Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM) 2017, Adelaide, Australia
contents 1
Introduction
2
Theoretical Framework
3
Methodology
4
Case Study
5
Discussion and Conclusion
Introduction
Ø The urban planning industry has long been engaged in integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into its routine work to enhance work efficiency and analysis ability of planners Ø In a variety of practices, the research and development of Planning Support System (PSS) has a long history and attracts the most attention Ø PSS has wide practical applicability for numerous aspects of urban planning, thus has a crucial role to play in planning practice Ø Their usage still lags far behind expectations from planners
Social Sensing
Social Cognition
Decision Making
Ø During the last twenty years, information about all kinds of activities and expressions of people has been recorded and perceived, thus forming numerous human ‘digital footprints’ (Zhang et al. 2010), which constitute important contents of big data. Ø Social sensing is a new method to collect and analyze these‘digital footprints’ (Allbach et al. 2014), and it has greatly enriched the data foundation by carrying out city-related researches in human activities and movements, social relations, as well as emotions and feelings (Liu Y. et al. 2015).
Ø The purpose of this research is to analyze possible influences of social sensing on PSS and suggest the response in practice to further promote the relationship between PSS and urban society. Ø We propose that social sensing should • become a component of PSS to promote the rationality and practicability of planning results; • To give the practice of urban planning and PSS the characteristics of modern society; • To advance smarter cities.
Theorectical Framework
Ø Definitions •
an integrated system combining a series of computer-oriented methods and models (Harris, 1989; Geertman & Stillwell, 2003)
•
an information framework consisting of information technology useful for planning (Klosterman, 1997)
•
Different types of knowledge interactions can be established in PSS during the planning process (Klosterman, 2001)
•
improve the strategic capacity and the ability of planning actors to go through a shared ‘enlightenment’ process and create ‘negotiated knowledge’ (Amara et al., 2004; Gudmundsson, 2011)
Ø Bottlenecks •
complexity, rigidity, slowness, difficulty in understanding, insufficient transparency of mathematics and its inability to match the unpredictable and dynamic characteristics of a strategy formulation process (Brömmel-stroet, 2016)
•
ordinary, technology-oriented (instead of problem-oriented), not flexible, not friendly to users, and only restricted to focus on technical rationality (Brömmelstroet, 2013).
•
Although some scholars have carried out in-depth researches on performance and usability to measure and assess PSSs in recent years (Brömmelstroet, 2013；Pelzer et al. 2015), these attempts mostly theoretically discussed how to improve their practical efficiency.
Ø Causes • research ideas have reflected the perspective of technical rationality • have not been closely connected with society which is manifested in the deficiency of social data acquisition and analysis , the deficiency of mining society status, the separation of PSS developers and users, and the lack of humanistic color • have not been closely connected with citizen engagement，as the public participation is a process that is difficult to organize (Exner, 2015), the effects of PSSs in this aspect are unsatisfactory
Ø Concept •
a new method to collect and analyze ‘digital footprints’ (Allbach et al. 2014)
•
the act of collecting observations about the physical environment from humans or devices acting on their behalf (Wang, 2015).
•
is used to name data of vast geographic space and relevant analysis methods . (Liu et al. 2015)
•
The data of social sensing is about individuals in three aspects, namely, activity and movement, social bonding, emotions and feelings. (Liu et al. 2015)
From Liu et al. Social Sensing: A New Approach to Understand Our Socioeconomic Environments
Ø Applications •
public health (Widener & Li, 2014), natural disaster (Sakaki et al. 2010), public behaviors (Wang & Tu, 2014), interpersonal interactions (Sarfraz et al. 2012), transportation (Calabrese et al. 2013), urban management and service (Ruiz-Correa et al. 2014), etc.
•
reflect that social sensing can bring deep insights into the status and changes of urban space and social development
•
it is good for gathering personal and group wisdom to improve urban management and public governance
Ø Development Process •
Early stage: focused more on technical aspect, paid more attention to building new urban infrastructures, to implement the interconnections and interflows of new technologies in urban management
•
Near stage: to enhance citizens’ community intelligence assembly, to solve various problems in the current urbanization process, to promote city intelligence and sustainable development, to create a fair, just and inclusive society, and to create better city lives
From Neil Ireson. Social Sensing: UK(Doncaster) and Italy(Venice) Floods
Ø In the process of constructing and managing a city, ‘smart’ thoughts and methods should be poured into it. Ø A smart city should use the ubiquitous feedback information sensed by intelligent sensors to achieve a full range of perceptions of the urban running state and society development. Ø Smart city needs smart planning and the support of PSS and social sensing, and it is also an important application field of them. Ø There is a natural integration of smart city strategy, urban planning, PSS and social sensing regarding goals and means.
Methodolody
Ø From the application viewport, present social sensing research and application related to urban planning m ai nl y f o c u s o n m a c r o u r b a n s p a c e s t r u c t u r e , population flow, public transport analysis, citizens’ activities, etc., and less on semantic cognition and social relations. Ø In the technical aspect, statistical analysis, spatial analysis and data visualization are mainly used, and researches blending the technologies of semantic analysis and text mining are less. Ø The future development prospect of social sensing and semantic analysis has been noted due to the values and benefits of those content generated by using digital media, social network, and We-media.
Wencheng Yu, et al. Implementation Evaluation of Beijing Urban Master Plan Based On Subway Transit Smart Card Data.
Ø Social media content that can reflect social hotspots, expert ideas, public opinions are scraped, integrated and mined. Ø By using technical methods of data cleaning and denoising, Chinese word segmentation, sentiment analysis, topic analysis, etc., the goal of gathering citizens’ opinions, thoughts and providing service for PSS and decision-making is realized. Ø It also helps to improve the sensitivity and insights of the planners to the present situation and problems.
Case Study
Ø A public welfare project that is devoted to
retain the cultural characteristics and historical memory of Changxindian and improve its citizens’ livelihood and landscape.
Ø It is also hoped to collectively gather various
social ideas and intelligence and to promote the renewal of the old town.
Main Type
Sub Type Microblog
Data Source Sina microblog（www.sina.com.cn）
Volumn 8221
Tianya Forum (http://bbs.tianya.cn/) Social Media
Forum Posts
Strong Community (http://bbs1.people.com.cn/) Kaidi Club (http://club.kdnet.net/index.asp)
3220
Baidu Post Bar (http://tieba.baidu.com) Digital news
Spatial Data GIS Data
Ifeng City Channel (city.ifeng.com) Sina News (http://news.sina.com.cn/)
600
places, education facilities, medical facilities, commercial facilities, offices, industries, etc
The Corpus consists of a total of more than 3.2 million Chinese characters.
Øh e l p p l a n n e r s e s t a b l i s h a n o v e r a l l impression of the research scope and to understand public’s attention to hotspots in the area and the existing primary problems Øcitizens’ focus mainly relates to the topics of urban house removal and resettlement, infrastructure, transportation development, history and renovation, ecology and environment, etc. Ør e f l e c t i n g t h e c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n o f t h e m ille n a r y o ld t o w n a n d it s in f lu e n c e o n residents
ØWith regard to cultural theme, the understanding and opinions from the social public, experts and scholars are focused on cultural brands, historical events, historical heritage sites, and cultural creativity industries in this area Øcan be used as a reference to help planners orient the developing direction and analyze development tactics
Positive
Negtive
Unknown
Ø The sentiment polarity helps to perceive citizens’ favourable or derogatory attitudes and positive or negative subjective assessment towards a specific community or place.
Ø citizens’ feelings toward Nanguan West Community are generally negative, and the problems mainly focus on the issues of environment and relocated housing. ØBased on these clues, by using GIS data and applying overlay analysis and buffer analysis, it can be discovered that Beijing Binfeng Machinery Manufacture Company would likely have a big impact on the environment of the community and should receive key consideration during the planning.
Discussion & Conclusion
Ø Social sensing should be
an integral part of PSS.
Ø It can be regarded as an extended framework of present PSS for smart city in the big data era.
The integration framework of PSS and social sensing
Ø Formulation: enrich investigational contents; expand formulation thinking; identify public
Planning Implementation media hotspot
Planning Approval
concerns, find out the exact problems Ø Approval: gather social public opinions
experts thought
Planning Evaluation
Social Sensing public opinion
public behaviour
Planning Formulation
towards planning layout; prioritize and choose popular design Ø Implementation: learn about current urban construction status and problems; help to guide and adjust implementation time order Ø Evaluation: assess implementation effect of planning programs; lay a solid foundation for new planning formulation or revision
Ø For PSSs：social sensing is the new technical ability that can not only improve the problem of lacking qualitative and quantitative data in urban researches and PSS applications, but also help planners in perceiving the current status of city and society ,thus improve observation and comprehension of the influences exerted by urban planning. Ø For Smart City：urban planning needs to possess the ability of obtaining overall understanding of the whole city that is established on the basis of comprehensive perception of the city (Eräranta & Staffans, 2015), social sensing could provide urban planning with more accurate, dynamic and effective services.
Ø PSS should improve its sensing ability for non-material contents of the city, especially those contents of human space-time behaviours, thoughts and emotions, and grasp the pulse of this organism and develop the social value of the PSS in smart city construction. Ø In the process of moving toward ‘smart city’, which focuses on the principal task of transforming data and information into knowledge and wisdom, social sensing and PSS should be integrated. Ø In this way, the breadth, speed and depth of acquiring knowledge can be expanded, and improvements in sensing ability, perceiving ability and decision-making ability could be realized, thus providing more complete, objective, time-efficient, intelligent knowledge products and services for urban planning and urban management.
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