUTHORS’ DISCIPLINES ON TEXTBOOK CONTENT Since international business is an interdisciplinary and emerging field, scholars have approached it from the different perspectives, building on their respective disciplinary opreintation. To further investigate this issue, we analyzed the impact of various authors on the content of the textbooks. We found that some of the textbooks show a significant bias towards the authors‟ discipline. An example is the Managing Internationally: Succeeding in a Culturally Diverse World by Kamal Fatehi. The contents of the two textbooks that were written by Ball et al show variations according to the coauthors‟ research interests. For instance, the latest textbook by Ball with three additional co-authors has a significant focus on international business topics rather than the functional areas. Besides, an evolution over time has resulted into a greater impact on certain issues such as economics, politics, law, and corruption and ethics in the various international business textbooks in the recent years. Table 2 about here
The Future of Textbooks in International Business and the Role of Technology Technology is an important backbone in teaching as well as in the conduct of international business. It has been utilized wisely by several publishing companies in order to facilitate the international business learning experience of students. Web-based applications such as chapter PowerPoint slides, chapter quizzes, key term flashcards, interactive maps, glossaries, and links to videos are a few of the free resources made available by publishing companies‟ websites. More advanced application tools, including premium content and narrated lectures and iPod contents by such publishers as McGraw-Hill Higher Education, and the use of authors‟ blogs, Twitter, Facebook and similar web-based tools, are increasingly penetrating the market for the IB pedagogy market. They are gradually replacing the earlier instructors‟ manuals and accompanying CDs, and many require special log-ins, offered free with the purchase of the book. A dramatic proliferation of useful websites such as Google, Wikipedia and Worldfactbook can assist international business students. We predict that smart-phone applications similar to those available on the books‟ websites will be populated by such useful IB material as glossaries, interactive maps, world currencies, and translation service for major languages. There is a debate about the future of the textbook and books in general. Some forecast that the textbooks will be a thing of the past and digital or e-books will replace them in the not-toodistant future. The availability of the Internet has made it possible for books to be digitalized as is the case with Google scholar and several other websites. Free access to knowledge in Wikipedia and several other online sources might threaten the existence of the publishing companies and minimize the need for textbooks. In addition, the advent of several digital gadgets such as Kindle and ipad has revolutionized the way books are sold and read. Digital access to textbooks has been advocated by many as it promotes saving trees, less cost to students, heightened accessibility from all over the world, less bookshelf and storage, space, and most importantly, eases in updating to the latest material. The skyrocketing increase in the cost of textbooks will also play a role in speeding the transition to electronic textbooks and other digital
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class materials. The average college student spent $702 on books in the 2006-2007 academic year according to the National Association of College Stores (Kever, 2009).
CORRUPTION AND ETHICS The issues of corruption and ethics have been significant issues in the field of business for the past decade. Several corporations have had their images tainted and spoiled by corruption. Corrupt individuals have significantly altered accounting records and financial reporting, inflated profits perhaps on company balance sheets when in fact the profits are significantly less or perhaps even constituting a loss. In some cases because of this mischief the whole company suffers and like Enron had to dissolve. This kind of loss is significant because it is not only loss to company shareholders but a loss of livelihood to company employees. The auditing firm, Arthur Anderson that was involved in the auditing and financial reporting of Enron also was closed because their reputation was so diminished by the Enron scandal. Clients were not prepared to entrust their auditing and financial statements to Arthur Anderson. We have included corruption and ethics as a category in international business textbooks as a part of our analysis and because ever since the Enron scandal, these issues have received greater attention in international business textbooks as compared to those textbooks written before the Enron scandal. None of the textbooks analyzed since 1976 to 1990 included issues of corruption and ethics. Yet as the field further matures, topics such as the above, as well as sustainability command larger space. CONCLUSION This study has analyzed 27 international business textbooks from 1976 to 2008. The universe of textbooks we selected for analysis is not exhaustive by any means. New books, either under the generic term “International Business” or variations such as global business, global strategy, managing internationally and so on are added to the marketplace. Also, we have included textbooks between 1976 and 2008, and have used the model presented above, which is somewhat subjective. This study found that there was less emphasis on the Strategy and Control group (30%) than that of the environment one (70%). Authors paid greater attention to trade (16%) and MNEs, modes of entry, FDI and political or country risk (13%) overall but placed less emphasis on information technology (2%) and corruption, ethics and corporate social responsibility (2%). We also noted that authors‟ disciplinary orientation and research preferences were among key determinants in the relative emphasis placed on some categories over others. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the epistemological roots of the field of international business and its evolution over time. This study has identified themes common to international business textbooks by framing its content generally into two segments, environment and operations, and then further analyzing the contents and changes over time. In so doing, this article will help authors of textbooks, publishers and all students of international business.
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Figures and Tables Table 1 – Textbooks‟ topical coverage according to the Model
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Table 1 (continued) – Textbooks‟ topical coverage according to the Model
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Table 1 (continued) – Textbooks‟ topical coverage according to the Model
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Table 1 (continued) – Textbooks‟ topical coverage according to the Model
Numbers in bold connote the highest number of p.s in that category N and % denote the number of p.s and percentage of p.s of that category in the textbook
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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of IB
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Figure 2 Daniels et all Textbooks of 1976 and 2004
2004
1976
15 13
14 1
14
2
12
3
13
11
12
3
10 9
7
1 2
6
4
11
4
10
9 7 6
5
1 2
Culture Globalization
6 7
MNEs, Modes of Entry, FDI & Risk Marketing
11 12
Accounting Human Resources
3
Trade
8
Information Technology
13
Strategy & Control
4
Foreign Exchange, International Finance/Monetary System
9
Manufacturing, Logistics, Supply Chain & R & D
14
5
Competitiveness
10
Finance
15
12
Economics, Politics and Laws Corruption, Ethics and Social Responsibility
Table 2: Authors of the textbooks and their research interests.
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Table 3. Various themes covered in Daniels et all textbooks
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Table 4. Textbooks Coverage of Themes - number of p.s and Percentage. Group Environment
Category Culture Globalization Trade Foreign Exchange, International Finance/Monetary System Competitiveness MNEs, Modes of Entry, FDI & Risk Economics, Politics and Laws
Average Pages # 30 58 94
Standard Deviation 12 38 51
Minimum Pages # 0 15 0
Maximum Pages # 50 166 177
Total Percentage Percentage By Group 5% 7% 10% 14% 16% 23%
Overall Rank # 8th 5th 1st
Author C.W. Hill, 2008 John S. Hill, 2005 Daniels et al., 1998
Operations
62
35
0
156
11%
15%
4th
Root, 1984
13 79 67
19 46 38
0 0 23
71 182 146
2% 13% 11%
3% 19% 16%
13th 2nd 3rd
Ball and McCulloch, 2008 Rugmen & Hodgetts, 2000 Ball and McCulloch, 1985
Corruption, Ethics and Social Responsibility
12
17
0
59
2%
3%
14th
Johnson and Turner, 2003
Marketing Information Technology Manufacturing, Logistics, Supply Chain, and R &D Finance Accounting Human Resources Strategy & Control
31 9
21 13
0 0
99 34
5% 2%
18% 5%
7th 15th
John S. Hill, 2005 Fatehi, 2008
23
14
0
48
4%
13%
10th
Charles W. L. Hill, 2000
19 14 29 49
17 16 19 38
0 0 0 0
64 48 75 173
3% 2% 5% 8%
11% 8% 17% 28%
11th 12th 9th 6th
Charles W. L. Hill, 2000 Daniels et al., 1979 Fatehi, 2008 Fatehi, 2008
References Note: Textbooks used in this study are marked with an asterisk(*). * Asheghian, P., & Ebrahimi, B. (1990). International Business: Economics, Environment and Strategies (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers. * Ball, D. A., & McCulloch, W. H. (1985). International Business, Introduction and Essentials (2nd Ed.). Business Publication. * Ball, D. A., McCulloch, W. H., Geringer, M., Minor, M. S., & McNett, J. M. (2008). International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. *Boddewyn J (2008). International Business Scholarship: AIB Fellows on the first 50 years and Beyond (1st ed). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited *Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A., & Moffett, M. H. (2002). International Business (6th ed.). Thompson Southwestern. * Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A., & Moffett, M. H. (2003). International Business (2003 update). Thompson Southwestern. *Daniels, J. D., Ogram, W. E., & Radebaugh, L. H. (1976). International Business, 15
Environments and Operations (1st ed.). Addison Wesley. *Daniels, J. D., Ogram, W. E., & Radebaugh, L. H. (1979). International Business Environments and Operations (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. *Daniels, J. D., Ogram, W. E., & Radebaugh, L. H. (1983). International Business, Environments and Operations (3rd ed.).Addison Wesley. * Daniels, J. D., & Radebaugh, L. H. (1995). International Business, Environments and Operations (7th ed.). Addison Wesley. * Daniels, J. D., & Radebaugh, L. H. (1998). International Business, Environments and Operations (8th ed.). Addison Wesley. *Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., & Sullivan, D. P. (2004). International Business, Environments and Operations (10th ed.). Prentice-Hall. Dunning, J. H. (1989). The Study of International Business: A Plea for a More. Journal of International Business Studies, 20(3), 411-436.
Fatehi, K. (2008). Managing Internationally, Succeeding in a Culturally Diverse World. Sage Publications. * Griffith, D. A., Cavusgil S. T., & Xu S. (2008). Emerging Themes in International Business Research. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(7), 1220-1235. * Hill, C. W. L. (2004). Global Business Today (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. * Hill, C. W. L. (2006). Global Business Today (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. * Hill, C. W. L. (2008). Global Business Today (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. * Hill, C. W. L. (2000). International Business, Competing in the Global Marketplace (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. *Hill, C. W. L. (2003). International Business, competing in the global marketplace (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. *Hill, J. S. (2005). World Business, Globalization, Strategy and Analysis. Thomson South Western.
* Johnson, D., & Turner, C. (2003), International Business Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy. Routledge. 16
*Johnson, D., & Turner, C. (2005). International Business: Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy. New York: Routledge. *Kolde, E. J. (1982). Environment of International Business. Wadsworth. Kuhne, J., R. (1990). Comparative Analysis of US Doctoral Programs in International Business. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 1(3), 85-99. Kever Jeanne (2009, August 15) As Textbook costs stack up, interest grows in ebooks. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6574256.html/ *Meier, G. M. (1998). The International Environment of Business, Competition and Governance in the Global Economy. Oxford University Press. Millar, C. C. J., Grant R. M., & Choi C. J. (Eds). (2000). International Business, Emerging Issues and Emerging Markets. New York: St. Martin‟s Press. * Punnett, B. J., & Ricks D. A. (1997). International Business (2nd ed.). Blackwell Business. *Rugman, M., A. & Hodgetts M. R. (2000). International Business, A Strategic Management Approach (2nd ed.). Pearson Education Limited. Root, F. R. (1984). International Trade and Investment (5th ed.). Cincinnati- Ohio: South-Western Publishing. * * Shenkar, O., & Luo Y. (2004). International Business. John Wiley & Sons Inc. * Shenkar, O., & Luo Y. (2008). International Business (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. Tipton, F. B. (2008). “Thumbs-up is a Rude Gesture in Australia”, The Presentation of Culture in International Business Textbooks. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 4(1), 7-24. Williamson, Oliver (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York: Free Press). Authors Research Interests Sources 1- Bahman Ebrahimi, PhD. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.daniels.du.edu/schoolsdepartments/management/managementdirectory/ebrahimibah man.html 2- Betty Jane Punnett, PhD. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/fss/mgmt/academicstaff.htm
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3- Faculty. Carla Millar, PhD. Ashridge Business School. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at:http://www.ashridge.org.uk/website/Content.nsf/WebContent?ReadForm&Zone=FAR&Speci alTemplate=LongBioNote&Name=Carla+Millar 4- Faculty and Staff. Charles Hill, PhD. Foster School of Business. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://foster.washington.edu/faculty/faculty_detail.asp?ID=13 5- Chong Ju Choi. 2005. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://www.wcspeakers.com/speaker.cfm?ID=2572 6- Colin Turner. 2010. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://www.colinturner.com/colin-turner-profile.php 7- Daniel P. Sullivan. 2009. University of Delaware Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://www.lerner.udel.edu/faculty-staff/faculty/daniel-sullivan 8- Faculty and Staff. David A Ricks, PhD. University of Missouri- St Louis. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://business.umsl.edu/faculty/mob/ricks.html 9- Debra Johnson. 2010. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://www.bookschristian.com/profile/debra-johnson 10- Donald A. Ball. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: The Challenge of Global Competition W/ CESIM Access Card. Flipkart.com: the Online Book Store 2010. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://www.flipkart.com/book/international-business-donald-ballwendell/0070671060 11- Endel J. Kolde. 2010. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/seattletimes/obituary.aspx?n=endel-jakobkolde&pid=133742265 12- Ernest W. Ogram Jr. 2007. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://aib.msu.edu/fellow.asp?FellowID=90 13- Franklin Root 2010. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://aib.msu.edu/fellow.asp?FellowID=49 14- Gerald M. Meier. 2010. Stanford University: Graduate School of Business. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/facultyprofiles/biodetail.asp?id=32763789 15- IIkka A. Ronkainen. 2010. Georgetown University: McDonough School of Business. Accessed on May 19 2010. Available at: http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/ronkaii/?Action=View&P.TemplateID=319 16- J. Michael Geringer, Ph.D. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.calpoly.edu/~mgeringe/ 18
17- INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: The Challenge of Global Competition W/ CESIM Access Card. Flipkart.com: the Online Book Store. 2010. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.flipkart.com/book/international-business-donald-ball-wendell/0070671060/ 18- Faculty and Staff. 2010. University of Miami: School of Business Administration. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.bus.miami.edu/faculty-and-research/facultydirectory/management/daniels/index.html/ 19- John S. Hill. 2010. University of Alabama: Culverhouse College of Commerce. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.cba.ua.edu/personnel/jhill/ 20- Kamal Fatehi. 2010. SAGE Publications. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.sagepub.com/authorDetails.nav?contribId=535687/
21- Lee H. Radebaugh. 2010. Brigham Young University: Marriot School. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://marriottschool.byu.edu/employee/employee.cfm?emp=lhr/ 22- Michael H. Moffett. 2010. Thunderbird School of Global Management. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.thunderbird.edu/about_thunderbird/faculty/faculty_alphabetical/_134778.htm/
23- Michael R. Czinkota. 2010. Georgetown University: McDonough School of Business. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/czinkotm/?P.TemplateID=109/ 24- INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: The Challenge of Global Competition W/ CESIM Access Card. Flipkart.com: the Online Book Store. 2010. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.flipkart.com/book/international-business-donald-ball-wendell/0070671060/ 25- Oded Shenkar. 2010. Ohio State University: Fisher College of Business. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://fisher.osu.edu/research/faculty-expertise/management-hr/shenkar/ 26- Asheghian, Parviz. 1982. Comparative Efficiencies of Foreign Firms and Local Firms in Iran. Journal of International Business Studies (1982) 13, 113–120. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/journal/v13/n3/abs/8490562a.html/ 27- Robert M. Grant. 2009. Georgetown University: MCDONOUGH SCHOOL OF BUSINESS. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/grantr/?P.TemplateID=109/
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28- Ball, Donald; and McCulloch Jr, Wendell. 1993. The views of American Multinational CEOs on Internationalized Business Education for Prospective Employees. Journal of International Business Studies (1993) 24, 383–391. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/journal/v24/n2/abs/8490238a.html/ 29- Yadong Luo. 2010. University of Miami: School of Business Administration. Accessed on May 10 2010. Available at: http://www.bus.miami.edu/faculty-and-research/facultydirectory/management/luo/index.html/
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